aa2020-2_technologyroadmap
TRANSCRIPT
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Foreword 1
Executive Summary 2
Vision 4
The Automotive Australia 2020 project has developed this technologyroadmap for the Australian automotive industry with the vision of a sustainable and profitableindustry through 2020 and beyond.
Introduction 5
MappingAustraliasAutomotive Future 6
The Automotive Australia 2020 Roadmap 8
Priority Opportunity Areas 12
Priority Applications 14
Vehicle Electrification 18
Gaseous Fuels 42
Lightweighting 58
Data and Communications 74
Recommendations 86
Stakeholder Participation 88
Participating Organisations 90
This roadmap has assessed current anddeveloping Australian capabilities, identifiedlocal and international markets, andassessed the trends and drivers affectingthe global automotive industry. This processhas involvedsignificantcontributions fromover 160 organisations totalling more than2500 hours.
The Australian automotive industry isbuilton a strong foundation of diverse capabilityand encompasses all of the necessaryresources to bring a vehicle from concept,
through development, to release. The AA2020Roadmap recognises the importance
of maintaining and strengthening thesecapabilities while supporting the
development of world-leading technology
and expertise in a number of key strategicareas. A focus on the four long term priorityareas identifiedin this report will highlightthe relevance of the Australian industry toglobal companies and their investors.
The roadmapping process highlightscorrelations between local capabilitiesand future technology needs in the globalmarket, opportunities, at an industry level.
Strengths have been identified in more than300 capability areas, with approximatelysixty short term and sixty long termtechnology needs carried forward forassessment. A complete list is availablein the accompanying reports: Capabilitiesand Technology Needs. Assessing the
size of the global market in each area of need and aligning this with the strengthof local capabilities has resulted in 32long term applications and 15 short termopportunities.
In the short term, these identified
opportunities utilise Australiascurrentautomotive capabilities in areas withpotential import replacement or export.They were further prioritised by measuringmarket attractiveness and matching thiswith the level of Australian capability.
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In total 13 export opportunities and 15targets with import replacement potentialor a need to maintain local capability wereidentified.Collaboration between OEMs,suppliers and government will be requiredto realise these short term opportunitieswhich are presented in the accompanyingOpportunity Portfolio report.
Long term opportunities for the
Australian automotive industry havebeen categorised across four broadareas: Vehicle Electrification,GaseousFuels, Lightweighting, and Data andCommunications. Australian-specificcapabilities and technologies have beenhighlighted that allow the development ofstrategic applications. Industry stakeholdersparticipating in the AA2020 project haveprioritised these applications by identifying15 high priority applications spanning all
four opportunity areas that draw on currentand developing Australian knowledgeand expertise.
Vehicle Electrification(including hybridand electric vehicles) was identifiedasthe highest priority area if the Australian
automotive industry is to achieve recognitionin the future of the global industry.
Six applications were identifiedas highpriority in this area:
Development and manufacture of
supercapacitors for electric vehicles
Design and local assembly of electricvehicle power electronics modules
High energy density batteries
Low cost, robust,efficientelectric
motors/generatorsStandardised battery packs for largepassenger vehicles
Development of a modular electricvehicle powertrain
The opportunity area of Gaseous Fuels isa segment that leverages local resourcesand expertise while presenting attractiveniche export markets. It includes threeapplications that can be realised through
the design and development of an Australiangaseous fuel vehicle platform:
Dedicated direct injection system for
LPG engines
Fast filling technology for LPG
High capacity, low cost, on-vehicleCNG storage tank
In response to current and developingglobal trends, lighter vehicles will berequired to achieve reduced emissionsin the short term and are essential inthe realisation of electric vehicles in thelonger term.
In the lightweighting opportunity area, fiveapplications wereidentifiedas high priorityfor the Australian automotive industry:
Replacement of traditionally steelcomponents with lightweight alternatives
Manufacture of light weight body panels
Commercialisation of lightweight
road wheels
Reduction of vehicle structure weightby 30% while improving safety
Use of 3D composites for interiorstructure and seats
The fourth high priority area identifiedforthe Australian automotive industry is Dataand Communication Systems. This area
addresses the increased availability ofin-vehicle information and the growinguse of onboard electronic systems suchas by-wire systems. In this area one keyapplication was identified:
Improved human-machine interfacesand driver information systems
Realising these priority applications andshort term opportunities will requireenabling actions from various industrystakeholders. These actions are capturedin 32 recommendationsclassifiedinfivecategories: industry collaboration, science
and research, government action, education
and training and short term action plan.There are also three recommendations fornext steps forward to sustain momentumand implement the outcomes of theAutomotive Australia 2020 Roadmap.
The AA2020 Roadmap presents a directionfor the strategic growth of the Australianautomotive industry, which has beendeveloped with significantstakeholdercontribution and involvement. Through
continued engagement and collaboration
between stakeholders, the opportunitiesoutlined in this roadmap can be realised,leading to a larger and more productive
Australian automotive industry to 2020and beyond.
Automo tive Aust ralia 202 0Technology Roadmap 3
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The global automotive industry is experiencing a period of significantchange, with emerging Asian markets,competition from developing economies, and a move toward new technologies. It sets the context for the
Australian industry where production is valued at approximately $7.5 billion annually, with an increasing trendtoward export markets from both the OEM and component sectors. This trend can be seen in Figures 1 and 2.
Change presents challenges that mustbe addressed for the Australian automotiveindustry to remain competitive, and theAutomotive Australia 2020 project aims
to provide a process for the industryto articulate a vision and defineafuture direction.
The Vision,definedby industry stakeholdersthrough the early stages of the AA2020project, is for a competitive Australianautomotive industry, achieving recognitionas a strategic element from the globalperspective. The industry must be attractiveto global companies and their investors. Byleveraging existing strength, it must becomelarger, more productive and create more
jobs.Thisvisioniscaptured in the interim
reportAutomotive Australia 2020
Vision.
Realising this vision requires an industry-wide strategy, that must be effectivelycommunicated within the Australianautomotive industry, to government, andto other stakeholders.Development of this strategy can be achievedthrough a transparent and inclusive process
that aggregates knowledge and evidence
from all stakeholders to provide a firm
base for decision making.
Through extensive consultation withindustry, government and researchrepresentatives including nine workshops,the AA2020 project has developed this
roadmap for the Australian automotiveindustry.
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9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
FIGURE 1VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF LOCALLY MADEPASSENGER MOTOR VEHICLES AND DERIVATIVES1
7
Vehicle exports Components exports6
5
4
3
2
1
1 Department of Industry Innovation Science and Research.Key Automotive Statistics, 2008.Accessed April 2010 from: http://www.innovation.gov.au/Industry/Automotive/Documents/Key%20Automotive%20Statistics%202008.pdf
2 Ibid.
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
FIGURE 2VALUE OF VEHICLE AND COMPONENT EXPORTS, 20092
Automo tive Austral ia 202 0Technology 5
http://www.innovation.gov.au/Industry/Automotive/Documents/Key%20Automotive%20Statistics%202008.pdfhttp://www.innovation.gov.au/Industry/Automotive/Documents/Key%20Automotive%20Statistics%202008.pdfhttp://www.innovation.gov.au/Industry/Automotive/Documents/Key%20Automotive%20Statistics%202008.pdf -
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Definethe Vision
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Identify Market Need
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Understand National Capability
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Identify Opportunities
F>7I; +Develop Opportunity Roadmaps
In Phase 2 the market need wasdefinedinresponse to the trends and drivers affectingthe automotive industry both locally andglobally. These trends and drivers included
social pressures, technology developments,economic concerns, and environmentalawareness. Identificationof these trendsand drivers provided the context for
future demand.
The AA2020 project used stakeholderinterviews and surveys to understand thetrends and drivers in the local context.
In the short term, the Australian automotiveindustry can respond to current local andglobal market demand. Working with thelocal vehicle manufacturers,specificshort
term needs wereidentifiedin the area ofimport replacement. A survey of globalshort term export demand was undertakenby Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, accountingfor the accessibility of markets to importedproducts, highlighted short term need inrepresentative markets of Asia, Americaand Europe. These local and internationalsurveys of market needs also determined
Phase 3 developed an understanding ofcurrent and developing Australian capability.The capabilities are drawn from threedifferent areas: current automotive supplier
capabilities, current non automotive suppliercapability and developing capability in the
science and research sectors. Each of thesecan be realised in different time frames: inthe short term current automotive suppliercapability can be utilised; in the longer
term, current research capability is thefirst step in developing new commercialsolutions in industry. Capability from outside
This engagement with stakeholders in critical success factors in each market. the automotive sector can be adapted andF>7I; ,Prioritise the Opportunities
the industry, including manufacturers,government and component suppliers In the longer term the automotive industry
applied to automotive applications in themedium to long term. The capabilities of
identifiedthe technology needs withinthe automotive sector through 2020 and
beyond. This work was supplementedwith a survey of published literature todetermine the trends and drivers affectingthe global industry. Through a workshopinvolvingsignificantindustry stakeholders,these trends and drivers were prioritisedhighlighting those with the greatest impacton the Australian automotive industry.
will need applications that respond to globaland local trends and drivers. Alignment of
the local industry with these applicationswill realisebenefitsin both domestic andexport markets. Identificationof long termmarket need has been achieved throughinterviews, surveys and workshops withautomotive industry experts, governmentrepresentatives and research organisations.
each stakeholder group were measuredthrough workshops, surveys and interviews.
Current capability was identifiedin theautomotive and non-automotive sectors,while developing capability was identifiedin commercial firms and researchorganisations.
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Phase 4 draws on the outputs of thepreceding two stages, Identify MarketNeed and Understand National Capability,to identify opportunities for the Australian
Automotive Industry in the short andlong term. This stage involved a series of
Detail has been added to the roadmap ineach of the four long term opportunity areasthrough consultation with stakeholdersfrom automotive suppliers, motor vehicle
producers, non-automotive industry,research and government. The four
Thefinal phase of the project is one ofprioritisation. While each opportunity areais a good one, and each includes applicationswith wide appeal that build on currentAustralian strengths, prioritisation allowsa focus for the subsequent implementation
PHASE 1Establishing a Vision
workshops, rating potential opportunitiesagainst the critical success factorsdetermined by industry stakeholders.
Identifiedshort term opportunities were
workshops conducted in Phase 5, onetargeting each opportunity area, identifiedspecificpriority applications for each area.
In order to exploit these applications, a
of the roadmap. Stakeholders rankedVehicleElectrificationas the top priorityreflectingits long term relevance in theglobal marketplace.
PHASE 2Defining
Technology Need
PHASE 3Understanding
National Capability
classifiedin three categories: importreplacement, export potential and thosethat support long term goals. Importreplacement and export opportunities can berealised immediately, and these have beencommunicated with industry stakeholders,but those with long term relevance have
been carried forward. Workshop attendeesfurtherclassifiedlong term opportunitiesinto four broad categories: Gaseous Fuels;Lightweighting; Data and CommunicationSystems and VehicleElectrification.Theseunderlying opportunities are outlined in theinterim report:Automotive Australia 2020 Opportunities Portfolio.
gap analysis was performed. It highlighted
Enablersactions that build on the currentand developing Australian capability
to complete the path to realising eachapplication. These have been captured indetail for each application and definethemost detailed level of the roadmap in the
four opportunity areas.
The area of Gaseous Fuels was secondowing to local expertise, availability offuel resources and applicability in keyexport markets. Lightweighting, whichranked closely behind gaseous fuels, isseen as a market entry requirement thatwill see continued adoption regardless
of other changes in the industry. Dataand Communication Systems will play a supporting role in addressing safety andenvironmental concerns.
PHASE 4Identifying Key Tactical and
Strategic Opportunities
PHASE 5Developing Strategic
Opportunity Roadmaps
PHASE 6Prioritisation
FIGURE 3THE AA2020 ROADMAP PROCESS
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The AA2020 Roadmap indicates a direction for the Australian automotive industry, which isdefinedby mapping Australian capabilities with the future needs of the local and global automotive industry.These needs are shaped by the current trends and drivers.
Linking capabilities and future needsindicates opportunity areas where Australiacan compete in the global automotiveindustry. Realising these opportunities
requires enabling actions from a range ofstakeholders in the industry. These forma roadmap which allows the plotting of acourse from enabling actions, through the
development of capability and technology,to the exploitation of applications in theopportunity areas. The AA2020 Roadmap ispresented across three levels of detail, witheach level offering a deeper view as shownin Figure 4.
At the highest level, the roadmap is brokeninto the four sections shown on pages 10 and11: Trends and Drivers, Opportunity Areas,Technologies and Capabilities, and Enablers.
The trends and drivers represented outlinemany of the challenges being faced by thelocal and global industry. These define
the context in which opportunities for theAustralian industry will be recognised.
Enablers areclassifiedinto categories,which capture the involvement of differentstakeholders in the industry. By carrying outenabling actions, stakeholders will support
the development of new and enhanced
technologies and capabilities. Theseare drawn from three different sectors:automotive, non automotive and research.
Each of these sectors has a different abilityto service the automotive supply chain in theshort, medium and long timeframes.
Drawing from the three sectors ofcapability the automotive industry willbe able to exploit applications in Four
opportunity areas: Gaseous Fuels; Data and
Communication Systems; Lightweighting;and Vehicle Electrification.Each of theseopportunity areas has a roadmap containingmore detailed information, which ispresented in the relevant sections of thisreport. The roadmaps highlight detailsincluding enabling actions and technologydevelopment required to realise theapplications in each opportunity area. Theapplications are supported with a detailedexamination including a specificstrategicpath and required actions.
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Vehicle Electrification Gaseous Fuels Lightweighting Data & Communication Systems
Provisionof Data
through V2I|Communication
DriverHMI andInformationSystems
Architectureand PlatformDevelopment
Platform andArchitectureDevelopment
Lightweightingof Specific
ComponentsNovel
Materials andProcesses
Storage andCharging ComponentProduction LPGTechnology Natural GasTechnology
Applications
OpportunityAreas
Industry
FIGURE 4THREE-LEVEL STRUCTURE OF THE AA2020 ROADMAP REPORT
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Vision2020+
LongTerm
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ShortTerm
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2010-2012In the short term, increasing oil prices and perceived changes in the environment are driving increased
public awareness in both areas. A trend toward smaller, lighter vehicles is already apparent as is a trendtoward global automotive platforms. With expanding availability of wireless communications, data is
becoming increasingly accessible. Australia has a number of existing strengths that can be leveraged,
including a large natural resource endowment and an automotive industry capable of taking a car from
concept to release. With significant emerging competition and markets, in countries such as China and Korea, there is a current need for the industry to remain competitive.
2012-2016Beyond 2012, impacts from a changing economic climate are expected to result in some consolidation
and restructuring of firms in the Australian industry. Public awareness will drive a coordinated focus onemissions reduction through regulation and policy, with the continuing prevalence of global automotive
platforms allowing harmonisation of legislation. Environmental credentials will make electric vehicles
highly marketable to early adopters. Safety, however, is a key influence for consumer buying decisions
and will remain the primary driver in the mass market through all timeframes. This is particularly relevantto an aging population.
2016-2020Competition from low cost countries like Brazil, India, Thailand and Russia with large local markets anddeveloping economies will continue to put pressure on the local industry. Advances in information andcomputer technology will allow smaller, less expensive, more capable and better integrated electronics.
Alternative fuels and electricity generated by less carbon intensive means will see increasing availability
making them viable alternatives to conventional fuels. As the economics of vehicle purchases becomedriven by energy efficiency, alternative vehicles with mass market appeal (featuring low cost of
ownership and high amenity) will be demanded.
2020+Beyond 2020, many trends and drivers relating to environmental and safety concerns will continue to
have relevance. New economic concepts may monetise the value of energy storage and distributed
energy generation. In addition, there are loftier goals that will only be achievable given sufficient time.
A transportation system with zero net emissions and zero road fatalities are two examples. These goals
will require novel technologies, like intelligent roads and vehicles. By addressing these trends anddrivers, a sustainable, competitive Australian automotive industry can be achieved.
2012-2020+Vehicle ElectrificationThe progressive shift from internal
combustion to electric technologies
is considered a major theme in t he
future of automotive technology.Driven by a desire to reduce emissions from transportation, future
applications were highlighted in
three areas: specific technologies,
design services and underlying needs.Services included expertise in design,
integration and platforming, anddeployment of charging infrastructure.
Some specific technologies were
electric motors, batteries, modular
battery packs, power electronics,
driver interface, drive modules andsupercapacitors. Finally, a need was
highlighted for finance models to
encourage adoption, applications forend-of-life batteries, and deployment
of electrified fleets.
2012-2016Gaseous FuelsTransition from diesel and petrol to
LPG or natural gas is influenced by three factors: economics, energysecurity and the environment. Therelative price of liquid fuels is on the
rise with an additional benefit that
vehicles powered by natural gas
and LPG emit substantially lower
quantities of CO . In Australia, l ocal
reserves of gaseous fuels improve
the security of fuel supply. There are
opportunities for specific technology
development in areas such as
direct injected LPG systems, naturalgas drivetrains and gas storage
tanks. Perception issues relating
to the safety and convenience of
gaseous fuels, can be addressedthrough expansion of infrastructure,
improving the refuelling experience,
improving the standard of aftermarket
installations, and public education.
2010-2020+LightweightingThe Lightweighting application area
aims to address energy scarcity and environmental drivers by reducing
consumption of vehicle fuel andresources. It leverages Australian
strengths in two ways: by taking
advantage of abundant mineral
resources, and by developing
applications for those resourcesthrough research and development.
Two themes, of underlying technology
and specific applications, emerged
from the lightweighting workshop.
Underlying technology applicationsincluded: recyclable materials, foam
and adhesives, structural design
processes, and modular platform
design. Specific parts identified for
lightweighting were: wheels, door
and body panels, seats, and other
steel components.
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2010-2020+Data & CommunicationSystemsDevelopments in Data andCommunications Systems willfind application in all timeframes.
Currently, the majority of new
developments in passenger vehicles
are dependant on electrical andelectronic technology and this
trend is expected to continue.
Applications identified for data and communications can be grouped into
two broad categories: provision of
information, and specific technology
development. Information suitable
for integration into driver informationsystems is needed for dynamically
updating speed limits, congestion
information, and traffic incident
warning. Opportunities for technology
development were highlighted in HMI
and driver information systems, andnext generation vehicle navigation
systems with improved resolution.
2010-2020+AutomotiveIn the short term, only capabilitycurrently existing in the automotive
sector can be used to realise
the opportunities that have beenidentified. This reflects the lead
times to mass production associated
with developing or adapting
technology for manufacture. TheAustralian automotive industry is
highly capable, with the ability to
develop a vehicle from concept to
release. Even future applications, of
sufficient relevance to the Australian
industry to be presented here, will build on existing capability in the
manufacturing and supply base.For this reason, automotive capability
remains relevant as it develops
across all timeframes.
2012-2020+Non-AutomotiveThere are complementary
technologies and capabilities that
are fully production proven, but
have not yet been transferred
for application in the automotive
industry. Because the technology
development and commercialisation
work has already been completed,
the transfer process is much simpler
than for ground up development
of new technology. One example
is the use of lightweight materials
in the defence and aerospaceindustries, while the trucking
industry has experience in gaseous
fuel technology and complementary
capability in the development andimplementation of fleet monitoring
and communications systems.
By leveraging these technologies
and capabilities, lead times for
automotive technology development
can be substantially reduced.
2016-2020+Science and ResearchThere are many examples where
a future need can be identified,
but underlying technology has not
reached the level needed to realise
the opportunity presented. In these
cases, new technology will needto be developed and related
applications will have the longestlead times. Development can
take place in industry directly,
but often requires collaboration
with organisations such as CSIRO,universities, cooperative researchcentres (CRCs) and centres of
excellence. By identifying technology
gaps now, development programs
can realise commercial capabilities
in the long-term and vision
timeframes.
Feasibility and PlanningAn immediate need was identified in all areas for targeted feasibility
studies and business planning. The level of detail proposed varies byapplication: from establishing a business case for the development oflightweight road wheels, through the production of a roadmap
specifically targeting an Australian electric vehicle industry.
Industry CollaborationA coordinated approach from all stakeholders was another recurring
theme. Proposed mechanisms for collaboration included the formation
of cooperative research centres (CRCs), the re-targeting of existing CRCs,and development of joint venture partnerships to ensure broad industry
engagement. Regardless of the suggested method, it is clear that a collaborative approach and aligned objectives can be considered veryimportant factors.
Education and TrainingFocussed education programs can be used to facilitate the development
and uptake of identified applications. Poor public perception of gaseousfuel technology is based largely on misinformation and this can be addressed through an education campaign. Beyond public education,
training and certification of aftermarket installers can improve real andperceived public safety of gaseous fuels. In other application areas,
a need for graduates and professionals with expertise in emerging
technologies was identified.
Government SupportRequired action by government was identified in three broad support
areas: financial, infrastructure, and standards. While t he predominant
method of financial support mentioned was the existing Green CarInnovation Fund (GCIF), other mechanisms proposed include incentive
programs and the purchase of locally produced electric vehicles for
government fleets. Infrastructure is required for some applications
in the gaseous fuels, electrification and communications areas, whileadjustment of Australian Design Rules (ADRs) and other standards willfacilitate the development and uptake in all application areas.
Science and ResearchBeyond the few short term opportunities identified, collaboration with the
science and research sector to support technology development will berequired by applications in all areas. Particular need for research programs
was noted in areas requiring world-leading technology development, like
the development of novel battery technology or the design of a lightweight
modular vehicle platform. It is critical that research programs be aligned
with programs in industry to ensure a coordinated approach.
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The top four opportunity areas were identifiedthat build on Australian strengths to address global market
trends and drivers. As shown in the preceding section, the opportunity areas have global relevance.
Applications in each area were assessedby industry experts against a series of fivecritical success factors: EnvironmentalImpact, Social Impact, Economic Benefit,
Investment Cost, and Likelihood of Success.Using this assessment as a guide, a panelof stakeholders representing vehicleproducers, component suppliers, industrybodies, research organisations andgovernment prioritised the applicationsand their opportunity areas.
Prioritisation of the top four opportunityareas was measured as a percentage shareof available resourcestermed Resource
Allocation. The average of all participantscores was calculated (as shown in Figure 5)to determine an overall resource allocationscore for each area. Thefigure showsVehicleElectrificationas a clear priority, withGaseous Fuels receiving a slightly smallerallocation. Lightweighting was allocated
a 23 percent share, and Data andCommunication Systems was the area with
the lowest overall allocation at 13 percent.
a globally competitive automotive industryparticipates in this sector.
consumptionirrespective of powertraintechnology.
FIGURE 5PERCENTAGE RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR EACH OF THE PRIORITY OPPORTUNITY AREAS
cost and its local abundance addressesenergy security concerns, while its cleanerburning nature allows reduced emissions.
drivers.Efficientdelivery of information canimprove safety, while reducing congestion,which leads to reduced fuel consumptionand pollution.
12
Data and Communication 13%Data and Communications Systems
integrate vehicle data with information aboutthe surrounding environment, presenting theinformation to vehicle systems and directly to
Gaseous Fuels 29%Gaseous Fuels builds on local expertise and
availability of LPG and natural gas to providean alternative fuel for passenger transport.Gaseous fuel is currently available at lower
Lightweighting 23%Lightweighting leverages natural Australian
metals resources and strong materialdevelopment capabilities. Reduced vehicle
weight reduces fuel usage and resource
Vehicle Electrification 35%VehicleElectrification,in some form, will
have to play a key role in future efforts toaddress fuel cost and scarcity, and emissionsfrom transport. It is critically important that
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This prioritisation is strengthenedby considering the overall ranking ofparticipant preferences. Electrificationwas rankedfirst or second by a largemajority of stakeholders, with gaseous fuelsalso receiving a number offirst-placedrankings. Lightweighting was consistentlyrated second or third, while more thanhalf of participants ranked Data andCommunication Systems with theleast priority.
Participant feedback in the workshopreflecteda desire to pursue applications witha strong local market, and sales potential
in export markets. These applications willpresent a compelling business case andjustify the investment required to competeglobally. Stakeholders presented a viewdescribing how each opportunity areameets these criteria:
Gaseous fuel technology is a strong nichemarket where Australia has strategicadvantage in raw materials. Building on
global recognition as a technology leaderand an existing local market, there ispotential to develop true innovation in
the segment, improving energy securityand reducing emissions. The opportunityis strengthened by limited competitioninternationally, and market potential in keyexport markets.
Electrificationis the focus of attentionin a global automotive industryseffortsto address fossil fuel availability andemissions. To compete effectively inthe global vehicle marketplace with
an expanding proportion of electrifiedvehicles, competitive technology and
capability in the sector will be essential.Significantopportunity exists for energystorage and power systems solutions thataddress outstanding gaps in technologyand provide Australia with a uniquecompetitive position. The increasingprevalence of global platforms presentsincreased risk through internationalcompetition, but equally presentsincreased opportunity to secure a positionfor locally developed technology ininternational markets.
Lightweighting will be a key technology inattaining goals of increasing fuel efficiencyand emissions reduction, regardless of fueland propulsion system. Advancements inlightweight components will likely becomecompetitive requirements for suppliers.Benefitscan be further increased byexpanding local capability to transform rawmaterials into manufacturing inputs.
Advances in Data and Communicationswill be applied to provide benefitsin safety,convenience, emissions reduction, andentertainment whether future vehicles
are powered by petrol, natural gas, orelectricity.
These opportunity areas address globaltrends and drivers, so on their own do notprovide a competitive edge for the Australian
industry. Through identifying applicationsthat align with local skills and capabilities,Australia can become attractive as astrategic element of the global automotiveindustry. The priority applications identifiedfor Australia in each area are the focus ofthe four detailed sections of the roadmap,with an overview presented in the followingfour pages.
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Specificapplications were identifiedby workshop participants in each of the four
opportunity areas. Each has been assessed based on relative merits against five critical
success factors relating to: environmental performance, social benefit,profitpotential,
investment cost and risk. These factors informed resourcing recommendations from
industry stakeholders to definethe following prioritised lists, with further information
presented in the four detailed sections of the roadmap.
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Automotive SectorVehicle manufacturing capabilities existing in the industry
are highly transferrable to early generations of hybrid
and electric vehicles. As electric vehicles move to new
architectures, related capability will have to be developed
in the local industry to respond to gaps including:
U *`V v L>i `i] U EvvVi] iiVV >i Li]U
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iVvV iv>ViNon-Automotive SectorOutside the vehicle industry, complimentary capability
exists in a number of sectors. Design and manufacturingof electric motors is one example, as is capability in
lightweighting and electric vehicles from in mining and military industries. Non-automotive expertise can help
address gaps in areas like:
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EiVV ] >`U EiVV }` iV }iResearch SectorIn the R&D sector, there is existing capability and expertise
in a number of key areas including: battery research,electrochemical testing, advanced supercapacitor
development, EV and hybrid vehicle research, software
development, energy economics, battery lifecycle andelectric machines. Building on this expertise will allow
the industry to address gaps in:
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Innovative Finance Models for Electric VehiclesTo encourage broader uptake of electric vehicles,
alternative financing concepts could help eliminate
barriers to entry by lowering upfront costs, see page 40.
Utility-Level Energy Grid Management System
The wide-reaching economic and energy efficiency
benefits offered by plug-in electric vehicles can berealised through the development of an intelligent grid to
manage available storage for peak loading, see page 37.
Market for Used Electric Vehicle BatteriesBy increasing the usefulness of batteries through a market
for end-of-life vehicle batteries, the environmental and financial cost of EVs can be substantially reduced, seepage 39.Government ActionSupport for electrification can be achieved by establishing
appropriate standards and targeting existing funds, policy
and incentives.
Science and ResearchTargeted research programs will be necessary to specify
design requirements, model alternative approaches,
and provide lab capabilities.
Industry CollaborationTo realise large, complex applications, industry
partnerships and strategic alliances will facilitate coordinated technology development.
Education and TrainingSupport through education programs will supply
graduates with specific expertise in the new technologies
required by electric vehicles.
Planning and FeasibilityBusiness planning is key to securing funding. A technology
action plan specifically targeting an electric vehicle
industry was also identified.
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Key
Low
Medium
High
Applications
SupercapacitorsforElectricVehicles
DesignandAssemblyofPowerElectronics
Modules
HighEnergyDensityBatteries
(includingMetal-Air)
LowCost,Robust,E
fficientElectricMachines
Modular,StandardisedBatteryPack
ModularElectricVehiclePlatform
ExpertiseinSolutionsforEV
ArchitecturesandTechnologies
SeamlessIntegratedChargingInfrastructure
SoftwareandHardwareforEVSpecificDriver
Interface
HybridandElectricVehicleProductionfor
FleetsandTaxis
Enablers
Innovative Finance Models for Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicle Market for Used Batteries
Utility-Level Energy Grid Management System
Infrastructure Support
Government Action
Industry Collaboration
Science and Research
Education and Training
Planning and Feasibility
MetricScores
Profit
People
Planet
Investment Cost*
Likelihood of Success
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Key
Key
Application LinkagesWithin the vehicle electrification area, thereare applications that are dependent onone another to achieve success. Workshopparticipants were asked to identify theselinkages and the results are depicted inFigure 7. Participants indicated one particularlystrong linkage between the design of powerelectronics modules and expertise in
EV technologies, noting that power electronicsare a key competitive element of an electricvehicle design.
Equally interesting are the weak relationships,showing applications that may be effectivelyrealised independently. Charginginfrastructure, for example, is shown to beindependent of component manufacturingapplications. This reflectsthe view thatprovision of infrastructure will be requiredto support electric vehicles whether or notthey are driven by locally produced electricmotors. The reverse is also true: producingglobally relevant power electronic modulescan be achieved without a seamless charginginfrastructure network.
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Workshop participants specifieddetailed actionplans required to realise each of the 13 VehicleElectrificationapplications. A summary ispresented on the following pages.
Enabler LinkagesBy recording the frequency of enablersappearing together in achieving a particularapplication, relationships can be identifiedasshown inFigure 8.The majority of correlationsshown in thefigure relate to two areas:Government Action, and Industry Collaboration.In the case of their specificcombination,
government action and industry collaborationare alternative, but complementary methodsof achieving the same goalsengaging broadstakeholder support and securing funding.
Industry collaboration also shows stronglinkages with science and research enablers.Participants discussed the need to promotecollaboration between research andcommercial sectors with particular attentionrequired for promotion of commercialoutcomes. Planning and feasibility is anothercollaborative activity that both requires andserves to engage broad stakeholder supportfrom industry, research and government
sectors across industry. Other interestingareas of correlation identifiedinclude thelinkage between the research sector andeducation programs, a need for governmentsupport in applications that require deploymentof infrastructure, and a strong correlationbetween industry collaboration and anend-of-life vehicle battery market.
Applications
1 Supercapacitors for Electric Vehicles
2 Design and Assembly of Power Electronics Modules Weak
3High Energy Density Batteries
(including Metal-Air)Moderate
4 Low Cost, Robust,Efficient Electric Machines Strong
5 Modular, Standardised Battery Pack
6 Modular Electric Vehicle Platform
7Expertise in Solutions for EV
Architectures and Technologies
8 Seamless Integrated Charging Infrastructure
9Software and Hardware for EV Specific Driver
Interface
10Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Production for Fleets
and Taxis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
FIGURE 7STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION PRIORITY APPLICATIONS
En
ablers
a Innovative Finance Models for Electric Vehicles
b Electric Vehicle Market for Used Batteries Weak
c Utility-Level Energy Grid Management System Moderate
d Infrastructure Support Strong
e Government Action
f Industry Collaboration
g Science and Research
h Education and Training
i Planning and Feasibility
a b c d e f g h
FIGURE 8STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION ENABLERS
Automotive Aus tralia 2 020Vehicle Electrification 23
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Battery modules will be required by futureelectric vehicles and can be assembled costeffectively for local production. In addition,packaging of locally produced advanced batterytechnology will represent asignificantvalue-add. To realise this application, supportingaction will be required in areas such as:
Expansion of Electrochemical Lab Capabilitiesin the science and research base that supportsthe development of a design and integrationspecificationby allowing full-scale detailedtesting and validation of battery modules.
Establishment of a Companyas the bodyto undertake module development andcommercialisation.
Funding through government support schemeslike the Green Car Innovation Fund and industryinvestment that supports the establishmentof joint ventures between electric vehicleand battery cell manufacturers to develop aspecificationfor design and integration.
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Global platforms are increasingly the focusof major automotive manufacturers, whichpresents asignificantopportunity for theAustralian industry. By developing modularpowertrain technology that is included in theseplatforms,significantlicensing and exportopportunities can be realised. The followingkey enablers were identified:
Education and Training needed to supportthe development of powertrain technology,provides graduates with directly relevant skills.
Establishment of Alliancesand consortiato provide a mechanism for undertakingcollaborative research and developmentprograms in key areas of powertraintechnology.
Research and Development Programswhich are required to address gaps in areasthat include: automotive-specificpowerelectronics, powertrain controls, NVH modelsand tools, and vehicle integration.
Commercialisation Funding from availableprivate sector and government resourcesto support the establishment of production
facilities.
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Expanding on specifictechnologies, likebatteries and electric machines, there isopportunity to gain recognition as a technologyintegratorwhere technologies can be refinedand combined for use in global platforms.Building on existing capability in conventionalvehicle design, this application can be realisedthrough key enablers, including:
An Electric Vehicle-SpecificTechnologyAction Plan involving stakeholders fromuniversities, industry and government willprovide further detail in the understanding
of global tends and emerging technologiesto target the development of local supplybase capability for electric vehicles.
Development of a Business Plantodefinethecase for establishment of core partnerships,founding a business entity and gaininginvestment. This entity will recruit requiredpartners and resources to offer electric vehicledevelopment solutions.
Focused Electric Vehicle Educationbased onrequirements definedby an EV education bodywill ensure graduates have skills required tooffer electric vehicle development solutions.
Definitionof Local Design Standardsby government to provide a base forexpansion into overseas markets.
Automotive Aust ralia 2020Vehicle Electrification Enablers 25
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Another approach to improving the affordabilityof electric vehicles is to establish a marketfor end-of-life vehicle batteries. Likely to befocussed around onsite applications, thisresidual value for batteries at the end of servicelife will reduce the overall cost of ownershipof electric vehicles. This market can beexpanded by:
Establishing a Cooperative Research Centrebetween industry and research sectors toidentify and develop applications for usedvehicle batteries.
Government Policy and Regulationwill establish a standard for battery lifeassessment to regulate and encourage theemerging onsite battery storage market.
Subsidies for Infrastructure Rollout fromgovernment that will stimulate an expandeddeployment of onsite battery storageapplications.
Compilation of a Reuse Portfolio willleverage cooperative research and supportingperformance studies to compile existing andemerging 2nd life battery applications.
Performance Characterisationby the scienceand research base provides real data tosupport policy, regulation and the portfolio ofreuse application.
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
2012 2016 2020
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Demand for green, high performance cars Demand for affordability
SUPERCAPACITORSFOR ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
Production engineeringfor supercapacitor cells
Existing hybridsupercapacitor technology
Existing modulemanufacturing capabilities
Pre-productionprototypes
Production plantAssembly of highenergy density modules
Import cells from Asia(with Australian IP)
High energy densityresearch
Integration of batterieswith supercapacitormodules
Develop consortium formarket entry
Meeting to formulatestrategy (CSIRO/Govt./etc)
GCIF to support R&D
28 Roadmap VE1Supercapacitors for High Energy Batteries
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
2012 2016 2020
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
A sustainable local automotive industry
Electric vehicles that are highly marketable
Competition from cheap Asian EV imports
DESIGN ANDASSEMBLY OF POWERELECTRONICS MODULES
Low voltage controllerdesign, development &manufacture capability
Existing R&D knowledge& expertise
Requirementsspecification
Integrated controllers
& chargers
Existing high voltagetechnologyoutside automotive
Attractive high voltageconnectors
Identify Customers Define vehiclerequirements
Prepare business caseCollaborative studywith consultants &industry experts
Define power electronicsrequirements
Design and Assembly of Power Electronics Modules Roadmap VE2 29
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Consumers demand that electric vehicles: are safe; have low cost of ownership; have high amenity; and address environmental concerns
Charge time, simplicity & range are key drivers
Local batteries withimproved performance
Finite supply ofbattery storagemineral
HIGH ENERGYDENSITY BATTERIES
(INCLUDING METAL-AIR)
Source Li basedmaterials 2015
Local raw materialproduction
Existing researchcapability
Develop air electrode
Polymer-based airelectrode in production
Develop Lithiumanode
Adapt battery packs& processes
Prototype productionVehicle battery testing Mass manufacturing
process
Existing battery &automotive organisations
Ancillary hardware
& processes
Centre for advancedbattery research
Power densityresearch
Molecular modellingresearch
Establish alliances
Secure R&D funding
Produce businessplan
Relationships withkey organisations
Establish jointventure?
30 Roadmap VE3High Energy Density Batteries (including Metal-Air)
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Australia has significant rare earth reserves
Electric Vehicles are highly marketable
LOW COST, ROBUSTAND EFFICIENT
ELECTRIC MACHINES
Rare earth rawmaterials
Manufacture of rareearth magnets
Manufacture & testingof non automotiveelectric motors
Highly automatedproduction factory
Electric machines
Local automotiveexpertise in supply base
Research centre ofexcellence
Product design &prototype
Production readyelectric machine
Research & developmentexpertise
Skilled graduates
Undergraduate training
MVP selection oflocal technology
Low Cost, Robust and Efficient Electric Machines Roadmap VE4 31
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Consumers demand that electric vehicles: are safe; have low cost of ownership; have high amenity; and address environmental concerns
Local batteries with improved performance
MODULAR,STANDARDISEDBATTERY PACKS
Automotive energymanagement engineeringcapability
Automotive packagingengineering capabiltiy
Thermal managementengineering capability
Design & integrationspecification
Existing electrochemicallabs in research & industry
Expand labfacilities
Linkages with cellvendors
Linkages with EVmanufacturers
Expand existing labcapabilities
Secure funding(GCIF, investment)
Pool talent &establish company
Pursue joint venturerelationships
32 Roadmap VE5 Modular, Standardised Battery Packs
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Consumers demand that electric vehicles: are safe; have low cost of ownership; have high amenity; and address environmental concerns
Strong integration of electric vehicles into global platforms
Electric vehicles are highly marketable
Early adopters drive technology uptake
MODULARELECTRIC VEHICLE
POWERTRAINS
Raw material supply& refining
Tool making capability
Transmissionmanufacuting capability
Production facilities
Vehicle integration Vehicle controlsintegration
Transmission designcapability
NVH models & tools
Manufacturing ofinduction motors
Power electronicsindustry
Powertrain controlsmodelling
Vehicle manufacturing Automotive specificpower electronics
Alliances or consortiumsResearch & developmentconcept
Commercialisationfunding
Research funding Education & training
Modular Electric Vehicle PowertrainsRoadmap VE6 33
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
ofhardware&
controlsystems
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Electric vehicles are highly marketable
Consumers demand that electric vehicles are safe; have low cost of ownership, have high amenity; & address environmental concerns
Electric vehicles strongly integrated into global platforms
EXPERTISE IN SOLUTIONSFOR ELECTRIC VEHICLEARCHITECTURES AND
TECHNOLOGIES
Existing vehicle design &integration capability
Existing lightweightmetals processing
Related mining &military experience
Resource coordination
Emerging local EVcapability
Existing fundamentalR&D
Develop local supplierEV capability
Develop supplier
network Local EV demonstrator
Home automation
Energy management
Battery storage
Motor
Transmission
Charging
Power electronics
Technology action planfor EV Define Australian
standards
Develop business caseEstablish core
partnerships
Establish businessentity
Seek funding andinvestors
Recruit partners &core resources
Support & protectionfor emerging industry
Establish EVeducation body
EV focusses automotiveengineering
34 Roadmap VE7Expertise in Solutions for Electric Vehicle Architectures and Technologies
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GA
P
GAP
GA
P
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Need to address limitations of onboard electricity storage
Proliferation of battery charging infrastructure
Smart roads, industrial charging
SEAMLESS INTEGRATEDCHARGING
INFRASTRUCTURE
Electricity grid Energy management(smart grid)
Software capabilities
Research institutions& organisations
Existing systemintegration expertise
Skilled electricians &industry
Open protocols
Centres of expertise New technologies
Electronics skill inthe supply base
Existing skills &engineering
Automotive engineering
Improved engineeringskills Simplified regulation
Targeted higherqualifications
Expand governmentincentives
Policy, funding &investment in: industryrenewable energy,education & etc
Remove regulatorybarriers
Standardise internationalregulations
Seamless Integrated Charging InfrastructureRoadmap VE8 35
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Consumers demand that electric vehicles: are safe; have low cost of ownership; have high amenity; and address environmental concerns
Electric vehicles are highly marketable
Strong integration of electric vehicles into global platforms Demand for personalisation & customisation
SOFTWARE ANDHARDWARE FOR ELECTRICVEHICLE SPECIFIC DRIVER
INTERFACE
Existing conventionalvehicle sensors
EV specific sensors Technologydemonstrator
Internationally availableEV sensor technology
Mobile device integration
Licensed overseastechnology
Design, development &production of displays& interface
Telecommunicationscompanies, energysuppliers & integrators
Green car innovation fund
Software application
Communication topower grids
Market research
Identify specificopportunities
Secure contracts
36 Roadmap VE9Software and Hardware for Electric Vehicle Specific Driver Interface
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Increasing PEV fleet size
Distributed energy generation
Energy markets monetise value of storage
UTILITY-LEVELENERGY GRID
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Existing energy traders& markets
Existing vehicle-to-grid(V2G) solutions
Existing residentialsmart metering
Customised AustralianV2G
Smart gridtechnology
Existing networkoperating system (NOS)
Engineeredadvanced NOS
Software & electricalengineering capability
Optimised PEV,battery & grid
Next generationbroadbandcommunications
Research capability in:load profiling, hedging,trading, energyresource management
Two-way interactivebattery technology
Renewable energysupply model
Regulations
& standards
Continued support forsmart-grid development
Detailed benefits study
Smart-grid & EV trials Modelling of renewableenergy generation
Next generationbroadband rollout
Development ofregulations & standards
Removal of regulatorybarriers
Smart-grid rollout
Utility-Level Energy Grid Management SystemRoadmap VE10 37
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Need to invest in local electric vehicle manufacture
Government policy to support electric vehicles
Increasing environmental awareness
Demand for noise reductionin urban environments
HYBRID OR ELECTRICVEHICLE FLEETS
AND TAXIS
Local automotivemanufacture
Global OEM platformtechnology
Existing domesticautomotive suppliers
Existing advancedmanufacturing capability
Technology integration
EV & hybrid research
Define objectives &outcomes
Financial support fromgovernment
OEM support &investment
38 Roadmap VE11Hybrid or Electric Vehicle Fleets and Taxis
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Demand for electric vehicles with improved range Increasing environmental awareness
Demand for high performance electric vehicles EV performance exceeds that of petrol vehicles
Local batteries with improved performance
Finite supply of battery storagematerial demands attention
Supercapacitors for
Electric Vehicle applicationsModular standardisedbattery packs
High energy densitymetal-air battery
Existing 2nd lifebattery applications
Emerging 2nd lifeapplications
2nd life applicationportfolio
2nd life storagetechnology
MARKET FOR USEDELECTRIC VEHICLE
BATTERIES
Battery reprocessingsupply chain
Automotive industrymanagement practices& frameworks
Science basecapability to studybattery performance
Volume &specification forecast
Low cost batteryassessment
Establish 2nd lifebattery CRC
Determine valuepropositions
Life assessmentstandard
Engage stakeholdersfor scoping study
Policy to encouragenon-EV storage
Regulatory reform foronsite storage
Funding for rolloutSubsidy to offsetcapital outlay
Market for Used Electric Vehicle BatteriesRoadmap VE12 39
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EV specific
Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost
Increasing environmental awareness
Electric vehicles are highly marketable Demand for noise reductionin urban environments
Consumers demandaffordability
Australian expertisein solutions for EVarchitectures &technologies
Hybrid or electricvehicle production forfleets & taxis
INNOVATIVE FINANCEMODELS FOR
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Existing governmentbank guarantees
ExistingGreencarreduced interestrate loans Establish small scale
EV specific hirepurchasing model
leasing modelExpanded model
EV focusedcredit union
Existing strongbanking sector
Supportinggovernment policy
trial credit unionRisk mitigation plans
Crowd buyingtrial
Identify EV lifecycle costs
Establish monitoring &reporting mechanisms
40 Roadmap VE13Innovative Finance Models for Electric Vehicles
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PROFESSOR ALEKS SUBIC
Head of School, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringRMIT University
Automotive Aus tralia 2 020Vehicle Electrification 41
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2
2
Vision2020+
LongTerm
Mediu
mT
erm
ShortTerm
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J;9>DEBE=?;I7D: 97F78?B?J?;I ;D78B;HI
AutomotiveGaseous fuel applications build on existing Australian
capabilities in vehicle and parts manufacturing, andautomotive engineering. Passenger vehicles powered
by LPG are available directly form Australian vehicle
manufacturers and as aftermarket conversions. Significant
technology gaps for LPG technology relate to:
U "EMi ii i}>]U Avi>i >> >`>`]U I` iii iV}]U L*
ivi} ii`] >`U LV> >>>L v L*i v `iV
injected engines.
Non-AutomotiveThere is an existing natural gas distribution network,
with existing technology for compressing the supply
and refuelling vehicles. CNG has seen broad application
as a fuel for large commercial fleet vehicles. In these
applications, size and weight is not a primary concern andvehicles are refuelled at central depots. This highlights keygaps in CNG technology for passenger vehicles including:
U 7`ii>` >>>L v ivi}] >`U
L}i} >Science and ResearchGaps in scientific and research knowledge can be addressedby building on established capability in thermodynamic
modelling, fluid modelling, lightweight materials researchand gas adsorbents. Key technology gaps to be addressedthrough research include:U v>Li > iV}]U >
>`Li >i>] >`U Ai>i ivi} >i}i ->>`
Public Education CampaignA program designed to change consumer perceptions of
gaseous fuels was consistently identified as a critical
enabler. Participants found the issue so compelling that
it is treated separately in this section, see page 54.
Harmonisation of StandardsConsistent standards were identified as important in
a number of areas. These include: the characteristics
of supplied fuels, the quality of aftermarket systems
fitment, and volumetric versus energy-based fuel pricing.
Infrastructure SupportLPG infrastructure is widespread, but needs to beupgraded to improve fill times and customer perceptions.
CNG infrastructure must be more widely deployed to
encourage technology uptake.
Government ActionThe enablers highlighted here can be encouragedthrough supporting policy. Realignment of existing
programs and consumer incentives are indicated.
Industry CollaborationSignificant capability in gaseous fuels exists outside
the passenger vehicle industry and in aftermarket
conversion providers. This can be captured through
cooperative development.
Education and TrainingBeyond market education as described above, training for
industry personnel to ensure standards are consistentlyapplied was highlighted as key to maintaining safety.
Science and ResearchA number of areas were indicated as requiring researchattention. Solving the problem of LPG filling speed(specifically in hot temperatures) is one example.
Another is the development of lightweight conformable
CNG tank technology.
Planning and FeasibilityAll commercial applications have proposed feasibility
studies to engage stakeholders.
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Key
Low
Medium
High
Applications
DedicatedLPGSystemsfor
DirectInjectedEngines
FastFillSolutionsforLPGVehicles
HighCapacity,LowCost,On-VehicleStorage
TanksforCNG
IncreasedAvailabilityofNaturalGasRefuelling
NaturalGasVehicleTechnology
ExpansionoftheLPGRetrofitMarket
Enablers
Public Education Program
Harmonisation of Standards
Infrastructure Support
Government Action
Industry Collaboration
Science and Research
Education and Training
Planning and Feasibility
MetricScores
People
Planet
Profit
Investment Cost*
Likelihood of Success
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Key
Application LinkagesLinkages between applications must be
considered as the effective realisation of someapplications is dependent on developmentsin other related areas. Workshop participantswere asked to identify complementaryapplications, and the results have beenpresented in Figure 10. Two particularly stronglinkages were identifiedbetween applicationsrelating to each of the locally available fuels:LPG and CNG.
The development of a dedicated LPG systemfor direct injection engines is strongly linked toa solution allowing convenient LPG refuelling.Both will increase consumer demand for
LPG technology. In a similar manner, thedevelopment of competitive technology fornatural gas vehicles will require developmentin tank design. Flexible, lightweight tankdesign will allow better vehicle integration andincrease the consumer appeal of the naturalgas vehicle platform.
;dWXb_d] 7Yj_edi
Gaseous Fuels workshop participants identifiedthe enabling actions required to address key
gaps in technology and capability needed to
realise the seven applications. A summary ispresented on the following pages.
Enabler LinkagesFigure 11 presents the strength of correlationbetween pairs of enablers in the gaseousfuels opportunity area. The relative scores,presented on a 3-point scale, were calculatedfrom workshop output by recording thefrequency at which pairs of enablers areindicated together in achieving a particularapplication. Two particularly strongrelationships have been identified.
Government involvement was highlightedas an important element of consumereducation programs aimed at changing thepublic perception of LPG and CNG vehicles. Government support for expanded availabilityof refuelling infrastructure was also indicatedin large proportion of applications. Thisreflectsthe need for a structured program toencourage widespread deployment of CNG
infrastructure to support CNG vehicles.
FIGURE 10STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GASEOUS FUELS PRIORITY APPLICATIONS
Enablers
a Public Education Program
b Harmonisation of Standards Weak
c Infrastructure Support Moderate
d Government Action Strong
e Industry Collaboration
f Science and Research
g Education and Training
h Planning and Feasibility
a b c d e f g
FIGURE 11STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GASEOUS FUELS ENABLERS
Automotive Austral ia 2020 Gaseous Fuels 47
Key
Weak
Moderate
Strong
Applications
1 Dedicated LPG Systems for Direct Injected Engines
2 Fast Fill Solutions for LPG Vehicles
3High Capacity, Low Cost,
On-Vehicle Storage Tanks for CNG
4 Increased Availability of Natural Gas Refuelli ng
5 Natural Gas Vehicle Technology
6 Expansion of the LPG Retrofit Market
1 2 3 4 5
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2
FkXb_Y ;ZkYWj_ed 9WcfW_]d
Highlighted as an enabling action across manygaseous fuels applications, public education isessential in challenging consumer perceptionsof safety and convenience, while drawingattention to economic and environmentalbenefitsof natural gas and LPG. This can beenabled by:
A Stakeholder Collaboration Planbetweengovernment and industry identifying rolesand funding responsibilities.
Establishing Uniform National Curricula
to ensure rigorous training of industrypersonnel and improve real safety.
A Rigorous Safety Study allowing updatedmessaging to be effectively communicatedto consumers.
Rigorous Environmental Study that expandsexisting knowledge of environmental benefitsto support messaging.
A Marketing and Public Relations Campaignjointly funded by industry and government,allows engagement of marketing agencies forwide distribution of key messages.
DWjkhWb =Wi L[ _Yb[ J[Y^debe]o
By reducing CO emissions from natural gasvehicles by 25% over current technology, thelocal industry can gain significantcompetitiveadvantage in the global marketplace. Thistechnology development is supported by:
Strategy for Gaseous Fuels Transitionfrom government to facilitate a structuraltransition from petrol and diesel to natural gas.
Market Education that improves consumerperceptions of safety while highlightingenvironmentalbenefitsto stimulate customer
demand.Support for Research & Commercialisationthat expands CNG knowledge across allindustry sectors.
Support for Infrastructure that combineswith an expanded retrofitmarket for existingnatural gas vehicle technology to increase fuelaccessibility and encourage consumer adoptionof the technology.
;nfWdi_ed e\ j^[ BF=
H[jhejCWha[jImproved availability of LPG refuellinginfrastructure can also be achieved byincreasing the installed base of LPG vehiclesand consequent demand for local fillingstations. By improving the standard of LPGretrofitinstallations toreflectOEM levelsof integration and performance, marketpenetration will be increased. This can besupported through:
Government Support Policies that can berealigned to encourage expansion of localengineering, manufacturing, development and
support services.
Review of Autogas Standards combinedwith implementation of updated fuel andinfrastructure standards to ensure consistentperformance throughout Australia and inexport markets.
Review ofRetrofitStandards relating toaftermarket installations to ensure, a safeconsistent customer experience.
Mandated Universal LPG Compatibilityin all new vehicles that greatly expands theavailable base of retrofitopportunities andlowersretrofitcosts.
Automotive Au strali a 2020Gaseous Fuels Enablers 49
2012 2016 2020
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capabilies
GAP
GAP
GAP
GA
P
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Euro V emission standards adopted
Requirements for ultra-low emissions
Fuel availability improving for gaseous fuels
Urgent pressure to reduce CO2 emissions
Euro VI emission standards adopted
DEDICATED LPG SYSTEMS FORDIRECT INJECTED ENGINES
Inprovedpublic image
Seamless andconvenient refuelling
High speedfilling
Improved connectionto vehicle
Improved availabilityof LPG
Existing fuel
standards
Existing DI expertise inresearch organisationsand universities
Prototyping anddemonstration vehicles
Harmonisedinternationalfuel standard
Field testing andmarket research
Existing engineeringand manufacturingcapabilities
Validated finalproduct specification
Existing LPGsupply network
Enhanced recognitionof benefits
Existing support schemes(ACIS, GCIF)
Domestic supplyof substations
Government advertisingand PR campaignfor public education
Shared LPG developmentand technology centre
Study compatability ofAustralian and internationalfuel standards
50 Roadmap GF1Dedicated LPG Systems for Direct Injected Engines
2012 2016 2020
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capab
ilies
Applica
ons
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
Consumers demand an improved overall experience including: refuelling speed and connection to vehicle, range, design, performance, etc.
LPG has a poor overall perception (percieved as a taxifuel)
Fill time improved
FAST FILL SOLUTIONS FOR LPG
Existing fill-point, tankand line designs
Thermodynamic
modelling capability
Fill pressurefeedback
Increasedusable volume
Updated fuelsensor design
Updated tankand line design
CFD, mathematicalmodelling capability
Existing nozzle
technology
Alternative fuellingTechnology
New universalnozzle design
Existing network of LPGsupply stations
Current review ofautogas standard
Standardisedpressure spec.
Standardisedfuel spec.
Review of supply linePressure at Stations
Analysis of robustness toinfrastructure spec. andfuel consumption
Engage broad stakeholdersupport
Applied research program
Research program intoalternative tech.(e.g. S wap-and-Go)
Governmentcommitment tosupport program
Develop businesscase for change
Upgrade program forexisting infrastructure
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capa
bilies
Applica
ons
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020
Abundance of LPG, CNG in Australia
Australia has a high percentage of home and off-street parking compared to Europe and Asia
Increasing availability of at-home refuelling
Deployment of optimised CNG refuelling infrastructure
INCREASING AVAILABILITYOF NATURAL
GAS REFUELLING
Consumer perceptions(availability)
Consumer perceptions(refuelling)
Consumer perceptions(safety)
Increased availablityof vehicles
Possible need toincrease supply andmetering capacity
Existing compressortechnology
Existing capabilities forvehicle production
Existing installer basefor LPG conversions
Vehicle productionand conversion
Existing CNG production,transport and distribution
Existing service andmaintainence capability
Australianstandard
Research expertise indirect injection
Challenge consumerPerceptions
Support program toencourage converstions
Determine implications ofdirect injection tech.
Support program toencourage infrastructure
Develop a clear, coherentbusiness case
Establish policy onadoption of excise
Increasing Availability of Natural Gas Refuelling Roadmap GF4 53
2012 2016 2020
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Applica
ons
GAP
GAP
GAP
g
LPG has a poor overall perception (perceived as a TaxiFuel)
Improved public safety perception of gaseous fuels
Increasing availability of at-home refuelling
Deployment of CNG infrastructure
Expansion of theLPG retrofit market
Increasing availabilityof natural gas refuelling
Current industry fundingfor marketing
Marketingagencies
PUBLIC EDUCATIONCAMPAIGN
Existing knowledge ofenvironmental benefits
Updatedmessaging
Updated data for safetyand environment
Rigorous safetystudy
Rigorousenvironmental study
Marketing and PRcampaign
Dissemination ofsafety data
Training for industrypersonnel
Exisitng training industry(facilities and staff)
Identification anddistribution of $
Uniform nationalcurricula
Development andimplementation of policyand strategy
Establish uniformnational curricula
Knowledge transferfrom non-automotive
Industry - governmentcollaboration plan
Identify non-auto groupsusing LPG, CNG
54 Roadmap GF5 Public Education Campaign
2012 2016 2020
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Capabilies G
AP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GA
P
g
Abundance of LPG, CNG in Australia
Energy security concerns and issues
Fuel avaliablity improving gaseous fuels
Increasing social pressure to be green
Urgent pressure to reduce CO2 emissions
Euro VI emission standards adopted
NATURAL GAS VEHICLETECHNOLOGY
Existing vehiclemanufacture base
Understanding of existing
heavy vehicle technologyIndustry CNGknowledge
Vehicle technology platformand production system
MechanicsCNGknowledge
Expanded retrofitmarket
Availability ofinfrastructure
Public safetyperception
Support for research,manufacturing andinfrastructure
Government structurefor structural transitionto CNG
Government strategy fortransition to gaseous fuels
Marketeducation
Proof of gaseousfuel benefits
Natural Gas Vehicle TechnologyRoadmap GF6 55
2012 2016 2020
Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+
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Trends,Drivers
&Markets
Enablers
Technologies&Ca
pabilities
Applications
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
GAP
g
Increasing relative price of liquid fuels
Improving public safety perception of gaseous fuels
Global harmonisation of design and fuel standards
Fuel availability improving for gaseous fuels
Urgent pressure to reduce CO2 emisions
Increasing social pressure to be green
EXPANSION OF THE LPGRETRO-FIT MARKET
Development insystem packaging
Development of EuroV/VI
compatible systems
Euro V/VIcompliance
Harmonised
internationalstandards
Updated retro-fitstandards
Relevant localmanufacturing capabilities
Expanded localmanufacturing
Updated fuelstandards
Existing gaseous fuelsengineering base
Expanded localengineering
Realignment ofgovernment incentives
Strategy to encouragelocal content
Government supportpolicies
Cooperative dialoguebetween OEMs
Review of retro-fitstandards
Review autogasstandards
Mandated universalLPG compatibility
56 Roadmap GF7Expansion of the LPG Retro-Fit Market
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Replacement of Steel Components with Aluminium, Titanium, Magnesium and Composites
Lightweight, High Volume, Class-A Body and Door Panels
Lightweight Road Wheels
Vehicle Structure with 30% Weight Reduction and Improved Crash Performance
Novel 3D Knitted Composite Applications for Interior Structure and Seats
Materials and Processes for Advanced Recycling
Lightweight Modular Vehicle Platform
Energy Absorbing Foams and Adhesives
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A focus on weight reduction in passenger vehicles has been spurred by a number of globaltrends and drivers, in particular: concerns over the rising cost and increasing scarcity of fossilfuel supplies, and growing awareness of the environmental impact of vehicle emissions.
The primarybenefitof weight reduction is areduction in fuel consumption and consequentemissions, with secondary gains realised throughthe use of smaller engines and adjusted gearingwithout sacrificing performance. A recent studyestimated potential fuel consumption reduction at:
0.12 to 0.28 l/100km100kg (for diesel vehicles)
and 0.15 0.35l/100km100kg (for gasoline vehicles)
[depending on] whether a weight-induced power train
adaptation