abatement of emissions from small combustion installations...
TRANSCRIPT
Abatement of emissions from small
combustion installations, fuelled
with solid fuels dust and associated pollutants
Silesian Universtity of Technology
Andrzej Szlęk
Institute of Thermal Technology
Robert Kubica, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Process Design
• Introduction
•Sources of emission
•Coal combustion process overview
•How to improve boilers construction
•Conclusions
1/5 Introduction
We all have the right to breathe a clean air
Curernt situation is bad
www.nowiny.gliwice.pl
www.24gliwice.pl
Diagnosis – air quality
• Ambient air concentrations are monitored
• Exceedances of limit values – observed and measured (mg/m3n), suggested WHO limit
values as low as 20 (mg/m3n)
www.powietrze.malopolska.pl
Diagnosis – air quality
Hot-spots: • Poland Krakow, Silesia,
• Czech Republic; Moravia-
Silesia, Usti, Olomouc, Zlin,
Brno, and Central Bohemia
• Slovakia; Zilina, Kraj
Zilinsky, Bratislava
• Italy: Po valey www.eea.europa.eu/
www.eea.europa.eu/
2/5 Sources of emission
Diagnosis – major sources of emission
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CO NMVOCs NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 PAHs
Bal
ance
dis
trib
utio
n, %
Other sources Agricultural Waste menagement Other transport
Road transport Solvent use Fossil fuel extraction Industry
Energy use in industry Residential and communal Energy production
• Residential sector has highest signifficance
Diagnosis – major sources of emission
Source: based on KOBIZE, National Centre for Emission Balancing and Management
PM10 B(a)P
Residential
61,31%
Energy use in
industry 1,99%
PCBs
Industry
4,30%
Road transport
13,95%
Energy
production18,30%
02. Procesy spalania
poza przemysłem
49,36%
11. Inne źródła emisji
i pochłaniania
zanieczyszczeń
14,92%
03. Procesy spalania
w przemyśle
14,64%
09.
Zagospodarowanie
odpadów
7,20%
04. Procesy
produkcyjne
6,22%
01. Procesy spalania
w sektorze produkcji i
transformacji energii;
4,95%
06. Zastosowanie
rozpuszczalników i
innych produktów
2,37%
Udział największych sektorów w emisji PCDD/F w roku 2012 PCDDFs
Solvent use
2,37% Residential
49,36%
Industry
6,22%
Energy use in
industry 14,64%
Energy
production 4,95%
Other sources14,92%
Waste
menagement 7,20%
Source: K.Kubica
http://www.kobize.pl/materialy/Inwentaryzacje
_krajowe/2013/IIR%20_Poland_2013.pdf
http://www.iee.org.pl/
Diagnosis – major sources of emission
>50% outdated, inefficent, „smokers” (manually fuelled)
Signifficant improvement potential!
Solid fuel boilers sales, and sales structure in Poland
3/5 Coal combustion process
VOC, SO2, CH, CO2 H2O CO2, CO
Solid fuel combustion
Typical organization of combustion
O2
O2pal
How combustion should be organized
4/5 How to improve boilers
Emission abatement measures
Environmental performance
Combustion technique Best practice Abatement option
Partial load
Maintenance
Process control
Catalyst afterburners
Fabric filters
High efficient cyclones*
Fuel quality Air distribution/staging Electrostatic precipitators
• How to tackle/solve the problem of PM emission
Measures – fuel quality
LHV, MJ/kg 10 28
Grain size, mm 0-1 5-25
Ash, % 30 6
Moisture, % 40 10
http://gazetacodzienna.pl/node/97866 http://www.kapost.pl/oferta/
wegiel/wegiel-tauron-wydobycie/ekogroszek-jaret/
Source: Hans Hartmann Technology and Support
Centre of Renewable Raw Materials (TFZ) ,
Measures – fuel quality
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50
TSP
em
isis
ion
, mg
/mu3
@ 1
0%
O2
Wood moisture contetns, %
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
SO2em
issi
on
, m
g/m
u3
@ 1
0%
O2
Fuel sulphur contents , %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10
TSP
em
issi
on
, mg
/mu
3@
10
% O
2
Fuel ash contents, %
Primary measures – combustion technique
smoker
(manually fuelled)
automatic coal
boiler BAT
Primary measures – limitting cause not the outcomes
Advantages – cost effectiveness
https://foxhurt.pl/kociol-5-klasy-
z-podajnikiem-defro-sigma-24kw-do-290-m2
http://czysteogrzewanie.pl/kociol/elektryczny-
kijek-zamiast-siekierki/
Measures – advanced control systems
Application of an advanced control system
• O2 probes, Lambda control
• CO probes
• Flue temperature control
• Room and ambnient air temperature control
• PID controllers
• Fuzzy logic controllers
• Draft control
www.kutzner-weber.de
www.kotlomania.wordpress.com
Measures – ultra-low emission applainces
• Almost „zero emission” emerging technologies (tripple combustion chamber, fuel gasification)
• Imprvement potential Best Available Techniques (BAT) - PuroWIN,
Source: WINDHAGER,
mg/m3, @10% O2, TL=part load, NL=nominal load
http://www.windhager.com/int_en/
Measures – BAT applainces
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Energ
y e
ffic
iency,
%
Em
ssio
n o
f pollu
tants
, m
g/m
3
CO OGC/10 TSP/10 Energy efficiency, %
Class 5 ecodesign
Imprvement potential Best Available Techniques (BAT) Top 10, automatic coal boilers
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Energ
y e
ffic
iency,
%
Em
ssio
n o
f p
ollu
tan
ts, m
g/m
+
CO OGC/10 TSP/10 Energy efficiency, %
Measures – BAT applainces
Class 5 ecodesign
Imprvement potential Best Available Techniques (BAT) Top 10, automatic biogenic fuel boilers
Secondar measures – flue cleaning
Source: RUFTEC Gmbh, www.ruftec.com
Secondar measures – flue cleaning
The ElectroStatic Precipitator ESP technology • Average total dust precipitation efficiencies of 50 to 90% can be achieved. The particle precipitation
efficiency strongly depends on the fuel used and the combustion technology (old/new system).
• PM concentration in the flue gases <<20 mg/m3
• When combined with Class 5 appliance 4-8 mg/m3
• Low electrocity consumption ~20Wh in operation mode
<1Wh in stand-by mode
• Automatic deashing, limitting maintenance
• Unit price ranging between 2000-3000 PLN (500-800 Euro/piece)
• Possible retrofitting
Summary
• The Best Available Techniques of combustion installation below 500kW (BATs),
commercially available, guarantee performance at the lowest required ELVs
relevant for dust emission.
• The use of certified fuels is required – appropriate quality of coal and
biomass.
• Reaching the lowest ELVs by non BATs new appliances, and existing
systems requires secondary abatement measures – dedusting apparatus.
• Highest performance is deliverd by fabric filters and electrostatic
precipitators, however the latest offer ease of use and maintenance as well
as low operating costs.
• It is not difficult to built low emission boiler, it is challenge to built it cheap
enough.
5/5 Conclusions
Tahnk you for your attention