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Social Studies Research and Practice www.socstrp.org Volume 11 Number 2 96 Summer 2016 A Wordle to the Wise: Using “Word Clouds” Meaningfully in the Classroom Mark Pearcy Rider University Word clouds, created by a variety of web applications, are enticing new tools for some social studies educators. Teachers should be prepared, though, for the possibility that our zeal for a new resource may prevent us from adequately examining its value. This article recounts a class activity involving the creation of a word cloud, the Wordles of major documents from the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, analyzes the lesson’s strengths and weaknesses, and offers guidance for the meaningful use of word cloud applications in the classroom. Key words: Wordle, word cloud, social studies, American history, civil rights movement, pedagogy The U.S. public school system has often been the laboratory for the practical use of new technology (Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008). While the available technology has changed radically in recent decades, teachers may prove naturally reticent to discard strategies and approaches that have worked for them in the past. This is only sensible, but good teachers are always on the lookout for a new approach or new tool, if only to combat the inevitable boredom that may develop by leaning too heavily on the tried-and-true (Salinas, Bellow, & Liaw, 2011; Tally, 2007), There has been tremendous growth in new resources for incorporating text into social studies classes. Text-based applications allowing users to tag (to mark content with specific definitions or for specific purposes), have been in regular use for the last decade, and all routinely produce a visual manifestation of textual content known as a tag cloud. In 2008, Jonathan Feinberg created the web application, Wordle, which has been used by thousands of people to create over 2 million word clouds. Wordles allow students to convert large amounts of text into a glyph. The glyph identifies the most ubiquitous words, enlarges them, and rearranges the text into a word cloud where the most common terms are largest and highlighted (Feinberg, 2010). Here, I consider classroom use of Wordles, in particular one social studies activity, and the potential this tool presents to educators. Since its introduction, the tool has been greeted enthusiastically by many teachers. Some educators emphasize their use as a creative way to create traditional elements of classroom culture, for example, creating word clouds as course banners for online course components, or entire syllabi (Dunlap, 2009; Foote, 2009; Sharma & Barrett, 2009; McNaught & Lam, 2010). Advocates for Wordles claim their use can help students activate prior knowledge about a given subject, share personal biographies and stories for brainstorming, and conduct research (McNaught & Lam, 2010. There is one additional aspect of Wordles bearing mentioning: they are fun. This is an important point. In terms of engagement, any tool to which students may be attracted has potential value. We should consider, however, what role in the classroom might be

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Social Studies Research and Practice

www.socstrp.org

Volume 11 Number 2 96 Summer 2016

A Wordle to the Wise:

Using “Word Clouds” Meaningfully in the Classroom

Mark Pearcy

Rider University

Word clouds, created by a variety of web applications, are enticing new tools for some social

studies educators. Teachers should be prepared, though, for the possibility that our zeal for a

new resource may prevent us from adequately examining its value. This article recounts a class

activity involving the creation of a word cloud, the Wordles of major documents from the U.S.

Civil Rights Movement, analyzes the lesson’s strengths and weaknesses, and offers guidance for

the meaningful use of word cloud applications in the classroom.

Key words: Wordle, word cloud, social studies, American history, civil rights movement,

pedagogy

The U.S. public school system has often been the laboratory for the practical use of new

technology (Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008). While the available technology has changed

radically in recent decades, teachers may prove naturally reticent to discard strategies and

approaches that have worked for them in the past. This is only sensible, but good teachers are

always on the lookout for a new approach or new tool, if only to combat the inevitable boredom

that may develop by leaning too heavily on the tried-and-true (Salinas, Bellow, & Liaw, 2011;

Tally, 2007),

There has been tremendous growth in new resources for incorporating text into social

studies classes. Text-based applications allowing users to tag (to mark content with specific

definitions or for specific purposes), have been in regular use for the last decade, and all

routinely produce a visual manifestation of textual content known as a tag cloud. In 2008,

Jonathan Feinberg created the web application, Wordle, which has been used by thousands of

people to create over 2 million word clouds. Wordles allow students to convert large amounts of

text into a glyph. The glyph identifies the most ubiquitous words, enlarges them, and rearranges

the text into a word cloud where the most common terms are largest and highlighted (Feinberg,

2010). Here, I consider classroom use of Wordles, in particular one social studies activity, and

the potential this tool presents to educators.

Since its introduction, the tool has been greeted enthusiastically by many teachers. Some

educators emphasize their use as a creative way to create traditional elements of classroom

culture, for example, creating word clouds as course banners for online course components, or

entire syllabi (Dunlap, 2009; Foote, 2009; Sharma & Barrett, 2009; McNaught & Lam, 2010).

Advocates for Wordles claim their use can help students activate prior knowledge about a given

subject, share personal biographies and stories for brainstorming, and conduct research

(McNaught & Lam, 2010. There is one additional aspect of Wordles bearing mentioning: they

are fun. This is an important point. In terms of engagement, any tool to which students may be

attracted has potential value. We should consider, however, what role in the classroom might be

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Volume 11 Number 2 97 Summer 2016

served by Wordles. We should also ask what skills, through the implementation of Wordles, we

hope to develop with our students, to what end, and to what degree of success.

It might be easy for teachers to conclude that Wordles are, by their nature, effective.

Many educators take as a given the effectiveness of tools like Wordle. First, it is clear students

like them; and students, generally speaking, work harder and more positively at something they

enjoy (Wiggins, 2014). Technology allows a teacher to help a student interact with the world

within his or her current context; and, given the exponentially increasing presence of the Internet

and online tools in our students’ lives, that context is increasingly technological. From current

research, it is apparent students who earn higher grades are also the ones who more routinely

interact, academically and personally, with technology (Roberts, Foehr, & Rideout, 2005).

Students are able to engage with content and skills in a greater variety of platforms and settings

than ever before. The phrase convenience learning can hardly be considered pejorative, given

current conditions.

Though the degree to which technology can foster critical thinking or problem-solving

skills—which are in decidedly high demand skills in the global marketplace (Owston, 1997;

Barber, 2000; Yergin, 2002; National Council for the Social Studies [NCSS], 2013)—is

debatable, there is considerable enthusiasm in the academic community for the potential of

technology like Wordles. A vital facet of these skills is visual, particularly what is often termed

visual literacy. The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) (2011) describes

visual literacy as “a set of abilities that enables an individual to effectively find, interpret,

evaluate, use, and create images and visual media” (p. 1). The value of this form of literacy is

becoming increasingly apparent. For instance, visualization has been shown to be a significant

predictor of learned knowledge, and was approximately as valuable as prior knowledge in

impacting test scores (Piburn, et al., 2005. The idea of visual literacy is conceptually similar to

historical thinking, a skill promoted by social studies educators for years (Wineburg, 1999). The

ability to find, interpret, evaluate, use, and create visual media is analogous to the capacity to

identify sources, interpret their reliability, judge perspectives, and to create new interpretations,

all elements of historical thinking. It “is a very close relative to active, thoughtful, critical

participation in text and image rich democratic cultures” (VanSledright, 2004, p. 231). Efforts to

build critical thinking, then, can potentially be fostered by a similar commitment to visual

literacy (Shuh, 1999; Woyshner, 2006; Risinger & Heitzmann, 2008; Edler, 2011).

The value of this skill is reflected in the growing desire to promote it across multiple

disciplinary fields. Visual literacy “is ever more insistently appearing with or even instead of

writing” (Kress, 2003, p. 140). The creation of standards reflects this belief. The Association of

College & Research Libraries (ACRL) Visual Literacy Competency Standards (2011), for

example, call for the development of skills “in order to engage capably in a visually-oriented

society,” which empower “individuals to participate fully in a visual culture” (p. 1). Similarly,

the National Council of Teachers of English (NTCE), in their Framework for 21st Century

Curriculum and Assessment (2008) asserts that the current technological era has created a need

for “multiple” literacies, which are “dynamic and malleable” and possess a visual element not

common to traditional definitions of literacy (p.1-2). The Common Core Standards, now in the

process of being implemented across 45 states and the District of Columbia, also call for the

development of student skills to “use media and visual displays strategically to help achieve

communicative purposes” (National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of

Chief State School Officers, 2010, p. 8). The NCSS’ C3 Framework (National Council for the

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Social Studies, 2013) includes elements analogous to visual literacy, especially in asking

students to “make strategic use of ‘media and visual displays’” (p. 64).

One reason the development of this kind of literacy is necessary is because millennial

students, born and raised in a digital age, are not as adept in navigating the digital terrain as we

might have predicted during the rise of the internet (Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008, p. 777). In

a study of college students’ research and study habits, it was found that comparatively few used

modern web applications for collaboration or research “despite their reputation of being avid

computer users” (Head & Eisenberg, 2010, p. 3). Although many teachers’ students of the 21st

century would be practicing digital natives who would possess “sophisticated technical skills”,

there is still a significant population of young people who do not have such skills, often because

of a lack of access to such technology (Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008, pp. 775-779) . The

concept of visual literacy as a given commodity that only needs to be nurtured seems to be

unfounded. It falls to the schools, then, to foster this skill set.

Some of the hurdles are being surmounted. The capacity of schools to meet the

requirements of instructional technology is at a high point as nearly 100% of American schools

have Internet access (Wells & Lewis, 2006, p. 4; National Center for Education Statistics, 2010).

The U.S. Department of Education has made the increased availability of such access (as well as

affordable portable media devices) a major plank of its National Education Technology Plan

(Dalton & Grisham, 2011. Individual school districts are adopting technology-infused curricula

and working to provide the hardware to accommodate the process. An instance includes a

district in Los Angeles, where the district recently announced plans to buy $30 million worth of

iPads for over 600,000 students by the end of 2014 (Dockterman, p.54). This, of course, doesn’t

mean that such plans will prove to be a panacea; the technical issues, professional development

deficiencies, and ethical transgressions related to the Los Angeles school district’s purchase is

evidence of that (Blume, 2015). Many technological changes are occurring in students’ homes,

where their personal access to online technology is growing in exponential fashion as 27% of

children ages 3-18, use tablets, 43% use smartphones, and 52% use laptops (Dockterman, 2013;

Wartella, et al., 2011). While many students still lack the skills that accompany visual literacy,

the infrastructure to achieve it is becoming commonplace.

The development of visualization skills has significant potential impact for social studies

education. In discussing historical thinking, Sam Wineburg (1999) points to the danger of

viewing the past as something “usable,” in which we “contort the past to fit the predetermined

meaning we have already assigned to it” (p. 490). The skill of historical thinking is in contrast to

this tendency, when we view the past through the lens of the present while simultaneously trying

to avoid “a mind-numbing presentism that reads the present onto the past” (p. 493). Thinking

historically means acknowledging the often appalling strangeness of the past, the fact that

historical actors behaved in ways that may strike a contemporary human being as essentially

alien in character (Wineburg). The value of visual literacy is its utility to help students navigate

the oddities, puzzlements, and bewildering nature of many historical topics. Historians often treat

visual images as “illustrations of written history rather than sources of history themselves”

(Pelger-Gordon, 2006, p. 1). Students are drawn to the “immediacy” of historical images. While

Wordles are not historical images in the strictest sense, even a cursory examination of the

manner in which a Wordle can highlight, in visual terms, the issues and beliefs that underlie a

given historical text, indicates that “immediacy” is a trait Wordles might also possess (p. 1).

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Do Wordles Work?

A major question is whether or not tools like Wordle can develop the above skills. There

is no exhaustive research on Wordle, but there is evidence suggesting it has great possibilities.

Developing a breadth and depth of vocabulary “depends on building connections between words

and developing elaborate webs of meaning” (Dalton & Grisham, 2011, p. 308), a concept

strikingly similar to what Wordles do. Such tools represent a “culture of convergence where

consumers are encouraged to seek out new information and make connections among dispersed

media content” (Viegas, Wattenberg, & Feinberg, 2009, p. 2). The authors allude to the

prospective value of Wordle in introducing new topics in the classroom, using it to check for

excessive use of terminology in academic writing, or, as in one teacher’s example, finding

synonyms for such “overused” words (Viegas, Wattenberg, & Feinberg, 2009, p. 5). In this

sense, Wordle is both a visual tool and a text-based tool, giving users the opportunity to create

and manipulate word clouds and allows for the analysis of large written samples (Shortis, 2009).

Other studies support the potential of Wordle as an analytical tool. In a study of Wordle

as a supplementary research tool, it was found to have significant value in “quickly highlighting

main differences and points of interest, thus providing a direction for detailed analyses,” as well

as serving as a validation tool for confirmation of earlier findings (McNaught & Lam, 2010, p.

631). The value of Wordles to introduce literary topics, to help students discover textual

elements, and to encourage students to reflect on their own writing and word choices had not

been noticed previously (Meloni, 2009). Some have used Wordle to compare and contrast

writing styles (Clement, Plaisant, & Vuillemot, 2008). Others describe how using Wordle in the

classroom can help students develop their own reading skills (e.g., predicting, summarizing, and

comparing), as well as their writing skills, especially in prewriting and revising (Hayes, 2008).

Wordle’s utility to help journalism students determine if their article drafts effectively represent

the topic about which they are writing was examined (Verster, 2010). In a similar vein, Allison

Martin (2012) described how Wordles can help legal writers identify the themes in court

documents and in their own briefs. Wordle has been advocated its usefulness in determining the

intent of school improvement and reform efforts (Nori, 2012). One researcher, created word

clouds of a major Australian budget policy address, using a similar application (TagCrowd) and,

in so doing, highlighted this technology’s capacity to aid researchers in determining the

connection between the incumbent government responsible for the speech and “the presence of

relationship marketing keywords” (Dann, 2008, p. 14). These applications for Wordle are drawn

from subject areas other than social studies and history education yet, the skills they draw on and

develop are strikingly similar to historical thinking, and its emphasis on analysis, synthesis, and

critical thinking. An example of this would be implementing Stephen Dann’s (2008) work with

budgetary rhetoric and the use of marketing language which is reminiscent of VanSledright’s

(2004) description of historical thinkers as “skilled at detecting spin, hype, snake-oil pitches,

disguised agendas, veiled partisanship, and weak claims”(p. 232). Even more promising, it

seems Wordles can work at nearly any grade level. In a recent study, Marie Taylor (2012)

explored the use of Wordles to motivate reluctant writing students in third-grade classes,

resulting in increased student engagement and enthusiasm. Word clouds (from Wordle and

similar applications) also have great potential as tools for constructivist pedagogy, especially the

use of “technology as a tool for inquiry” (Doolittle & Hicks, 2003, p. 88).

The aforementioned supports the use of word clouds in the classroom. The difficulty,

though, was in determining how effective they might be in a specific social studies lesson. It was

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unclear if Wordles could facilitate a firm understanding of historical documents, or if they only

serve to engage students more fully in a given inquiry (not an inconsiderable achievement, to be

fair). There was the third possibility that Wordles would have no positive impact on students at

all. In Making Sense of Social Studies with Visualization Tools, the use of such tools was

analyzed and illuminated a limitation of this sort of graphic representation, in that “the frequency

of a word does not necessarily denote its importance in the text” (Berson & Berson, 2009, p.

126). The greater value of Wordles might be in their ability “to transform text into powerful

visuals that promote inquiry skills” (p. 124). One of the most useful features of the Wordle is its

automatic filtering of “common words” (terms such as: and, of, the, and it) which otherwise

would be the most prominent parts of any word cloud. Ideally, the most frequently used words in

a given glyph would stand a greater chance of being fundamental to the meaning of the text.

Much of the research about word clouds is aimed less at how students would use the tool

and more at its potential value to educators or researchers (Harrington, 1993; Maguth, Yamaguchi,

& Elliott, 2010; Salinas, Bellows, & Liaw, 2011; Higdon, Reyerson, & McFadden, 2011). The

value of any tool or content should not be measured only by its latent value, but also by its practical

use in the classroom. Supreme Court justice Potter Stewart once said of obscenity, “I know it

when I see it” (Jacobellis v. Ohio, 1964). That sort of ambiguity is commonplace with regard to

the instructional advantages of technology. What follows below is a description of one lesson, built

around the use of Wordles; a lesson including all the benefits that had been promised by the tool’s

advocates, but several drawbacks that were manifest only in practice.

The Lesson

The potential of Wordles may seem manifest to veteran educators, especially those used

to seeing their students’ levels of engagement rise appreciably when interacting with new

resources, especially technological ones. The use of technology to increase access to historical

knowledge, and to manipulate it in new ways, was the inspiration for the approach described

here, revolving around the U.S. civil rights movement.

On August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his I Have a Dream speech at

the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. Though millions have heard the speech, most high

school students seem to know little about King’s address. The issues of which King spoke—the

fierce debate within the African American community regarding tactics and the issue of

nonviolent protest, the commitment required to enact change, that up until that point seemed

excruciatingly slow— may be unknown to most high school students, given the general focus on

the speech’s most famous line, “I have a dream.” It is unclear, though, if students’ inability to

quote Dr. King’s speech verbatim is a failure in their conception of the purpose and importance

of the speech. The possibility that students may be able to use graphic visualizations (like a

Wordle) to gain insight into social studies documents such as the I Have a Dream speech is at the

heart of the lesson described here.

The objective of the Wordle lesson plan was to expose students to some of the most

important and engaging documents from the civil rights era: President Truman’s 1948 order to

desegregate the U.S. Armed Forces, the two Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court

decisions of 1954 and 1955, Malcolm X’s Black Nationalism and What Does Mississippi Have to

do with Harlem?, speeches, newspaper accounts of the Greensboro sit-ins and James Meredith’s

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attempt to enroll at the University of Mississippi, and Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream

speech.

The lesson’s primary objective—to help students analyze and evaluate major documents

of the civil rights era—was sound, but in retrospect, it seemed as if the lesson’s goals may have

been clouded by enthusiasm for the tool itself. The hope that the essential themes of each

document would become clear through student creation of word clouds was optimistic. At a

minimum, it was expected students would gain a deeper appreciation of the historical places each

of the documents in question occupied in the history of the Civil Rights Era.

At the outset of the activity, 13 documents, all drawn from the Civil Rights Movement,

were posted to a shared class website. Students were told to select any six of the 13 documents.

Their choices were varied; some picked Dr. King’s address first, some avoided it, while others

gravitated to texts connected to events we had addressed more directly in class prior to this

activity—most notably, the account of the killing of Emmett Till from Look magazine in 1956

(Huie, 1956). Students were directed to the Wordle website, and told to create six different word

clouds of these texts. At the same time, students were encouraged to experiment with the more

entertaining features of word clouds. Students, for example, could change the font, orientation,

and general appearance of a glyph.

The lesson was conducted across four American history classes, each with between 20

and 25 students, and all in 11th grade (ages 15-17). This was a single-day activity, though the

classes had been previously briefed about the nature of the lesson to streamline the process.

Upon casual observation in the midst of the lesson, a visitor would have seen what appeared to

be a productive and engaging lesson in progress with students working diligently in pairs with

laptop computers while engaged in a creative and cooperative enterprise to work with vital

documents from America’s past. Like most successful lesson plans, though, this one was largely

dependent on planning. As the class progressed, several flaws in the lesson became apparent,

especially in how Wordles were being used.

First, the lesson’s stated goal was not what engaged most students. An intriguing element

of this lesson was the degree to which students would be able to meaningfully interact with the

documents in question, without a strict reading. Many social studies teachers can relate to

anecdotal accounts of watching students grapple with text too dense, too dry, or too boring. The

documents used in this lesson represented some of the most vital and stirring rhetoric of

American history, about the topic, of racial discrimination. The lesson’s objective was that

students would gain an understanding of the intent and scope of these documents through the

creation of Wordles. But, this objective was not achieved. Students were not reading the

document in question; they were merely copying the text, pasting it into the Wordle generator,

and pressing the create button. What occupied their attention mostly was the design components

Wordle incorporates, which, while engaging, often seem less educational and more “decoration

or entertainment” (Viegas, Wattenberg, & Feinberg, 2009, p. 6). Students spent a great deal of

time changing the font, color, and format of their glyphs, making great use of the randomize

feature, which instantly generates unique word cloud formations, as many times as the user

wishes.

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Figure 1. A student-generated word cloud of the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education

decision, 1954.

Even this relatively insubstantial outcome might have sufficed, given the follow-up

activity. After creating their word clouds, students were directed to conduct online searches in

order to discover the historical background of the document in question: who wrote (or said) it,

when was it written or stated, for what reason, and what role that document played in the larger

civil rights movement. Next, students were asked to identify the four most prominent words in

their word clouds, and to use these words to develop three themes representing the big ideas

inherent in the document. The goal was to help students gain an understanding of the guiding

principles of the Civil Rights Movement by identifying the themes common to seemingly disparate

documents, such as President Truman’s Executive Order 8802 (to desegregate the U.S. armed

forces) and Orval Faubus’ speech decrying integration in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957. Students

were to be engaged with the deeper meaning and context of each document.

While the follow-up activity was designed to engage students in higher-order critical

thinking about the documents, this activity was difficult for them if they did not have detailed

comprehension of those documents. Given the student responses to this portion of the lesson, it

appeared most of the students managed to grasp the who, what, where, and when of the document

(though it was difficult to tell if such comprehension came from the document, the word cloud, or

the online search), though there was less unanimity on the why. Many students, for example,

understood what had happened to Emmett Till, and they could, by looking at a given word cloud

of the Look magazine article, explain many of the basic elements of the crime in question. Most

did not explain or identify the importance of the Emmett Till case including the murderers’

acquittal and subsequent admission of guilt, the outrage over the brutality of the crime, the decision

by Till’s mother to have an open casket at the funeral, and the resulting shock and disgust over the

horrifying disfigurement inflicted on a 14-year-old boy. Asking a teenager to derive all this by

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selecting the four largest words in a word cloud seems, upon reflection, a steep obstacle to climb.

It was clear, after the fact, that the lesson did not adequately assess student comprehension of the

documents in question.

While every student participating in the exercise created word clouds like the one above,

most had difficulty with the thematic questions. When asked to develop three themes related to

the document from which they created their word clouds, a considerable number of students

provided incomplete or simplistic answers. One student identified two themes in the September

1958 speech of Governor Orval E. Faubus of Arkansas, about integration of public schools, as

“Public” and “People.” While this is accurate as Faubus did use these words, it is also

demonstrably uncritical. Similarly, another student, who created a word cloud from Dr. King’s I

Have a Dream speech, identified one theme as “Freedom,” with no additional explanation. Given

the prominence of that term in the glyph, the student’s selection makes sense, but with no

additional explanation or questions, it is unclear if the student grasped what that term, beyond its

symbolic power, meant in an era of segregation and institutionalized racism. Of the entire class of

26 students, approximately half failed to develop complete answers to this question (I included

students who either provided one- or two-word answers, similar to the ones cited above, as well

as students who failed to answer the question at all).

Figure 2: A student-generated word cloud of Dr. Martin Luther King’s 1963 speech in

Washington, D.C.

Following the lesson, several students indicated they were confused by the concept of

themes to the word clouds. The literal nature of the word cloud was the arbiter of the themes they

had to determine. If “freedom” was the largest segment of the Wordle, for example, that meant it

was one of the three themes. While this may have been a defensible position, the simplistic

expectation of the students that the bigger the word, the bigger the theme was a result of the

activity.

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There were positives, as well. In reviewing the activity, students attested they enjoyed the

experience thoroughly. That may be expected, given the interactive and highly creative enterprise

afforded by Wordles, but what was most gratifying was the degree to which students seemed to

reflect some emotive quality of the documents, fragmentary and distorted as it may have been.

More than once, students described how terrible the murder of Emmett Till was, or how outrageous

it was that Martin Luther King was forced to write a letter from jail, or how disgraceful they found

the abuse heaped on Black college students during the Greensboro sit-ins in 1960. Though the

lesson was not particularly successful in terms of delivery of content or reading comprehension,

its effectiveness was more evident in terms of emotional impact.

The trouble, of course, is that emotional impact, by itself, is not enough. Teaching for the

Common Good highlights the value of historical empathy, fostering the ability to imagine “the

thoughts and feelings of other people through their own perspectives” (Barton & Levstik, 2004, p.

206). This empathy is in contrast to sympathy, through which students view historical events

through an imperfect lens. The lens is the belief that “all human beings are basically the same

across time, cultural boundaries, and individual preferences, and that a single frame of reference—

one’s own—represents an acceptable standard with which to measure the world” (p. 206).

Through their experience with Wordles, some students experienced an emotional reaction to the

historical events portrayed or represented in the documents, but more often than not, their reactions

were sympathetic, rather than empathetic. In reference to the Greensboro sit-ins, one student

remarked, “if I were there, I wouldn’t have gone through that.”

Teaching for the Common Good also illustrates one possible drawback of historical

empathy is the degree to which it encourages students to more “effectively explain the actions of

people in the past than to evaluate what happened to them” (p. 222). In the authors’ example,

using historical empathy to examine the Native American removal policy of Andrew Jackson can

cause us to focus more on Jackson’s beliefs and motivations than on the impact of his policy on

Native Americans themselves. Students who created Wordles of the Emmett Till confession, for

example, tended to focus on the heinous nature of the murder, the injustice of the act, and the lack

of consequence for the murderers, and less on the reality of racial violence in the U.S. South prior

to the civil rights movement. These students viewed the Till murder as a particularly egregious

act of prejudice rather than as a despairingly common reality for African Americans at the time.

The experience with Wordles and the Civil Rights Movement is a strong reminder about

the value of, and the difficulty with, technology in social studies education. Given time and access,

and the ubiquity of technological resources, teachers have the capacity to use this technology to

achieve great results. These results are often submerged beneath the enthusiastic, though uncritical,

reaction that new technology often triggers in a teacher. We often are taken in by the flashy,

frankly amazing things technology can do in the classroom, to the degree that we often forget to

ask the most important question: will this get the job done better than before? If the answer is no,

or even long in coming, we need to consider whether we are using such resources for the students,

or for ourselves.

Course Corrections

When it comes to education, uncertain goals often encourage uncertain practices. It is

important to note this is not a failure, per se, as it is a bedrock fact of social studies education. The

difficulty of creating uniformity in students reflects the degree to which our methods and outcomes

resist easy-to-label data. Still, though, the question, “What do we hope to gain from this?” should

not be avoided simply because the answer is not easy to determine.

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The question is one which social studies educators have been struggling with for decades,

and its answer is as much philosophical as it may be concrete. What do we want our students to

know? Traditionally, the emphasis on information knowledge has been criticized as a reliance on

recall rather than understanding. It has been dismissed as an antique focus on what John Dewey

(1916) described as a “record of knowledge”—the what, the hoary cliché of “names, dates, and

places”—without “knowledge,” knowing how to think about the what (p. 220). This has been the

prevailing view of social studies in the recent past; yet, most educators also understand information

knowledge forms the basis for the modes of reasoning vital to both citizenship and higher-order

thinking (Duplass, 2006, 2008).

The flaw in the lesson plan described here was a lack of accommodation for both types of

knowledge in the social studies. In emphasizing higher-order thinking, the necessity for (and value

of) standard, traditionally defined reading comprehension was unconsciously minimized. Out of

zeal for a new form of technology, there was an expectation that student use of Wordles would be

sufficient. In practice, this was not the case, and the need for students to engage with the

documents in a more rigorous, direct manner became evident. Reading them, responding to

prompts designed to draw out meaning and relevance, became evident. The students were clearly

very engaged in the activity, and particularly taken with the creation of word clouds. That, by

itself, is a victory—albeit a small one, given the loftier goals with regard to the historical

importance of the Civil Rights Movement.

The salient point about Wordles is they have potential as a tool for opening students to new

forms of technology, for sparking interest and engagement in the classroom, and for facilitating

higher-order critical thinking about historical documents. This experience suggests they are not

appropriate to use in isolation. More traditional student interaction with primary documents seems

necessary to scaffold the effective use of more invigorating technology. A Wordle has been

described as a visual representation that “cannot stand on its own…using Wordle as the primary

form of interpreting data would lead to confusion and misinterpretation, as the randomization

factor of the tool could cause certain aspects of the orientation of words to become misleading in

their meaning” (Arena, 2012, p. 3)

Educators can be victimized by a tendency to use a new tool without due consideration.

Enthusiasm for a new resource or tool can eclipse even a veteran teacher’s reaction, which is

usually: interest, mild skepticism, and a commitment to serious planning and preparation (Seibert,

2013). One unanticipated issue, in executing this lesson, was the degree to which students used

technology effectively than many educators predicted at the outset of the new digital age. Social

studies teachers, in particular, had hoped adolescents growing up during the nascent growth of the

internet would eventually “think and process information fundamentally differently from their

predecessors,” courtesy of their immersion in the online world (Prensky, 2001, p. 1). Though this

was a tempting vision, it seems this conviction is supported primarily by scant or uncritical

evidence (Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008, p. 776). This is not to say students do not think

differently; only that it is hard to be sure. With a wordle, “the frequency of a word does not

necessarily denote its importance in the text” (Berson & Berson, 2009, p. 126), a warning borne

during the lesson described here. Such is the mindset allowing enthusiasm to outstrip evidence.

There is value in the use of Wordles, demonstrated in a variety of ways since the initial

teaching of this lesson: as a supplementary tool, effective in drawing out larger themes and

embedded concepts; in historical or social studies instruction with primary documents, to showcase

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a particular element or to engage students; and in educational scholarship, to allow a researcher to

discern trends in their own writing that may distract from an overall message.

In using Wordles in the classroom, teachers may learn from the limitations and missteps denoted

here. In discussing the use of visual images in studying history, one researcher urges her students

to “slow down,” using fewer images and reminding them “the more you look, the more you will

see” (Pegler-Gordon, 2006, p. 1). Rather than attempt a thorough textual analysis of the civil rights

movement, encompassing 13 different documents, a narrower focus would likely prove more

thoughtful, using a few or even one document, to allow a more thoughtful, in-depth analysis.

Contrary to this, another approach encourages students to use Wordles not for in-depth analysis in

place of reading the documents, but as a preliminary analytical activity prior to reading (McNaught

& Lam, 2016). In their study, students created word clouds with a minimum of alteration or

editing, to create instead “the first output of the raw text” (p. 634) in order to generate areas for

follow-up investigations demanding richer, more in-depth research, with greater rigor (Tally, 2007.

Using Wordle as a supplemental tool in this manner, students can reach a deeper understanding

which, left largely to their own devices, they did not achieve.

One small correction can be made in determining how students selected the documents

from which they created their word clouds. Why did a given student, for instance, select the I

Have a Dream speech? Was it familiarity, or interest, or some combination of the two? When

students used the magazine article about Emmett Till, was it because many of them has been

previously unfamiliar with Till’s story, or had they already had taken part in a discussion of the

murder and its grisly nature? Asking students to explain their decision-making process is an

essential feature of critical analysis, one that will be featured in future versions of this lesson.

Students should be required to use Wordle in comparing and contrasting different civil

rights documents, rather than to analyze them singly. Students can look for commonalities in

words or phrases (Huisman, Miller, & Trinoskey, 2011, p.524; Huisman & Hanna, 2012). At a

minimum, a discussion, sparked and informed by the word clouds, could more meaningfully

highlight the themes students derived on their own. More directly, students should justify or

explain their choices in developing themes for the various documents. For some students, when a

teacher does not explicitly require a more complex answer, it is often interpreted as an allowance

for simple ones.

A Wordle to the Wise

All of the above should not be interpreted as an effort to discount the potential of resources

like Wordle, or to dim the enthusiasm such tools engender in teachers and students. While the use

of Wordles in this lesson was not as effective as it might have been, it is premature to discard the

resource out of hand. As much as a teacher’s reaction to new technology is energized by

possibility, so too our failures should be tempered by realistic self-appraisal, or the same sort of

critical thinking we encourage in our students.

We often have a nearly boundless faith in the power of technology, as well as a powerful

belief in the impact of visual media. The impact of reproducible, and easily disseminated, visual

images is evident throughout our culture. This is especially so in the manner in how visual media

allows us, as the author Don DeLillo stated, to “examine ourselves, imitate ourselves, extend

ourselves, reshape our reality” (quoted in Begley, 1993, p.1). This ability to review, to reexamine,

and, in the case of Wordles, to create unique textual depictions of historical events, is limited by

the reality such reconstructed (and newly constructed) entities may lack accuracy, detail, or

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meaning. It is important for teachers to remember that we live in “a world where the visual may

be more present than ever, but no more reliable as a document of reality” (Pasternack, 2012, p. 1).

The enthusiasm generated by tools like Wordle can create a deeper sense of failure if the

attempt to integrate it into the classroom is insufficient. There is, however, an intuitive sense

among teachers that a given resource or tool can work, if we can identify the routines, strategies,

and variables that affect it. For the social studies, the potential of technology to help students

become autonomous and active learners is enormous (Doolittle & Hicks, 2003). This is, oddly, an

argument for Wordles, even when the evidence is scant or uncritically received. To paraphrase

Potter Stewart, we know it when we see it.

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Author Bio

Mark Pearcy is Assistant Professor of Social Studies Education at Rider University in

Lawrenceville, New Jersey. He teaches undergraduate methods courses and is a student teacher

supervisor. Prior to this, he taught high school social studies classes for 19 years. His research

interests include American history education and the “just war” doctrine. E-mail:

[email protected]