a2 level paper 2 and 3 - topics 5 -8 - studywise · 3.8.1 alteration of the sequence of bases in...
TRANSCRIPT
Section3.5:Energytransfersinandbetweenorganisms3.5.1Photosynthesis3.5.2Respiration3.5.3Energyandecosystems3.5.4Nutrientcycles
A2LevelPaper2and3- Topics5-8Section3.7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems3.7.1Inheritance3.7.2Populations3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation3.7.4Populationsinecosystems
Section3.6Organismsrespondtochangesintheirinternalandexternalenvironments3.6.1Stimuli,bothinternalandexternal,aredetectedandleadtoaresponse3.6.1.1Survivalandresponse3.6.1.2Receptors3.6.1.3Controlofheartrate3.6.2Nervousco-ordination3.6.2.1Nerveimpulses3.6.2.2Synaptictransmission3.6.3Skeletalmusclesarestimulatedtocontractbynervesandactaseffectors3.6.4Homeostasisisthemaintenanceofastableinternalenvironment3.6.4.1Principlesofhomeostasis3.6.4.2Controlofbloodglucose concentration3.6.4.3Controlofbloodwaterpotential
Section3.8Thecontrolofgeneexpression3.8.1AlterationofthesequenceofbasesinDNAcanalterthestructureofproteins3.8.2Geneexpressioniscontrolledbyanumberoffeatures3.8.2.1Mostofacell’sDNAisnottranslated3.8.2.2Regulationoftranscriptionandtranslation3.8.2.3Geneexpressionandcancer3.8.3Usinggenomeprojects3.8.4Genetechnologiesallowthestudyandalterationofgenefunctionallowingabetterunderstandingoforganismfunctionandthedesignofnewindustrialandmedicalprocesses3.8.4.1RecombinantDNAtechnology3.8.4.2DifferencesinDNAbetweenindividualsofthesamespeciescanbeexploitedforidentificationanddiagnosisofheritableconditions3.8.4.3Geneticfingerprinting
Whatismeantbythetermgenotypeandphenotype?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.1Inheritance(p418)
Whataredominant,recessiveandcodominantalleles?
Whataremultiplealleles?
ParentsPhenotype:
ParentsGenotype:
Gametes:
Offspring1(F1)genotypes:PunnetSquare
OffspringGenotype:OffspringPhenotype:
ParentsPhenotype:
ParentsGenotype:
Gametes:
Offspring2(F2)genotypes:PunnetSquare
OffspringGenotype:OffspringPhenotype:
Whatismonohybridinheritance?
GivedetailsofanexamplecrossandF1intercross.Useadominanthomozygousindividualcrossedwitharecessivehomozygousindividual.
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.1Inheritance(p424)
Explaindihybridinheritance:
Eg.PeasheightofplantT=tall,t=dwarfandflowercolour R=purple,r=whiteParentsPhenotype:ParentsGenotype:
Gametes:Offspring1(F1)genotypes:PunnettSquare:
OffspringGenotype:OffspringPhenotype:ParentsPhenotype:ParentsGenotype:
Gametes:Offspring2(F2)genotypes:PunnettSquare:
OffspringGenotype:OffspringPhenotype:
Malegametes
Femalegametes
Howissexdeterminedgenetically?
Whatissexlinkage?
Showageneticcrossofamalewithouthaemophiliaandafemalethatisacarrierofhaemophilia.
Howarepedigreediagramsuseful?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.1Inheritance(p424)
Howdoesco-dominanceaffecttheinheritanceofcharacteristics?
Howdoesmultipleallelesaffectinheritance?
Howarebloodgroupsinheritedinhumans?
PossibleGenotypes
Phenotype
Group A
GroupA
GroupAB
GroupB
GroupB
GroupO
Whatisautosomallinkageandhowdoesitaffectthecombinationofallelesingametes?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.1Inheritance(p424)
Whatismeantbyepistasis? Whataretheeffectsofepistasis?
Explainwhyresultsofgeneticcrossesoftendifferfrompredictedresults:
Whatisthechi-squaredtestandhowwouldyouuseitingenetics?
Whatismeantbythetermsgenepoolandallelicfrequency?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.2Populations(p448)
DefinetheHardy-Weinbergprinciple.
WhataretheassumptionsoftheHardy-Weinbergprinciple?
CanyouusetheHardy-Weinbergprincipletocalculateallele,genotypeandphenotypefrequencies?
1)If81%ofapopulationishomozygousrecessive foragiventrait.Calculate
FrequencyofhomozygousdominantFrequencyofheterozygotesFrequencyofdominantandrecessivealleles
2)If51%ofthepopulationcarriesatleastonecopyoftherecessivealleleWhatisthepredictedfrequencyofthepopulationexpressingthedominantphenotype?
3)Thealleleyoccurswithafrequencyof0.8inapopulationofclams.GivethefrequencyofgenotypesYY,Yy,andyy.Showyourwork!
Canyoudescribevariationduetogeneticfactors?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems– 3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation(p451)
Canyoudescribevariationduetoenvironmentalinfluences?
Defineagenepool
Canyouexplaintheroleofoverproductionofoffspringinnaturalselection:
Canyouexplaintheroleofvariationinnaturalselection:
Whatisselection?
Howdoesreproductivesuccessaffectallelefrequencywithinagenepool?
Whatenvironmentalfactorsexertselectionpressure?
Whyisgeneticdriftonlyimportantinsmallpopulations?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation(p456)
Canyoudescribestabilising selection? Canyoudescribedirectionalselection?
Canyoudescribedisruptiveselection? Explainhowselectionhasoccurredinthepepperedmoth:
Howdoesselectionaffectallelicfrequencies?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation(p460)
Howarenewspeciesformed?
Howdopopulationsbecomegeographicallyisolated?
Describeallopatricspeciation:
Whatisaspecies?
Describesympatricspeciation:
Definetheterms:Environment:
Biotic:
Abiotic:
Biosphere:
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p466)
Whatismeantbyanecosystem?
Definetheterms:Population:
Community:
Habitat:
Whatismeantbyanecologicalniche?
Howmightweplotagrowthcurve?Includedetailsofwhenandwhyitmightbenecessarytousealogarithmicscale.
Canyouexplainthestagesofapopulationgrowthcurve?
Explainwhatanabioticfactorisandgivesomeexamples.Explainhoweachwouldinfluencepopulationsize.
Whatismeantbyintraspecificcompetition?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p474)
Whatismeantbyinterspecificcompetition?
Whatfactorsdodifferentspeciescompetefor?
Howdoesinterspecificcompetitioninfluencepopulationsize?
Whatispredation? Howdoesthepredator-preyrelationshipaffectthepopulationsizeofthepredatorandprey?
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p472)
Howdoyoucalculatepopulationgrowth?
Howdoyoucalculatepercentagepopulationgrowth(inagivenperiod)?
Whatarethetwotypesofmigrationandhowdotheyaffectthepopulation?
Whatdoagepopulationpyramidsshowyou?
Whatarethethreetypicaltypesofpopulation?Explainwhattheirbirthanddeathratesare.
Whatisthedemographictransition?
Explaineachofthefourstages:
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p481)
Whatfactorsneedtobeconsideredwhenusingaquadrat?
Canyouexplainhowatransectisusedtoobtainquantitativedataaboutchangesincommunitiesalongaline.
Describehowtheabundanceofdifferentspeciesismeasured:
Howisthemark-release-recapturemethodusedtomeasuretheabundanceofmotilespecies?
Whatassumptionsdoesthistechniquerelyon?
Explainwhatismeantbythetermrandomsampling,andhowyouwouldensurethatasampleistrulyrandom:
Explainhowyouwouldinvestigatetheeffectofanamedenvironmentalfactoronthedistributionofagivenspecies:
Topic7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems- 3.7.4Populationsinecosystems(p484)
Describechangesthatoccurinthevarietyofspeciesthatoccupyanareaovertime:
Whatismeantbythetermsuccession?
Whatismeantbythetermclimaxcommunity?
Describethedifferencebetweenprimaryandsecondarysuccession:
Whatismeantbyconservation?
Explainhowmanagingsuccessioncanhelptoconservehabitats: