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©Subject Support 2012

A2 Revision - 1

• Based on previous questions, and

• potential answers to those questions


Revision topics – chosen by your

teachers

1. Application of Forces

2. Commercialisation

3. Olympic Ideals

4. Krebs cycle

5. Aggression

6. Support from organisations for elite athletes

7. Projectile motion

8. PNF stretching


Application of forces - Typical

question Jan 08 Qu 3

Maximising effort during performance is largely

concerned with the correct application of forces.

What forces act on a player when they are running

during a game? (3

marks)

June 2010

Using ‘Newton’s First and Second Laws of Motion,

explain how a swimmer dives off the starting blocks.

(4

marks)


4

Forces

Forces cause ;

A force is a

“A force is that which alters or to

alter a body’s or of

in a line.”

If a body changes or ,

a

has been applied


5

Forces affecting motion


6

Forces acting on a sprinter


7

Newton’s Laws

1st Law:

A body will remain in its /

until affected by a

• A body has a to change its


8

Applying Newton’s 1st Law

• Sprinter remains in on

blocks until a causes him to

change his

• Ball keeps moving until a

causes it to change its


9

2nd Law - Momentum

All objects in motion have mass and

Product =

Momentum =


10

Newton’s 2nd Law

• The rate of change of is

to the force causing

the change, and the change takes place

in

the in which the force was

applied

• In sport, remains constant and

therefore momentum equates to


11

Applying Newton’s 2nd Law

• The (size) and of

force applied by the sprinter to the

blocks

determines the and

of received – because

mass

remains constant

• Acceleration is to

applied


12

Newton’s 3rd Law

• To every force there is an and

reaction force


13

Applying Newton’s 3rd Law

The sprinter applies a to the ground.

This results in a force that causes movement

The sprinter cannot move the

Reaction force from ground =


Commercialisation - Typical

question Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen

as a form of entertainment.

Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the

‘commercialisation’ of sport has been beneficial for

performers and the sport. (7 marks)


Commercialisation

Idea of sporting events being used to

make money

Sport gains income from:

/ / /

Income used to pay players –

Commercialism increases in last


• Sport seen as a

• Where the becomes the

driving force in sport

• The sale of - the major

source of sports funding

• Broadcasting rights for Premier

League now worth

Commercialisation


Media and sport

Sport – – to report/show

More readers/viewers – more ,

more , more

Need to make information provided

interesting –


Role of sport to media

to suit demands of media

Share of entertainment market –

Increased interest –

from TV rights

and income


Television and advertising

TV cameras –

Pre-game /during game advertising

Advertising

Sponsors name /logo

Sponsor:


Sport Has Changed For TV

One day and 20:20

Penalty

Timings – starts/kick-off to suit TV

Use of in tennis/cricket

3rd umpire in /TMO in

Camera


TV has what we can watch and when and how we watch

Also brings sports we might never normally watch - ,

Become converted to

Reduces

TV changes sport


Changing the characteristics

of sport

Changing the format of play –

Changing the competition structure –

Changing the rules to simplify them –

Changing the rules to make game ‘flow’ –


Professional performer - a commercial

object?

Signs contract –

Can be

Brings in money through

Exploit image for company goals –

Financial rewards


Olympic ideals

Not

Striving to win -

Taking part more important than

– for the love of sport


Olympism

Competing with spirit of

Symbols:

Olympic

Olympic

Virtually gone due to

needed to compete

IOC accept professional performers –


Kreb’s cycle - Typical question

At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won

the silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre

marathon event, in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and

53.1 seconds.

Explain how the majority of energy used during the

race would be provided. (7

marks)


27

Kreb’s cycle

Carbohydrates - -

broken down in series of reactions to

Called

Some energy released for

Fats (fatty acids) prepared through

ready for in


28

Kreb’s cycle

Pyruvate converted into

Enters

Hydrogen removed leaving

Some

Hydrogen to

Oxidised to

Releases large amounts of energy for


Aggression - Typical question

Trait theories may be used to explain several

psychological constructs.

(a)Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of

aggressive behaviour occurring among competitors.

How may trait theory be used to explain aggression

in sport?

(2 marks)

(b)Use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to explain

why this may happen.

(2 marks)

(c)Explain why incidents of aggression occur only

occasionally in team games. (2

marks)


30

Aggression “Any form of behaviour directed

toward the goal of harming or

injuring another living being who is

motivated to avoid such treatment”

Aggression is:


31

Forms of Aggression

Instrumental –aggression used to increase chances of

Hostile - aggression with injury as

Constructive use of force in sport =

Channelled aggression – diverting aggressive feelings into


32

Instinct theory

Aggression

Builds up – needs to be

Displaced into sport rather than

Release =

Theory suggests most aggression is , but some is

as a means of control


33

Frustration-aggression

hypothesis Frustration leads to

Aggression comes from

In sport, prevents attainment of - leads to frustration, especially if

Aggression released – – but not always

But, not all leads to


34

Aggressive-cue theory

Not all frustration leads to aggression

Only occurs if certain present

Such as:

Coach aggression

of behaviours

Certain or

Previous

Depends on


35

Social learning theory

to be aggressive

of others

leads to

prevents


36

Strategies to reduce

aggression

Strategies both for player and coach


Elite Athlete Support - Typical

question To maximise the chances of winning medals at major

championships, such as the Olympic Games,

performers need the support of many organisations.

Outline and explain the structure of the World Class

Performance Pathway. (3 marks)

Explain the support structures for elite performers

provided by the National institutes of excellence,

such as the English Institute of Sport. (4

marks)


Role of National Governing

Bodies

Develop

structure

Manage development strategies –

,

, etc

Develop structure

Manage

Enforce

of sport


Whole Sports Plans

WSP – plan for all – grass roots to elite

WSP directs Sport England funding

Identifies

Links with partners –

‘Measures’


UK Sport

Aims:

Development of

Attracting and running major

sporting events in UK

prevention and testing

Funded by

and


UK Sport

Full responsibility for all and

performance-related support

Runs programme,

All funding and support integrated


World Class Performance

Pathway Three levels:

World Class Podium –

World Class Development – potential

World Class Talent – identify and

develop potential


Funding Of Elite Performers

1. Lottery grants via

2. – group and personal

3.

4.

Many/majority do not receive

or money


English Institute of Sport –

‘making the best better’

One of

Support – ,

medicine, physiology, diet and

nutrition advice, mechanics,

fitness testing and

conditioning, information

Athlete Career Education


Projectile motion – Typical

question The flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic.

Explain the term parabolic and the main factors that

limit the distance that a golf ball will travel in flight.

(4 marks)


46

Projectile motion

•Flightpath =


47

Components

Motion of projectile has components

component

component


48

Projectile motion

Vertical motion affected by gravity –

Horizontal motion is affected by

friction –


49

Variations in vertical and

horizontal components

This causes the observed parabolic flight

and affects the motion components as

follows:


50

Projectile motion

Factors affecting distance travelled:

•

•

•


Typical question – PNF

stretching As part of their preparation elite athletes may try to

improve their performance through Proprioceptive

Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training.

What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain

how PNF training works? (4

marks)


52

Proprioceptive neuromuscular

facilitation

Means of improving

Requires a partner

Works by disengaging –

allows greater range of movement

– contract-relax, antagonist-

contract


53

Proprioceptive neuromuscular

facilitation

Joint stretched

Isometric contraction

of

– held for

– cancels

Increased

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