aap 2012 meeting, honolulu jelena maricic university of hawaii october 4, 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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SUMMARY OF 13 MEASUREMENTS AND PROSPECTS
AAP 2012 meeting, Honolulu
Jelena MaricicUniversity of HawaiiOctober 4, 2012
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Executive Summary
13
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Summary of 13 measurementsfrom reactors 2011-2012 Daya Bay 13 ~8.7 (~8 zero exclusion)
RENO
13 ~9.8 (~6 zero exclusion)
Double Chooz
13 ~9.6 (~3 zero exclusion)
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Summary of 13 measurements from beams MINOS T2K
2CP 23
213
213
213
213
213
for δ =0, sin (2θ )=1,
sin (2θ ) = 0.053 at best fit
0.01 < sin (2θ ) < 0.12 at 90% C.L.
sin (2θ ) = 0.094 at best fit
0.03 < sin (2θ ) < 0
normal hierarcy:
inv
.19 at 90% C.L.
sin
erted hierarc
(2θ )
y:
= 0 excluded at 96% C.L.
13 ~7 (NH)13 ~9 (IH)
13 ~9 (NH)13 ~10 (IH)
~2 zero exclusion
~3 zero exclusion
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Summary of 13 measurements
Global fit from Daya Bay, RENO, Double Chooz and T2K:
1
2
3
4
N
Fogli, Lisi, Marrone, Montanino, Palazzo, Rotunno: hep-ph/1205.5254 (2012)
Sin2 13 = 0.0241 ± 0.0025 (NH)
Sin2 13 = 0.0244 ± 0.0025 (IH)
13 = 8.9± 0.9(~10% relative uncertainty)
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Prospects
13 measured to be non zero with > 7 C.L.
In the next 3 years expected to be known with 5% uncertainty
Going from the unknown to the best measured
neutrino mixing angle: 2003-2012
But there is more to this measurement…
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Outline
Introduction
Review of the experiments
Results of measurement 13
Prospects
13
Material adopted from presentations from NOW2012 and ISNP 2012, from members of MINOS, T2K, Double Chooz, Daya Bay and RENO
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Introduction
13
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Starting point in 2003: CHOOZ
Last non-measured neutrino mixing angle!Only the upper limit
on the value of angle θ13 was set!
CHOOZ experiment constraint:
(e e disappearance exp)
@m2atm = 2.3 10-3 eV2
sin2(2θ13) < 0.15
(90% C.L)
CHOOZ experimentR = 1.01 2.8%(stat)2.7%(syst)
e x
M. Apollonio et. al., Eur.Phys.J. C27 (2003) 331-374 M. Apollonio et. al., Eur.Phys.J. C27 (2003) 331-374
13 < 11
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13 central to fundamental questions CP-violation phase and mass
hierarchy
12 12 13 13
12 12 23 23
13 13 23 23
cos sin 0 cos 0 sin 1 0 0
sin cos 0 0 1 0 0 cos sin
0 0 1 sin 0 cos 0 sin cos
CP
CP
i
i
e
U
e
“Solar” 12 ~ 30° “Atmospheric” 23 ~ 45°
(SK + MINOS)
“Little mixing angle” 13 < 11° (circa 2011)
(CHOOZ)
Value of θ13 directly influences prospects of measuring CP violation
phase in the weak sector!
13 impacts measurements on ~few 100 m scale and aboveInteresting for nuclear reactor monitoring with neutrinos
Δm221=(7.50+0.19
-0.20)×10-5 eV2
(KamLAND)Δm2
32=(2.32+0.12-0.08)×10-3
eV2 (MINOS)
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Hints on 13 from global fits in 2005/2008
Fogli, Lisi, Marrone, Palazzo, Rotunno: hep-ph/0806.2649v2 (2008)
sin2 13 = 0.9+2.3−0.9 ×
10−2
Fogli, Lisi, Marrone, Palazzo: hep-ph/0506083 (2005)
sin2 13 = 0.016 ± 0.010
13 ~ 5
13 ~ 7
Large uncertainty and low non-zero exclusion level.
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Global fit from KamLAND in March 2011
KamLAND collaboration:hep-ex/1009.4771
sin2 13 = 0.020 ± 0.016
13 ~ 8
Large uncertainty and low non-zero exclusion level.
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Review of 13 experiments
13
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13 Measurement Strategies
Use muon neutrinos from accelerator: appearance search for electron neutrinos MINOS T2K
Use electron antineutrinos from nuclear reactor: disappearance search CHOOZ Double Chooz Daya Bay RENO
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13 and Beam Experiments
MINOS
T2K
T2K uses off-axis beams to achieve:-Increased flux near oscillation max-Reduced high energy NC bkg
µ
µ
e
e
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13 and Reactor Experiments
Reactor Near Detector Far Detector
MeV
m27.1sin2sin1
2312
132
E
LmP ee
Eν ~ 4 MeV
(Flux)L2
L~1.5km
< 14%
No Oscillations
Oscillated
e e
High precision measurement required: systematic error ~0.5%
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13 & Beam Experiments
Appearance probability :
dependences in sin(213), sin(23), sign(m231), -CP phase in [0,2]
13 & Reactor Experiments• <E> ~ a few MeV only disappearance experiments
sin2(213) measurement independent of -CP
• P(e e) = 1 - sin2(213)sin2(m231L/4E) + O(m2
21/m231)
weak dependence in m221
• a few MeV e + short baselines negligible matter effects (O[10-4] )
sin2(213) measurement independent of sign(m213)
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Results of measurement 13 with beams
13
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MINOS Experiment
735 kmnm
MINOS - Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search
Two functionally identical detectors to reduce systematics
Near Detector• 1 km from target• 94 m underground, 225 mwe• Measures the energy spectrum and beam composition
Far Detector• 735 km from target• 700 m underground, 2070
mwe• Re-measures the neutrino
beam composition Near Detector980 tons
Far Detector5,400 tons
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Steel/scintillator tracking calorimeters
• Alternate orthogonal orientation planes• Steel absorber 2.54 cm thick• Scintillator strips 4.1 cm wide, 1.0 cm
thick• 1 GeV muons penetrate 28 layers• Longitudinal sampling = 1.4 radiation
lengths• Optical WLS fiber readout to multi-
anode PMTs
Detector Technology
Multi-anode PMT
ExtrudedPS scint.4.1 x 1 cm
WLS fiber
ClearFiber cables
2.54 cm Fe
U V planes+/- 450
Magnetized• <B> = 1.3T• Muon energy from
range/curvature
• Distinguish μ+ from μ-
tracks
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Neutrino Interactions in Detectors
tran
svers
e
dir
ect
ion n e-
m-
beam directioncolor scale represents energy deposition
nm Charged Current
nx Neutral Current ne Charged Current
long μ track & possible hadronic activity at vertex
short with compact EM
shower profile
short with diffuse shower
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120 GeV protons
Focusing Horns 2 m
675 m15 m 30 m
91.7%
7.0%
e e 1.3%
Target
Neutrino modeHorns focus π+, K+
Decay Pipe
π-
π+
νμ
νμ
Monte Carlo
Neutrino Mode
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Antineutrino Mode
120 GeV protons
Focusing Horns 2 m
675 m15 m 30 m
91.7%
7.0%
e e 1.3%
Target
Neutrino modeHorns focus π+, K+
Decay Pipe
π+
π-
νμ
νμ
Monte Carlo Monte CarloAntineutrino modeHorns focus π-, K-
39.9%
58.1%
e e 2.0%
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ν ν
22 2 31
22
3 13sin ( )sin ( ) sinm L
PE
1.267 Δθ θμ e
νe Appearance Measurement
eν ν
2
2 2 3123
213sin ( )sin ( ) sin
LP
E1.267 Δm
θ θμ
sensitive to neutrino mixing angle θ13, δCP, mass ordering
if 0, eCP eP P In matter, νe CC scattering modifies oscillation probability ~30% in
MINOS
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10.6×1020 POT (ν mode)
Electron Appearance in FHC and RHC Beam
3.3×1020 ( ν mode)ν mode Expected (LEM>0.7):
69.1 (background, if
θ13=0)
26.0 (signal, if
sin2(2θ13)=0.1)
Observe:
88 events
ν mode Expected (LEM>0.7):
10.5 (background , if
θ13=0)
3.1 (signal, if
sin2(2θ13)=0.1)
Observe:
12 events
Library Event Matching (LEM)
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2CP 23
213
213
213
213
213
for δ =0, sin (2θ )=1,
sin (2θ ) = 0.053 at best fit
0.01 < sin (2θ ) < 0.12 at 90% C.L.
sin (2θ ) = 0.094 at best fit
0.03 < sin (2θ ) < 0
normal hierarcy:
inv
.19 at 90% C.L.
sin
erted hierarc
(2θ )
y:
= 0 excluded at 96% C.L.
ne Appearance:ν and Combined Contour
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● Second generation long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiment;
● High intensity almost pure nm beam from Main Ring in J-PARC is shot toward the Super-Kamiokande detector 295km away.
●
from Tokai to Kamioka
● The physics data-taking started in Jan. 2010, and stopped in March 2011 by the earthquake. Resumed almost a year later.
J-PARC in JAEA
Tokai
Tokyo
Kamioka
KEK
T2K experiment
J-PARC in JAEA
Super-KamiokandeJ-PARC
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Results of measurement 13 with reactors
13
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Locations
DoubleChooz Daya
BayRENO
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ConfigurationsDouble Chooz
Daya Bay
300 mwe115 mwe
1 km400 m
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Reactor Neutrino Detection Signature• Reactors as neutrino sources:
N s 1 6NFiss s
1 21011P s 1 Chooz: P =2x4.25 GWth N~2x1021s-1 Neutrino detection via inverse decay
Distinctive two-step signature: -prompt event Photons from e+ annihilation Ee = E- 0.8 MeV + O(Ee/mn) -delayed event Photons from n capture on dedicated nuclei (Gd) t ~ 30 s E ~ 8 MeVGadolinium
Target:Gd doped scintillator
1 g/l Gd in LS
¹ºe + p+ ! e+ + n
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The Double Chooz Far DetectorOuter Veto (OV)plastic scintillator strips
Outer Steel Shielding250 t steel (15 cm)
Inner Veto (IV)90 m3 of scintillator in a steel vessel (10 mm) equipped with 78 PMTs (8 inches)
Buffer110 m3 of mineral oil in a steel vessel (3 mm) equipped with 390 PMTs (10 inches)
γ-Catcher (GC)22.3 m3 scintillator in an acrylic vessel (12 mm)
Target10.3 m3 scintillator doped with 1g/l of Gd compound in an acrylic vessel (8 mm)
~7m
Calibration Glove Box
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Daya Bay
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13 Measurement with DC Far
13
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Interaction Cross-Section
• Recalculations of spectra introduced normalization shift; “anomaly”?
• Th.A. Mueller et al, Phys.Rev. C83(2011) 054615.
• P. Huber, Phys.Rev. C84 (2011) 024617
}2,1{
Reactors
,
2exp ,
4),(
R
Rf
Rf
Rth
R
p tEtE
tP
L
NtEN
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Reference Spectra + Bugey4 “Anchor”
Normalize to Total Rate Measurement of Bugey4
}2,1{
Reactors
,
2exp ,
4),(
R
Rf
Rf
Rth
R
p tEtE
tP
L
NtEN
Reduces reactor normalization uncertainty
from 2.70% to 1.76%
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Neutrino Candidate Selection
Prompt signal Evis = [0.7, 12.2] MeV
Delayed signal Evis = [6.0, 12.0] MeV
Delayed Coincidence Δt = [2, 100] µsec
Require Δt μ > 1 msec
PMT light noise rejection cuts
• PMT hits approx. homogeneous
• PMT hits approx. coincident in time
Multiplicity conditions:
• No extra events around signal
Background rejection:
• No coincident signal in OV
• Require Δt μ > 500 msec if Eμ > 600 MeV
Plus three irreducible backgrounds:
• Accidentals
• Cosmogenic 9Li
• Fast neutrons/stopping muons
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Neutrino Candidate Selection
Prompt signal Evis = [0.7, 12.2] MeV
Delayed signal Evis = [6.0, 12.0] MeV
Delayed Coincidence Δt = [2, 100] µsec
Require Δt μ > 1 msec
PMT light noise rejection cuts
• PMT hits approx. homogeneous
• PMT hits approx. coincident in time
Multiplicity conditions:
• No extra events around signal
Background rejection:
• No coincident signal in OV
• Require Δt μ > 500 msec if Eμ > 600 MeV
Preliminary
Trigger efficiency• Threshold at 400keV (ε=50%)• ε=100% above 700keV
Minimum visible energy of ν signalPrompt
energy cut
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Neutrino Candidate Selection
Prompt signal Evis = [0.7, 12.2] MeV
Delayed signal Evis = [6.0, 12.0] MeV
Delayed Coincidence Δt = [2, 100] µsec
Require Δt μ > 1 msec
PMT light noise rejection cuts
• PMT hits approx. homogeneous
• PMT hits approx. coincident in time
Multiplicity conditions:
• No extra events around signal
Background rejection:
• No coincident signal in OV
• Require Δt μ > 500 msec if Eμ > 600 MeV
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Neutrino Candidate Selection
Prompt signal Evis = [0.7, 12.2] MeV
Delayed signal Evis = [6.0, 12.0] MeV
Delayed Coincidence Δt = [2, 100] µsec
Require Δt μ > 1 msec
PMT light noise rejection cuts
• PMT hits approx. homogeneous
• PMT hits approx. coincident in time
Multiplicity conditions:
• No extra events around signal
Background rejection:
• No coincident signal in OV
• Require Δt μ > 500 msec if Eμ > 600 MeV
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Neutrino Candidate Selection
Prompt signal Evis = [0.7, 12.2] MeV
Delayed signal Evis = [6.0, 12.0] MeV
Delayed Coincidence Δt = [2, 100] µsec
Require Δt μ > 1 msec
PMT light noise rejection cuts
• PMT hits approx. homogeneous
• PMT hits approx. coincident in time
Multiplicity conditions:
• No extra events around signal
Background rejection:
• No coincident signal in OV
• Require Δt μ > 500 msec if Eμ > 600 MeV
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Neutrino Candidate Selection
Prompt signal Evis = [0.7, 12.2] MeV
Delayed signal Evis = [6.0, 12.0] MeV
Delayed Coincidence Δt = [2, 100] µsec
Require Δt μ > 1 msec
PMT light noise rejection cuts
• PMT hits approx. homogeneous
• PMT hits approx. coincident in time
Multiplicity conditions:
• No extra events around signal
Background rejection:
• No coincident signal in OV
• Require Δt μ > 500 msec if Eμ > 600 MeV
• 41% of 9Li BG is rejected by additional muon veto (~5% live-time loss)
• 28% of fast neutron/stop μ BG is rejected by OV anticoincidence
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Candidate Rate Variation
Before 9Li reduction cut, no OV anticoincidence applied
Not background-subtracted Rate consistent with expectation
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Cross-check: Reconstructed Vertex Position
Events well-localized within target Note: no spatial cuts applied in candidate selection
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Detector Calibration
1. PMT and electronics gain non-linearity calibration
LED light injection system
2. Correct for position dependence
Spallation neutron H captures
3. Correct for time stability Spallation neutron Gd
captures
4. Energy scale Radioactive sources deployed
into ν-target and γ-catcher
Energy Calibration
Neutron Detection EfficiencyEnergy & time window, Gd fraction, spill in/out effects• 252Cf source deployed into ν-target and γ-catcher
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BackgroundsAccidentals• Prompt: radiation hit on PMT• Delayed: spallation neutron capture• Prevented by radiopurity & shielding• Measured from off-time windows: 0.261 +/- 0.002 day-1
Cosmogenic 9Li• Prompt: beta emission• Delayed: neutrons from long-lived decays• Measured from Δtμ & spatial muon coincidence: 1.25 +/- 0.54 day-1
Fast-n & Stopping muons• Prompt: proton recoil or muon track• Delayed: neutron capture or muon decay• Measured from high-energy spectrum: 0.67 +/- 0.20 day-1
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BackgroundsAccidentals• Prompt: radiation hit on PMT• Delayed: spallation neutron capture• Prevented by radiopurity & shielding• Measured from off-time windows: 0.261 +/- 0.002 day-1
Cosmogenic 9Li• Prompt: beta emission• Delayed: neutrons from long-lived decays• Measured from Δtμ & spatial muon coincidence: 1.25 +/- 0.54 day-1
Fast-n & Stopping muons• Prompt: proton recoil or muon track• Delayed: neutron capture or muon decay• Measured from high-energy spectrum: 0.67 +/- 0.20 day-1
Preliminary
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BackgroundsAccidentals• Prompt: radiation hit on PMT• Delayed: spallation neutron capture• Prevented by radiopurity & shielding• Measured from off-time windows: 0.261 +/- 0.002 day-1
Cosmogenic 9Li• Prompt: beta emission• Delayed: neutrons from long-lived decays• Measured from Δtμ & spatial muon coincidence: 1.25 +/- 0.54 day-1
Fast-n & Stopping muons• Prompt: proton recoil or muon track• Delayed: neutron capture or muon decay• Measured from high-energy spectrum: 0.67 +/- 0.20 day-1
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BackgroundsAccidentals• Prompt: radiation hit on PMT• Delayed: spallation neutron capture• Prevented by radiopurity & shielding• Measured from off-time windows: 0.261 +/- 0.002 day-1
Cosmogenic 9Li• Prompt: beta emission• Delayed: neutrons from long-lived decays• Measured from Δtμ & spatial muon coincidence: 1.25 +/- 0.54 day-1
Fast-n & Stopping muons• Prompt: proton recoil or muon track• Delayed: neutron capture or muon decay• Measured from high-energy spectrum: 0.67 +/- 0.20 day-1
Red: Best-fit Spectrum Grey: Tagged background eventsWhite: IBD Signal
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Check Rate vs. Reactor Power
2 events observed in 0.84 days livetime with both reactors off(= 2.2 event/day)
→ Background rate consistent with estimation
(2.2 ±0.6 event/day)
Best fit to expected rate:sin22θ13 = 0.19 ± 0.06BG rate = 2.9 ± 1.1
event/day arXiv:1207.6632
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Summary of Rate Uncertainties
Source Uncertainty w.r.t. signal
Statistics 1.1%
Flux 1.7%
Detector
Energy response 0.3%
1.0%
Edelay containment 0.7%
Gd fraction 0.3%
Δt cut 0.5%
Spill in/out 0.3%
Trigger efficiency <0.1%
Target H 0.3%
Background
Accidental <0.1%1.6%Fast-n + stop μ 0.5%
9Li 1.4%
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Summary of CandidatesBoth Reactors
OnOne Reactor Pth < 20%
Total
Livetime [days] 139.27 88.66 227.93
IBD Candidates
6088 2161 8249
Prediction
Reactor B1 ν 2910.9 774.6 3685.5
Reactor B2 ν 3422.4 1331.7 4754.19Li 174.1 110.8 284.9
FN & SM 93.3 59.4 152.7
Accidentals 36.4 23.1 59.5
Total Prediction
6637.1 2299.7 8936.8
Data divided into two integration periods based on reactor power Allows use of changing signal/background ratio in fit
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Double Chooz Prompt
Spectrum
Data w/ Stat. Error Bars
Best Fit Prediction
(w/ Syst. Errors)
Null Oscillation Prediction
Backgrounds
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Rate+Shape: sin22θ13= 0.109 ± 0.030 (stat.) ± 0.025 (syst.)χ2/d.o.f. = 42.1/35
Rate-only: sin22θ13 = 0.170 ± 0.035 (stat.) ± 0.040 (syst.)Frequentist analysis: sin22θ13 = 0 excluded at 99.8% (2.9σ)Presented in arXiv:1207.6632, accepted by PRD
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RENO 13 Measurement
13
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Daya Bay 13 Measurement
13
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Result
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Summary and Prospects
13
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Summary of 13 measurements from beams MINOS T2K
2CP 23
213
213
213
213
213
for δ =0, sin (2θ )=1,
sin (2θ ) = 0.053 at best fit
0.01 < sin (2θ ) < 0.12 at 90% C.L.
sin (2θ ) = 0.094 at best fit
0.03 < sin (2θ ) < 0
normal hierarcy:
inv
.19 at 90% C.L.
sin
erted hierarc
(2θ )
y:
= 0 excluded at 96% C.L.
13 ~7 (NH)13 ~9 (IH)
13 ~9 (NH)13 ~10 (IH)
~2 zero exclusion
~3 zero exclusion
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Summary of 13 measurementsfrom reactors Daya Bay (June 2012) 13 ~8.7 (~8 zero exclusion)
RENO (June 2012)
13 ~9.8 (~6 zero exclusion)
Double Chooz
13 ~9.6 (~3 zero exclusion)
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Summary of 13 measurements
Global fit from Daya Bay, RENO, Double Chooz and T2K:
1
2
3
4
N
Fogli, Lisi, Marrone, Montanino, Palazzo, Rotunno: hep-ph/1205.5254 (2012)
Sin2 13 = 0.0241 ± 0.0025 (NH)
Sin2 13 = 0.0244 ± 0.0025 (IH)
13 = 8.9± 0.9(~10% relative uncertainty)
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Energy Spectra Spectral
shape contains some potentially peculiar features when compared to expectation.
Double Chooz
RENO
Daya Bay sin2(213)=0.12
m2atm= 3.0 10-3 eV2
Far/Near ratiosimulated
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Summary and Prospects Better understanding of spectral shape: hint of
new physics?!?
13 measured to be non zero with > 7 C.L. and 10% uncertainty
In the next 3 years expected to be known with 5% uncertainty
Going from the unknown to the best measured neutrino mixing angle: 2003-2012!
THANK YOU!