abbottscollege 1 page 87. roles of the invertebrates 2 pollinationdecompositionsoil aeration page 87
TRANSCRIPT
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ABBOTTSCOLLEGE
1
Page 87
ROLE OF INVERTEBRATES IN AGRICULTURE
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ROLES OF THE INVERTEBRATES2
Pollination
Decomposition
Soil aeration
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POLLINATION
3
Is the transfer of ripe pollen containing the male gametes from the anthers to the stigma to allow for fertilization
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IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATION4
Without pollinators:
Natural ecosystems would collapse
Agricultural production would be badly
affected and humans would be short of food
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DEFINITIONS5
Pollinator = animal that moves the
pollen
Polleniser = the plant from which
the pollinators get their pollen
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BEST INSECT POLLINATORS6
Butterflies Moths Ants Flies Beetles Bees
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BEES7
Most of their life is spent collecting
pollen
Honey bee is the most commonly used agricultural
pollinator
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CROPS POLLINATED BY INSECTS8
Fruit crops Vegetables Oilseed crops Nuts Coffee and
cocoa
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PROBLEMS9
Bee populations are declining Fields/orchards and monocultures have led to
crops needing managed pollination Pollination management involves agricultural
practices that ensure the pollination of a crop so that the yield and quality of the crop is improved
Often involves commercial beekeepers becoming pollination contractors and transporting the bees to areas where they are needed
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MONOCULTURE10
Monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labour.
DEFINITION
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DECOMPOSITION11
Is a biological process that includes the physical and
chemical breakdown of complex organic molecules of dead
material into simpler organic and inorganic molecules
It is brought about by invertebrates and micro-
organisms
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INVERTEBRATES12
Beetles, slugs and worms feed on organic material, breaking it down
They break down plant litter (dead roots, leaves and grasses) = detritus
A complex stable organic material called humus is formed
Which improves the texture of soil and adds nutrients to it
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MICRO-ORGANISMS13
Complete the breakdown process of organic matter
Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur are released into the soil
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14
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SOIL AERATION15
Earthworms feed on detritus which they drag down into their burrows
Burrowing improves soil drainage by
creating passageways for air and water
Worms excrete casts
Worms work as pistons forcing air through the tunnels and aerate the
soil
Tunnels also allow roots to penetrate into
the soil
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Vermicast, also called worm castings, worm humus or worm manure, is the end-product of the breakdown oforganic matter by an earthworm
DEFINITION
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TO DO 17
LEARNING ACTIVITY 9
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POLLINATORS
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TO DO18
LEARNING ACTIVITY 11
PAGES 90 – 92
SHORT QUESTIONS
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THE END