(a)€€€€ sita made a model of three parts of the solar system, the … · 2020. 4. 17. ·...

(a) Sita made a model of three parts of the solar system, the Sun, Earth and Moon.She used a marble, a torch and a tennis ball.

Draw a line from each part of the solar system to the object she used.

Draw only three lines.

2 marks

1

(b) The table below shows the order of some of the planets in our solar system.

Complete the table to show the positions of the Earth, Neptune and the Sun.

Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus

2 marks

of 36William+Edwards+School

(c) The diagram shows a satellite in orbit around the Earth.

not to scale

(i) Give one use of a satellite.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

(ii) Which force keeps the satellite in orbit around the Earth?Tick the correct box.

gravity friction

air resistance magnetism 2 marks

maximum 6 marks


(a) In 2002 a large asteroid was discovered orbiting the Sun.It was named Quaoar.

The diagram below shows Quaoar in four positions in its orbit.

not to scale

2

(i) In which of the four positions, A, B, C or D, is the effect of the Sun’sgravity on Quaoar the greatest?

..............

Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii) On the diagram above, draw arrows to show the direction of theSun’s gravity on Quaoar in each of the positions A, B, C and D.

1 mark

(iii) At which position, A, B, C or D, is Quaoar travelling most slowly?

.............

Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................1 mark


(b) The table below gives information about three of the planets in oursolar system.

planetaverage distance

from Sun(millions of km)

time for oneorbit

(Earth years)

Average surfacetemperature of planet

(ºC)

Saturn 1427 30 –180

Uranus 2870 84 –210

Pluto 5900 248 –230

(i) The time for one orbit of the planet Neptune is 165 Earth years.

Estimate the average distance of Neptune from the Sun.Use information in the table to help you.

......................... millions of km1 mark

(ii) How does the surface temperature of these planets vary withdistance from the Sun?Use information in the table to help you.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................1 mark

(iii) Explain why the temperature varies with distance from the Sun inthis way.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................1 mark

maximum 6 marks


The table below gives information about the planets of the Solar System.They are listed in alphabetical order.

planetaverage

distance fromthe Sun inmillion km

diameterin km

time forone orbitround the

Sun

time forone rotationon its axisin hours

temperature onsurface of

planet in °C

Earth 150 13 000 365 days 24 +22

Jupiter 780 140 000 12 years 9.8 –150

Mars 230 6800 687 days 25 –23

Mercury 58 4900 88 days 1400 +350

Neptune 4500 51 000 165 years 16 –220

Pluto 5900 2300 248 years 150 –220

Saturn 1400 120 000 29 years 10.2 –180

Uranus 2900 51 000 84 years 17 –210

Venus 110 12 000 225 days 5800 +480

(Data obtained from The Guinness Book of Astronomy, Patrick Moore; published by Guinness 1992)

3

(a) Explain why Neptune and Pluto are the coldest planets.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(b) Explain why there could be no liquid water on the surface of:

(i) Mars ...................................................................................................

............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii) Venus .................................................................................................

............................................................................................................1 mark

(c) On which planet would the time between sunrise and sunset be shortest?

..................................................................……1 mark


(d) Which planet has the shortest year?’1 mark

..................................................................……

(e) Give the name of the force which keeps the planets in their orbits.

..................................................................……1 mark

Maximum 6 marks

The graph below gives information about some of the planets in the Solar System.

4

(a) Planet A is shown on the graph above.The orbit of planet A is between Saturn and Mars.What is the name of planet A?

....................................................................................................................1 mark

(b) Part of the graph opposite is shown in more detail below.


(i) Use a dot ( ) to mark the position of the Earth carefully on the graph above. Label

the dot ‘Earth’. Explain why you put the dot at this position.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................2 marks

(ii) On the same graph, mark with a cross (x) the approximate position of Venus andlabel it ‘Venus’.

1 mark

(c) Asteroids orbit the Sun just like the planets. Information about five asteroids is given in thetable below.

Which asteroid is the greatest distance from the Sun? Give the reason for youranswer.

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

Pluto was discovered in 1930. It was classified as a planet.In 2006, scientists agreed that Pluto is not a planet.

(a) The diagram below shows our solar system.

not to scale

5


(i) From the diagram, what supports the idea that Pluto is a planet?

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii) From the diagram, what supports the idea that Pluto is not a planet?

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(b) The table below shows information about planets in our solar system.

planet diameter (km)

Mercury 4800

Venus 12200

Earth 12800

Mars 6800

Jupiter 142600

Saturn 120200

Uranus 49000

Neptune 50000

Pluto has a diameter of 2 300 km.How does this information suggest to scientists that Pluto is not a planet?

........................................................................................................................1 mark

(c) An object called Charon orbits Pluto.

How does the presence of Charon support the idea that Pluto is a planet?

........................................................................................................................1 mark


(d) The table below shows the composition of the atmosphere of some of the objects in oursolar system.

object atmosphere

Mercury none

Venus mainly carbon dioxide

Earth mainly nitrogen and oxygen

Neptune hydrogen, helium and methane

Earth’s moon none

Titan (a moon) nitrogen and methane

Pluto nitrogen and methane

Atmosphere is not used to classify objects as moons or planets.Use the information above to suggest a reason for this.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................1 mark

(e) Why do you think scientists found it difficult to decide how Pluto should be classified?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................1 mark

maximum 6 marks

The table shows information about three planets in our solar system.

planettime taken to orbit the

Sun (Earth-years)

Mars 2.0

Venus 0.6

Earth 1.0

6

(a) Give one reason why Venus takes less time than Earth to orbit the Sun.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................1 mark


(b) The diagram below shows the orbits of Venus and Earth.The Sun is a source of light. Venus does not produce its own light.

not to scale

On the diagram above, draw rays of light to show how Venus can be seen fromEarth. Use a ruler.

1 mark

Draw an arrow on each ray to show the direction of light.1 mark


(c) The diagram below shows how the astronomer Ptolemy drew the solar system2000 years ago.

not to scale

(i) The planets Uranus and Neptune are missing from his diagram.

Suggest why Ptolemy did not include these planets in his diagram.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

(ii) Today we know the correct arrangement of the planets in our solar system.

Give one way the diagram above is incorrect.Complete the sentence below.

In the correct arrangement ...................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

maximum 5 marks


(a) The diagram below shows part of the solar system.

Look at the diagram.Give the names of X and Y.

X..............................................

Y..............................................2 marks

7

(b) It takes Jupiter much longer than Mars to complete one orbit.Give two reasons for this.

1 ......................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................2 marks


(c) The diagram also shows the orbit of a comet.

In 1531, 1607 and 1683 scientists recorded that had seen a comet in the sky.

(i) Edmund Halley looked at these dates and suggested the scientists had allseen the same comet.

Explain how he worked out that it was the same comet each time.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................1 mark

(ii) The comet was last seen in 1986.

Predict when it will be seen next.

................................................................................................................1 mark

maximum 6 marks


The diagram below shows the orbits of Neptune, Pluto and the Earth.

At two points, A and B, the orbits of Neptune and Pluto cross over each other.

not to scale

8

(a) What force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun?

...................................................................1 mark

(b) Give two reasons why it takes Pluto more time than Neptune to orbit the Sun.

1. ................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

2. ................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................2 marks


(c) (i) Tom can see the Sun because it is a light source. It gives out its own light. Neptuneand Pluto are not light sources but Tom can see them when he looks through histelescope.

Explain why Tom can see Neptune and Pluto even though they are not light sources.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................2 marks

(ii) Between points A and B, Pluto is nearer than Neptune to the Earth.Tom noticed that Pluto is not as bright as Neptune, even when Pluto is closer thanNeptune to the Earth.

Give one reason why Pluto is not as bright as Neptune.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 6 marks

A writer of science fiction likes to make her stories as realistic as possible. In her latest bookthere is a group of space travellers who discover a star in a distant part of the galaxy. Thetravellers are excited to find a planet very similar to Earth orbiting this star. They call the planetDelta.

9


The table compares data about Delta and the Earth. Most of the figures are relative.

Delta Earth

the planet’s distance from its sun 1.5 1

mass of the planet 1.5 1

average density of the planet 1 1

time of rotation of the planet on its axis 0.85 1

speed of the planet in its orbit 0.82 1

inclination of the axis of rotation of theplanet to the axis of the orbit

0° 23°

acceleration of an object in free fall closeto the surface of the planet

11 m/s2 10 m/s

(a) In her story, how should the writer compare conditions on Delta with those on Earth?Tick the correct box in each case.

greater less same

length of year

length of day

radius of the planet

3 marks


(b) One of the space travellers lands on planet Delta. With her space suit, she has amass of 100 kg.

What is her weight on planet Delta? Give the unit.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................1 mark

(c) The inclination of the axis of rotation to the axis of orbit is different for Delta andEarth. In the story, the travellers spend a year on Delta. Describe two differencesbetween Delta and Earth that the travellers would find, apart from their weight.

1. ..................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................1 mark

2. ..................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 6 marks


The diagram shows the orbits of the Earth, Venus and Jupiter around the Sun. They are not to scale.

10

(a) Where is the orbit of Mars?

Tick the correct box.

It is between the Sun and the orbit of Venus.

It is between the orbit of Venus and the orbit of Earth.

It is between the orbit of Earth and the orbit of Jupiter.

It is outside the orbit of Jupiter.

1 mark

Venus and Jupiter can be seen from the Earth.

(b) Sometimes Venus appears to be larger than at other times.

(i) On the diagram, draw the position of Venus where it appears to be largest.Label it V.

1 mark

(ii) Why does the size of Venus appear to change?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................1 mark


(c) Even on clear nights, Jupiter sometimes appears to be slightly brighter than at other times.

(i) On the diagram, draw the position of Jupiter where it appears to be brightest.Label it J.

1 mark

(ii) Why does the brightness of Jupiter appear to change?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................1 mark

(d) Give two reasons why less light is reflected from Jupiter to the Earth than from Venus tothe Earth.

1. ..................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................2 marks

Maximum 7 marks

Regulus is a bright star in the constellation Leo. In February, an astronomer visited a countryclose to the equator. While she was there she observed Regulus.

(a) During the night, Regulus appeared to move across the sky.

(i) Why do stars appear to move across the sky?

..........................................................................................................1 mark

11

(ii) Choose from the words below to complete the sentence.

north east south west

Regulus appeared to move across the sky from

................................................ to ....................................................1 mark


(b) The diagram below shows the position of the Earth and the Sun when the astronomermade her observations. She noticed that Regulus was directly overhead at midnight. Onthe diagram, draw an arrow from the Earth to show the direction in which she looked to seeRegulus.

1 mark

(c) Six months later, in August, Regulus cannot be seen at any time.

Explain why.

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 4 marks

The table below shows information about four planets.

planettime taken to orbit the Sun

(Earth years)distance from theSun (million km)

Mercury 0.25 60

Venus 0.5 108

Earth 1.0 150

Mars 2.0 228

12


The diagram below shows the orbits of the Earth, Mercury, Venus and Mars, and their position atone particular time.The arrows show the direction in which the planets move.

not to scale

(a) Show the position of each planet six months later by drawing a letter X on the orbit of eachplanet.

2 marks

(b) Use the information in the table to calculate the largest and smallest distance between theEarth and Venus.

closest ............................................ million km1 mark

furthest ............................................ million km1 mark

(c) The speed of light is 300 000 km/second.Calculate how long light takes to reach the Earth from the Sun.

........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................... s1 mark


(d) The diagram below shows the path of an asteroid around the Sun.

not to scale

(i) On the path of the asteroid, draw a letter S to show the position where the asteroidis travelling the slowest.

On the path of the asteroid, draw a letter F to show the position where the asteroidis travelling the fastest.

1 mark

(ii) Explain why the speed of the asteroid changes.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................1 mark

maximum 7 marks


Mark schemes

(a) •

if all three lines are correct, award two marks

if one or two lines are correct, award one mark

if more than one line is drawn from any part of thesolar system, award no credit for that part

2 (L3)

1

(b) •

Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

award one mark for the Sun in the correct position

award one mark for both Earth and Neptune in thecorrect positions

2 (L3)


(c) (i) any one from

• weather forecasting

accept ‘weather’

• communications

accept ‘phone’ or ‘fax’

• telescopes

• global positioning system

accept ‘GPS’

• TV

• spying

accept ‘taking photographs’

• internet1 (L4)

(ii) • gravity

if more than one box is ticked, award no mark1 (L4)

[6]

(a) (i) C - it is the closest to the Sun

accept ‘it is closer or close’

both the letter and the correct explanationare required for the mark

1 (L5)

(ii) an arrow from each of the points A, B, C and D towards the Sun

all four arrows are required for the mark1 (L5)

(iii) A

it is furthest from the Sun or the effect of theSun’s gravity is weakest

accept ‘it is further or far away’

accept ‘gravity is low or lower’

both the letter and the correct explanation

are required for the mark1 (L6)

2


(b) (i) a number greater than 2870 and smaller than 59001 (L5)

(ii) the further away the lower the temperature

accept the converse

accept ‘the further away the colder it is’1 (L5)

(iii) any one from

• planets further away receive less energy or heat

accept ‘light’ for energy

do not accept ‘the Sun’s heat cannot reach heatplanets that are far away’

• energy from the Sun spreads out

accept ‘the Sun’s rays are weaker or not as strong’

‘the Sun is weaker’ is insufficient

• less heat reaches the planets that are further away1 (L6)

[6]

(a) they are furthest from the Sun

accept ‘they are further from the Sun ’or ‘ they are furthest away’ or ‘ Pluto is furthest from the Sun’do not accept ‘they are far from the Sun’

1

3

(b) (i) it is below the freezing point of water

accept ‘it would freeze ’ or ‘ it is too cold’1

(ii) it is above the boiling point of water

accept ‘it would boil ’ or ‘ it would evaporate’ or ‘it is too hot’do not accept ‘it would dry up’ or ‘it is too close to the Sun’

1

(c) Jupiter1

(d) Mercury1

(e) gravity

do not accept ‘weight’1

[6]


(a) Jupiter1 (L5)

(b) (i) dot at (1,150)

the dot must be vertically above 1 year the labelEarth is not required for the mark

1 (L5)

the Earth takes 1 year to orbit the Sun

accept ‘it is 150 million km from the Sun’1 (L5)

4

(ii) cross at (0.6, 110)

accept a cross on the curve between 75 and125 million km from the Sun

the label Venus is not required for the mark

1 (L5)

(c) Iris, because it takes longest

both the asteroid and the reason are required for the mark

do not accept ‘Iris because it’s 5.51’1 (L5)

[5]

(a) (i) it orbits the Sun

accept ‘it goes round the Sun’‘it has an orbit’ is insufficient

1 (L5)

5

(ii) any one from

• it is not in the same plane as the other planets

• the orbit is out of line or at a different angle

accept ‘it is not in line with the others’‘it has a different orbit’ is insufficient

accept ‘the orbit or it is tilted’do not accept ‘it is too small’as this is not shown in the diagram

1 (L6)


(b) any one from

• it has the smallest diameter

accept ‘it is too small’‘it is very small’ is insufficient

• all the other planets are bigger1 (L6)

(c) any one from

• Charon is a moon or satellite

accept ‘it is a moon’

• other planets have moons

accept ‘the Earth or Saturn has a moon’‘Charon orbits Pluto’ is insufficient

accept ‘moons do not orbit other moons’

accept ‘other planets have objects orbiting them’1 (L6)

(d) any one from

• both planets and moons have atmospheres

accept ‘Venus has an atmosphere and Mercury does not’

• whether or not it has an atmosphere does not make it a planet

• there is no pattern in the atmospheres

accept ‘Earth’s moon does not have an atmosphere and Titan does’

• some planets do not have atmospheres

accept ‘Titan has an atmosphere and so does Neptune’1 (L6)


(e) any one from

• scientists cannot decide on what a planet is

• if Pluto is a planet there could be more planets orbiting our Sun orin our solar system

• there is evidence for and against Pluto being a planet

accept specific arguments for and againste.g. ‘it goes around the Sun but it is too small’‘there are reasons for and against’ is insufficient‘it has an atmosphere like the Moon but orbitsthe Sun’ is insufficient as atmosphere is notsufficient to classify moons or planets

1 (L6)

[6]

(a) any one from

a comparative statement is needed

• Venus is nearer to the Sun

‘it is closer’ is insufficient

• the Sun’s gravity on Venus is greater

• it travels faster

• it has a smaller orbit

accept ‘it does not have as far to go’1 (L5)

6


(b) • a straight line from the Sun to Venus and a straight line from Venus to Earth

1 (L6)

• arrows drawn on both rays in the correct direction

accept two discontinuous straight lines that touch the Sun,Venus and the Earth

do not accept a line from the Sun which touches the Earth1 (L6)


• they had not been discovered

accept ‘he did not know they existed’

• they had not been seen

accept ‘they could not be seen’

do not accept ‘they did not exist’‘they are too far away’ is insufficient

1 (L5)

(ii) any one from

• the Earth is not at the centre

answers must refer to the arrangementand not to missing planets

• the planets do not go round the Earthor the planets orbit the Sun

• the Earth goes round the Sun

• the Sun is in the middle

accept answers which give the correct orderof the planets in the solar system

‘there are more planets’ is insufficient1 (L6)

[5]


(a) • X: the Sun1 (L5)

• Y: Mercury1

7

(b) any two from

• it has a longer orbit

• it is further from the Sun

• the Sun’s gravity is less

• it is slower

accept ‘it has a bigger orbit’

accept ‘it has a greater distance to cover’

accept ‘it is further out’

accept ‘Mars is closer to the Sun’

accept ‘there is a smaller gravitational pull on it’

‘it is further away’ or ‘it is further’ are insufficient2 (L6)


• the orbit times were the same

• it came at regular intervals

• they saw it every 76 years

accept ‘he took 1531 from 1607 and 1607 from 1683’1 (L6)

(ii) • 20621 (L5)

[6]

(a) gravitational pull of the Sun or the Sun’s gravity

accept ‘gravity’

accept ‘weight’1 (L5)

8


(b) any two from

• its average speed is lower

accept ‘its speed is slower’ or ‘it travels more slowly’

• for most of its orbit the Sun’s gravity is less

accept ‘the pull of the Sun is weaker’ or ‘gravity is less’

• its orbit is longer

accept ‘it travels further’ or ‘the orbit is bigger’

• for most of its orbit it is further from the Sun

accept ‘it is further from the Sun’ or ‘further away’2 (L6)

(c) (i) light from the Sun1 (L6)

reflects off Pluto and Neptune or the planets or them

accept for two marks ‘sunlight reflects off them’

award the second mark only for ‘the Sun reflects off the planets’1

(ii) any one from

• it is smaller

accept ‘it is small’

• it reflects less light

• it absorbs more light

accept ‘it is darker and smaller’

do not accept ‘ it is further away ( from the Earth) ‘or ‘it is further from the Sun’

do not accept ‘it is darker’1 (L6)

[6]

(a) greater less same

length of year √ 1

length of day √1

radius of the planet √ 1

if more than one box is ticked in any rowaward no mark for that row

9


(b) 1100 N

accept ‘100 × 11 N’1

(c) any two from

• no winter and summer seasons or no seasonal variation

accept ‘temperature the same all year’ or ‘no seasons’

• days and nights always the same length

• Sun always directly above equator

accept ‘Sun always follows the same path across the sky’2

[6]

(a) It is between the orbit of Earth and the orbit of Jupiter

if more than one box is ticked, award no mark

accept the orbit drawn on the diagram providedthat is clearly labelled

1 (L5)

10

(b) (i) an indication of any point within the limits shown

the mid-point of the planet must lie within the limits shown1 (L6)

(ii) because the distance between Venus and the Earth changes

accept ‘it gets closer’ or ‘it gets further away’or ‘it is at different distances

1 (L6)


(c) (i) an indication of any point within the limits shown

the mid-point of the planet must lie within the limits shown1 (L6)

(ii) because the distance between Jupiter and the earth changes

accept ‘because of the angle which Jupiter is seen from’or ‘it gets closer’ or ‘it gets further away’or ‘it is at different distances

do not accept ‘because of the weather or air pollution1 (L6)

(d) any two from

• Jupiter is further from the Sun or Venus is closer to the Sun

accept ‘Jupiter is further away’ or ‘Venus is nearer’

• Jupiter is further from the Earth or Venus is closer to the Earth

do not accept ‘it is closer or further away’

• Jupiter’s clouds are less reflective or Venus’s clouds are more reflective

accept ‘Jupiter absorbs more light’or ‘Venus has a higher albedo’

2 (L6)

[7]

(a) (i) because the Earth turns or spins or rotates

do not accept ‘because the Earth moves’1 (L7)

(ii) east to west

both words are required for the mark1 (L7)

11


(b) horizontal arrow pointing to the left

1 (L7)

(c) any one from

• it is behind the Sun

accept ‘it is the other side of the Sun’

• the Sun is in the way

• it is below the horizon all night

accept ‘the night side of the Earth faces the other way’or ‘it is always on the day side of the Earth’

1 (L7)

[4]


(a)

for all four correct, award two marksfor any two or three correct, award one mark

accept a cross drawn that lies within the widthof the Sun for each planet, e.g.

2 (L7)

12

(b) • 42

accept ‘150-108’1 (L7)

• 258

accept ‘150+108’1 (L7)


(c) 500

accept ‘8.3 minutes’accept ‘about 8 minutes’

1 (L7)

accept or

(d) (i)

both answers are required for the markaccept an answer within the dotted linesat either end of the ellipse

1 (L7)

(ii) attracted by the Sun’s gravity

accept ‘increased gravity near to Sun’1 (L7)

[7]


(a)€€€€ sita made a model of three parts of the solar system, the … · 2020. 4. 17. ·...

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