aa2020-2_technologyroadmap

8/12/2019 AA2020-2_TechnologyRoadmap

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Foreword 1

Executive Summary 2

Vision 4

The Automotive Australia 2020 project has developed this technologyroadmap for the Australian automotive industry with the vision of a sustainable and profitableindustry through 2020 and beyond.

Introduction 5

MappingAustraliasAutomotive Future 6

The Automotive Australia 2020 Roadmap 8

Priority Opportunity Areas 12

Priority Applications 14

Vehicle Electrification 18

Gaseous Fuels 42

Lightweighting 58

Data and Communications 74

Recommendations 86

Stakeholder Participation 88

Participating Organisations 90

This roadmap has assessed current anddeveloping Australian capabilities, identifiedlocal and international markets, andassessed the trends and drivers affectingthe global automotive industry. This processhas involvedsignificantcontributions fromover 160 organisations totalling more than2500 hours.

The Australian automotive industry isbuilton a strong foundation of diverse capabilityand encompasses all of the necessaryresources to bring a vehicle from concept,

through development, to release. The AA2020Roadmap recognises the importance

of maintaining and strengthening thesecapabilities while supporting the

development of world-leading technology

and expertise in a number of key strategicareas. A focus on the four long term priorityareas identifiedin this report will highlightthe relevance of the Australian industry toglobal companies and their investors.

The roadmapping process highlightscorrelations between local capabilitiesand future technology needs in the globalmarket, opportunities, at an industry level.

Strengths have been identified in more than300 capability areas, with approximatelysixty short term and sixty long termtechnology needs carried forward forassessment. A complete list is availablein the accompanying reports: Capabilitiesand Technology Needs. Assessing the

size of the global market in each area of need and aligning this with the strengthof local capabilities has resulted in 32long term applications and 15 short termopportunities.

In the short term, these identified

opportunities utilise Australiascurrentautomotive capabilities in areas withpotential import replacement or export.They were further prioritised by measuringmarket attractiveness and matching thiswith the level of Australian capability.

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In total 13 export opportunities and 15targets with import replacement potentialor a need to maintain local capability wereidentified.Collaboration between OEMs,suppliers and government will be requiredto realise these short term opportunitieswhich are presented in the accompanyingOpportunity Portfolio report.

Long term opportunities for the

Australian automotive industry havebeen categorised across four broadareas: Vehicle Electrification,GaseousFuels, Lightweighting, and Data andCommunications. Australian-specificcapabilities and technologies have beenhighlighted that allow the development ofstrategic applications. Industry stakeholdersparticipating in the AA2020 project haveprioritised these applications by identifying15 high priority applications spanning all

four opportunity areas that draw on currentand developing Australian knowledgeand expertise.

Vehicle Electrification(including hybridand electric vehicles) was identifiedasthe highest priority area if the Australian

automotive industry is to achieve recognitionin the future of the global industry.

Six applications were identifiedas highpriority in this area:

Development and manufacture of

supercapacitors for electric vehicles

Design and local assembly of electricvehicle power electronics modules

High energy density batteries

Low cost, robust,efficientelectric

motors/generatorsStandardised battery packs for largepassenger vehicles

Development of a modular electricvehicle powertrain

The opportunity area of Gaseous Fuels isa segment that leverages local resourcesand expertise while presenting attractiveniche export markets. It includes threeapplications that can be realised through

the design and development of an Australiangaseous fuel vehicle platform:

Dedicated direct injection system for

LPG engines

Fast filling technology for LPG

High capacity, low cost, on-vehicleCNG storage tank

In response to current and developingglobal trends, lighter vehicles will berequired to achieve reduced emissionsin the short term and are essential inthe realisation of electric vehicles in thelonger term.

In the lightweighting opportunity area, fiveapplications wereidentifiedas high priorityfor the Australian automotive industry:

Replacement of traditionally steelcomponents with lightweight alternatives

Manufacture of light weight body panels

Commercialisation of lightweight

road wheels

Reduction of vehicle structure weightby 30% while improving safety

Use of 3D composites for interiorstructure and seats

The fourth high priority area identifiedforthe Australian automotive industry is Dataand Communication Systems. This area

addresses the increased availability ofin-vehicle information and the growinguse of onboard electronic systems suchas by-wire systems. In this area one keyapplication was identified:

Improved human-machine interfacesand driver information systems

Realising these priority applications andshort term opportunities will requireenabling actions from various industrystakeholders. These actions are capturedin 32 recommendationsclassifiedinfivecategories: industry collaboration, science

and research, government action, education

and training and short term action plan.There are also three recommendations fornext steps forward to sustain momentumand implement the outcomes of theAutomotive Australia 2020 Roadmap.

The AA2020 Roadmap presents a directionfor the strategic growth of the Australianautomotive industry, which has beendeveloped with significantstakeholdercontribution and involvement. Through

continued engagement and collaboration

between stakeholders, the opportunitiesoutlined in this roadmap can be realised,leading to a larger and more productive

Australian automotive industry to 2020and beyond.

Automo tive Aust ralia 202 0Technology Roadmap 3


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The global automotive industry is experiencing a period of significantchange, with emerging Asian markets,competition from developing economies, and a move toward new technologies. It sets the context for the

Australian industry where production is valued at approximately $7.5 billion annually, with an increasing trendtoward export markets from both the OEM and component sectors. This trend can be seen in Figures 1 and 2.

Change presents challenges that mustbe addressed for the Australian automotiveindustry to remain competitive, and theAutomotive Australia 2020 project aims

to provide a process for the industryto articulate a vision and defineafuture direction.

The Vision,definedby industry stakeholdersthrough the early stages of the AA2020project, is for a competitive Australianautomotive industry, achieving recognitionas a strategic element from the globalperspective. The industry must be attractiveto global companies and their investors. Byleveraging existing strength, it must becomelarger, more productive and create more

jobs.Thisvisioniscaptured in the interim

reportAutomotive Australia 2020

Vision.

Realising this vision requires an industry-wide strategy, that must be effectivelycommunicated within the Australianautomotive industry, to government, andto other stakeholders.Development of this strategy can be achievedthrough a transparent and inclusive process

that aggregates knowledge and evidence

from all stakeholders to provide a firm

base for decision making.

Through extensive consultation withindustry, government and researchrepresentatives including nine workshops,the AA2020 project has developed this

roadmap for the Australian automotiveindustry.

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1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

FIGURE 1VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF LOCALLY MADEPASSENGER MOTOR VEHICLES AND DERIVATIVES1

7

Vehicle exports Components exports6

5

4

3

2

1

1 Department of Industry Innovation Science and Research.Key Automotive Statistics, 2008.Accessed April 2010 from: http://www.innovation.gov.au/Industry/Automotive/Documents/Key%20Automotive%20Statistics%202008.pdf

2 Ibid.

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1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

FIGURE 2VALUE OF VEHICLE AND COMPONENT EXPORTS, 20092

Automo tive Austral ia 202 0Technology 5
http://www.innovation.gov.au/Industry/Automotive/Documents/Key%20Automotive%20Statistics%202008.pdfhttp://www.innovation.gov.au/Industry/Automotive/Documents/Key%20Automotive%20Statistics%202008.pdfhttp://www.innovation.gov.au/Industry/Automotive/Documents/Key%20Automotive%20Statistics%202008.pdf


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Definethe Vision

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Identify Market Need

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Understand National Capability

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Identify Opportunities

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In Phase 2 the market need wasdefinedinresponse to the trends and drivers affectingthe automotive industry both locally andglobally. These trends and drivers included

social pressures, technology developments,economic concerns, and environmentalawareness. Identificationof these trendsand drivers provided the context for

future demand.

The AA2020 project used stakeholderinterviews and surveys to understand thetrends and drivers in the local context.

In the short term, the Australian automotiveindustry can respond to current local andglobal market demand. Working with thelocal vehicle manufacturers,specificshort

term needs wereidentifiedin the area ofimport replacement. A survey of globalshort term export demand was undertakenby Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, accountingfor the accessibility of markets to importedproducts, highlighted short term need inrepresentative markets of Asia, Americaand Europe. These local and internationalsurveys of market needs also determined

Phase 3 developed an understanding ofcurrent and developing Australian capability.The capabilities are drawn from threedifferent areas: current automotive supplier

capabilities, current non automotive suppliercapability and developing capability in the

science and research sectors. Each of thesecan be realised in different time frames: inthe short term current automotive suppliercapability can be utilised; in the longer

term, current research capability is thefirst step in developing new commercialsolutions in industry. Capability from outside

This engagement with stakeholders in critical success factors in each market. the automotive sector can be adapted andF>7I; ,Prioritise the Opportunities

the industry, including manufacturers,government and component suppliers In the longer term the automotive industry

applied to automotive applications in themedium to long term. The capabilities of

identifiedthe technology needs withinthe automotive sector through 2020 and

beyond. This work was supplementedwith a survey of published literature todetermine the trends and drivers affectingthe global industry. Through a workshopinvolvingsignificantindustry stakeholders,these trends and drivers were prioritisedhighlighting those with the greatest impacton the Australian automotive industry.

will need applications that respond to globaland local trends and drivers. Alignment of

the local industry with these applicationswill realisebenefitsin both domestic andexport markets. Identificationof long termmarket need has been achieved throughinterviews, surveys and workshops withautomotive industry experts, governmentrepresentatives and research organisations.

each stakeholder group were measuredthrough workshops, surveys and interviews.

Current capability was identifiedin theautomotive and non-automotive sectors,while developing capability was identifiedin commercial firms and researchorganisations.

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Phase 4 draws on the outputs of thepreceding two stages, Identify MarketNeed and Understand National Capability,to identify opportunities for the Australian

Automotive Industry in the short andlong term. This stage involved a series of

Detail has been added to the roadmap ineach of the four long term opportunity areasthrough consultation with stakeholdersfrom automotive suppliers, motor vehicle

producers, non-automotive industry,research and government. The four

Thefinal phase of the project is one ofprioritisation. While each opportunity areais a good one, and each includes applicationswith wide appeal that build on currentAustralian strengths, prioritisation allowsa focus for the subsequent implementation

PHASE 1Establishing a Vision

workshops, rating potential opportunitiesagainst the critical success factorsdetermined by industry stakeholders.

Identifiedshort term opportunities were

workshops conducted in Phase 5, onetargeting each opportunity area, identifiedspecificpriority applications for each area.

In order to exploit these applications, a

of the roadmap. Stakeholders rankedVehicleElectrificationas the top priorityreflectingits long term relevance in theglobal marketplace.

PHASE 2Defining

Technology Need

PHASE 3Understanding

National Capability

classifiedin three categories: importreplacement, export potential and thosethat support long term goals. Importreplacement and export opportunities can berealised immediately, and these have beencommunicated with industry stakeholders,but those with long term relevance have

been carried forward. Workshop attendeesfurtherclassifiedlong term opportunitiesinto four broad categories: Gaseous Fuels;Lightweighting; Data and CommunicationSystems and VehicleElectrification.Theseunderlying opportunities are outlined in theinterim report:Automotive Australia 2020 Opportunities Portfolio.

gap analysis was performed. It highlighted

Enablersactions that build on the currentand developing Australian capability

to complete the path to realising eachapplication. These have been captured indetail for each application and definethemost detailed level of the roadmap in the

four opportunity areas.

The area of Gaseous Fuels was secondowing to local expertise, availability offuel resources and applicability in keyexport markets. Lightweighting, whichranked closely behind gaseous fuels, isseen as a market entry requirement thatwill see continued adoption regardless

of other changes in the industry. Dataand Communication Systems will play a supporting role in addressing safety andenvironmental concerns.

PHASE 4Identifying Key Tactical and

Strategic Opportunities

PHASE 5Developing Strategic

Opportunity Roadmaps

PHASE 6Prioritisation

FIGURE 3THE AA2020 ROADMAP PROCESS



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The AA2020 Roadmap indicates a direction for the Australian automotive industry, which isdefinedby mapping Australian capabilities with the future needs of the local and global automotive industry.These needs are shaped by the current trends and drivers.

Linking capabilities and future needsindicates opportunity areas where Australiacan compete in the global automotiveindustry. Realising these opportunities

requires enabling actions from a range ofstakeholders in the industry. These forma roadmap which allows the plotting of acourse from enabling actions, through the

development of capability and technology,to the exploitation of applications in theopportunity areas. The AA2020 Roadmap ispresented across three levels of detail, witheach level offering a deeper view as shownin Figure 4.

At the highest level, the roadmap is brokeninto the four sections shown on pages 10 and11: Trends and Drivers, Opportunity Areas,Technologies and Capabilities, and Enablers.

The trends and drivers represented outlinemany of the challenges being faced by thelocal and global industry. These define

the context in which opportunities for theAustralian industry will be recognised.

Enablers areclassifiedinto categories,which capture the involvement of differentstakeholders in the industry. By carrying outenabling actions, stakeholders will support

the development of new and enhanced

technologies and capabilities. Theseare drawn from three different sectors:automotive, non automotive and research.

Each of these sectors has a different abilityto service the automotive supply chain in theshort, medium and long timeframes.

Drawing from the three sectors ofcapability the automotive industry willbe able to exploit applications in Four

opportunity areas: Gaseous Fuels; Data and

Communication Systems; Lightweighting;and Vehicle Electrification.Each of theseopportunity areas has a roadmap containingmore detailed information, which ispresented in the relevant sections of thisreport. The roadmaps highlight detailsincluding enabling actions and technologydevelopment required to realise theapplications in each opportunity area. Theapplications are supported with a detailedexamination including a specificstrategicpath and required actions.

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Vehicle Electrification Gaseous Fuels Lightweighting Data & Communication Systems

Provisionof Data

through V2I|Communication

DriverHMI andInformationSystems

Architectureand PlatformDevelopment

Platform andArchitectureDevelopment

Lightweightingof Specific

ComponentsNovel

Materials andProcesses

Storage andCharging ComponentProduction LPGTechnology Natural GasTechnology

Applications

OpportunityAreas

Industry

FIGURE 4THREE-LEVEL STRUCTURE OF THE AA2020 ROADMAP REPORT



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2010-2012In the short term, increasing oil prices and perceived changes in the environment are driving increased

public awareness in both areas. A trend toward smaller, lighter vehicles is already apparent as is a trendtoward global automotive platforms. With expanding availability of wireless communications, data is

becoming increasingly accessible. Australia has a number of existing strengths that can be leveraged,

including a large natural resource endowment and an automotive industry capable of taking a car from

concept to release. With significant emerging competition and markets, in countries such as China and Korea, there is a current need for the industry to remain competitive.

2012-2016Beyond 2012, impacts from a changing economic climate are expected to result in some consolidation

and restructuring of firms in the Australian industry. Public awareness will drive a coordinated focus onemissions reduction through regulation and policy, with the continuing prevalence of global automotive

platforms allowing harmonisation of legislation. Environmental credentials will make electric vehicles

highly marketable to early adopters. Safety, however, is a key influence for consumer buying decisions

and will remain the primary driver in the mass market through all timeframes. This is particularly relevantto an aging population.

2016-2020Competition from low cost countries like Brazil, India, Thailand and Russia with large local markets anddeveloping economies will continue to put pressure on the local industry. Advances in information andcomputer technology will allow smaller, less expensive, more capable and better integrated electronics.

Alternative fuels and electricity generated by less carbon intensive means will see increasing availability

making them viable alternatives to conventional fuels. As the economics of vehicle purchases becomedriven by energy efficiency, alternative vehicles with mass market appeal (featuring low cost of

ownership and high amenity) will be demanded.

2020+Beyond 2020, many trends and drivers relating to environmental and safety concerns will continue to

have relevance. New economic concepts may monetise the value of energy storage and distributed

energy generation. In addition, there are loftier goals that will only be achievable given sufficient time.

A transportation system with zero net emissions and zero road fatalities are two examples. These goals

will require novel technologies, like intelligent roads and vehicles. By addressing these trends anddrivers, a sustainable, competitive Australian automotive industry can be achieved.

2012-2020+Vehicle ElectrificationThe progressive shift from internal

combustion to electric technologies

is considered a major theme in t he

future of automotive technology.Driven by a desire to reduce emissions from transportation, future

applications were highlighted in

three areas: specific technologies,

design services and underlying needs.Services included expertise in design,

integration and platforming, anddeployment of charging infrastructure.

Some specific technologies were

electric motors, batteries, modular

battery packs, power electronics,

driver interface, drive modules andsupercapacitors. Finally, a need was

highlighted for finance models to

encourage adoption, applications forend-of-life batteries, and deployment

of electrified fleets.

2012-2016Gaseous FuelsTransition from diesel and petrol to

LPG or natural gas is influenced by three factors: economics, energysecurity and the environment. Therelative price of liquid fuels is on the

rise with an additional benefit that

vehicles powered by natural gas

and LPG emit substantially lower

quantities of CO . In Australia, l ocal

reserves of gaseous fuels improve

the security of fuel supply. There are

opportunities for specific technology

development in areas such as

direct injected LPG systems, naturalgas drivetrains and gas storage

tanks. Perception issues relating

to the safety and convenience of

gaseous fuels, can be addressedthrough expansion of infrastructure,

improving the refuelling experience,

improving the standard of aftermarket

installations, and public education.

2010-2020+LightweightingThe Lightweighting application area

aims to address energy scarcity and environmental drivers by reducing

consumption of vehicle fuel andresources. It leverages Australian

strengths in two ways: by taking

advantage of abundant mineral

resources, and by developing

applications for those resourcesthrough research and development.

Two themes, of underlying technology

and specific applications, emerged

from the lightweighting workshop.

Underlying technology applicationsincluded: recyclable materials, foam

and adhesives, structural design

processes, and modular platform

design. Specific parts identified for

lightweighting were: wheels, door

and body panels, seats, and other

steel components.

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2010-2020+Data & CommunicationSystemsDevelopments in Data andCommunications Systems willfind application in all timeframes.

Currently, the majority of new

developments in passenger vehicles

are dependant on electrical andelectronic technology and this

trend is expected to continue.

Applications identified for data and communications can be grouped into

two broad categories: provision of

information, and specific technology

development. Information suitable

for integration into driver informationsystems is needed for dynamically

updating speed limits, congestion

information, and traffic incident

warning. Opportunities for technology

development were highlighted in HMI

and driver information systems, andnext generation vehicle navigation

systems with improved resolution.

2010-2020+AutomotiveIn the short term, only capabilitycurrently existing in the automotive

sector can be used to realise

the opportunities that have beenidentified. This reflects the lead

times to mass production associated

with developing or adapting

technology for manufacture. TheAustralian automotive industry is

highly capable, with the ability to

develop a vehicle from concept to

release. Even future applications, of

sufficient relevance to the Australian

industry to be presented here, will build on existing capability in the

manufacturing and supply base.For this reason, automotive capability

remains relevant as it develops

across all timeframes.

2012-2020+Non-AutomotiveThere are complementary

technologies and capabilities that

are fully production proven, but

have not yet been transferred

for application in the automotive

industry. Because the technology

development and commercialisation

work has already been completed,

the transfer process is much simpler

than for ground up development

of new technology. One example

is the use of lightweight materials

in the defence and aerospaceindustries, while the trucking

industry has experience in gaseous

fuel technology and complementary

capability in the development andimplementation of fleet monitoring

and communications systems.

By leveraging these technologies

and capabilities, lead times for

automotive technology development

can be substantially reduced.

2016-2020+Science and ResearchThere are many examples where

a future need can be identified,

but underlying technology has not

reached the level needed to realise

the opportunity presented. In these

cases, new technology will needto be developed and related

applications will have the longestlead times. Development can

take place in industry directly,

but often requires collaboration

with organisations such as CSIRO,universities, cooperative researchcentres (CRCs) and centres of

excellence. By identifying technology

gaps now, development programs

can realise commercial capabilities

in the long-term and vision

timeframes.

Feasibility and PlanningAn immediate need was identified in all areas for targeted feasibility

studies and business planning. The level of detail proposed varies byapplication: from establishing a business case for the development oflightweight road wheels, through the production of a roadmap

specifically targeting an Australian electric vehicle industry.

Industry CollaborationA coordinated approach from all stakeholders was another recurring

theme. Proposed mechanisms for collaboration included the formation

of cooperative research centres (CRCs), the re-targeting of existing CRCs,and development of joint venture partnerships to ensure broad industry

engagement. Regardless of the suggested method, it is clear that a collaborative approach and aligned objectives can be considered veryimportant factors.

Education and TrainingFocussed education programs can be used to facilitate the development

and uptake of identified applications. Poor public perception of gaseousfuel technology is based largely on misinformation and this can be addressed through an education campaign. Beyond public education,

training and certification of aftermarket installers can improve real andperceived public safety of gaseous fuels. In other application areas,

a need for graduates and professionals with expertise in emerging

technologies was identified.

Government SupportRequired action by government was identified in three broad support

areas: financial, infrastructure, and standards. While t he predominant

method of financial support mentioned was the existing Green CarInnovation Fund (GCIF), other mechanisms proposed include incentive

programs and the purchase of locally produced electric vehicles for

government fleets. Infrastructure is required for some applications

in the gaseous fuels, electrification and communications areas, whileadjustment of Australian Design Rules (ADRs) and other standards willfacilitate the development and uptake in all application areas.

Science and ResearchBeyond the few short term opportunities identified, collaboration with the

science and research sector to support technology development will berequired by applications in all areas. Particular need for research programs

was noted in areas requiring world-leading technology development, like

the development of novel battery technology or the design of a lightweight

modular vehicle platform. It is critical that research programs be aligned

with programs in industry to ensure a coordinated approach.

Technology Roadmap 11


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The top four opportunity areas were identifiedthat build on Australian strengths to address global market

trends and drivers. As shown in the preceding section, the opportunity areas have global relevance.

Applications in each area were assessedby industry experts against a series of fivecritical success factors: EnvironmentalImpact, Social Impact, Economic Benefit,

Investment Cost, and Likelihood of Success.Using this assessment as a guide, a panelof stakeholders representing vehicleproducers, component suppliers, industrybodies, research organisations andgovernment prioritised the applicationsand their opportunity areas.

Prioritisation of the top four opportunityareas was measured as a percentage shareof available resourcestermed Resource

Allocation. The average of all participantscores was calculated (as shown in Figure 5)to determine an overall resource allocationscore for each area. Thefigure showsVehicleElectrificationas a clear priority, withGaseous Fuels receiving a slightly smallerallocation. Lightweighting was allocated

a 23 percent share, and Data andCommunication Systems was the area with

the lowest overall allocation at 13 percent.

a globally competitive automotive industryparticipates in this sector.

consumptionirrespective of powertraintechnology.

FIGURE 5PERCENTAGE RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR EACH OF THE PRIORITY OPPORTUNITY AREAS

cost and its local abundance addressesenergy security concerns, while its cleanerburning nature allows reduced emissions.

drivers.Efficientdelivery of information canimprove safety, while reducing congestion,which leads to reduced fuel consumptionand pollution.

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Data and Communication 13%Data and Communications Systems

integrate vehicle data with information aboutthe surrounding environment, presenting theinformation to vehicle systems and directly to

Gaseous Fuels 29%Gaseous Fuels builds on local expertise and

availability of LPG and natural gas to providean alternative fuel for passenger transport.Gaseous fuel is currently available at lower

Lightweighting 23%Lightweighting leverages natural Australian

metals resources and strong materialdevelopment capabilities. Reduced vehicle

weight reduces fuel usage and resource

Vehicle Electrification 35%VehicleElectrification,in some form, will

have to play a key role in future efforts toaddress fuel cost and scarcity, and emissionsfrom transport. It is critically important that


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This prioritisation is strengthenedby considering the overall ranking ofparticipant preferences. Electrificationwas rankedfirst or second by a largemajority of stakeholders, with gaseous fuelsalso receiving a number offirst-placedrankings. Lightweighting was consistentlyrated second or third, while more thanhalf of participants ranked Data andCommunication Systems with theleast priority.

Participant feedback in the workshopreflecteda desire to pursue applications witha strong local market, and sales potential

in export markets. These applications willpresent a compelling business case andjustify the investment required to competeglobally. Stakeholders presented a viewdescribing how each opportunity areameets these criteria:

Gaseous fuel technology is a strong nichemarket where Australia has strategicadvantage in raw materials. Building on

global recognition as a technology leaderand an existing local market, there ispotential to develop true innovation in

the segment, improving energy securityand reducing emissions. The opportunityis strengthened by limited competitioninternationally, and market potential in keyexport markets.

Electrificationis the focus of attentionin a global automotive industryseffortsto address fossil fuel availability andemissions. To compete effectively inthe global vehicle marketplace with

an expanding proportion of electrifiedvehicles, competitive technology and

capability in the sector will be essential.Significantopportunity exists for energystorage and power systems solutions thataddress outstanding gaps in technologyand provide Australia with a uniquecompetitive position. The increasingprevalence of global platforms presentsincreased risk through internationalcompetition, but equally presentsincreased opportunity to secure a positionfor locally developed technology ininternational markets.

Lightweighting will be a key technology inattaining goals of increasing fuel efficiencyand emissions reduction, regardless of fueland propulsion system. Advancements inlightweight components will likely becomecompetitive requirements for suppliers.Benefitscan be further increased byexpanding local capability to transform rawmaterials into manufacturing inputs.

Advances in Data and Communicationswill be applied to provide benefitsin safety,convenience, emissions reduction, andentertainment whether future vehicles

are powered by petrol, natural gas, orelectricity.

These opportunity areas address globaltrends and drivers, so on their own do notprovide a competitive edge for the Australian

industry. Through identifying applicationsthat align with local skills and capabilities,Australia can become attractive as astrategic element of the global automotiveindustry. The priority applications identifiedfor Australia in each area are the focus ofthe four detailed sections of the roadmap,with an overview presented in the followingfour pages.



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Specificapplications were identifiedby workshop participants in each of the four

opportunity areas. Each has been assessed based on relative merits against five critical

success factors relating to: environmental performance, social benefit,profitpotential,

investment cost and risk. These factors informed resourcing recommendations from

industry stakeholders to definethe following prioritised lists, with further information

presented in the four detailed sections of the roadmap.

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Automotive SectorVehicle manufacturing capabilities existing in the industry

are highly transferrable to early generations of hybrid

and electric vehicles. As electric vehicles move to new

architectures, related capability will have to be developed

in the local industry to respond to gaps including:

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iVvV iv>ViNon-Automotive SectorOutside the vehicle industry, complimentary capability

exists in a number of sectors. Design and manufacturingof electric motors is one example, as is capability in

lightweighting and electric vehicles from in mining and military industries. Non-automotive expertise can help

address gaps in areas like:

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EiVV ] >Ù EiVV }` iV }iResearch SectorIn the R&D sector, there is existing capability and expertise

in a number of key areas including: battery research,electrochemical testing, advanced supercapacitor

development, EV and hybrid vehicle research, software

development, energy economics, battery lifecycle andelectric machines. Building on this expertise will allow

the industry to address gaps in:

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Innovative Finance Models for Electric VehiclesTo encourage broader uptake of electric vehicles,

alternative financing concepts could help eliminate

barriers to entry by lowering upfront costs, see page 40.

Utility-Level Energy Grid Management System

The wide-reaching economic and energy efficiency

benefits offered by plug-in electric vehicles can berealised through the development of an intelligent grid to

manage available storage for peak loading, see page 37.

Market for Used Electric Vehicle BatteriesBy increasing the usefulness of batteries through a market

for end-of-life vehicle batteries, the environmental and financial cost of EVs can be substantially reduced, seepage 39.Government ActionSupport for electrification can be achieved by establishing

appropriate standards and targeting existing funds, policy

and incentives.

Science and ResearchTargeted research programs will be necessary to specify

design requirements, model alternative approaches,

and provide lab capabilities.

Industry CollaborationTo realise large, complex applications, industry

partnerships and strategic alliances will facilitate coordinated technology development.

Education and TrainingSupport through education programs will supply

graduates with specific expertise in the new technologies

required by electric vehicles.

Planning and FeasibilityBusiness planning is key to securing funding. A technology

action plan specifically targeting an electric vehicle

industry was also identified.

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Key

Low

Medium

High

Applications

SupercapacitorsforElectricVehicles

DesignandAssemblyofPowerElectronics

Modules

HighEnergyDensityBatteries

(includingMetal-Air)

LowCost,Robust,E

fficientElectricMachines

Modular,StandardisedBatteryPack

ModularElectricVehiclePlatform

ExpertiseinSolutionsforEV

ArchitecturesandTechnologies

SeamlessIntegratedChargingInfrastructure

SoftwareandHardwareforEVSpecificDriver

Interface

HybridandElectricVehicleProductionfor

FleetsandTaxis

Enablers

Innovative Finance Models for Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicle Market for Used Batteries

Utility-Level Energy Grid Management System

Infrastructure Support

Government Action

Industry Collaboration

Science and Research

Education and Training

Planning and Feasibility

MetricScores

Profit

People

Planet

Investment Cost*

Likelihood of Success

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Key

Key

Application LinkagesWithin the vehicle electrification area, thereare applications that are dependent onone another to achieve success. Workshopparticipants were asked to identify theselinkages and the results are depicted inFigure 7. Participants indicated one particularlystrong linkage between the design of powerelectronics modules and expertise in

EV technologies, noting that power electronicsare a key competitive element of an electricvehicle design.

Equally interesting are the weak relationships,showing applications that may be effectivelyrealised independently. Charginginfrastructure, for example, is shown to beindependent of component manufacturingapplications. This reflectsthe view thatprovision of infrastructure will be requiredto support electric vehicles whether or notthey are driven by locally produced electricmotors. The reverse is also true: producingglobally relevant power electronic modulescan be achieved without a seamless charginginfrastructure network.

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Workshop participants specifieddetailed actionplans required to realise each of the 13 VehicleElectrificationapplications. A summary ispresented on the following pages.

Enabler LinkagesBy recording the frequency of enablersappearing together in achieving a particularapplication, relationships can be identifiedasshown inFigure 8.The majority of correlationsshown in thefigure relate to two areas:Government Action, and Industry Collaboration.In the case of their specificcombination,

government action and industry collaborationare alternative, but complementary methodsof achieving the same goalsengaging broadstakeholder support and securing funding.

Industry collaboration also shows stronglinkages with science and research enablers.Participants discussed the need to promotecollaboration between research andcommercial sectors with particular attentionrequired for promotion of commercialoutcomes. Planning and feasibility is anothercollaborative activity that both requires andserves to engage broad stakeholder supportfrom industry, research and government

sectors across industry. Other interestingareas of correlation identifiedinclude thelinkage between the research sector andeducation programs, a need for governmentsupport in applications that require deploymentof infrastructure, and a strong correlationbetween industry collaboration and anend-of-life vehicle battery market.

Applications

1 Supercapacitors for Electric Vehicles

2 Design and Assembly of Power Electronics Modules Weak

3High Energy Density Batteries

(including Metal-Air)Moderate

4 Low Cost, Robust,Efficient Electric Machines Strong

5 Modular, Standardised Battery Pack

6 Modular Electric Vehicle Platform

7Expertise in Solutions for EV

Architectures and Technologies

8 Seamless Integrated Charging Infrastructure

9Software and Hardware for EV Specific Driver

Interface

10Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Production for Fleets

and Taxis

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

FIGURE 7STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

En

ablers

a Innovative Finance Models for Electric Vehicles

b Electric Vehicle Market for Used Batteries Weak

c Utility-Level Energy Grid Management System Moderate

d Infrastructure Support Strong

e Government Action

f Industry Collaboration

g Science and Research

h Education and Training

i Planning and Feasibility

a b c d e f g h

FIGURE 8STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION ENABLERS

Automotive Aus tralia 2 020Vehicle Electrification 23


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Battery modules will be required by futureelectric vehicles and can be assembled costeffectively for local production. In addition,packaging of locally produced advanced batterytechnology will represent asignificantvalue-add. To realise this application, supportingaction will be required in areas such as:

Expansion of Electrochemical Lab Capabilitiesin the science and research base that supportsthe development of a design and integrationspecificationby allowing full-scale detailedtesting and validation of battery modules.

Establishment of a Companyas the bodyto undertake module development andcommercialisation.

Funding through government support schemeslike the Green Car Innovation Fund and industryinvestment that supports the establishmentof joint ventures between electric vehicleand battery cell manufacturers to develop aspecificationfor design and integration.

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Global platforms are increasingly the focusof major automotive manufacturers, whichpresents asignificantopportunity for theAustralian industry. By developing modularpowertrain technology that is included in theseplatforms,significantlicensing and exportopportunities can be realised. The followingkey enablers were identified:

Education and Training needed to supportthe development of powertrain technology,provides graduates with directly relevant skills.

Establishment of Alliancesand consortiato provide a mechanism for undertakingcollaborative research and developmentprograms in key areas of powertraintechnology.

Research and Development Programswhich are required to address gaps in areasthat include: automotive-specificpowerelectronics, powertrain controls, NVH modelsand tools, and vehicle integration.

Commercialisation Funding from availableprivate sector and government resourcesto support the establishment of production

facilities.

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Expanding on specifictechnologies, likebatteries and electric machines, there isopportunity to gain recognition as a technologyintegratorwhere technologies can be refinedand combined for use in global platforms.Building on existing capability in conventionalvehicle design, this application can be realisedthrough key enablers, including:

An Electric Vehicle-SpecificTechnologyAction Plan involving stakeholders fromuniversities, industry and government willprovide further detail in the understanding

of global tends and emerging technologiesto target the development of local supplybase capability for electric vehicles.

Development of a Business Plantodefinethecase for establishment of core partnerships,founding a business entity and gaininginvestment. This entity will recruit requiredpartners and resources to offer electric vehicledevelopment solutions.

Focused Electric Vehicle Educationbased onrequirements definedby an EV education bodywill ensure graduates have skills required tooffer electric vehicle development solutions.

Definitionof Local Design Standardsby government to provide a base forexpansion into overseas markets.

Automotive Aust ralia 2020Vehicle Electrification Enablers 25


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Another approach to improving the affordabilityof electric vehicles is to establish a marketfor end-of-life vehicle batteries. Likely to befocussed around onsite applications, thisresidual value for batteries at the end of servicelife will reduce the overall cost of ownershipof electric vehicles. This market can beexpanded by:

Establishing a Cooperative Research Centrebetween industry and research sectors toidentify and develop applications for usedvehicle batteries.

Government Policy and Regulationwill establish a standard for battery lifeassessment to regulate and encourage theemerging onsite battery storage market.

Subsidies for Infrastructure Rollout fromgovernment that will stimulate an expandeddeployment of onsite battery storageapplications.

Compilation of a Reuse Portfolio willleverage cooperative research and supportingperformance studies to compile existing andemerging 2nd life battery applications.

Performance Characterisationby the scienceand research base provides real data tosupport policy, regulation and the portfolio ofreuse application.

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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

2012 2016 2020

Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020+

Concerns over energy scarcity, security & cost

Increasing environmental awareness

Demand for green, high performance cars Demand for affordability

SUPERCAPACITORSFOR ELECTRIC

VEHICLES

Production engineeringfor supercapacitor cells

Existing hybridsupercapacitor technology

Existing modulemanufacturing capabilities

Pre-productionprototypes

Production plantAssembly of highenergy density modules

Import cells from Asia(with Australian IP)

High energy densityresearch

Integration of batterieswith supercapacitormodules

Develop consortium formarket entry

Meeting to formulatestrategy (CSIRO/Govt./etc)

GCIF to support R&D

28 Roadmap VE1Supercapacitors for High Energy Batteries

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

2012 2016 2020




A sustainable local automotive industry

Electric vehicles that are highly marketable

Competition from cheap Asian EV imports

DESIGN ANDASSEMBLY OF POWERELECTRONICS MODULES

Low voltage controllerdesign, development &manufacture capability

Existing R&D knowledge& expertise

Requirementsspecification

Integrated controllers

& chargers

Existing high voltagetechnologyoutside automotive

Attractive high voltageconnectors

Identify Customers Define vehiclerequirements

Prepare business caseCollaborative studywith consultants &industry experts

Define power electronicsrequirements

Design and Assembly of Power Electronics Modules Roadmap VE2 29

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP




Consumers demand that electric vehicles: are safe; have low cost of ownership; have high amenity; and address environmental concerns

Charge time, simplicity & range are key drivers

Local batteries withimproved performance

Finite supply ofbattery storagemineral

HIGH ENERGYDENSITY BATTERIES

(INCLUDING METAL-AIR)

Source Li basedmaterials 2015

Local raw materialproduction

Existing researchcapability

Develop air electrode

Polymer-based airelectrode in production

Develop Lithiumanode

Adapt battery packs& processes

Prototype productionVehicle battery testing Mass manufacturing

process

Existing battery &automotive organisations

Ancillary hardware

& processes

Centre for advancedbattery research

Power densityresearch

Molecular modellingresearch

Establish alliances

Secure R&D funding

Produce businessplan

Relationships withkey organisations

Establish jointventure?

30 Roadmap VE3High Energy Density Batteries (including Metal-Air)

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP




Australia has significant rare earth reserves

Electric Vehicles are highly marketable

LOW COST, ROBUSTAND EFFICIENT

ELECTRIC MACHINES

Rare earth rawmaterials

Manufacture of rareearth magnets

Manufacture & testingof non automotiveelectric motors

Highly automatedproduction factory

Electric machines

Local automotiveexpertise in supply base

Research centre ofexcellence

Product design &prototype

Production readyelectric machine

Research & developmentexpertise

Skilled graduates

Undergraduate training

MVP selection oflocal technology

Low Cost, Robust and Efficient Electric Machines Roadmap VE4 31

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP





Local batteries with improved performance

MODULAR,STANDARDISEDBATTERY PACKS

Automotive energymanagement engineeringcapability

Automotive packagingengineering capabiltiy

Thermal managementengineering capability

Design & integrationspecification

Existing electrochemicallabs in research & industry

Expand labfacilities

Linkages with cellvendors

Linkages with EVmanufacturers

Expand existing labcapabilities

Secure funding(GCIF, investment)

Pool talent &establish company

Pursue joint venturerelationships

32 Roadmap VE5 Modular, Standardised Battery Packs

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP





Strong integration of electric vehicles into global platforms

Electric vehicles are highly marketable

Early adopters drive technology uptake

MODULARELECTRIC VEHICLE

POWERTRAINS

Raw material supply& refining

Tool making capability

Transmissionmanufacuting capability

Production facilities

Vehicle integration Vehicle controlsintegration

Transmission designcapability

NVH models & tools

Manufacturing ofinduction motors

Power electronicsindustry

Powertrain controlsmodelling

Vehicle manufacturing Automotive specificpower electronics

Alliances or consortiumsResearch & developmentconcept

Commercialisationfunding

Research funding Education & training

Modular Electric Vehicle PowertrainsRoadmap VE6 33

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

ofhardware&

controlsystems

GAP

GAP

GAP





Consumers demand that electric vehicles are safe; have low cost of ownership, have high amenity; & address environmental concerns

Electric vehicles strongly integrated into global platforms

EXPERTISE IN SOLUTIONSFOR ELECTRIC VEHICLEARCHITECTURES AND

TECHNOLOGIES

Existing vehicle design &integration capability

Existing lightweightmetals processing

Related mining &military experience

Resource coordination

Emerging local EVcapability

Existing fundamentalR&D

Develop local supplierEV capability

Develop supplier

network Local EV demonstrator

Home automation

Energy management

Battery storage

Motor

Transmission

Charging

Power electronics

Technology action planfor EV Define Australian

standards

Develop business caseEstablish core

partnerships

Establish businessentity

Seek funding andinvestors

Recruit partners &core resources

Support & protectionfor emerging industry

Establish EVeducation body

EV focusses automotiveengineering

34 Roadmap VE7Expertise in Solutions for Electric Vehicle Architectures and Technologies

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GA

P

GAP

GA

P

GAP




Need to address limitations of onboard electricity storage

Proliferation of battery charging infrastructure

Smart roads, industrial charging

SEAMLESS INTEGRATEDCHARGING

INFRASTRUCTURE

Electricity grid Energy management(smart grid)

Software capabilities

Research institutions& organisations

Existing systemintegration expertise

Skilled electricians &industry

Open protocols

Centres of expertise New technologies

Electronics skill inthe supply base

Existing skills &engineering

Automotive engineering

Improved engineeringskills Simplified regulation

Targeted higherqualifications

Expand governmentincentives

Policy, funding &investment in: industryrenewable energy,education & etc

Remove regulatorybarriers

Standardise internationalregulations

Seamless Integrated Charging InfrastructureRoadmap VE8 35

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP




Strong integration of electric vehicles into global platforms Demand for personalisation & customisation

SOFTWARE ANDHARDWARE FOR ELECTRICVEHICLE SPECIFIC DRIVER

INTERFACE

Existing conventionalvehicle sensors

EV specific sensors Technologydemonstrator

Internationally availableEV sensor technology

Mobile device integration

Licensed overseastechnology

Design, development &production of displays& interface

Telecommunicationscompanies, energysuppliers & integrators

Green car innovation fund

Software application

Communication topower grids

Market research

Identify specificopportunities

Secure contracts

36 Roadmap VE9Software and Hardware for Electric Vehicle Specific Driver Interface

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP




Increasing PEV fleet size

Distributed energy generation

Energy markets monetise value of storage

UTILITY-LEVELENERGY GRID

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Existing energy traders& markets

Existing vehicle-to-grid(V2G) solutions

Existing residentialsmart metering

Customised AustralianV2G

Smart gridtechnology

Existing networkoperating system (NOS)

Engineeredadvanced NOS

Software & electricalengineering capability

Optimised PEV,battery & grid

Next generationbroadbandcommunications

Research capability in:load profiling, hedging,trading, energyresource management

Two-way interactivebattery technology

Renewable energysupply model

Regulations

& standards

Continued support forsmart-grid development

Detailed benefits study

Smart-grid & EV trials Modelling of renewableenergy generation

Next generationbroadband rollout

Development ofregulations & standards

Removal of regulatorybarriers

Smart-grid rollout

Utility-Level Energy Grid Management SystemRoadmap VE10 37

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilities

Applications

GAP

GAP



Need to invest in local electric vehicle manufacture

Government policy to support electric vehicles


Demand for noise reductionin urban environments

HYBRID OR ELECTRICVEHICLE FLEETS

AND TAXIS

Local automotivemanufacture

Global OEM platformtechnology

Existing domesticautomotive suppliers

Existing advancedmanufacturing capability

Technology integration

EV & hybrid research

Define objectives &outcomes

Financial support fromgovernment

OEM support &investment

38 Roadmap VE11Hybrid or Electric Vehicle Fleets and Taxis

2012 2016 2020


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP



Demand for electric vehicles with improved range Increasing environmental awareness

Demand for high performance electric vehicles EV performance exceeds that of petrol vehicles

Local batteries with improved performance

Finite supply of battery storagematerial demands attention

Supercapacitors for

Electric Vehicle applicationsModular standardisedbattery packs

High energy densitymetal-air battery

Existing 2nd lifebattery applications

Emerging 2nd lifeapplications

2nd life applicationportfolio

2nd life storagetechnology

MARKET FOR USEDELECTRIC VEHICLE

BATTERIES

Battery reprocessingsupply chain

Automotive industrymanagement practices& frameworks

Science basecapability to studybattery performance

Volume &specification forecast

Low cost batteryassessment

Establish 2nd lifebattery CRC

Determine valuepropositions

Life assessmentstandard

Engage stakeholdersfor scoping study

Policy to encouragenon-EV storage

Regulatory reform foronsite storage

Funding for rolloutSubsidy to offsetcapital outlay

Market for Used Electric Vehicle BatteriesRoadmap VE12 39

2012 2016 2020


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EV specific

Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP




Electric vehicles are highly marketable Demand for noise reductionin urban environments

Consumers demandaffordability

Australian expertisein solutions for EVarchitectures &technologies

Hybrid or electricvehicle production forfleets & taxis

INNOVATIVE FINANCEMODELS FOR

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Existing governmentbank guarantees

ExistingGreencarreduced interestrate loans Establish small scale

EV specific hirepurchasing model

leasing modelExpanded model

EV focusedcredit union

Existing strongbanking sector

Supportinggovernment policy

trial credit unionRisk mitigation plans

Crowd buyingtrial

Identify EV lifecycle costs

Establish monitoring &reporting mechanisms

40 Roadmap VE13Innovative Finance Models for Electric Vehicles


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PROFESSOR ALEKS SUBIC

Head of School, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringRMIT University

Automotive Aus tralia 2 020Vehicle Electrification 41


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2

2

Vision2020+

LongTerm

Mediu

mT

erm

ShortTerm

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J;9>DEBE=?;I7D: 97F78?B?J?;I ;D78B;HI

AutomotiveGaseous fuel applications build on existing Australian

capabilities in vehicle and parts manufacturing, andautomotive engineering. Passenger vehicles powered

by LPG are available directly form Australian vehicle

manufacturers and as aftermarket conversions. Significant

technology gaps for LPG technology relate to:

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ivi} ii`] >Ù LV> >>>L v L*i v ìV

injected engines.

Non-AutomotiveThere is an existing natural gas distribution network,

with existing technology for compressing the supply

and refuelling vehicles. CNG has seen broad application

as a fuel for large commercial fleet vehicles. In these

applications, size and weight is not a primary concern andvehicles are refuelled at central depots. This highlights keygaps in CNG technology for passenger vehicles including:

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L}i} >Science and ResearchGaps in scientific and research knowledge can be addressedby building on established capability in thermodynamic

modelling, fluid modelling, lightweight materials researchand gas adsorbents. Key technology gaps to be addressedthrough research include:U v>Li > iV}]U >

>`Li >i>] >Ù Ai>i ivi} >i}i ->>`

Public Education CampaignA program designed to change consumer perceptions of

gaseous fuels was consistently identified as a critical

enabler. Participants found the issue so compelling that

it is treated separately in this section, see page 54.

Harmonisation of StandardsConsistent standards were identified as important in

a number of areas. These include: the characteristics

of supplied fuels, the quality of aftermarket systems

fitment, and volumetric versus energy-based fuel pricing.

Infrastructure SupportLPG infrastructure is widespread, but needs to beupgraded to improve fill times and customer perceptions.

CNG infrastructure must be more widely deployed to

encourage technology uptake.

Government ActionThe enablers highlighted here can be encouragedthrough supporting policy. Realignment of existing

programs and consumer incentives are indicated.

Industry CollaborationSignificant capability in gaseous fuels exists outside

the passenger vehicle industry and in aftermarket

conversion providers. This can be captured through

cooperative development.

Education and TrainingBeyond market education as described above, training for

industry personnel to ensure standards are consistentlyapplied was highlighted as key to maintaining safety.

Science and ResearchA number of areas were indicated as requiring researchattention. Solving the problem of LPG filling speed(specifically in hot temperatures) is one example.

Another is the development of lightweight conformable

CNG tank technology.

Planning and FeasibilityAll commercial applications have proposed feasibility

studies to engage stakeholders.

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Key

Low

Medium

High

Applications

DedicatedLPGSystemsfor

DirectInjectedEngines

FastFillSolutionsforLPGVehicles

HighCapacity,LowCost,On-VehicleStorage

TanksforCNG

IncreasedAvailabilityofNaturalGasRefuelling

NaturalGasVehicleTechnology

ExpansionoftheLPGRetrofitMarket

Enablers

Public Education Program

Harmonisation of Standards

Infrastructure Support

Government Action

Industry Collaboration

Science and Research

Education and Training

Planning and Feasibility

MetricScores

People

Planet

Profit

Investment Cost*

Likelihood of Success

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Key

Application LinkagesLinkages between applications must be

considered as the effective realisation of someapplications is dependent on developmentsin other related areas. Workshop participantswere asked to identify complementaryapplications, and the results have beenpresented in Figure 10. Two particularly stronglinkages were identifiedbetween applicationsrelating to each of the locally available fuels:LPG and CNG.

The development of a dedicated LPG systemfor direct injection engines is strongly linked toa solution allowing convenient LPG refuelling.Both will increase consumer demand for

LPG technology. In a similar manner, thedevelopment of competitive technology fornatural gas vehicles will require developmentin tank design. Flexible, lightweight tankdesign will allow better vehicle integration andincrease the consumer appeal of the naturalgas vehicle platform.

;dWXb_d] 7Yj_edi

Gaseous Fuels workshop participants identifiedthe enabling actions required to address key

gaps in technology and capability needed to

realise the seven applications. A summary ispresented on the following pages.

Enabler LinkagesFigure 11 presents the strength of correlationbetween pairs of enablers in the gaseousfuels opportunity area. The relative scores,presented on a 3-point scale, were calculatedfrom workshop output by recording thefrequency at which pairs of enablers areindicated together in achieving a particularapplication. Two particularly strongrelationships have been identified.

Government involvement was highlightedas an important element of consumereducation programs aimed at changing thepublic perception of LPG and CNG vehicles. Government support for expanded availabilityof refuelling infrastructure was also indicatedin large proportion of applications. Thisreflectsthe need for a structured program toencourage widespread deployment of CNG

infrastructure to support CNG vehicles.

FIGURE 10STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GASEOUS FUELS PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

Enablers

a Public Education Program

b Harmonisation of Standards Weak

c Infrastructure Support Moderate

d Government Action Strong

e Industry Collaboration

f Science and Research

g Education and Training

h Planning and Feasibility

a b c d e f g

FIGURE 11STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GASEOUS FUELS ENABLERS

Automotive Austral ia 2020 Gaseous Fuels 47

Key

Weak

Moderate

Strong

Applications

1 Dedicated LPG Systems for Direct Injected Engines

2 Fast Fill Solutions for LPG Vehicles

3High Capacity, Low Cost,

On-Vehicle Storage Tanks for CNG

4 Increased Availability of Natural Gas Refuelli ng

5 Natural Gas Vehicle Technology

6 Expansion of the LPG Retrofit Market

1 2 3 4 5

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Highlighted as an enabling action across manygaseous fuels applications, public education isessential in challenging consumer perceptionsof safety and convenience, while drawingattention to economic and environmentalbenefitsof natural gas and LPG. This can beenabled by:

A Stakeholder Collaboration Planbetweengovernment and industry identifying rolesand funding responsibilities.

Establishing Uniform National Curricula

to ensure rigorous training of industrypersonnel and improve real safety.

A Rigorous Safety Study allowing updatedmessaging to be effectively communicatedto consumers.

Rigorous Environmental Study that expandsexisting knowledge of environmental benefitsto support messaging.

A Marketing and Public Relations Campaignjointly funded by industry and government,allows engagement of marketing agencies forwide distribution of key messages.

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By reducing CO emissions from natural gasvehicles by 25% over current technology, thelocal industry can gain significantcompetitiveadvantage in the global marketplace. Thistechnology development is supported by:

Strategy for Gaseous Fuels Transitionfrom government to facilitate a structuraltransition from petrol and diesel to natural gas.

Market Education that improves consumerperceptions of safety while highlightingenvironmentalbenefitsto stimulate customer

demand.Support for Research & Commercialisationthat expands CNG knowledge across allindustry sectors.

Support for Infrastructure that combineswith an expanded retrofitmarket for existingnatural gas vehicle technology to increase fuelaccessibility and encourage consumer adoptionof the technology.

;nfWdi_ed e\ j^[ BF=

H[jhejCWha[jImproved availability of LPG refuellinginfrastructure can also be achieved byincreasing the installed base of LPG vehiclesand consequent demand for local fillingstations. By improving the standard of LPGretrofitinstallations toreflectOEM levelsof integration and performance, marketpenetration will be increased. This can besupported through:

Government Support Policies that can berealigned to encourage expansion of localengineering, manufacturing, development and

support services.

Review of Autogas Standards combinedwith implementation of updated fuel andinfrastructure standards to ensure consistentperformance throughout Australia and inexport markets.

Review ofRetrofitStandards relating toaftermarket installations to ensure, a safeconsistent customer experience.

Mandated Universal LPG Compatibilityin all new vehicles that greatly expands theavailable base of retrofitopportunities andlowersretrofitcosts.

Automotive Au strali a 2020Gaseous Fuels Enablers 49

2012 2016 2020



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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capabilies

GAP

GAP

GAP

GA

P

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP


Euro V emission standards adopted

Requirements for ultra-low emissions

Fuel availability improving for gaseous fuels

Urgent pressure to reduce CO2 emissions

Euro VI emission standards adopted

DEDICATED LPG SYSTEMS FORDIRECT INJECTED ENGINES

Inprovedpublic image

Seamless andconvenient refuelling

High speedfilling

Improved connectionto vehicle

Improved availabilityof LPG

Existing fuel

standards

Existing DI expertise inresearch organisationsand universities

Prototyping anddemonstration vehicles

Harmonisedinternationalfuel standard

Field testing andmarket research

Existing engineeringand manufacturingcapabilities

Validated finalproduct specification

Existing LPGsupply network

Enhanced recognitionof benefits

Existing support schemes(ACIS, GCIF)

Domestic supplyof substations

Government advertisingand PR campaignfor public education

Shared LPG developmentand technology centre

Study compatability ofAustralian and internationalfuel standards

50 Roadmap GF1Dedicated LPG Systems for Direct Injected Engines

2012 2016 2020



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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capab

ilies

Applica

ons

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP


Consumers demand an improved overall experience including: refuelling speed and connection to vehicle, range, design, performance, etc.

LPG has a poor overall perception (percieved as a taxifuel)

Fill time improved

FAST FILL SOLUTIONS FOR LPG

Existing fill-point, tankand line designs

Thermodynamic

modelling capability

Fill pressurefeedback

Increasedusable volume

Updated fuelsensor design

Updated tankand line design

CFD, mathematicalmodelling capability

Existing nozzle

technology

Alternative fuellingTechnology

New universalnozzle design

Existing network of LPGsupply stations

Current review ofautogas standard

Standardisedpressure spec.

Standardisedfuel spec.

Review of supply linePressure at Stations

Analysis of robustness toinfrastructure spec. andfuel consumption

Engage broad stakeholdersupport

Applied research program

Research program intoalternative tech.(e.g. S wap-and-Go)

Governmentcommitment tosupport program

Develop businesscase for change

Upgrade program forexisting infrastructure

Fast Fill Solutions f or LPGRoadmap GF2 51


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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capa

bilies

Applica

ons

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

Short Term Medium Term Long Term Vision 2020

Abundance of LPG, CNG in Australia

Australia has a high percentage of home and off-street parking compared to Europe and Asia

Increasing availability of at-home refuelling

Deployment of optimised CNG refuelling infrastructure

INCREASING AVAILABILITYOF NATURAL

GAS REFUELLING

Consumer perceptions(availability)

Consumer perceptions(refuelling)

Consumer perceptions(safety)

Increased availablityof vehicles

Possible need toincrease supply andmetering capacity

Existing compressortechnology

Existing capabilities forvehicle production

Existing installer basefor LPG conversions

Vehicle productionand conversion

Existing CNG production,transport and distribution

Existing service andmaintainence capability

Australianstandard

Research expertise indirect injection

Challenge consumerPerceptions

Support program toencourage converstions

Determine implications ofdirect injection tech.

Support program toencourage infrastructure

Develop a clear, coherentbusiness case

Establish policy onadoption of excise

Increasing Availability of Natural Gas Refuelling Roadmap GF4 53

2012 2016 2020



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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Applica

ons

GAP

GAP

GAP

g

LPG has a poor overall perception (perceived as a TaxiFuel)

Improved public safety perception of gaseous fuels

Increasing availability of at-home refuelling

Deployment of CNG infrastructure

Expansion of theLPG retrofit market

Increasing availabilityof natural gas refuelling

Current industry fundingfor marketing

Marketingagencies

PUBLIC EDUCATIONCAMPAIGN

Existing knowledge ofenvironmental benefits

Updatedmessaging

Updated data for safetyand environment

Rigorous safetystudy

Rigorousenvironmental study

Marketing and PRcampaign

Dissemination ofsafety data

Training for industrypersonnel

Exisitng training industry(facilities and staff)

Identification anddistribution of $

Uniform nationalcurricula

Development andimplementation of policyand strategy

Establish uniformnational curricula

Knowledge transferfrom non-automotive

Industry - governmentcollaboration plan

Identify non-auto groupsusing LPG, CNG

54 Roadmap GF5 Public Education Campaign

2012 2016 2020



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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Capabilies G

AP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GA

P

g

Abundance of LPG, CNG in Australia

Energy security concerns and issues

Fuel avaliablity improving gaseous fuels

Increasing social pressure to be green

Urgent pressure to reduce CO2 emissions

Euro VI emission standards adopted

NATURAL GAS VEHICLETECHNOLOGY

Existing vehiclemanufacture base

Understanding of existing

heavy vehicle technologyIndustry CNGknowledge

Vehicle technology platformand production system

MechanicsCNGknowledge

Expanded retrofitmarket

Availability ofinfrastructure

Public safetyperception

Support for research,manufacturing andinfrastructure

Government structurefor structural transitionto CNG

Government strategy fortransition to gaseous fuels

Marketeducation

Proof of gaseousfuel benefits

Natural Gas Vehicle TechnologyRoadmap GF6 55

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Trends,Drivers

&Markets

Enablers

Technologies&Ca

pabilities

Applications

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

GAP

g

Increasing relative price of liquid fuels

Improving public safety perception of gaseous fuels

Global harmonisation of design and fuel standards

Fuel availability improving for gaseous fuels

Urgent pressure to reduce CO2 emisions

Increasing social pressure to be green

EXPANSION OF THE LPGRETRO-FIT MARKET

Development insystem packaging

Development of EuroV/VI

compatible systems

Euro V/VIcompliance

Harmonised

internationalstandards

Updated retro-fitstandards

Relevant localmanufacturing capabilities

Expanded localmanufacturing

Updated fuelstandards

Existing gaseous fuelsengineering base

Expanded localengineering

Realignment ofgovernment incentives

Strategy to encouragelocal content

Government supportpolicies

Cooperative dialoguebetween OEMs

Review of retro-fitstandards

Review autogasstandards

Mandated universalLPG compatibility

56 Roadmap GF7Expansion of the LPG Retro-Fit Market


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Replacement of Steel Components with Aluminium, Titanium, Magnesium and Composites

Lightweight, High Volume, Class-A Body and Door Panels

Lightweight Road Wheels

Vehicle Structure with 30% Weight Reduction and Improved Crash Performance

Novel 3D Knitted Composite Applications for Interior Structure and Seats

Materials and Processes for Advanced Recycling

Lightweight Modular Vehicle Platform

Energy Absorbing Foams and Adhesives

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A focus on weight reduction in passenger vehicles has been spurred by a number of globaltrends and drivers, in particular: concerns over the rising cost and increasing scarcity of fossilfuel supplies, and growing awareness of the environmental impact of vehicle emissions.

The primarybenefitof weight reduction is areduction in fuel consumption and consequentemissions, with secondary gains realised throughthe use of smaller engines and adjusted gearingwithout sacrificing performance. A recent studyestimated potential fuel consumption reduction at:

0.12 to 0.28 l/100km100kg (for diesel vehicles)

and 0.15 0.35l/100km100kg (for gasoline vehicles)

[depending on] whether a weight-induced power train

adaptation