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Section 3.5: Energy transfers in and between organisms 3.5.1 Photosynthesis 3.5.2 Respiration 3.5.3 Energy and ecosystems 3.5.4 Nutrient cycles A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5-8 Section 3.7: Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems 3.7.1 Inheritance 3.7.2 Populations 3.7.3 Evolution may lead to speciation 3.7.4 Populations in ecosystems Section 3.6 Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments 3.6.1 Stimuli, both internal and external, are detected and lead to a response 3.6.1.1 Survival and response 3.6.1.2 Receptors 3.6.1.3 Control of heart rate 3.6.2 Nervous co-ordination 3.6.2.1 Nerve impulses 3.6.2.2 Synaptic transmission 3.6.3 Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors 3.6.4 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment 3.6.4.1 Principles of homeostasis 3.6.4.2 Control of blood glucose concentration 3.6.4.3 Control of blood water potential Section 3.8 The control of gene expression 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number of features 3.8.2.1 Most of a cell’s DNA is not translated 3.8.2.2 Regulation of transcription and translation 3.8.2.3 Gene expression and cancer 3.8.3 Using genome projects 3.8.4 Gene technologies allow the study and alteration of gene function allowing a better understanding of organism function and the design of new industrial and medical processes 3.8.4.1 Recombinant DNA technology 3.8.4.2 Differences in DNA between individuals of the same species can be exploited for identification and diagnosis of heritable conditions 3.8.4.3 Genetic fingerprinting

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Page 1: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Section3.5:Energytransfersinandbetweenorganisms3.5.1Photosynthesis3.5.2Respiration3.5.3Energyandecosystems3.5.4Nutrientcycles

A2LevelPaper2and3- Topics5-8Section3.7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems3.7.1Inheritance3.7.2Populations3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation3.7.4Populationsinecosystems

Section3.6Organismsrespondtochangesintheirinternalandexternalenvironments3.6.1Stimuli,bothinternalandexternal,aredetectedandleadtoaresponse3.6.1.1Survivalandresponse3.6.1.2Receptors3.6.1.3Controlofheartrate3.6.2Nervousco-ordination3.6.2.1Nerveimpulses3.6.2.2Synaptictransmission3.6.3Skeletalmusclesarestimulatedtocontractbynervesandactaseffectors3.6.4Homeostasisisthemaintenanceofastableinternalenvironment3.6.4.1Principlesofhomeostasis3.6.4.2Controlofbloodglucose concentration3.6.4.3Controlofbloodwaterpotential

Section3.8Thecontrolofgeneexpression3.8.1AlterationofthesequenceofbasesinDNAcanalterthestructureofproteins3.8.2Geneexpressioniscontrolledbyanumberoffeatures3.8.2.1Mostofacell’sDNAisnottranslated3.8.2.2Regulationoftranscriptionandtranslation3.8.2.3Geneexpressionandcancer3.8.3Usinggenomeprojects3.8.4Genetechnologiesallowthestudyandalterationofgenefunctionallowingabetterunderstandingoforganismfunctionandthedesignofnewindustrialandmedicalprocesses3.8.4.1RecombinantDNAtechnology3.8.4.2DifferencesinDNAbetweenindividualsofthesamespeciescanbeexploitedforidentificationanddiagnosisofheritableconditions3.8.4.3Geneticfingerprinting

Page 2: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Whatismeantbythetermgenotypeandphenotype?

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.1Inheritance(p418)

Whataredominant,recessiveandcodominantalleles?

Whataremultiplealleles?

ParentsPhenotype:

ParentsGenotype:

Gametes:

Offspring1(F1)genotypes:PunnetSquare

OffspringGenotype:OffspringPhenotype:

ParentsPhenotype:

ParentsGenotype:

Gametes:

Offspring2(F2)genotypes:PunnetSquare

OffspringGenotype:OffspringPhenotype:

Whatismonohybridinheritance?

GivedetailsofanexamplecrossandF1intercross.Useadominanthomozygousindividualcrossedwitharecessivehomozygousindividual.

Page 3: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.1Inheritance(p424)

Explaindihybridinheritance:

Eg.PeasheightofplantT=tall,t=dwarfandflowercolour R=purple,r=whiteParentsPhenotype:ParentsGenotype:

Gametes:Offspring1(F1)genotypes:PunnettSquare:

OffspringGenotype:OffspringPhenotype:ParentsPhenotype:ParentsGenotype:

Gametes:Offspring2(F2)genotypes:PunnettSquare:

OffspringGenotype:OffspringPhenotype:

Malegametes

Femalegametes

Howissexdeterminedgenetically?

Whatissexlinkage?

Showageneticcrossofamalewithouthaemophiliaandafemalethatisacarrierofhaemophilia.

Howarepedigreediagramsuseful?

Page 4: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.1Inheritance(p424)

Howdoesco-dominanceaffecttheinheritanceofcharacteristics?

Howdoesmultipleallelesaffectinheritance?

Howarebloodgroupsinheritedinhumans?

PossibleGenotypes

Phenotype

Group A

GroupA

GroupAB

GroupB

GroupB

GroupO

Whatisautosomallinkageandhowdoesitaffectthecombinationofallelesingametes?

Page 5: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.1Inheritance(p424)

Whatismeantbyepistasis? Whataretheeffectsofepistasis?

Explainwhyresultsofgeneticcrossesoftendifferfrompredictedresults:

Whatisthechi-squaredtestandhowwouldyouuseitingenetics?

Page 6: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Whatismeantbythetermsgenepoolandallelicfrequency?

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.2Populations(p448)

DefinetheHardy-Weinbergprinciple.

WhataretheassumptionsoftheHardy-Weinbergprinciple?

CanyouusetheHardy-Weinbergprincipletocalculateallele,genotypeandphenotypefrequencies?

1)If81%ofapopulationishomozygousrecessive foragiventrait.Calculate

FrequencyofhomozygousdominantFrequencyofheterozygotesFrequencyofdominantandrecessivealleles

2)If51%ofthepopulationcarriesatleastonecopyoftherecessivealleleWhatisthepredictedfrequencyofthepopulationexpressingthedominantphenotype?

3)Thealleleyoccurswithafrequencyof0.8inapopulationofclams.GivethefrequencyofgenotypesYY,Yy,andyy.Showyourwork!

Page 7: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Canyoudescribevariationduetogeneticfactors?

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems– 3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation(p451)

Canyoudescribevariationduetoenvironmentalinfluences?

Defineagenepool

Canyouexplaintheroleofoverproductionofoffspringinnaturalselection:

Canyouexplaintheroleofvariationinnaturalselection:

Whatisselection?

Howdoesreproductivesuccessaffectallelefrequencywithinagenepool?

Whatenvironmentalfactorsexertselectionpressure?

Whyisgeneticdriftonlyimportantinsmallpopulations?

Page 8: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation(p456)

Canyoudescribestabilising selection? Canyoudescribedirectionalselection?

Canyoudescribedisruptiveselection? Explainhowselectionhasoccurredinthepepperedmoth:

Page 9: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Howdoesselectionaffectallelicfrequencies?

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation(p460)

Howarenewspeciesformed?

Howdopopulationsbecomegeographicallyisolated?

Describeallopatricspeciation:

Whatisaspecies?

Describesympatricspeciation:

Page 10: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Definetheterms:Environment:

Biotic:

Abiotic:

Biosphere:

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p466)

Whatismeantbyanecosystem?

Definetheterms:Population:

Community:

Habitat:

Whatismeantbyanecologicalniche?

Howmightweplotagrowthcurve?Includedetailsofwhenandwhyitmightbenecessarytousealogarithmicscale.

Canyouexplainthestagesofapopulationgrowthcurve?

Explainwhatanabioticfactorisandgivesomeexamples.Explainhoweachwouldinfluencepopulationsize.

Page 11: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Whatismeantbyintraspecificcompetition?

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p474)

Whatismeantbyinterspecificcompetition?

Whatfactorsdodifferentspeciescompetefor?

Howdoesinterspecificcompetitioninfluencepopulationsize?

Whatispredation? Howdoesthepredator-preyrelationshipaffectthepopulationsizeofthepredatorandprey?

Page 12: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p472)

Howdoyoucalculatepopulationgrowth?

Howdoyoucalculatepercentagepopulationgrowth(inagivenperiod)?

Whatarethetwotypesofmigrationandhowdotheyaffectthepopulation?

Whatdoagepopulationpyramidsshowyou?

Whatarethethreetypicaltypesofpopulation?Explainwhattheirbirthanddeathratesare.

Whatisthedemographictransition?

Explaineachofthefourstages:

Page 13: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p481)

Whatfactorsneedtobeconsideredwhenusingaquadrat?

Canyouexplainhowatransectisusedtoobtainquantitativedataaboutchangesincommunitiesalongaline.

Describehowtheabundanceofdifferentspeciesismeasured:

Howisthemark-release-recapturemethodusedtomeasuretheabundanceofmotilespecies?

Whatassumptionsdoesthistechniquerelyon?

Explainwhatismeantbythetermrandomsampling,andhowyouwouldensurethatasampleistrulyrandom:

Explainhowyouwouldinvestigatetheeffectofanamedenvironmentalfactoronthedistributionofagivenspecies:

Page 14: A2 Level Paper 2 and 3 - Topics 5 -8 - StudyWise · 3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins 3.8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number

Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p484)

Describechangesthatoccurinthevarietyofspeciesthatoccupyanareaovertime:

Whatismeantbythetermsuccession?

Whatismeantbythetermclimaxcommunity?

Describethedifferencebetweenprimaryandsecondarysuccession:

Whatismeantbyconservation?

Explainhowmanagingsuccessioncanhelptoconservehabitats:


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