a01 ghil4348 01 se fm - pearsonhighered.com · 1.12 surveying on the internet 18 ... 2.15...

Thirteenth Edition

CHARLES D. GHILANIThe Pennsylvania State University

PAUL R. WOLFProfessor Emeritus, Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison

Prentice Hall

Elementary Surveying An Introductionto Geomatics

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©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ghilani, Charles D.Elementary surveying : an introduction to geomatics / Charles D. Ghilani,

Paul R. Wolf. — 13th ed.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-0-13-255434-3ISBN-10: 0-13-255434-8

1. Surveying. 2. Geomatics. I. Wolf, Paul R. II. Title.TA545.G395—2012526.9–dc22

2010032525

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-255434-3

ISBN-10: 0-13-255434-8

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PREFACE XVII

What’s New in This Edition? xviiiAcknowledgments xviii

1 • INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Definition of Surveying 11.2 Geomatics 31.3 History of Surveying 41.4 Geodetic and Plane Surveys 91.5 Importance of Surveying 101.6 Specialized Types of Surveys 111.7 Surveying Safety 131.8 Land and Geographic Information Systems 141.9 Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies 15

1.10 The Surveying Profession 161.11 Professional Surveying Organizations 171.12 Surveying on the Internet 181.13 Future Challenges in Surveying 19

Problems 20Bibliography 21

Table of Contents

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2 • UNITS, SIGNIFICANT FIGURES, AND FIELD NOTES 23

PART I UNITS AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 23

2.1 Introduction 232.2 Units of Measurement 232.3 International System of Units (SI) 252.4 Significant Figures 272.5 Rounding Off Numbers 29

PART II FIELD NOTES 30

2.6 Field Notes 302.7 General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes 312.8 Types of Field Books 322.9 Kinds of Notes 33

2.10 Arrangements of Notes 332.11 Suggestions for Recording Notes 352.12 Introduction to Data Collectors 362.13 Transfer of Files from Data Collectors 392.14 Digital Data File Management 412.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collectors 42


3 • THEORY OF ERRORS IN OBSERVATIONS 45

3.1 Introduction 453.2 Direct and Indirect Observations 453.3 Errors in Measurements 463.4 Mistakes 463.5 Sources of Errors in Making Observations 473.6 Types of Errors 473.7 Precision and Accuracy 483.8 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors 493.9 Probability 49

3.10 Most Probable Value 503.11 Residuals 513.12 Occurrence of Random Errors 513.13 General Laws of Probability 553.14 Measures of Precision 553.15 Interpretation of Standard Deviation 583.16 The 50, 90, and 95 Percent Errors 583.17 Error Propagation 603.18 Applications 653.19 Conditional Adjustment of Observations 653.20 Weights of Observations 663.21 Least-Squares Adjustment 67

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3.22 Using Software 68Problems 69Bibliography 71

4 • LEVELING—THEORY, METHODS, AND EQUIPMENT 73

PART I LEVELING—THEORY AND METHODS 73

4.1 Introduction 734.2 Definitions 734.3 North American Vertical Datum 754.4 Curvature and Refraction 764.5 Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation 78

PART II EQUIPMENT FOR DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING 85

4.6 Categories of Levels 854.7 Telescopes 864.8 Level Vials 874.9 Tilting Levels 89

4.10 Automatic Levels 904.11 Digital Levels 914.12 Tripods 934.13 Hand Level 934.14 Level Rods 944.15 Testing and Adjusting Levels 96


5 • LEVELING—FIELD PROCEDURESAND COMPUTATIONS 103

5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Carrying and Setting Up a Level 1035.3 Duties of a Rodperson 1055.4 Differential Leveling 1065.5 Precision 1125.6 Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits 1135.7 Reciprocal Leveling 1145.8 Three-Wire Leveling 1155.9 Profile Leveling 117

5.10 Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling 1215.11 Use of the Hand Level 1225.12 Sources of Error in Leveling 1225.13 Mistakes 1245.14 Reducing Errors and Eliminating Mistakes 1255.15 Using Software 125


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6 • DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 131

PART I METHODS FOR MEASURING DISTANCES 131

6.1 Introduction 1316.2 Summary of Methods for Making Linear Measurements 1316.3 Pacing 1326.4 Odometer Readings 1326.5 Optical Rangefinders 1336.6 Tacheometry 1336.7 Subtense Bar 133

PART II DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS BY TAPING 133

6.8 Introduction to Taping 1336.9 Taping Equipment and Accessories 134

6.10 Care of Taping Equipment 1356.11 Taping on Level Ground 1366.12 Horizontal Measurements on Sloping Ground 1386.13 Slope Measurements 1406.14 Sources of Error in Taping 1416.15 Tape Problems 1456.16 Combined Corrections in a Taping Problem 147

PART III ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 148

6.17 Introduction 1486.18 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy 1496.19 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement 1526.20 Electro-Optical Instruments 1536.21 Total Station Instruments 1566.22 EDM Instruments Without Reflectors 1576.23 Computing Horizontal Lengths from Slope Distances 1586.24 Errors in Electronic Distance Measurement 1606.25 Using Software 165


7 • ANGLES, AZIMUTHS, AND BEARINGS 169

7.1 Introduction 1697.2 Units of Angle Measurement 1697.3 Kinds of Horizontal Angles 1707.4 Direction of a Line 1717.5 Azimuths 1727.6 Bearings 1737.7 Comparison of Azimuths and Bearings 1747.8 Computing Azimuths 1757.9 Computing Bearings 177

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7.10 The Compass and the Earth’s Magnetic Field 1797.11 Magnetic Declination 1807.12 Variations in Magnetic Declination 1817.13 Software for Determining Magnetic Declination 1837.14 Local Attraction 1847.15 Typical Magnetic Declination Problems 1857.16 Mistakes 187


8 • TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS; ANGLE OBSERVATIONS 191

PART I TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS 191

8.1 Introduction 1918.2 Characteristics of Total Station Instruments 1918.3 Functions Performed by Total Station Instruments 1948.4 Parts of a Total Station Instrument 1958.5 Handling and Setting Up a Total Station Instrument 1998.6 Servo-Driven and Remotely Operated Total Station Instruments 201

PART II ANGLE OBSERVATIONS 203

8.7 Relationship of Angles and Distances 2038.8 Observing Horizontal Angles with Total Station Instruments 2048.9 Observing Horizontal Angles by the Direction Method 206

8.10 Closing the Horizon 2078.11 Observing Deflection Angles 2098.12 Observing Azimuths 2118.13 Observing Vertical Angles 2118.14 Sights and Marks 2138.15 Prolonging a Straight Line 2148.16 Balancing-In 2168.17 Random Traverse 2178.18 Total Stations for Determining Elevation Differences 2188.19 Adjustment of Total Station Instruments and Their Accessories 2198.20 Sources of Error in Total Station Work 2228.21 Propagation of Random Errors in Angle Observations 2288.22 Mistakes 228


9 • TRAVERSING 231

9.1 Introduction 2319.2 Observation of Traverse Angles or Directions 2339.3 Observation of Traverse Lengths 234

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9.4 Selection of Traverse Stations 2359.5 Referencing Traverse Stations 2359.6 Traverse Field Notes 2379.7 Angle Misclosure 2389.8 Traversing with Total Station Instruments 2399.9 Radial Traversing 240

9.10 Sources of Error in Traversing 2419.11 Mistakes in Traversing 242

Problems 242

10 • TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS 245

10.1 Introduction 24510.2 Balancing Angles 24610.3 Computation of Preliminary Azimuths or Bearings 24810.4 Departures and Latitudes 24910.5 Departure and Latitude Closure Conditions 25110.6 Traverse Linear Misclosure and Relative Precision 25110.7 Traverse Adjustment 25210.8 Rectangular Coordinates 25510.9 Alternative Methods for Making Traverse Computations 256

10.10 Inversing 26010.11 Computing Final Adjusted Traverse Lengths and Directions 26110.12 Coordinate Computations in Boundary Surveys 26310.13 Use of Open Traverses 26510.14 State Plane Coordinate Systems 26810.15 Traverse Computations Using Computers 26910.16 Locating Blunders in Traverse Observations 26910.17 Mistakes in Traverse Computations 272Problems 272Bibliography 275

11 • COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN SURVEYING CALCULATIONS 277

11.1 Introduction 27711.2 Coordinate Forms of Equations for Lines and Circles 27811.3 Perpendicular Distance from a Point to a Line 28011.4 Intersection of Two Lines, Both Having Known Directions 28211.5 Intersection of a Line with a Circle 28411.6 Intersection of Two Circles 28711.7 Three-Point Resection 28911.8 Two-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation 29211.9 Inaccessible Point Problem 297

11.10 Three-Dimensional Two-Point Resection 29911.11 Software 302Problems 303Bibliography 307

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12 • AREA 309

12.1 Introduction 30912.2 Methods of Measuring Area 30912.3 Area by Division Into Simple Figures 31012.4 Area by Offsets from Straight Lines 31112.5 Area by Coordinates 31312.6 Area by Double-Meridian Distance Method 31712.7 Area of Parcels with Circular Boundaries 32012.8 Partitioning of Lands 32112.9 Area by Measurements from Maps 325

12.10 Software 32712.11 Sources of Error in Determining Areas 32812.12 Mistakes in Determining Areas 328Problems 328Bibliography 330

13 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 331

13.1 Introduction 33113.2 Overview of GPS 33213.3 The GPS Signal 33513.4 Reference Coordinate Systems 33713.5 Fundamentals of Satellite Positioning 34513.6 Errors in Observations 34813.7 Differential Positioning 35613.8 Kinematic Methods 35813.9 Relative Positioning 359

13.10 Other Satellite Navigation Systems 36213.11 The Future 364Problems 365Bibliography 366

14 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—STATIC SURVEYS 367

14.1 Introduction 36714.2 Field Procedures in Satellite Surveys 36914.3 Planning Satellite Surveys 37214.4 Performing Static Surveys 38414.5 Data Processing and Analysis 38614.6 Sources of Errors in Satellite Surveys 39314.7 Mistakes in Satellite Surveys 395


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15 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—KINEMATIC SURVEYS 399

15.1 Introduction 39915.2 Planning of Kinematic Surveys 40015.3 Initialization 40215.4 Equipment Used in Kinematic Surveys 40315.5 Methods Used in Kinematic Surveys 40515.6 Performing Post-Processed Kinematic Surveys 40815.7 Communication in Real-Time Kinematic Surveys 41115.8 Real-Time Networks 41215.9 Performing Real-Time Kinematic Surveys 413

15.10 Machine Control 41415.11 Errors in Kinematic Surveys 41815.12 Mistakes in Kinematic Surveys 418Problems 418Bibliography 419

16 • ADJUSTMENTS BY LEAST SQUARES 421

16.1 Introduction 42116.2 Fundamental Condition of Least Squares 42316.3 Least-Squares Adjustment by the Observation Equation Method 42416.4 Matrix Methods in Least-Squares Adjustment 42816.5 Matrix Equations for Precisions of Adjusted Quantities 43016.6 Least-Squares Adjustment of Leveling Circuits 43216.7 Propagation of Errors 43616.8 Least-Squares Adjustment of GNSS Baseline Vectors 43716.9 Least-Squares Adjustment of Conventional Horizontal Plane Surveys 443

16.10 The Error Ellipse 45216.11 Adjustment Procedures 45716.12 Other Measures of Precision for Horizontal Stations 45816.13 Software 46016.14 Conclusions 460Problems 461Bibliography 466

17 • MAPPING SURVEYS 467

17.1 Introduction 46717.2 Basic Methods for Performing Mapping Surveys 46817.3 Map Scale 46817.4 Control for Mapping Surveys 47017.5 Contours 47117.6 Characteristics of Contours 47417.7 Direct and Indirect Methods of Locating Contours 47417.8 Digital Elevation Models and Automated Contouring Systems 47717.9 Basic Field Methods for Locating Topographic Details 479

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17.10 Three-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation 48817.11 Selection of Field Method 48917.12 Working with Data Collectors and Field-to-Finish Software 49017.13 Hydrographic Surveys 49317.14 Sources of Error in Mapping Surveys 49717.15 Mistakes in Mapping Surveys 498Problems 498Bibliography 500

18 • MAPPING 503

18.1 Introduction 50318.2 Availability of Maps and Related Information 50418.3 National Mapping Program 50518.4 Accuracy Standards for Mapping 50518.5 Manual and Computer-Aided Drafting Procedures 50718.6 Map Design 50818.7 Map Layout 51018.8 Basic Map Plotting Procedures 51218.9 Contour Interval 514

18.10 Plotting Contours 51418.11 Lettering 51518.12 Cartographic Map Elements 51618.13 Drafting Materials 51918.14 Automated Mapping and Computer-Aided Drafting Systems 51918.15 Impacts of Modern Land and Geographic Information Systems

on Mapping 52518.16 Sources of Error in Mapping 52618.17 Mistakes in Mapping 526Problems 526Bibliography 528

19 • CONTROL SURVEYS AND GEODETIC REDUCTIONS 529

19.1 Introduction 52919.2 The Ellipsoid and Geoid 53019.3 The Conventional Terrestrial Pole 53219.4 Geodetic Position and Ellipsoidal Radii of Curvature 53419.5 Geoid Undulation and Deflection of the Vertical 53619.6 U.S. Reference Frames 53819.7 Accuracy Standards and Specifications for Control Surveys 54719.8 The National Spatial Reference System 55019.9 Hierarchy of the National Horizontal Control Network 550

19.10 Hierarchy of the National Vertical Control Network 55119.11 Control Point Descriptions 55119.12 Field Procedures for Traditional Horizontal Control Surveys 55419.13 Field Procedures for Vertical Control Surveys 55919.14 Reduction of Field Observations to Their Geodetic Values 564

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19.15 Geodetic Position Computations 57719.16 The Local Geodetic Coordinate System 58019.17 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Computations 58119.18 Software 584Problems 584Bibliography 587

20 • STATE PLANE COORDINATES AND OTHER MAP PROJECTIONS 589

20.1 Introduction 58920.2 Projections Used in State Plane Coordinate Systems 59020.3 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection 59320.4 Transverse Mercator Projection 59420.5 State Plane Coordinates in NAD27 and NAD83 59520.6 Computing SPCS83 Coordinates in the Lambert Conformal

Conic System 59620.7 Computing SPCS83 Coordinates in the Transverse Mercator System 60120.8 Reduction of Distances and Angles to State Plane Coordinate Grids 60820.9 Computing State Plane Coordinates of Traverse Stations 617

20.10 Surveys Extending from One Zone to Another 62020.11 Conversions Between SPCS27 and SPCS83 62120.12 The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection 62220.13 Other Map Projections 62320.14 Map Projection Software 627Problems 628Bibliography 631

21 • BOUNDARY SURVEYS 633

21.1 Introduction 63321.2 Categories of Land Surveys 63421.3 Historical Perspectives 63521.4 Property Description by Metes and Bounds 63621.5 Property Description by Block-and-Lot System 63921.6 Property Description by Coordinates 64121.7 Retracement Surveys 64121.8 Subdivision Surveys 64421.9 Partitioning Land 646

21.10 Registration of Title 64721.11 Adverse Possession and Easements 64821.12 Condominium Surveys 64821.13 Geographic and Land Information Systems 65521.14 Sources of Error in Boundary Surveys 65521.15 Mistakes 655Problems 656Bibliography 658

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22 • SURVEYS OF THE PUBLIC LANDS 659

22.1 Introduction 65922.2 Instructions for Surveys of the Public Lands 66022.3 Initial Point 66322.4 Principal Meridian 66422.5 Baseline 66522.6 Standard Parallels (Correction Lines) 66622.7 Guide Meridians 66622.8 Township Exteriors, Meridional (Range) Lines, and Latitudinal (Township)

Lines 66722.9 Designation of Townships 668

22.10 Subdivision of a Quadrangle into Townships 66822.11 Subdivision of a Township into Sections 67022.12 Subdivision of Sections 67122.13 Fractional Sections 67222.14 Notes 67222.15 Outline of Subdivision Steps 67222.16 Marking Corners 67422.17 Witness Corners 67422.18 Meander Corners 67522.19 Lost and Obliterated Corners 67522.20 Accuracy of Public Lands Surveys 67822.21 Descriptions by Township Section and Smaller Subdivision 67822.22 BLM Land Information System 67922.23 Sources of Error 68022.24 Mistakes 680Problems 681Bibliography 683

23 • CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS 685

23.1 Introduction 68523.2 Specialized Equipment for Construction Surveys 68623.3 Horizontal and Vertical Control 68923.4 Staking Out a Pipeline 69123.5 Staking Pipeline Grades 69223.6 Staking Out a Building 69423.7 Staking Out Highways 69823.8 Other Construction Surveys 70323.9 Construction Surveys Using Total Station Instruments 704

23.10 Construction Surveys Using GNSS Equipment 70623.11 Machine Guidance and Control 70923.12 As-Built Surveys with Laser Scanning 71023.13 Sources of Error in Construction Surveys 71123.14 Mistakes 712Problems 712Bibliography 714

TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii

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24 • HORIZONTAL CURVES 715

24.1 Introduction 71524.2 Degree of Circular Curve 71624.3 Definitions and Derivation of Circular Curve Formulas 71824.4 Circular Curve Stationing 72024.5 General Procedure of Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles 72124.6 Computing Deflection Angles and Chords 72324.7 Notes for Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and

Incremental Chords 72524.8 Detailed Procedures for Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles

and Incremental Chords 72624.9 Setups on Curve 727

24.10 Metric Circular Curves by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords 728

24.11 Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Total Chords 73024.12 Computation of Coordinates on a Circular Curve 73124.13 Circular Curve Layout by Coordinates 73324.14 Curve Stakeout Using GNSS Receivers and Robotic

Total Stations 73824.15 Circular Curve Layout by Offsets 73924.16 Special Circular Curve Problems 74224.17 Compound and Reverse Curves 74324.18 Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves 74324.19 Spirals 74424.20 Computation of “As-Built” Circular Alignments 74924.21 Sources of Error in Laying Out Circular Curves 75224.22 Mistakes 752Problems 753Bibliography 755

25• VERTICAL CURVES 757

25.1 Introduction 75725.2 General Equation of a Vertical Parabolic Curve 75825.3 Equation of an Equal Tangent Vertical Parabolic Curve 75925.4 High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve 76125.5 Vertical Curve Computations Using the Tangent Offset Equation 76125.6 Equal Tangent Property of a Parabola 76525.7 Curve Computations by Proportion 76625.8 Staking a Vertical Parabolic Curve 76625.9 Machine Control in Grading Operations 767

25.10 Computations for an Unequal Tangent Vertical Curve 76725.11 Designing a Curve to Pass Through a Fixed Point 77025.12 Sight Distance 77125.13 Sources of Error in Laying Out Vertical Curves 77325.14 Mistakes 774Problems 774Bibliography 776

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26 • VOLUMES 777

26.1 Introduction 77726.2 Methods of Volume Measurement 77726.3 The Cross-Section Method 77826.4 Types of Cross Sections 77926.5 Average-End-Area Formula 78026.6 Determining End Areas 78126.7 Computing Slope Intercepts 78426.8 Prismoidal Formula 78626.9 Volume Computations 788

26.10 Unit-Area, or Borrow-Pit, Method 79026.11 Contour-Area Method 79126.12 Measuring Volumes of Water Discharge 79326.13 Software 79426.14 Sources of Error in Determining Volumes 79526.15 Mistakes 795Problems 795Bibliography 798

27 • PHOTOGRAMMETRY 799

27.1 Introduction 79927.2 Uses of Photogrammetry 80027.3 Aerial Cameras 80127.4 Types of Aerial Photographs 80327.5 Vertical Aerial Photographs 80427.6 Scale of a Vertical Photograph 80627.7 Ground Coordinates from a Single

Vertical Photograph 81027.8 Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph 81127.9 Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph 813

27.10 Stereoscopic Parallax 81427.11 Stereoscopic Viewing 81727.12 Stereoscopic Measurement of Parallax 81927.13 Analytical Photogrammetry 82027.14 Stereoscopic Plotting Instruments 82127.15 Orthophotos 82627.16 Ground Control for Photogrammetry 82727.17 Flight Planning 82827.18 Airborne Laser-Mapping Systems 83027.19 Remote Sensing 83127.20 Software 83727.21 Sources of Error in Photogrammetry 83827.22 Mistakes 838Problems 839Bibliography 842

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28 • INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 843

28.1 Introduction 84328.2 Land Information Systems 84628.3 GIS Data Sources and Classifications 84628.4 Spatial Data 84628.5 Nonspatial Data 85228.6 Data Format Conversions 85328.7 Creating GIS Databases 85628.8 Metadata 86228.9 GIS Analytical Functions 862

28.10 GIS Applications 86728.11 Data Sources 867Problems 869Bibliography 871

APPENDIX A • DUMPY LEVELS, TRANSITS, ANDTHEODOLITES 873

APPENDIX B • EXAMPLE NOTEFORMS 888

APPENDIX C • ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS 895

APPENDIX D • USING THE WORKSHEETS FROM THE COMPANION WEBSITE 911

APPENDIX E • INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES 917

APPENDIX F • U.S. STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM DEFINING PARAMETERS 923

APPENDIX G • ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 927

INDEX 933

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This 13th Edition of Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics is areadable text that presents basic concepts and practical material in each of theareas fundamental to modern surveying (geomatics) practice. It is writtenprimarily for students beginning their study of surveying (geomatics) at thecollege level. Although the book is elementary, its depth and breadth alsomake it ideal for self-study and preparation for licensing examinations. Thisedition includes more than 400 figures and illustrations to help clarify discus-sions, and numerous example problems are worked to illustrate computationalprocedures.

In keeping with the goal of providing an up-to-date presentation of survey-ing equipment and procedures, total stations are stressed as the instruments formaking angle and distance observations. Additionally, mobile mapping has beenintroduced in this edition.Transits and theodolites, which are not used in practice,are just briefly introduced in the main body of the text. Similarly, automatic levelsare now the dominant instruments for elevation determination, and accordinglytheir use is stressed. Dumpy levels, which are seldom used nowadays, are onlybriefly mentioned in the main text. For those who still use these instruments, theyare covered in more detail in Appendix A of this book. However, this will be thelast edition that contains this appendix.

As with past editions, this book continues to emphasize the theory of errorsin surveying work. At the end of each chapter, common errors and mistakes re-lated to the topic covered are listed so that students will be reminded to exercisecaution in all of their work. Practical suggestions resulting from the authors’many years of experience are interjected throughout the text. Many of the 1000after-chapter problems have been rewritten so that instructors can createnew assignments for their students. An Instructor’s Manual is available on thecompanion website at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/ghilani for this bookto instructors who adopt the book by contacting their Prentice Hall sales

Preface

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representative. Also available on this website are short videos presenting thesolution of selected problems in this book.These video solutions are indicated bythe icon shown here in the margin. There is also a complete Pearson eText avail-able for students.

In addition, updated versions of STATS, WOLFPACK, and MATRIX areavailable on the companion website for this book at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/ghilani. These programs contain options for statistical computations, traversecomputations for polygon, link, and radial traverses; area calculations; astronom-ical azimuth reduction; two-dimensional coordinate transformations; horizon-tal and vertical curve computations; and least-squares adjustments. Mathcad®

worksheets and Excel® spreadsheets are included on the companion website forthis book. These programmed computational sheets demonstrate the solutionto many of the example problems discussed herein. For those desiring additionalknowledge in map projections, the Mercator, Albers Equal Area, Oblique Stere-ographic, and Oblique Mercator map projections have been included with thesefiles. Also included are hypertext markup language (html) files of the Mathcad®

worksheets for use by those who do not own the software.

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION?

• Discussion on the impact of the new L2C and L5 signals in GPS• Discussion on the effects of solar activity in GNSS surveys• Additional method of computing slope intercepts• Introduction to mobile mapping systems• 90% of problems revised• Video Examples

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Past editions of this book, and this current one, have benefited from the sugges-tions, reviews, and other input from numerous students, educators, and practi-tioners. For their help, the authors are extremely grateful. In this edition, thoseprofessors and graduate students who reviewed material or otherwise assistedinclude Robert Schultz, Oregon State University; Steven Frank, New MexicoState University; Jeremy Deal, University of Texas-Arlington; Guoqing Zhou,Old Dominion University; Eric Fuller, St. Cloud State University; Loren J.Gibson, Florida Atlantic University; John J. Rose, Phoenix College; RobertMoynihan, University of New Hampshire; Marlee Walton, Iowa State Univer-sity; Douglas E. Smith, Montana State University; Jean M. Rüeger, The Univer-sity of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Thomas Seybert, The PennsylvaniaState University; and Bon Dewitt, University of Florida. The authors would alsolike to thank the following professionals who have reviewed material and other-wise assisted in the development of this book: Paul Dukas, Professional Surveyorand Mapper, Geomatics Consultant (Chapter 21); Ron Oberlander, TopconPositioning Systems; Charles Harpster, Pennsylvania Department of Transporta-tion; Preston Hartzell, Eastern States Engineering; Eduardo Fernandez-Falcon,Topcon Positioning Systems; and Joseph Gabor and Brian Naberezny.

xviii PREFACE

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In addition, the authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of charts,maps, or other information from the National Geodetic Survey, the U.S. Geo-logical Survey, and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Also appreciation isexpressed to the many instrument manufacturers who provided pictures andother descriptive information on their equipment for use herein. To all of thosenamed above and to any others who may have been inadvertently omitted, theauthors are extremely thankful.

PREFACE xix

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