abbasid decline and the spread of islamic civilization to south and southeast asia
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7. Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia. The Spread of Islamic Civilization. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements The Coming of Islam to South Asia - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Abbasid Decline and Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South Civilization to South and Southeast Asiaand Southeast Asia
7
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islamic Civilization
I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
III. The Coming of Islam to South AsiaIV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Historical Forces: Keep in mind
• Cultural identity is a powerful force in world history– Shared identity- sense of purpose
• Historians understand the power of religion in how it shapes cultural behavior, not how it impacts God or gods
• The emerging identify of Islam would be a revolutionary and globalizing force in terms of how it shaped the behavior of dozens of very different cultures- beginning with the Arabs in the 7th century
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Big Picture: The First Century of Islam
• Uniting the Arab peoples under the empowering identity of Islam, Arab people rapidly united the Arabian peninsula and neighboring peoples
• Under The Umayyad Caliphate, Arab rule extended from The Atlantic Ocean to India, with converts to Islam and “people of the book not integrated into the new empire
• A clan of Arabs tracing their lineage back to Muhammad’s protective uncle al-Abbas gains control of Empire by 750 CE (128 AH) Abbasids
• Center moved from Damascus to Baghdad
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Big Picture: Islams Expansion from 750-1500
• Islam reached distant cultures in the Old World Web– Conquests of peoples who accepted Islam– Trade by Muslim merchants– Missionary activities- Sufis…
• Islam shaped distant cultures– Converts– Religious movements in other religions- reaction
• Islam was shaped by the cultures where it spread– Islam has no Pope or central Orthodox authority
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
• Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries– Peasant revolts
• Al-Mahdi (775-785)– Attempt to mend split between Shia and
Sunni– Division continued- Still today- major division
within Islam– Succession not secure- continuing vexing
problem within Islamic state
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
• Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes– Civil wars become more regular
Persian advisors have growing influence- Caliph becomes a pawn of advisors
Rise of slave body guards- these forces have growing influence over Caliph
High taxes and agrarian revolts
• Slaves and the imperial harem surround court with palace intrigue
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power
• Former provinces threaten Abbasids• Buyids, Persia
–Take Baghdad, 945–Sultans (Arab “victorious”)
• Seljuk Turks–1055, defeat Buyids–Sunnis
Shi'a purges–Defeat Byzantines, Egypt
• Islamic Empire controlled by non-Arabs
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Impact of the Christian Crusades
• 1096, western European Christian knights–Small Christian kingdoms established
• European conquerors bring back aspects of Islamic culture to Europe–Sparks many important movements that would
generate Europe’s rise to world power• Saladin retakes lands
–Last in 1291
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
•Urban growth•Cosmopolitan- open to influences from
different religions/ regions–Not closed or xenophobic
•Merchants thrive• Fusing of Persian and Arab culture in
literature
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islam,10th-16th Centuries
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Achievements in the Sciences
•Math–Build on Greek work- algebra, geometry
trigonometry •Chemistry•Cartography- maps would support
European discoveries in 15th century•Medicine
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
• Sufis–Mysticism- Mevlana- Turkish Muslim mystic
Religious differences insignificant–Sufi’s believe in achieving an estatic connection to
Allah (God) often through movement- Whirling dervishes
–Other Sufi groups seek connection with God in different types of dance- Egyptian Sufis
• Sufis are throughout Islamic world- a moderate force
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Seven Advices of Mevlana Rumi
• 1. In generosity and helping others, be like a river.
• 2. In compassion and grace be like the sun.• 3. In concealing others' faults, be like the night.• 4. In anger and fury be like one who is dead.• 5. In modesty and humility, be like the earth.• 6. In tolerance, be like a sea.• 7. Either exist as you are, or be as you look.
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
• A reaction to mystical and foreign influence on Islam– Fear of foreign influence impacting faith
Islamic expansion as well as invasions like the Crusades increased religious insecurity
Ulama- religious scholars propose the absolute authority of the Quran – fundamentalism
– Attempt to limit impact of Greek philosophy and mystical movements like Sufism
– Crusades supported this movement• Inward movement of Islam would weaken
cultural vitality and power
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate
•Mongols–Chinggis Khan
• Hulegu• 1258, Baghdad falls
–Last Abbasid killed–Burned library of Baghdad–Last Abbasid killed- Baghdad does not recover–Center of Islamic world moves westward to Cairo
Mamluks- Turkic slaves who came to rule Egypt
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Coming of Islam to South Asia
• By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central India• Conflict between two different systems
–Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism–Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system–Hindu spiritual worship and idols v. Doctrinare and
exclusive faith- rigid• Today- India has the second largest Muslim
population in the world- Pakistan has the third and Bangladesh has the fourth largest (missing in your text!)
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Modern States with a Sizable Muslim Population
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions of India
• First as traders, 8th century–Attacks lead to invasion (Umayyad period)
•Muhammad ibn Qasim–Umayyad general–Takes Sind, Indus valleys–Indians treated as dhimmi (people of the book)
Example of flexibility of faith to deal with new situation
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Early Islam in India
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization
• Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy– India influences Arab– Arabic numbers are actually from India
Zero and decimal system would make it to Europe by the 13th century
Ideas on science and medicine would fuse with Greek influence on Islamic culture
– Dynamic and growing cultures gain power and influence as they build by fusing cultures- Human web
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions
• 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan– Mahmud of Ghazni
Begins invasion of India
• Muhammad of Ghur– Persian– State in Indus valley– Thence to Bengal
forms state at Delhi Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Patterns of Conversion
• Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables– Also, conversion to escape taxes– Buddhists and Hindus where the faith had
drifted from more orthodox beliefs of those faiths• Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th
centuries– Religious migration- a safe haven for Muslims
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Islamic Challenge andHindu Revival: Islam’s Impact on
Hinduism• Bhakti
– Devotional cults– Emotional approach- ecstatic movement like
Sufism- Feeling religion– Caste distinctions dissolved– Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially
• Mira Bai (Hindu), Kabir (Muslim), – Songs in regional languages
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Kabir
O servant, where do thou seek me?Lo! I am beside thee.I am neither in temple or mosque; Neither am I in rite and ceromonies, nor
yoga and renunciation.
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period
• Brahmins v. ulama– Separate communities– Polarization of population between increasingly
orthodox Hindus and Muslims– Despite large numbers of Muslims, Indian Hindus
were most resistant to conversion• Sikhism develops in the 15th Century
– Blends aspects of Hinduism and Islam into a religion- 20 million Sikhs today 5th largest world religion
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islam toSoutheast Asia
• Power of less orthodox Muslim Sufi missionaries
• Islam “hops” via missionaries and merchants through islands of present Indonesia (Largest Islamic population in the world today)
• Trading Contacts and Conversion– Trading leads to peaceful conversion– Resistant pockets of Buddhism and Hinduism
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Conclusion
• Islamic faith conducted an amazing synthesis of old world cultures
• Islamic faith was able to adapt and have an impact on a huge region of the world- a global faith– Spread to all corners of the Old World Web– Cultural perspective adopted by distant cultures
• Islam came to take different forms in different lands