Petition For

A Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor:

Recognizing A Treasured Landscape

Submitted by

Donald S. Heintzelman6345 Ridge Road, Apt. 2

Zionsville, Pennsylvania 18092donsh@enter.net

Copyright © 2008, 2009 by Donald S. Heintzelman. All rights reserved.

20 June 2009

Introduction The Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor, hereafter known as the Corridor,

is a prominent 250-mile-long landscape feature containing 2,126,000 acres that crosses parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York (Anonymous, 2001; Miller, 1939, 1941). Kittatinny is a Native American word meaning “endless mountain” (Broun, 1949). Shawangunk is a Lenape name, with the predominant translation being “in the smoky air” as noted by Zeisberger and Whritenour (1995).

The highest elevations along the ridge are 1,680 feet at a few locations atop the Kittatinny Ridge in Berks County, Pennsylvania , 1,803 feet at High Point State Park atop the Kittatinny Ridge in New Jersey, and 2,289 feet at Lake Maratanza atop the Shawangunk Ridge in New York (Dowhan, et al, 1997; Poole, 1932: 7).

The Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge contains and protects extensive, contiguous blocks of largely undisturbed forest (Dowhan, et al, 1997) of particular importance to breeding Neotropical migratory forest interior songbirds. The Shawangunk Ridge in New York State is also designated by The Nature Conservancy as one of the “Last Great Places” on earth (Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, n.d., Partners Preserving A “Last Great Place”).

According to Dowhan, et al (1997), the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge “is a regionally significant habitat complex supporting a diversity of rare upland and wetland communities and rare plant and animal populations, and serving as an important migratory corridor for many species of birds and mammals.” Unique Proposal

It is against this extraordinary background that this unique proposal asks the United States government to designate the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor as the Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor.

It is an example of a new and innovative wildlife conservation advocacy idea that can serve as a model designed for use in the 21st century. The federal designation would create a prestigious new conservation advocacy tool for raptor and biodiversity purposes, enhance improved land use planning, and promote ecotourism within the corridor. Why Seek Federal Designation For This Corridor?

Why should there be federal designation for a Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor? What legal land use protections would it provide for the

1

ridge and adjacent land within the Corridor? The following are important reasons for securing federal designation and recognition for this Corridor.

Federal designation for the Ridge and Corridor will provide national attention, increased appreciation, and prestige to the ridge and adjacent land which collectively form the raptor migration Corridor.

There will be virtually no expenses involved in making such a federal designation by the U. S. Secretary of the Interior in 2009.

There will be no legal changes to currently existing land use laws and regulations for land contained within the Corridor.

There will be no required changes in private land ownership for land within the Corridor.

Nevertheless, having federal designation for a Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor will provide important benefits similar to those already existing for important historic sites and buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places (but without having the financial incentives provided for owners of buildings or sites included on the National Register), and having important habitats listed as National Natural Landmarks.

Having federal designation for a Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor will cause local and regional governmental officials and planning commissions to carefully consider before allowing unwise or inappropriate land use activities in sensitive ecological or environmental locations within the Corridor.

Having the federal designation also might encourage some local, county, and even state governments to enact new and stronger land use laws and regulations that can help protect and preserve the most important, ecologically and environmentally significant locations and habitats within the Corridor.

Currently there are no existing National Raptor Migration Corridors in the USA or elsewhere in the world. Therefore, securing this federal designation for the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor will be innovative and break new conservation advocacy ground. It can serve as a model for eventual designation of similar migration corridors at appropriate locations elsewhere in the USA and perhaps overseas.

Special DesignationsTwo precedent-setting governmental designations exist in Pennsylvania for part,

or all, of the Kittatinny Ridge and can serve as models for similar federal governmental designations on behalf of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor.

In 1978, the long-term raptor migration research at Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, was the basis for the Lehigh County Executive designating (via his first Executive Resolution) the Lehigh County section of the Kittatinny Ridge as the Lehigh County Raptor Migration Area (Bausch, 1978; Heintzelman, 1979b: 180). That same year, the Pennsylvania Game Commission also designated the entire length of the Kittatinny Ridge between Delaware Water Gap and Waggoner’s Gap north of Carlisle as the Kittatinny Ridge Birds of Prey Natural Area (Anonymous, 1979: 40; Heintzelman, 1983b: 117).

In 1992, the Wildlife Information Center, Inc. (now the Lehigh Gap Nature Center), Slatington, Pennsylvania, suggested seeking federal designation for the

2

Kittatinny Ridge and its adjacent Corridor because of is international importance as an annual, autumn raptor migration flight-line for tens of thousands of birds of prey (Anonymous, 1992a). A reply was received from the Secretary of the Interior, but no federal action resulted. Therefore, this current proposal evolved from the two earlier governmental designations previously discussed.

In 1993, a suggestion was also made that a Kittatinny-Shawangunk Interstate Park be created as an innovative 20th century raptor corridor upgrade (Heintzelman, 1993b), and in 2006 a suggestion was made to establish a Kittatinny National Recreation Area (Anonymous, 2006d). To date, none of these proposals have become reality.

In 1998, the National Audubon Society also designated the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania as an Important Bird Area (AudubonPA, 2006).

Despite the failure of some of these previous efforts, it is increasingly appropriate to seek federal designation for the entire three-state length of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor as the Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor. Hence presenting this formal petition and science package to the Secretary of the Interior is the first step in securing that new conservation advocacy tool. Government Proclamations and Resolutions

During the past 25 years, governmental proclamations and resolutions celebrating raptors, raptor migrations, and hawk watching provided useful promotional tools for conservationists, educators, raptor biologists, and ecotourism advocates.

In addition to the 1978 proclamation by the County Executive in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania (Bausch, 1978), and the Pennsylvania Game Commission (Anonymous, 1979), focusing on the importance of the Kittatinny Ridge for migrating raptors, the Governors of seven states also issued Hawk Watching Week proclamations from time to time (Heintzelman, 1979b: 180; Heintzelman, 1983b: 121-123). These states included Pennsylvania (e. g.,Thornburgh, 1982), New Hampshire (Sununu, 1983), New York (Cuomo, 1983), West Virginia (Rockefeller IV, 1983), as well as Connecticut, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

In addition, in 1984, the Congress of the United States of America passed a joint resolution proclaiming “National Birds of Prey Conservation Week” which was a unique Congressional achievement. It served a useful national role similar to the state hawk watching week proclamations, and was used very effectively in Alaska, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and various other states (Heintzelman, 1984a). Raptor Corridor Boundary Criteria

The area included in the proposed designation of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor includes the Kittatinny-Shawangunk ridge and land extending outward from the north and south bases of the ridge for a distance of five miles in each direction. Where necessary, some slight adjustments were made to include important landscape or other features adjacent to the outer five mile demarcation lines.

Selection of the five mile extension from the two bases of the Ridge is based on raptor observations secured during weekly roadside raptor surveys and mapping for a period of one year in Heidelberg Township, Lehigh County, PA (Heintzelman, 2004c), roadside raptors surveys in East Penn Township, Carbon County, PA (Kunkle, 1994), my more than 50 years of observations of raptors seen within the designated Corridor (Heintzelman, unpublished observations), studies of nesting and wintering American Kestrels within the corridor (Bildstein, 2002: 22-23; Heintzelman, 1964, 1966, 1992a,

3

1994a; Heintzelman and Nagy, 1968), locations along various rural roads within the Corridor of utility poles and lines used as perches by American Kestrels and sometimes other raptor species (Heintzelman, 1992a, 1994a), Bake Oven Knob Area winter bird surveys (Anonymous, 2008d; Kunkle, 1997), locations of wetlands, ponds and lakes, rivers, streams and creeks, woodlots and forested areas, old field ecosystems, agricultural fields, and other ecological areas important as stopover habitat for migrating raptors and other birds (Heintzelman, unpublished observations, 2000b, 2001b), and enhancement of backyard habitats using native plants for birds and other wildlife purposes in various places within the Corridor (Heintzelman, 2000b, 2001b).

Geology of the Raptor CorridorA detailed discussion of the complex geology of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk

Raptor Migration Corridor (Anonymous, 2001) as it extends for 250 miles along portions of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania is far beyond the scope of this paper. There are, however, some conspicuous landscape features associated with geologic phenomena in the corridor that the general public can easily recognize and appreciate (Miller, 1939, 1941)—and even hikers walking along the Appalachian Trial as it extends along the crest of the Kittatinny Ridge in part of Pennsylvania (Wilshusen, 1983).

Among the most conspicuous geologic features are water gaps where a river or stream cuts through the Kittatinny Ridge. Delaware Water Gap, where the Delaware River cuts through the mountain, is the premiere example of a water gap in the United States (Wilshusen, 1983), but Lehigh Gap where the Lehigh River cuts through the mountain is another excellent example of a water gap along the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania. Additional water gaps along the ridge in Pennsylvania include Schuylkill Gap, Swatara Gap and several Susquehanna River Water Gaps north of Harrisburg, PA (Geyer and Bolles, 1979; Miller, 1939, 1941; Wilshusen, 1983).

Other more or less conspicuous geological features are wind gaps—essentially frustrated water gaps—where a running waterway started cutting through the mountain in the geologic past, but later was diverted to a new watercourse along the north side of the mountain (Miller, 1939, 1941; Wilshusen, 1983). Between Delaware Water Gap on the Pennsylvania-New Jersey border, and Bake Oven Knob in southeastern Pennsylvania, geologists identify four wind gaps along the Kittatinny Ridge—Wind Gap, Smith Gap, Little Gap, and Lehigh Furnace Gap (Wilshusen, 1983).

A few conspicuous boulder fields also occur along the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania. They include the Devil’s Potato Patch north of Danielsville in Northampton County, the River of Rocks within Hawk Mountain northwest of Kempton in Berks County, and Blue Rocks located within the Blue Rocks Campground near Lenhartsville in Berks County (Wilshusen, 1983).

Other Landscape Features A number of other important landscape features are present on the Kittatinny-

Shawangunk Ridge and/or within its corridor. Those identified here are relevant to the survival and conservation of wildlife and other biodiversity known to occur in the area. Rivers and Reservoirs

The Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor is a major watershed for adjacent land and various public water supplies in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. In

4

Pennsylvania, for example, there are four major or significant rivers and one creek creating water gaps (physical cuts through the mountain) where they flow through the Kittatinny Ridge. From northeast to southwest they are the Delaware, Lehigh, and Schuylkill Rivers, the Swatara Creek, and the Susquehanna River. There are also numerous smaller creeks and streams whose headwaters originate on or close to the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge in all three states (Anonymous, 1993; Geyer and Bolles, 1979; Miller, 1939, 1941; Wilshusen, 1983), and various reservoirs also are located within the ridge and corridor.

Adding to the aquatic resources of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor are countless farm ponds in all three states—some natural and some manmade. Lakes and Wetlands

In New York, in the Northern Shawangunks which contain 94,000 acres of which approximately 40,000 are protected permanently (Burke, 2009), there are five so-called “sky lakes” which “from north to south are: Mohonk Lake, Lake Minnewaska, Lake Awosting, Mud Pond, and Lake Maratanza.” Four of these are acidic, but Lake Mohonk is buffered by shale bedrock and its pH is neutral (Dowhan, et al, 1997).

In New Jersey, prominent lakes on the Kittatinny Ridge include “Stony Lake, Steenkill Lake, Saw Mill Lake, Lake Marcia, Mashipacong Pond, Kittatinny Lake, Lake Ashroe, Long Pine Pond, and Catfish [Sunfish] Pond” (Dowhan, et al, 1997).

Numerous freshwater wetlands are extremely important, but rapidly disappearing, ecological areas (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988)—a natural treasure according to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1987). Hence wetland preservation remains a priority goal of conservationists because they provide essential habitat for a wide range of aquatic species.

Numerous freshwater wetlands abound in the ridge and corridor, including some that are restored or newly created including one on a farm a few miles south of Bake Oven Knob in Heidelberg Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, and another near the headquarters building at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary on the Kittatinny Ridge in Berks County, Pennsylvania. Northern Bogs and Swamps

According to Dowhan, et al (1997), “northern bogs and swamps found in glaciated terrain occur at a few locations on the ridge, most notably at the Mashipacong Bogs site on the Kittatinny Ridge. These dwarf shrub bogs occur on a floating sphagnum mat and are typically dominated by leatherleaf and other northern shrub species such as bog rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla), pale laurel (Kalmia polfolia), and sheep laurel. These bogs are often adjacent to or surrounded by black spruce swamps with varying amounts of tamarack (Larix laricinia).”

Dowhan, et al (1997) also states that “red maple swamps occur in several areas on the Kittatinny Ridge and a few small sites in the northern Shawangunks.”

“An inland Atlantic white cedar swamp occurs at High Point in New Jersey. Cedar was dominant at one time in this swamp but, due to logging of cedar, the swamp is now dominated by hemlock and red maple, along with young Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) and yellow birch, an understory layer of large shrubs such as great rhododendron, highbush blueberry, and swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), a sparse herbaceous layer, and a carpet of peat moss” (Dowhan, et al, 1997).

5

Dwarf Pitch Pine Ridge CommunityOn the Shawangunk Ridge in New York, “the unique dwarf pine ridges

community on the flat summit of Sam’s Point is composed predominantly of dwarf pitch pines (generally less than 2 meters [6 feet] tall) and black huckleberry, with gray birch, black chokeberry (Pyrus melanocarpa), withe-rod (Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides), lowbush blueberry, hillside blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum), sweet fern, and sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) shrubs, and herbs and grasses including bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), Canada mayflower, pink lady-slipper (Cypripedium acaule), and cow-wheat”.

Biologists consider this remarkable community “one of the most extensive ridgetop pine barrens communities, and one of the few known dwarf pine plain communities occurring on bedrock in the world”. It is an area covering almost 5,000 acres (Burke, 2009; Dowhan, et al, 1997; Lougee, 2000), and is uniquely adapted to periodic fire” (Burke, 2009). Lougee and Gifford (2001) prepared a master plan for long-term protection of this remarkable area. Old Growth Woodland

There are a few remaining old growth woodland patches remaining within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. On the Shawangunk Ridge in New York State, for example, some 5,000 acres of Dwarf Pitch Pine Plains contain some old growth woodland within the Mohonk Preserve and Minnewaska State Park (Davis, 1993: 38).

According to Davis (1993) there are no old growth woodland patches remaining on the Kittatinny Ridge or Corridor in New Jersey or Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area on the New Jersey-Pennsylvania border, park wildlife biologist Larry Hilaire (e-mail of 26 February 2009) reports there are some “selected small areas of old hemlock and white pines,” perhaps 200 or 250 years old, remaining mostly in ravines inaccessible during former timber harvesting days.

One old growth oak and pine woodland patch containing two or three acres within the raptor Corridor also exists in East Penn Township, Carbon County, Pennsylvania (D. S. Heintzelman, unpublished information). In addition, a few isolated old growth White Pine trees remain on another site in East Penn Township, Carbon County, Pennsylvania (D. S. Heintzelman, unpublished information). Undoubtedly there are also other isolated old growth trees scattered along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor.

Land Ownership and Use Land in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor is a mixture of public,

non-profit, and private ownership. Some of this land is of major importance to wildlife and biodiversity survival and conservation. In addition, there are some major land use conflicts documented within the corridor including one major, nationally known Superfund site in Pennsylvania. Delaware & Hudson Canal Heritage Corridor

The Delaware & Hudson Canal Heritage Corridor is a 35-mile-long linear park following the original path of the Delaware & Hudson Canal between Ellenville and Accord, New York. It contains artifacts and sites included on the National Register of Historic Places. The Corridor is a cooperative undertaking of Rondout Valley towns (Wegener and Harris, 2005).

6

Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor The Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor extends for 165 miles along

the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers from the Wyoming Valley in northeastern Pennsylvania south to Philadelphia in southeastern Pennsylvania. The D & L Corridor bisects the proposed Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor, and the Appalachian Trail, at Lehigh Gap where the Lehigh River cuts through the Kittatinny Ridge at the intersection of Carbon, Lehigh, and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania. Hence the D & L Corridor adds another important layer of historic resources to the mix of cultural, historic, and natural resources at that nexus. Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area

In Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the federal government via the National Park Service owns the 70,000 acre, wildlife rich (including wintering Bald Eagles), Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area as well as owning, holding easements, or cooperative agreements protecting much of the Appalachian Trail corridor as it runs along the summit of the Kittatinny Ridge in both states (National Park Service, 2004b; 2004c; 2004d; Dowhan, et al, 1997). Fort Indiantown Gap

Fort Indiantown Gap is a large U. S. Army National Guard Training Center in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, within the proposed Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor boundary. A rich biodiversity exists within Fort Indiantown Gap. For example, 81 species of butterflies and 237 moth species are known to occur within the Fort’s boundary. A remnant population of the Eastern Regal Fritillary (Speyeria i. idalia) is one of several rare Lepidoptera species identified within the Fort’s boundary (Ferster, Leppo, Swartz et al, 2008).

In addition, the Second Mountain Hawk Watch is located on Second Mountain just north of the Kittatinny Ridge and Fort Indiantown Gap (Heintzelman, 2004b). It provides some useful comparative autumn raptor migration count data from a ridge watchsite north of the Kittatinny Ridge, downridge from Hawk Mountain, and northeast of the Susquehanna River. National Wildlife Refuges

Currently, one national wildlife refuge exists within or very close to the border of the proposed Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor in New York state. The Shawangunk Grasslands National Wildlife Refuge is located in close proximity to the northern Shawangunk Mountains and preserves 566 acres of important habitat for grassland nesting birds (Wegener and Harris, 2005).

In addition, part of the authorization on December 23, 2008, of the 20,466 acres Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Pennsylvania includes part of the Kittatinny Ridge and some land north of the ridge within the proposed Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor in Monroe and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania, adjacent to the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (Edwards, 2008; Moriarty, 2008a, 2008b). National Natural Landmarks

There are five National Natural Landmarks located in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. Designating nationally significant locations is done by the National Park Service in cooperation with owners of properties so designated. No designations are

7

made without the approval and cooperation of selected land owners. Some National Natural Landmarks are owned privately.

Conservation biologists, however, may seek National Natural Landmark status for additional exceptional sites on the ridge and within the corridor. These include Bake Oven Knob in Heidelberg Township/East Penn Township, Lehigh/Carbon Counties, Pennsylvania—a state game land and spectacular geologic feature owned by the Pennsylvania Game Commission—and a major raptor migration watchsite where 47 years of continuous autumn hawk migration studies already are completed and published (Heintzelman, 1975, 1986; Heintzelman and Armentano, 1964; Kunkle, 2002, 2008a).

In Pennsylvania, there are three National Natural Landmarks in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor—Hawk Mountain Sanctuary in Berks/Schuylkill Counties, Susquehanna Water Gaps north of Harrisburg, and the Florence Jones Reineman Wildlife Sanctuary in Cumberland/Perry Counties. In New Jersey, there is one National Natural Landmark on the ridge and corridor—Sunfish Pond on the Kittatinny Ridge northeast of Delaware Water Gap. In New York, there is one National Natural Landmark in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor—Ellenville Fault-Ice Caves in the northern Shawangunk Ridge. State-Owned Lands

State ownership of land within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor in all three states mostly includes state forests, state parks, and wildlife management areas or state game lands in Pennsylvania (AudubonPA, 2006; Dowhan, et al, 1997).

The State of New York, for example, owns the extremely important and spectacular Minnewaska State Park Preserve protecting nearly 23,000 acres of critical habitat located in the middle of the Shawangunk Ridge—the largest open space area preserved in the Shawangunks (Anonymous, 2008e; Burke, 2009; Dowhan, et al, 1997; Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, n. d. [Partners Preserving A ‘Last Great Place’]). Indeed, speaking of Minnewaska State Park Preserve, “the quality of the lakes, the steep, stark cliffs, and natural ridge lines singly, and in combination, form one of the most scenic and biologically unique resources in New York State” (Anonymous, 2008e).

Sam’s Point Preserve, another vital area containing approximately 5,000 acres in the southern end of the Northern Shawangunks, contains the highest area of the Ridge and is biologically significant as discussed previously (Burke, 2009).

In New York, the village of Ellenville also owns a watershed in the southern section of the Shawangunk Ridge, and another part of the ridge is owned by the town of Shawangunk (Dowhan, et al, 1997). Non-Profit Organization Lands

A number of important non-profit organizations own large and important blocks of land in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. In Pennsylvania, for example, three vital sections of the ridge include (from southwest to northeast) the Florence Jones Reineman Wildlife Sanctuary, and Waggoner’s Gap (AudubonPA, 2006), in Cumberland/Perry Counties, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary and its Acopian Center for Conservation Learning in Berks/Schuylkill Counties (Bildstein, 2006; Bildstein and Compton, 2000; Broun, 1949), and the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge in Carbon/Lehigh Counties (Hoopes, 2002, 2003a, 2003b).

In New Jersey, the New Jersey Natural Lands Trust owns the Reinhardt Preserve, and The Nature Conservancy owns several tracts of land on the Kittatinny Ridge—the

8

Arctic Meadows Preserve, the Mashipacong Bogs Preserve, Montague Woods, and the Nocella Nature Preserve (Dowhan, et al, 1997).

In New York, the Mohonk Preserve is located at the northeastern end of the Shawangunk Ridge and protects more than 6,500 acres of critically important and biologically diverse habitat (Dowhan, et al, 1997). Moreover, the Mohonk Preserve is positioned directly adjacent to the much larger 20,103 acre Minnewaska State Park Preserve (Anonymous, 2008e), which collectively multiplies the overall biodiversity and habitat protection and preservation of both areas. Currently, 40 percent of the Shawangunk Ridge receives protection from land development (Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, n. d. [Partners Preserving A ‘Last Great Place’]). Controversial Land Uses and Landscape Degradation

Ecologically and environmentally controversial land use activities continue to be proposed and/or used at some locations along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. They degrade and/or destroy a wide range of quality wildlife habitats, ruin productive farmland—especially in the Pennsylvania German parts of the Corridor in Pennsylvania—degrade scenic landscapes, and have negative effects on the biodiversity of the Ridge and Corridor (Anonymous, 1992b, 1992c; 2005c: 10, 2006c: 11; Burke, 2009; Heintzelman, 1989a, 1992d, 1995a, 2007a). A variety of efforts are being used, however, in various counties within the raptor corridor in Pennsylvania to protect and preserve farmland. To date, millions of dollars of taxpayer money have been spent buying development rights to these protected farmlands and additional development rights will be purchased in suitable locations in the future.

Nevertheless, large housing developments, shopping malls, quarrying, logging, and other land development activities—including a proposal for the sizeable expansion of a small airport very close to the Bake Oven Knob Raptor Migration Watchsite in Heidelberg Township, Lehigh County, PA (Heintzelman, 2005b, 2005c, 2005d; Kunkle, 2005a, 2005b; Palmieri, 2005)—are being placed in some environmentally sensitive locations in the corridor. Building expensive houses on ridgelines and steep hillsides is also a continuing and disturbing landscape degradation problem in the Pennsylvania section of the Kittatinny Raptor Corridor (Heintzelman, 1993d).

Ornithologists long have known that communications towers placed on migratory bird flight-lines, and at times other areas, sometimes result in nocturnal migrating birds being killed (Avery, Springer, and Dailey, 1980; Drewitt and Langston, 2008; Hebert, Reese, and Mark, 1995; Manville, 2005, 2009; Shire, Brown, and Winegrad, 2000; Trapp, 1998)—estimated nationally from 4-50 million birds annually (Manville, 2005, 2009), especially when inclement weather conditions prevail—because birds become trapped in light fields that surround continuously illuminated towers and continually circle the towers until they drop dead from exhaustion or strike the towers or support cables (American Bird Conservancy, 2009). There is also concern about “low-level, non-thermal radiation” emitted from communications towers and its impact on migratory birds—hence a continuing need for additional study of both lighting and radiation issues (Manville, 2009). Despite a growing body of knowledge about these issues, and repeated concerns provided to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) by the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service (e. g., Stansell, 2007), plus petitions to the FCC to address the issues, to date the FCC has failed to do so even after a federal court required them to act appropriately (U. S. Court of Appeals, 2008).

9

Currently there are a moderate number of communications towers of various heights placed on the crest of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge, including several very tall television towers north of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (D. S. Heintzelman, unpublished observations), and the number is increasing slowly. Therefore, it is important that townships and other municipalities, and wildlife conservationists, work to limit the number of towers being placed on the crest of this Ridge because of its importance as a raptor and other migratory bird flight-line.

To date, no utility-scale wind turbines are placed atop the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge, but in late July 2008 the owner of the Blue Mountain Ski Area applied to the Lower Towamensing Township Planning Commission, Carbon County, Pennsylvania, for permission for St. Francis University in Cambria County to construct a meteorological tower on the Kittatinny Ridge at Little Gap. Its purpose is to assess wind velocity, direction, and other related factors prior to building what appears to be a community-scale wind turbine to supply electrical power to the ski resort. Township planners “responded enthusiastically” to the idea (Christman, 2008). Notably, the township currently lacks a wind power ordinance to regulate the placement, height, and use of these machines within the township.

Conservationists immediately began opposing the scheme because of its serious potential threat to large numbers of migratory raptors, other birds, and bats that annually use the internationally famous ridge as a flight-line, and the precedent it would establish for other wind turbines being put on the Kittatinny Ridge (Ahner, 2008; Berg, 2008; D. S. Heintzelman, Action Alerts 1 and 2, News Release 1, 2008; Moser, 2008).

There is, however, a slow increase in utility-scale wind energy projects proposed for, or constructed on, some Appalachian ridges north and west of the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania (Capouillez and Mumma, 2008; Nazzaro, 2005; Olanoff, 2009). Raptor and conservation biologists, however, remain watchful for such proposals for all the Appalachian ridges in Pennsylvania (Capouillez and Mumma, 2008; Heintzelman, 2004c, 2005e; Katzner, et al, 2007; National Research Council, 2007) and adjacent states.

Indeed, in December 2006, the Department of Geography at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania hosted a “Wildlife and Utility-Scale Wind Energy Development of the Central Appalachians within Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia—the Risks and Trade-offs” conference. Nearly two dozen ornithologists, mammalogists, conservation biologists, and others experts made presentations regarding development of utility-scale wind energy on the Appalachian ridges of the Middle Atlantic states and its impact on wildlife—especially raptors, migratory songbirds, and bats (Anonymous, 2006g).

From time to time, other environmental battles develop regarding the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. An environmental protection battle in 1989 in Pennsylvania, for example, successfully stopped a proposal by the U. S. Air Force seeking annually to fly as many as 984 low-altitude military jet aircraft moving at 515 miles-per-hour within an oval “racetrack” crossing parts of numerous state parks, state forests, designated natural and wild areas, state game lands, and five miles of the Appalachian Trail corridor on the Kittatinny Ridge (Heintzelman, 1989b).

It is increasingly important, therefore, that conservation biologists develop new, innovative ways to call public attention to these and other threats to the Ridge and the most environmentally sensitive parts of the Corridor and its biodiversity and to develop

10

increased public appreciation and concern for the Ridge and Corridor and the biodiversity living there.

Conservation biologists also need to engage in a wide range of innovative and bold new wildlife conservation activities, continue working to increase land protection and preservation efforts to prevent the additional loss of biodiversity and, if possible, try to restore some of the lost species to the Ridge and Corridor (Heintzelman, 1993c; 2007a; Kunkle, 2007a). Recent authorization of the Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge along a section of the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania (Edwards, 2008; Moriarty, 2008a; 2008b) is a good example of desirable new land protection and preservation efforts on behalf of wildlife and other biodiversity conservation. Zoning Complications

The linked problems of biodiversity loss and land degradation in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Raptor Corridor is compounded by the fact that some rural townships still do not have zoning ordinances—let alone zoning ordinances carefully designed to guide development and protect sensitive ecological and environmental areas. Christina van Gelder (1992) discusses this situation, and explains how the proposal for construction of a soil burning incinerator in East Penn Township, Carbon County, PA near the north base of the well known raptor migration watchsite Bake Oven Knob, finally led to that township adopting its first zoning ordinance.

Because some rural townships in Pennsylvania lack zoning ordinances, or adopted them after unwise and inappropriate land use activities were proposed, ongoing environmental and conservation battles have developed. An example is the ongoing effort to stop construction of a proposed sports car race track on the north slope of the Kittatinny Ridge some miles upridge from Hawk Mountain and Bake Oven Knob (Anonymous, 2002a: 9, 2002b: 8, 2003b: 13, 2004a: 13, 2004b: 13, 2004d: 12; 2006b; Koehler, 2009; Martel, 2008; Rush, 2005). Moreover, a large ski resort with condominiums (Anonymous, 2006c) was just withdrawn for the ridge near the proposed sports car race track. Both the federally protected Appalachian Trail, and adjacent north forested slope of the ridge, are/were at major risk at both locations. Utility Right-of-Ways and Electrical Power Lines

There are currently a number of utility right-of-ways that cut across the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and/or Corridor, or extend for varying distances along its length. The most conspicuous are electric power line right-of-ways, but some underground pipe lines also cross the Ridge and Corridor. There also are many cell phone communication towers scattered throughout the raptor corridor, and a few tall communications towers are sited on the crest of the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania (D. S. Heintzelman, unpublished observations).

Collectively, these public utility infrastructures can fragment woodlands, pollute landscapes (Abrams, 1987; Carson, 1962) and some aquatic areas with herbicides, degrade the aesthetic values of the Ridge and Corridor landscape, and decrease ecotourism values of various parts of the Ridge and Corridor.

In the United States, in particular, according to Manville (2005)—a U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist and authority on the topic—“Collisions with power transmission and distribution lines may kill anywhere from hundreds of thousands to 175 million birds annually. . .but these utilities are poorly monitored for both strikes and electrocutions.”

11

That issue is very important because the PJM Interconnection currently is requiring PPL Electric Utilities to construct a new 500-kilovolt powerline across part of eastern Pennsylvania to the New Jersey border. From there a similar new high voltage power line will extend into northern New Jersey to the Roseland area of New Jersey (Martel and Kennedy, 2008; Novak, 2008; Wirth, 2008). Construction of this high voltage power line already is controversial (Brensinger, 2008; Chrynwski, 2008; Duck, 2008; Duffy, 2008; Martel and Kennedy, 2008; Novak, 2008; Pierce, 2008a).

In early August 2008, however, PPL selected a right-of-way for the power line in the Pocono Mountains, well north of the Kittatinny Ridge (Brill, 2008; Soper and Duffy, 2008). Unfortunately, the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area will be directly impacted using an already existing power line crossing part of the park. The Superintendent of the park, however, states that the National Park Service will make an extensive examination of the proposed power line right-of-way in an effort to protect the natural and cultural features of the park (Pierce, 2008b). Lehigh Gap-Palmerton Zinc Superfund Site

In addition to the range of ordinary inappropriate land use activities existing in, and/or proposed for, various parts of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor, one major Superfund site is responsible for extreme damage to the landscape.

The Lehigh Gap-Palmerton section of the Kittatinny Ridge in southeastern Pennsylvania is a well known Superfund site resulting from a century of zinc smelting emissions from the former New Jersey Zinc Company at Palmerton, Pennsylvania (Beyer, 1983, 1989; Miller, 1939, 1941). Its chestnut-oak woodland vegetation and ecosystem contain very high contamination levels of zinc, cadmium, and lead (Jordan, 1975), and there is very extensive loss of landscape vegetation resulting in large sections of the mountain having a bare rocks or lunar appearance.

Indeed, detailed biological and ecological research in this Superfund area found contamination in the forest soil and microflora (Buchauer, 1973; Jordan and Lechevalier, 1975), the ridge’s forest leaf litter decomposition and arthropods in the forest litter (Strojan, 1978a, 1978b), earthworms (Ma, van Beersum, and Jans, 1983), and mosses and lichens (Nash, 1972a, 1972b, 1975, 1976).

Similar contamination by heavy metals was also found in wildlife living in the area (Beyer et al, 1985), including large plant-eating animals such as White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Sileo and Beyer, 1985). As a result, there is a loss of abundance of vertebrate biodiversity in the Lehigh Gap-Palmerton section of the Kittatinny Ridge in southeastern Pennsylvania (Storm, Yahner, and Bellis, 1993; Storm, Fosmire, and Bellis, 1994).

Beginning efforts to restore the ridge’s flora and ecosystem in the Lehigh Gap-Palmerton area are in progress as discussed later in this paper (Hoopes, 2002, 2003a, 2003b). Warm season grasses are being seeded in an effort to restore a functioning ecosystem (a grassland) at this highly degraded site and its vicinity (Anonymous, 2005a; Kunkle, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b; 2006a; Schaefer, 2006; West, 2004).

Biodiversity of the Raptor Corridor The proposed Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor

contains a very rich and nationally important array of wildlife and other biodiversity features. The best known are discussed here.

12

Raptor MigrationsThe 250-mile-long, relatively unbroken Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and

Corridor is one of the world’s most famous and important raptor migration flight-lines and corridors—part of the Appalachian Raptor Migration Flyway. The strong deflective updrafts and thermals that occur along its length enable migrating raptors to ride these natural air currents effortlessly (Bildstein, 2006; Broun, 1949; Heintzelman, 1975, 1986, 2005a, 2005b; Zalles and Bildstein, 2000). The corridor is defined as the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge plus land extending out five miles from the north and south bases of the ridge (Heintzelman, 2005a).

There are sixteen species of vultures and diurnal raptors that are seen annually in varying numbers along the Ridge and Corridor in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—especially during autumn, but to a lesser extend during spring. They include Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus), Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura), Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus), Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus), Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), Cooper’s Hawks (Accipiter cooperii), Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus), Broad-winged Hawks (Buteo platypterus), Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), Rough-legged Hawks (Buteo lagopus), Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), American Kestrels (Falco sparverius), Merlins (Falco columbarius), and Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus). In addition, individuals of some of these species also nest within the Corridor, and some winter there as well (but not necessarily the same individuals that are seen during autumn or spring migrations) (Bildstein, 2006; Broun, 1949; Heintzelman, 1964, 1965, 1975, 1986; Heintzelman and Nagy, 1968; Zalles and Bildstein, 2000).

Seasonal migrations of diurnal birds of prey, among the most spectacular of avian migrations, are superficially mentioned in written records back to Biblical times (Bildstein, 2006). In North America, however, structured interest in studying these migrations began in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Bildstein, 2006; Broun, 1949; Heintzelman, 1975, 1986).

The general concept that long distance raptor migrants use geographic corridors during their seasonal migrations, especially in North America (but also in certain other parts of the world), is relatively new in raptor migration science and discussed in general terms by Bildstein (2006) and Bildstein, Smith, and Yosef (2007: 102). Use of the term “Mesoamerican Corridor” by Bildstein et al (2007), however, actually refers to the Mesoamerican Raptor Flyway. Similarly, Van Fleet (2001) uses the term “flight corridor” when referring to the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania, but this usage also confuses the concepts of flight-line and corridor.

In the original publications presenting the “The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Project,” it distinguished between the Ridge and the wider adjacent landscape as two geographic features when I wrote “. . .the Kittatinny Ridge and its corridor. . .” [italics added] (Heintzelman, 1992e, 1993e). Later, some refinements were made so that a refined concept now views the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge as an autumn raptor migration flight-line which, when land extending outward from its north and south bases for approximately five miles in each direction is included, collectively forms a migration Corridor for long distance raptor migrants (Heintzelman, 2004a, 2005a).

For more than 75 years, since 1934, when structured study of autumn raptor migrations began at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary in Pennsylvania (Broun, 1935a, 1939, 1949), growing numbers of raptor biologists and conservationists, hawk watchers, and

13

birders have known about and used the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge for raptor migration research and recreational hawk watching purposes (Bergey, 1975; Broun, 1935b, 1949, 2000; Carroll, 1979, 1980; Collins, 1933, 1935; R. Edge, 1936; Frey, 1940, 193; Heintzelman, 1975, 1979a, 1986, 2004a; Peterson, 1985; Poole, 1934; Pough, 1932, 1935, 1936, 1984; Sarro, 1995, 2006, 2007; Sutton, 1928a, 1928b, 1929; Van Fleet, 2001; M. Wright, 1994).

At the most intensely used Pennsylvania raptor migration watchsites such as Bake Oven Knob, Hawk Mountain, and Waggoner’s Gap, thousands of people from across the United States and around the world visit these lookouts every autumn and throughout the years transforming them into important hawk watching, birding, and ecotourism centers (Brett, 1991; Brett and Nagy, 1973; Broun, 1949; Harwood, 1973; Heintzelman, 1975, 1979a, 1983a, 1986, 1995b, 2004b; Kerlinger and Brett, 1995; Kunkle, 1992).

Increasing numbers of schools, from elementary school level to colleges and universities, also use these sites for research and educational field trips as discussed later in this paper (Heintzelman, 1982a; Schlisler, Jr., 2008; Turner, 1999). Other notable autumn raptor migration watchsites along the corridor include Catfish Fire Tower, Raccoon Ridge, Sunrise Mountain, and High Point State Park in New Jersey, and Bonticou Crag and Near Trapps Watch Site in New York State (Carroll, 1979, 1980; Heintzelman, 1973a, 1979a, 2004b).

In Pennsylvania, lesser known and occasionally used watchsites, include (from northeast to southwest) Delaware Water Gap, Tott’s Gap, Little Gap, Lehigh Gap, Lehigh Furnace Gap, Bear Rocks, Route 309, Route 183, Sterrett’s Gap and some others (Heintzelman, 1975, 1979a, 1986, 2004b).

Numerous books and hundreds of articles are published about raptors, raptor migrations, hawk watching, other birds and their migrations, conservation, education, research, and recreation activities in the Pennsylvania section of the Ridge and Corridor (Bildstein, 2006; Bird and Bildstein, 2007; Broun, 1949; Harwood, 1973; Heintzelman, 1975, 1979a, 1986, 2004a, 2007b), and others pertain to the New Jersey and New York sections (Heintzelman, 1973b, 1975, 1979a, 1986, 2004b).

Long term autumn monitoring, i.e., counting, of numbers (and determining ages and times of passage for some species such as eagles) of migrating raptors, and other related migration studies, partly done by volunteers and interns, began in 1934 at Hawk Mountain. Expanding data bases pertaining to migrant raptors, other birds, and other flora and fauna taxa are now maintained at Bake Oven Knob, Hawk Mountain, Waggoner’s Gap, and certain other watchsites along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge (Bildstein, 2006; Broun, 1949; Heintzelman, 1975, 1979a, 1986, 2004a, 2007b).

These resulting data are cost-effective means of monitoring changes in raptor population trends (but see Heintzelman, 1986: 276-279 regarding some basic questions and problems regarding using raptor migration counts for estimating trends in raptor populations) and may be indicators of biological and environmental changes caused by pesticide pollution and other reasons including global warming and climate change (Allen, Goodrich, and Bildstein, 1995; Aradis, 2000; Bildstein, 1998, 2001a, 2006; Bildstein, et al, 2008; Broley, 1947; Broun, 1935a, 1939; Carson, 1962; Farmer, et al, 2008; Farmer, Hussell, and Mizrahi, 2007; Gurung, et al, 2004; Hawk et al, 2002; Heintzelman, 1975, 1982b, 1983c, 1986, 1990, 1992c, 1993a, 1994b, 1994c, 1996a,

14

1997a, 2000a, 2004a; Hoopes and Kunkle, 2003; Jacobson and Potter, 1999; Kikuchi, 2007; Kunkle, 1998; Swartzentruber and Beck, 2001; Teter et al, 2003; K. Wright, 2006).

During autumn, it is also very important to consider the fact that many migrating raptors tend not to adhere to the slopes of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge for its entire length. Instead, they ridge-hop or migrate for varying distances along the slopes, with birds drifting onto the Kittatinny Ridge from more northern Appalachian Ridges, and away from the Kittatinny Ridge, at various locations along its 250-mile-long length. Hence, migrating raptors including Ospreys, Bald Eagles, Golden Eagles, and Peregrine Falcons seen at one watchsite on the ridge often are not the same birds seen downridge at other watchsites (Bildstein, 2006: 69-71; Frey, 1940; Hawk, et al, 2002; Heintzelman, 1975, 1982b, 1983c, 1986).

Wind direction, time of day, and month collectively influence where, and for what distance, migrating raptors utilize the air currents along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge (Heintzelman, 1975, 1986; Maransky, Goodrich, and Bildstein, 1997). Variations in age classes, and differential migrations of various raptor species, are also documented along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge (Heintzelman, 1986: 257-262).

During certain weather conditions, especially when southerly and southwesterly winds prevail, some raptors migrate over adjacent farmland extending outward for about five miles from the south base of the ridge (Heintzelman, 1975, 1986).

It is important to note, too, that the long-term, in-depth raptor migration monitoring and research in progress for 50 to 75+ years at several watchsites along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge (especially in Pennsylvania) are significant scientific contributions to raptor migration science and hawk watching (Broun, 1949; Heintzelman, 1975, 1979a, 1986, 2004b). They are models for raptor migration research elsewhere in the world. Hawk Mountain Sanctuary is a leader in disseminating raptor migration science worldwide. This influence extends to world class sites in Costa Rica and Mexico, plus other major sites in Egypt, France, Israel, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and Texas in the United States of America (Bildstein, 2006; Zalles and Bildstein, 2000).

Furthermore, although not widely recognized, there are similarities between recreational hawk watching and whale watching—including important economic (ecotourism) benefits in areas where these activities occur (Heintzelman, 1983a). Both ecotourism activities could benefit from more widespread exchanges of information between proponents of these important tourism activities. Other Bird Migrations

In addition to the seasonal raptor migrations along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor, large numbers of numerous other bird species including loons, swans, geese, ducks, crows, nuthatches, woodpeckers, thrushes, wood warblers, and other songbirds also migrate southward along the Ridge and Corridor during autumn (Anonymous, 2003a; Heintzelman, 1972b, 1997b; Heintzelman and Armentano, 1964; Heintzelman and MacClay, 1971, 1976a, 1976b) although they are not nearly as well known as are the annual raptor migrations. Nevertheless, these non-raptor migrations are of major biological and ecological significance, and collectively help form the complex ecological picture of this Ridge and Corridor. Butterfly and Dragonfly Migrations

Migratory insects also use the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor as a flight-line and corridor. Best known are Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) which

15

every autumn are counted passing the raptor migration watchsites (Heintzelman, 1996b). Eastern Tiger Swallowtails (Papilio glaucus) are also seen along with dragonflies. None of these insect migrations, however, are known nearly as well as bird migrations along the Ridge and Corridor. Type Localities

There are at least two type localities for mammals in (or in close proximity to) the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor —the place where the first specimen (or series of specimens) of a previously unknown species or subspecies was collected and later described as new to science.

The first locality is “near the top of Stone Mountain (2,000 ft.), Cumberland County, Penna., some six miles from Pine Grove, at a Point known as Lewis’s Cave” (Baird, 1857; Stone, 1893). This type locality is sufficiently close to the Kittatinny Ridge and Corridor to be included as a type locality within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. It is where Baird (1857) collected some bone fragments of a Neotoma species which now are recognized as representing Neotoma magister or the Allegheny Woodrat (Castleberry, Mengak, and Ford, 2006; Poole, 1940; Stone, 1893).

The second type locality is the Pinnacle in Albany Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. That is where Earl L. Poole (1949) collected specimens of a previously unknown subspecies of Red-backed Vole (Clethrionomys gapperi) which he later named the Kittatinny Red-backed Vole (Clethrionomys gapperi rupicola).

There are at least three type localities for birds in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. The first specimen of the Solitary Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria) was taken by Alexander Wilson in the Pocono Mountains of northeastern Pennsylvania (American Ornithologists’ Union, 1983) although a more specific location is not known. The first specimens of the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris) and Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) were also taken by W. M. Baird and Spencer Fullerton Baird near Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania (American Ornithologists’ Union, 1983) which either is within or adjacent to the Kittatinny Raptor Corridor.

No attempt is made, however, to determine if any type localities for vascular and/or non-vascular flora are within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor.

The geologic formation at Lehigh Gap, where the Lehigh River flows through the Kittatinny Ridge on the borders of Carbon-Lehigh-Northampton Counties in Pennsylvania is also the “type section” for the Lizard Creek Member of the Shawangunk Formation (Anonymous, 1993). Biodiversity Inventories

Knowing which species of plants and animals exist within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor is essential to developing innovative and creative conservation plans and policies for this 250-mile-long landscape feature crossing parts of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Hence, wildlife biologists have been studying and monitoring biodiversity richness in numerous parts of the Ridge and Corridor for many years—as long as seventy-five to one hundred years in two sections of the Ridge (Hawk Mountain and the Mohonk Preserve).

Inventories of biodiversity at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary in Berks/Schuylkill Counties, Pennsylvania, and Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in Pennsylvania/New Jersey, are the most comprehensive to date for any locations in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor.

16

As of 2003, there were some 1,674+ species known to occur on Hawk Mountain’s property—39 mammals, 255+ birds, 18 reptiles, 17 amphibians, more than 400 insects (including 59 butterflies and moths, 21 dragonflies, and 10 damselflies), 444 plants not including fungi, and various other bryophytes, etc. (Anonymous, 2003a; Keith Bildstein, e-mail of 13 May 2008).

At the Bake Oven Knob raptor migration watchsite in Lehigh/Carbon Counties, Pennsylvania, about 16 miles upridge from Hawk Mountain, only bird and mammal inventories have been conducted. Currently there are 14 mammal (unpublished computer database) and 162 bird species documented at the site (Heintzelman, 1984b; Heintzelman and Armentano, 1964; Heintzelman and MacClay, 1976a; Hoopes, 2006; Kunkle, 1999, 2004c, 2008; Quigley, 2004; Reed, 1998).

In addition, every autumn hawk counters at Bake Oven Knob also count migrating Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) seen drifting past that raptor migration watchsite (Heintzelman, 1996b). Lesser numbers of migrating Eastern Tiger Swallowtails (Papilio glaucus), and dragonflies, have also been counted from Bake Oven Knob.

Farther upridge, at the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge, biodiversity inventories are relatively new and continuing (Anonymous, 2008a) although there is one comparative summer bird inventory done more than a century ago at Lehigh Gap and on some adjacent farmland (Rehn, 1903). Moreover, the species richness numbers at the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge are lower than at Hawk Mountain, and Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, because the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge is a major Superfund site with a seriously degraded landscape that currently is being restored to a grassland ecosystem using native warm season grasses (Anonymous, 2005a; Kunkle, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b; 2006a; Schaefer, 2006; West, 2004). However, as of late 2007, biodiversity richness there included 16 mammals, 153 birds, 10 amphibians and 13 reptiles, and 5 fishes documented on the property (Husic, 2007; Dan Kunkle, e-mail message of 12 May 2008; Latham et al, 2007; Reed, 1984).

Still farther upridge at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, in both New Jersey and Pennsylvania, at least 1,981+ species of plants and animals are known to occur. These include 1,125 native plants (aquatic and terrestrial), 373 exotic vascular plants (including 34 invasive species), 151+ native aquatic animals (37 fish, 25 amphibians, 8 mussels, and 81+ aquatic insects), 25 reptiles, 257 birds, and 49 mammals (National Park Service, 2004a).

In the Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor in New York State, and especially at the Mohonk Preserve at the northeastern end of the Shawangunks, long-term biodiversity inventories are continuing by the staff of the Daniel Smiley Research Center, the research arm of the Mohonk Preserve, and various members of the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership. In addition, biodiversity inventories are also continuing in Minnewaska State Park Preserve located directly adjacent to the Mohonk Preserve in the northern Shawangunk Ridge (Anonymous, 2008e). Collective biodiversity studies on the northern Shawangunk Ridge document 41 fern species, 206 trees and shrubs, 43 amphibians and reptiles, 226 birds, and 47 mammals (Daniel Smiley Research Center, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2008e).

Fishers (Martes pennanti), which were reintroduced into the Shawangunk Ridge and the Catskills, are successfully breeding in New York, and even extending their range down the Kittatinny Ridge into New Jersey (Dowhan, et al, 1997). Additionally,

17

Pennsylvania has an ongoing Fisher reintroduction and management program, and these mammals are slowly increasing their numbers across the northern and southwestern portions of the state. Some Fishers apparently also spread into Pennsylvania as a result of natural expansion of the species from reintroduction programs in New York and West Virginia (Lovallo, 2008). Raptor biologists should be aware, however, that Fishers have been documented preying on nesting Bald Eagles (Dykstra, 1992; Taft and Stewart, 1999) and Northern Goshawks (Erdman, et al, 1998).

The secretive Bobcat (Lynx rufus) likewise is found in small numbers along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge (Anonymous, 2003a; Dowhan, et al, 1997). In Pennsylvania and New York, a limited hunting and trapping season is established for this fascinating mammal whereas it is protected in New Jersey (Dowhan, et al, 1997). In the 2007-08 Bobcat hunting and trapping season in Pennsylvania, 356 Bobcats were taken by hunters and trappers, and the Pennsylvania Game Commission announced it issued 1,435 Bobcat permits for use in the 2008-09 hunting and trapping season (Feaser, 2008a).

The Black Bear (Ursus americanus) is now well established and increasing in numbers along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (and elsewhere) in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York (Anonymous, 2003a; Dowhan, et al, 1997). All three states have Black Bear management programs posted on their respective wildlife agency websites.

The New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife (n. d.) issued a Black Bear fact brochure for adults, and a Black Bear activity and coloring book for children, in an effort to educate state residents about New Jersey’s expanding bear population and how to avoid human-bear conflicts. Biodiversity Loss

A slow loss of biodiversity is occurring along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (Anonymous, 1994a; Bull, 1985; Heintzelman, 1993c; Poole, 1964). In the New Jersey and New York sections of the Ridge and Corridor, for example, 137 species are recognized as being of “special emphasis,” including 63 plant and 43 bird species (Dowhan, et al, 1997).

Large extinct mammals formerly found within the Corridor include Elk (Cervus canadensis), Bison (Bison bison), Gray Wolf (Canis lupus), and Mountain Lion (Felis concolor) among recent mammals (Anonymous, 1994a; Beard, 1983; Doutt, Heppenstall, and Guilday, 1966; Genoways, 1986; Merritt, 1987; Poole, 1932; and Rhoads, 1903). There are, however, unconfirmed periodic sightings of Mountain Lions throughout the Corridor, including one in October 1996 by Donald S. Heintzelman near the south base of Bake Oven Knob in Lehigh County, PA. It is unknown if the animal was wild or escaped from captivity (Anonymous, 1997).

The Allegheny Woodrat (Neotoma magister) is a threatened species in Pennsylvania (Ulsh, 1985), extinct in New York, and some populations extinct in New Jersey (Wilson and Ruff, 1999: 607-608). Earlier in the twentieth century, however, this species was distributed locally along the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania and lived at some raptor migration watchsites including Bake Oven Knob and Hawk Mountain (Broun, 1949; D. S. Heintzelman, unpublished field observations; Poole, 1932). The species no longer exists at either location. Moreover, a recent (May 2005 through April 2007) inventory of mammals along the Appalachian National Scenic Trail in the states of

18

Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania failed to find this species (Sedivec and Whidden, 2007).

This same mammal inventory, however, documented the following critically imperiled, imperiled, or vulnerable species: “Maryland Shrew (Sorex fontinalis), American Water Shrew (Sorex palustris), Kittatinny Red-backed Vole (Clethrionomys gapperi rupicola), Southern Bob Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), Bobcat (Lynx rufus), Fisher (Martes pennanti), and American Black Bear (Ursus americanus). The biologists conducting the inventory concluded that “. . .the Appalachian National Scenic Trail Corridor provides important habitat for the conservation of many mammalian species, including those at risk of extinction” (Sedivec and Whidden, 2007).

There are several extinct birds that (likely) previously occurred at various locations within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (Bull, 1985; Poole, 1964). They include the Heath Hen (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus), a subspecies of the Greater Prairie-Chicken, and the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) and Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis).

Pennsylvania-listed endangered birds known to occur along or within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor, although not necessarily breeding there (PA Game Commission website; Ulsh, 1985), include the Great Egret (Ardea alba), American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Yellow-crowned Night-Heron (Nyctanassa violacea), Osprey, Bald Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris), Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus), Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica striata), Dickcissel (Spiza americana), and the Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), a threatened species in Pennsylvania (Ulsh, 1985).

Among rare raptors formerly nesting within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor, up to the early 1900s Peregrine Falcons nested in Lehigh Gap in Lehigh-Northampton Counties, PA (Rehn, 1903). These falcons no longer nest at that site (Reed, 1984; Husic, 2007). It is possible, however, that Peregrines may at some point return as breeding birds to their former Lehigh Gap eyrie although electric power lines currently strung through the Gap could be a major physical hazard for Peregrines nesting there.

Currently, in Pennsylvania, Peregrine Falcons again are using three cliff eyries along rives (of 44 known cliff eyries used prior to the 1950s), and raptor biologists are hopeful that more old eyries eventually will be reoccupied by these falcons (Kosack, 2008). None of these cliff eyries, however, are within the Kittatinny Ridge and Corridor in Pennsylvania.

In the Shawangunk Ridge in New York State, Peregrines nested on the cliffs of this mountain until 1955 after which the environmental impacts of DDT pollution exterminated these spectacular falcons there (Anonymous, n. d.; Hickey, 1969). In 1998, however, Peregrine Falcons were reintroduced to their ancestral Shawangunk Ridge eyries, and now have limited nesting success (Barclay and Cade, 1983; Cade, 1977, 1978, 1979; Raleigh, 1999; Sarro, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005; Sarro and Thompson, 2006; Smiley and Forster, 1989).

The Mohonk Preserve maintains a careful monitoring and management plan for breeding Peregrines in the Shawangunk Ridge, with particular attention devoted to preventing conflicts of site use with rock climbers whose numbers have increased from 50 people in the 1950s to the current level of as many as 800 per day. When rock

19

climbing activities conflict and threaten nesting Peregrines on some cliffs, those sites temporarily are closed to rock climbing activities until the Peregrine nesting season is completed (Anonymous, n. d.; Thompson and Alicandri, 2006).

In Pennsylvania, there are Osprey nesting platforms installed in the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge adjacent to the Lehigh River, at the privately owned Wessner wetlands a few miles south of the Kittatinny Ridge in Heidelberg Township, Lehigh County, and at the Acopian Center for Conservation Learning (the field research station owned by Hawk Mountain Sanctuary) at the north base of the Kittatinny Ridge in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. To date, however, none have been used by these fish eating raptors.

Some additional bird species with declining populations that either nest or stop-over during migration within the corridor (Wells, 2007) include: Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi), Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor), Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea), Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea), Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorum), Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus), and Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis).

The Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus) has also declined in numbers and is of conservation concern (Wells, 2007: 404)—especially at locations like Hawk Mountain Sanctuary in southeastern Pennsylvania. Additionally, other birds with declining populations on the Audubon WatchList (Wells, 2007) that either nest, or stop-over during migration within the corridor, include: Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), and Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora pinus).

On the other hand, since the early 1980s Bald Eagle reintroduction and management programs in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania are increasingly successful and a significant increase in breeding Bald Eagles now is reported in these states. In 2007, in Pennsylvania, for example, Bald Eagles were documented nesting in 42 of the state’s 67 counties, occupied 132 nests that produced 150+ eaglets (Feaser, 2008b). Therefore, it is not surprising that many more Bald Eagles now are counted every autumn at raptor migration watchsites such as Bake Oven Knob and Hawk Mountain in Pennsylvania than in the DDT-era after the end of World War II.

The Bog Turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergii) is the only Pennsylvania-listed endangered reptile living within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (Dowhan, et al, 1997; McCoy, 1985). It is also federally threatened with the proposed Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Monroe County, Pennsylvania perhaps being “. . .the most important site throughout the species’ range from Maryland to Massachusetts” (Moriarty, 2008).

The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) also occurs in varying numbers along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge. It is vulnerable and declining in numbers in some Pennsylvania locations (Galligan and Dunson, 1979; Reinert in McCoy, 1985: 282-285), endangered in New Jersey, and threatened in New York (Dowhan, et al, 1997).

“At least ten globally rare plant species exist in Cherry Valley,” the site of the Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Monroe County, Pennsylvania, “including habitat for the federally-listed threatened small-whorled pogonia (an orchid), and spreading globeflower, a small aquatic buttercup that prefers wetlands in limestone valleys. Most of the rare plants can be found in the base-rich waters of fens and other wetlands, or in open water creeks and ponds. Other fen species include brook lobelia,

20

yellow sedge, thin-leaved cotton grass, state-endangered grass-of-parnassus, and downy willow herb. Swamps and hillside seeps may harbor spreading globe flower and hemlock parsley.

“Of the plant species found in the [Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge], floating manna grass and the globally-rare and federally-listed, endangered northeastern bulrush are often found together in partially shaded vernal ponds, while the water plantain and yellow water crowfoot may be found in shallow, muddy ponds. The more acidic wetlands contain hoary willow, swamp dog hobble, and matted spikerush. In the uplands, the variable sedge is probably the rarest plant, preferring acidic sites that are mesic to dry and often disturbed by fire. It can be found on the Kittatinny Ridge along with American holly, bleeding hearts, and the ‘Susquehanna’ sand cherry variety (WPC, 2008)” (Moriarty, 2008a).

State endangered plants growing in the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge at Lehigh Gap are Southern Wild Senna (Senna marilandica), Wild Bleeding Heart (Dicentra eximia), and Eastern Gamma-grass (Trypsacum dactyloides) (Kunkle, 2006b; Natural Lands Trust, 2007). Mountain Clubmoss (Lycopodium selago) and Kalm’s Lobelia (Lobelia kalmii) are also two endangered flora species living within (or thought to be remaining within) the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (Wiegman, 1985).

In addition, in Pennsylvania, the Sandwort (Minuartia patula) is notable because it is “locally abundant on zinc contaminated slopes of Blue Mountain. . .native farther west,” including the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge (Rhoads and Block, 2000; Rhoads and Klein, 1993).

The American Chestnut (Castanea dentata), once a leading keystone species of ridge top forests became functionally extinct beginning in the early decades of the twentieth century. In 1904, a fungal disease (Endothia parasitica) called the chestnut blight, previously unknown in North America, arrived from China. It quickly spread and infected the formerly extensive American Chestnut forests that thrived throughout the Appalachian forests from Maine to Georgia, resulting in these trees being totally decimated by the blight (Alden, 1999: 51, 120).

Although a few American Chestnuts survive and produce chestnuts, for the most part only small saplings remain on the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge. Most do not produce chestnuts. Hence the entire forest composition of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge is significantly different from its original ecological composition in the nineteenth century and earlier. Poisonous Animals and Plants

There are small numbers of poisonous animals and plants found in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. Those listed here do not represent a comprehensive list.

The Timber Rattlesnake, and the Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), are the only venomous snakes found in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (Hulse, McCoy, and Censky, 2001). Among stinging insects occurring in the corridor (Alden, et al, 1999) are the Eastern Yellow Jacket (Vespula maculifrons), Bald-faced Hornet (Vespula maculata), Honey Bee (Apis mellifera), and American Bumble Bee (Bombus pennsylvanicus).

Several poisonous plant species occur in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. The most notable are Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata), White Snakeroot

21

(Eupatorium rugosum), Bittersweet Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara), Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), Celandine (Chelidonium majus), and Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica). Some of these plants are poisonous upon contact whereas others are poisonous if ingested, and some share both properties. Periodically Irruptive Native Species

There are several periodically irruptive native species that occur within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. For example, several exceptional autumn White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) migrations were documented at Bake Oven Knob, Pennsylvania (Heintzelman and MacClay, 1971, 1976b), and occasionally large flights of Red-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta canadensis) occur in autumn at this site. During autumn, large “finch year” flights of Evening Grosbeaks (Coccothraustes vespertinus), Pine Siskins (Carduelis pinus), Red Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra), White-winged Crossbills (Loxia leucoptera), and occasional Pine Grosbeaks (Pinicola enucleator) also are reported on occasion from various raptor migration watchsites along the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Among insects, the Periodical Cicada (Magicicada septendecim) appears in the millions every seventeen years from its underground home and feeding area. However, there are a series of broods for this species, and they appear at different times along the Ridge and Corridor (Alden, et al, 1999: 211). During years when huge numbers of cicadas emerge from underground, they feed on the leaves of trees, shrubs, and other plants although they probably do not kill the flora on which they feed. Kricher (1988: 302-303) points out that periodic eruptions of various broods of cicadas is analogous to masting years in some trees when they produce enormous quantities of seeds. Invasive Species

The Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and its adjacent Corridor are not immune from infestations of various non-native, invasive animal and plant species—in some cases seriously so.

Among invasive animals now found on the Ridge and/or within the Corridor is the Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) which sometimes causes extensive defoliation of forest decidious trees (Alden, 1999: 51). From time to time, for example, Gypsy Moth infestations have defoliated numerous deciduous trees at Bake Oven Knob (D. S. Heintzelman, personal observations).

The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) is another invasive species native to Japan that attacks and kills native Eastern Hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) at various Ridge and Corridor locations including parts of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (Eschtruth, 2006; Snyder, 2001), Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, and elsewhere along the Ridge.

In one study of vegetation dynamics in declining Eastern Hemlock stands due to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid infestations in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, during a nine year period (1994 to 2003), 25 percent of the trees being monitored either died or were in “severe decline” during that time period. Total average transmitted radiation in the study sites increased from 5.0 percent in 1994 (before the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid arrived) to 11.3 percent in 2003. This resulted in a substantial increase in species richness—53 floral species arrived, and 19 were lost, from both ravine floras during this nine year period. However, the number of invasive plants found in the study

22

ravines changed from none present in 1994 to 35 percent of the plant diversity in the 2003 permanent vegetation study plots (Eschtruth, 2006).

Biologists fear that widespread defoliation of Eastern Hemlock forests in the eastern United States by the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid eventually may threaten the entire ecosystem formed by this tree species. Indeed, in the geologic past the failure of Eastern Hemlocks to regenerate because of the rapid spread of disease required some 2,000 years for the species to recover from its catastrophic decline (Snyder, 2001).

Invasive plant species are also troublesome and commonly spread uncontrolled in many parts of the Ridge and Corridor as well as far beyond these geographic features (Kaufman and Kaufman, 2007; Swearingen, Reshetiloff, Slattery, and Zwicker, 2002).

Some of the especially troublesome non-native, invasive plants now commonly found in various parts of the Ridge and/or Corridor are Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) invading roadsides, forest edges, and other upland areas, Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) invading wetlands, and Orange Daylilies (Hemerocallis fulva) that spread to roadsides, meadows, and forest edges.

Additionally, Common Reed (Phragmites australis) invades freshwater marshes and riverbanks, Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) creates impenetrable stands of shrubs/trees in fields, open woodland, and other areas, Exotic Bush Honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) spread uncontrolled into forest edges, fields and pastures, roadsides, and other areas, Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora) spreads into dense stands in unplowed fields and pastures, median strips along highways, and other areas, and Butterfly Bush (Buddleja davidii) spreads to roadsides, abandoned railroad right-of-ways, banks of rivers and streams, and other areas.

Among trees, Norway Maples (Acer platanoides) grow widely in the Raptor Corridor, Royal Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) establishes itself along former railroad right-of-ways converted to hiking and walking trails, and the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) invades natural areas and cultivated areas.

At some locations within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor, including the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, and the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge, efforts are being made to remove some of these non-native, invasive plants (Anonymous, 2004c: 10). Introduced Non-native Birds

There are several introduced, non-native bird species established within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (American Ornithologists’ Union, 1998; Bull, 1985; Heintzelman, 2002; Poole, 1964). These include Mute Swans (Cygnus olor), Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), Rock Doves (Columba livia), European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus).

European Starlings and House Sparrows seriously complete with native birds for nesting sites in cavities in trees and man-made bird boxes. Some native birds that are seriously affected by these introduced birds are American Kestrels and Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis). Numerous American Kestrel (Anonymous, n. d., Bildstein, 2002; Heintzelman, 1964; Heintzelman and Nagy, 1968) and Eastern Bluebird nest boxes, however, provide artificial nest structures for these species in parts of the Ridge and Corridor. Both species readily accept and use these structures.

23

Non-Profit Activities in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk CorridorThere are a number of precedent-setting, and increasingly important wildlife and

environmental conservation, research, educational, and ecotourism activities in progress by various non-profit organizations on the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and within its adjacent corridor in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.

For example, in Pennsylvania, establishment in 1934 of Hawk Mountain Sanctuary to stop hawk shooting during autumn at that now internationally famous site represents a landmark event in wildlife conservation history (Broun, 1949). Much more recently, in 2002 the creation of The Acopian Center for Conservation Learning at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary—Hawk Mountain’s biological field station—is generating a wide range of raptor conservation, education, and research activities in Pennsylvania and overseas (Anonymous, 2002c).

The establishment of the Lehigh Gap Nature Center at Lehigh Gap upridge from Hawk Mountain is building a viable grassland ecosystem at that Superfund site (Kunkle, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b; 2006a). The annual, autumn Bake Oven Knob Hawk Count is also sponsored and directed by the Lehigh Gap Nature Center (Kunkle, 2002).

The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey is also engaged in protecting land on the Kittatinny Ridge and within its Corridor.

In New York State, the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership (2003) collectively is involved in a wide range of conservation, research, and land preservation efforts. Among the 11 members of the Partnership, the Mohonk Preserve is the oldest and best known with a century of land ownership, stewardship, and adjunct activities including conservation, education, recreation, and research among its impressive credentials and credits.

Collectively, these and other activities serve as models for similar efforts within the United States, parts of Latin America, and elsewhere overseas at important raptor migration areas. The following discussions provide important, representative examples of these model activities and achievements.

ConservationThe Pennsylvania section of the Ridge and Corridor, in particular, contains

several major, continuing wildlife conservation activities. In 1934, for example, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary was established to stop the annual gunning slaughter at that site—thus creating the world’s first refuge for birds of prey (Broun, 1935b, 1949, 2000; Collins, 1933, 1935; P. Edge, 2003; R. Edge, 1936; Heintzelman, 1975, 1986; Peterson, 1985; Pough, 1932, 1936, 1984; Sutton, 1928a, 1928b; M. Wright, 1994). Additional raptor conservation efforts were also employed at various sites upridge (and downridge) from Hawk Mountain including Bake Oven Knob, Little Gap, Route 309, and others (Broun, 1949, 1956; Heintzelman, 1975, 1986).

As the result of these landmark conservation activities, and continuing public education efforts, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania eventually enacted a “Model Hawk Law” providing protection for all raptors (Bildstein, 2001b; Luttringer, Jr., 1938; Senner, 1984; Sutton, 1929, 1992). Later, the United States government followed with federal protection for all birds of prey (Millsap, 1987: 23-33; Millsap, Cooper, and Holroyd, 2007: 437-449).

24

The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Project In 1992, The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Project was conceived and launched by

the Wildlife Information Center, Inc. (Heintzelman, 1992e, 1993e) as a continuing, long-term conservation, education, research, and recreation program for the entire length of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (Heintzelman, 2004a). Years later, AudubonPA began a similar version of The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Project (AudubonPA, 2006; Heintzelman, 2004a: 44).

One of the conservation activities included as part of the Wildlife Information Center’s Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Project was the creation of several model schoolyard wildlife refuges within the raptor corridor. Several public schools were selected and each received native wildflower seeds to plant a wildflower garden, an Eastern Bluebird nest box, and a bat roosting box. Both boxes were installed at suitable spots on each school’s campus. One or more teachers at each school adopted the schoolyard wildlife refuge project and folded the conservation opportunities into their lesson plans (Romano, 1993). Lehigh Gap Restoration Project

In addition to continuing raptor conservation activities along the Ridge and within the Corridor, a major land restoration project currently is in progress at Lehigh Gap upridge from Hawk Mountain and Bake Oven Knob. This area was totally ravaged and denuded as the result of a century of zinc smelting at nearby Palmerton, PA (Hoopes, 2002, 2003a, 2003b; Kunkle, 2003a, 2003b).

The first step in the Lehigh Gap Restoration Project begun in 2002 by the Wildlife Information Center, Inc./Lehigh Gap Nature Center, when it purchased 756 acres of the Kittatinny Ridge, including most of the west side of Lehigh Gap, for its permanent headquarters and a wildlife refuge. The long-term goal is to return high quality wildlife habitat to the area, and restore the natural beauty of Lehigh Gap (Hoopes, 2002, 2003a, 2003b). Native warm season grasses are now established as the first ecological step toward this restoration (Anonymous, 2005a; Kunkle, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b; 2006a; Schaefer, 2006; West, 2004).

In addition, non-native invasive plants are being removed from the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge (Anonymous, 2004c: 10). This type of flora conservation activity is widely recommended by conservation biologists (Kaufman and Kaufman, 2007).

A local Boy Scout troop also planted some American Chestnut tree nuts on the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge—a species that prior to the very early 1900s was a keystone species on the mountain and is now struggling to become re-established after being nearly destroyed by an introduced fungal blight from China. The nuts that were planted were produced by rare individual trees that seem resistant to the blight, thus giving hope that some nuts will produce blight-resistant American Chestnut trees in the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge (Anonymous, 2006e).

This vegetation restoration method is also being used on the Kittatinny Ridge upridge from the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge in the Palmerton, PA area (Anonymous, 2005b: 4-5). The vegetation restoration projects in the Lehigh Gap-Palmerton section of the Kittatinny Ridge restarted a stalled Superfund initiative in that area (Hoopes, 2007). Establishment of native warm season grasses is responsible for a slow increase in biodiversity on land being restored at Lehigh Gap (Anonymous, 2006a; Hoopes, 2004a, 2004b; Husic, 2007; Kunkle, 2006b; Reed, 1984; Rehn, 1903). Grass plantings will be enhanced with native wildflowers and small trees, such as oaks, to form a savannah.

25

Stopover Habitat Another recommended conservation technique is the use of native plants to

enhance small stopover habitats (Heintzelman, 2000b) such as the creation of a demonstration Habitat Garden beside Osprey House, the headquarters of the Lehigh Gap Nature Center. Native wildflowers and other flora are planted among a carefully constructed rock garden beside the building (Frederick, 2006). Placing high aesthetic and protection value on wildflowers is another important biodiversity conservation priority both locally (van Gelder, 1995) and throughout the entire Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. Enhancing numerous backyard habitats with native ferns, wildflowers, shrubs, and trees of high food and nutritional value to wildlife collectively can produce important amounts of stopover habitat in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor.

Similarly, habitat enhancement of larger public wildlands areas such as State Game Lands owned and managed by the Pennsylvania Game Commission also collectively augments habitat enhancement of small stopover habitats. Unfortunately, past use of non-native invasive species such as Multiflora Rose on some State Game Lands has now resulted in this species spreading uncontrolled at some locations. Conservation Activities in New Jersey and New York States

Extending across the Pennsylvania-New Jersey border along the Delaware River, the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area also represents a major federal commitment to land ownership and stewardship, and many related and continuing conservation, education, recreation, and research activities.

In New York State, along the Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor, the Mohonk Preserve protects and manages almost 7,000 acres of spectacular open space and wildlife habitat (Burke, 2009; Mohonk Preserve, 2000). Minnewaska State Park Preserve, another major preserved open space area in the Shawangunk Ridge, also has a master plan and environmental impact statement guiding its management (Palisades Interstate Park Commission, 1993).

On a wider scale in the Shawangunk Ridge, the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership (SRBP)—a coalition of 11 agencies and organizations established in 1994—is engaged in a wide range of basic and innovative science-based actions and techniques all designed collectively to protect and preserve as much natural land and biodiversity habitat as possible. Among the major activities in which the SRBP is engaged are comprehensive planning, cooperation with landowners, zoning, subdivision, and project review, and looking at the complete landscape (Burke, 2009).

There is also the Shawangunk Mountains Regional Partnership (SMRP) formed by “an inter-municipal cooperative consisting of nine towns and two villages in the Shawangunk Mountains region” (Burke, 2009). SMRP turns its focus on tourism, transportation improvement, and preservation of historic, recreational, and scenic resources (Burke, 2009)—especially the 85-mile road network forming the Shawangunk Mountains Scenic Byway (Burke, 2009; Wegener and Harris, 2005).

To further advance wise and widespread public participation in preservation of the Shawangunk Ridge, Church and Myers (1993) published a guidebook that helps direct and focus public conservation and design efforts on the most appropriate methods currently available to conservation biologists.

26

Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture The Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture (AMJV) (www.amjv.org) is a new and

still developing bird conservation effort dealing with the Appalachian Mountains including the raptor corridor section in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York State. The AMJV is being coordinated by the American Bird Conservancy, and involves numerous state wildlife agencies, including the Pennsylvania Game Commission, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service, as well as some non-profit wildlife conservation organizations including Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association (Smith, 2008).

A considerable number of terrestrial birds are designated as priority species for conservation action in the New York-New Jersey-Pennsylvania part of the Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture Area. Falconiform raptors are Northern Harrier, Bald Eagle, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Northern Goshawk, Broad-winged Hawk, Golden Eagle, and Peregrine Falcon. Strigiform raptors are Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus), Long-eared Owl (Asio otus), and Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus) (Smith, 2008).

The Region 5 office of the Fish & Wildlife Service views the effort to secure federal designation of a Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor “high priority,” continues to be cooperative with our working group (Scott Johnston, e-mail of 26 January 2009), and recommends that our working group present the science package being prepared to the Secretary of the Interior at the appropriate time.

Conservation Advocacy EffortsHawk Mountain

Since 1934, when Hawk Mountain Sanctuary was created (Broun, 1949, 2000), a continuing and wide range of promotion efforts have been conceived and used to education people about the conservation importance of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor (Heintzelman, 1992f).

Popular and technical books pertaining to raptors, raptor migration science, hawk watching, and (in part) the raptor corridor continue to receive wide distribution and play a major role in educating the general public about this internationally important raptor migration flight-line and Corridor, the various watchsites strung along the summit of the Ridge, and the hawk migrations that occur there—especially autumn hawk migrations (Bildstein, 2006; Brett, 1991; Brett and Nagy, 1973; Broun, 1949, 2000; Harwood, 1973; Heintzelman, 1975, 1979a, 1979b, 1986, 2004a, 2004b; Zalles and Bildstein, 2000). Wildlife Information Center, Inc./Lehigh Gap Nature Center

In addition, a number of innovative promotional efforts were developed and used by the Wildlife Information Center, Inc. (now the Lehigh Gap Nature Center) on behalf of the Bake Oven Knob Hawk Watch and the Raptor Corridor generally. They include use of commemorative events such as hawk watching weeks and National Birds of Prey Conservation Week, brief messages and raptor drawings on envelopes, donations of packages of raptor and raptor migration books to public libraries in the vicinity of the Kittatinny Ridge in southeastern Pennsylvania, organizing a national raptor conference, letters-to-editors of newspapers, posters, securing free publication of public service display advertisements in newspapers, special governmental designations for the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor, creating special slide shows, teacher training courses, outreach table exhibits at public events, and other activities (Heintzelman,

27

1992f). During recent years an annual, autumn, one-day HawkFest celebration is also held in the parking lot at Bake Oven Knob (Anonymous, 2007c). Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership

In New York State, three excellent conservation advocacy publications were produced by the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership.

Partners Preserving A ‘Last Great Place’: Saving the Shawangunk Ridge for Future Generations points out that land use pressures are threatening the Ridge, but that science-based actions and techniques are being used to save as much of the Ridge as possible including its forests, water quality, and expanding local economies. Attention is also being devoted to encroaching development, visitor impacts, and wildfire suppression (Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, n. d.).

Community Planning for Nature and People: Using Planning Tools to Protect Open Space Around the Shawangunk Ridge details reasons why the Shawangunks should be protected. They include a sense of place, creating economic growth, preserving clean air and water, protecting one of our planet’s “Last Great Places,” planning for protection of a whole landscape, avoiding fragmentation by roads and development, protecting the Ridge’s slopes, and having available appropriate choices. Tools being used include easements, conservation subdivisions, zoning, large lot zoning, GIS-mapping, conservation overlays, subdivision regulations, clustering, and other techniques (Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, n. d.).

Homeowners’ Guide to Living with Nature: Protecting Biodiversity in the Shawangunks gives homeowners a variety of ways in which they can augment efforts to protect biodiversity. Included are using native plants to landscape their property, removing non-native plants, reducing the size of lawns, avoiding filling in wetlands, using ponds and wetlands to filter water seeping into groundwater aquifers, reducing use of toxic and other pollutants on a property, avoiding allowing house cats from roaming outside, spay or neuter pet cats and dogs, and becoming an open space advocate (Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, n. d.).

ResearchA great deal of raptor and other ornithological research, as well as other wildlife

research, is conducted at various locations along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York State. The most important of these are discussed here. Raptor Migration Counts

Simultaneous with the establishment of Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, the sanctuary’s legendary first curator, Maurice Broun (1906-1979), began making long term autumn raptor migration counts from the Sanctuary’s North Lookout—as well as general ornithological studies on the property (Broun, 1935a, 1939, 1941, 1949, 1951; Broun and Goodwin, 1943; Heintzelman, 1980). His raptor migration research, however, is the most important. Hence, he became known as the “Father of Hawk Watching” in North America (Heintzelman, 2001), which essentially launched modern raptor migration research and hawk watching on the continent, and rescued them from previously obscure and geographically scattered activities (Heintzelman, 1975, 1986; Peterson, 1985).

Following the pioneering raptor migration research begun in 1934 by Maurice Broun, an expanding and wide range of raptor migration research continues at Hawk

28

Mountain Sanctuary (Aradis, 2000; Careau, et al, 2006; Maransky and Bildstein, 2001; Maransky, Goodrich, and Bildstein, 1997; Viverette, et al, 1996). For example, various Hawk Mountain staff recently began using radio-telemetry to track the movements of small numbers of radio-tagged hawks along the Kittatinny Ridge and its adjacent Corridor in Pennsylvania and farther south (Anonymous, 2005e).

Spring raptor migrations along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge, however, are much less numerous than autumn hawk flights although some occur at migration watchsites including Bake Oven Knob (Heintzelman, 1993f) and Hawk Mountain (McCarty, et al, 1999; McCarty and Bildstein, 2001).

Hundreds of raptor migration watchsites in North America are now used by raptor biologists and hawk watchers, and new sites are being discovered as the result of exploratory hawk watching activities (Heintzelman, 1975, 1986, 2004b).

In 1961, for example, at Bake Oven Knob about 16 miles upridge from Hawk Mountain, a long term autumn raptor migration study was begun and continues still (Heintzelman, 1963, 1975, 1986; Heintzelman and Armentano, 1964; Kunkle, 2002, 2008a, 2009). Completion of the autumn 2008 season marks the 48th continuous year of raptor migration study and research at Bake Oven Knob which is now directed and coordinated by the staff, interns, and volunteers from the Lehigh Gap Nature Center (formerly the Wildlife Information Center, Inc.) located at Lehigh Gap a few miles upridge from Bake Oven Knob (Kunkle, 2002, 2008a, 2009).

Indeed, interest in all types of raptor research has expanded worldwide to the degree that a new raptor management and research manual recently was published (Bird and Bildstein, 2007). Pioneering raptor migration research and hawk watching along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge played an important part in this expanded interest in raptor study and research. Other Bird Migration Studies

In addition to raptor migration research, ornithologists at Hawk Mountain also engage in other avian field studies (Bildstein and Compton, 2000), among them looking at declining Neotropical migratory forest interior songbird populations about which there is great concern among ornithologists and conservation biologists (Anonymous, 1990; Hagan and Johnson, 1992; Robbins, 1980).

General observations and counts of other migratory birds are also made at Bake Oven Knob (Heintzelman and Armentano, 1964; Heintzelman and MacClay, 1976a). Occasionally these observations document unusual bird movements, such as several exceptional autumn White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) migrations (Heintzelman and MacClay, 1971, 1976b). Accidental Bird Observations

On rare occasions, exceptionally rare birds are observed at some of the raptor migration watchsites. An especially notable example is the observation and filming on 3 October 1959 at Hawk Mountain of a Kermadec Petrel (Pterodroma neglecta)—a seabird from the South Pacific Ocean. It is the only record for the species in North America (Heintzelman, 1960, 1961, 1985; but see Hess, 1997). American Kestrel Studies

In addition to ongoing raptor migration research at watchsites on the Kittatinny Ridge, additional important raptor research focusing on breeding, wintering, and other aspects of the biology and ecology of American Kestrels remain a hallmark of off-ridge

29

raptor research within part of the Pennsylvania portion of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Raptor Corridor (Bildstein, 2002: 22-23; Heintzelman, 1964, 1966, 1992a, 1994a; Heintzelman and Nagy, 1968).

A range of kestrel-related topics received field study—nest box use to augment local kestrel populations (Anonymous, n. d.), effects of macro- and microhabitat on use of nest boxes and nesting success (Rohrbaugh and Yahner, 1997), nest box sanitation and egg hatchability (Heintzelman, 1971), and clutch sizes, hatchability rates, and sex ratios of kestrels using nest boxes (Heintzelman and Nagy, 1968).

Additional kestrel study topics include spring and summer food habits (Heintzelman, 1964), aerial capture of prey (Heintzelman, 1966), and the role of perches in limiting kestrel use of hilltop fields (Heintzelman, 1992a, 1994a). Other kestrel study topics include an unusual tail (Heintzelman, 1962), winter roosting behavior (Ardia, 2001), and energetic consequences of sex-related habitat segregation in winter (Ardia, 2002; Ardia and Bildstein, 1997, 2001).

American Kestrel population monitoring (Katzner et al, 2005), population density (Nagy, 1963), and Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) predation and its speculated impact on declining kestrel populations (Farmer et al, 2006)—but alternatively consider as an explanation periodic 10- to 12-year population cycles (Anonymous [D. S. Heintzelman], 1994b; Heintzelman, 1986, 2004a)— are also being studied. Bird-Banding Studies

A few federally licensed raptor banding stations also are located along the Kittatinny Ridge in New Jersey and Pennsylvania (Holt and Frock, 1980). Roadside Raptor Surveys

Roadside raptor surveys, other raptor biology and ecology studies, plus general ornithology studies such as winter backyard bird feeder surveys and winter bird surveys in the Bake Oven Knob area are also continuing off-ridge within the adjacent Corridor (Anonymous, 2008b; Anonymous, 2008d; Bunn, Klein, and Bildstein, 1995; Heintzelman, 1965, 1997b, 2004c; Kunkle, 1994, 1997; van Gelder, 2005). Lehigh Gap Nature Center Field Studies

Additional biological and ecological research also is being done at various locations in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. At the Lehigh Gap Nature Center near Slatington, PA, for example, a variety of research projects are being conducted by staff, interns, volunteers, and adjunct researchers (professors and students) from local colleges and universities. Among the projects are the annual autumn Bake Oven Knob Hawk Count, maintaining lists of flora and fauna observed on the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge, conducting continuing ecological assessments on the property, developing collaborative relations with area colleges and universities, and other activities (Anonymous, 2007d; Kunkle, 2006d).

In 2007, for instance, a “Lehigh Gap Research Roundtable” involved several college professors and a scientist from the National Energy Technology Laboratory (Pittsburgh, PA). It led to several summer research project for college students pertaining to soils microbial populations, impacts of remediation efforts on aquatic macroinvertebrates in ponds on the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge, chlorosis (yellowing) of the edges of birch tree leaves, and “biochemical protective mechanisms or adaptations. . . being used by three plant species which. . . grow in the metal-contaminated soils of Lehigh Gap” (Husic and Kuserk, 2007).

30

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Mammal Inventory The National Park Service also conducted a mammal inventory along the

Appalachian National Scenic Trail (AT) corridor in the states of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania from May 2005 through April 2007. Seven critically imperiled, imperiled, or vulnerable species were documented, and another 23 non-target species also were documented. The field study failed to document another 13 target species, however, probably because they are rare, trap-shy, or secretive, etc. (Sedivec and Whidden, 2007). Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Field Studies

Bird studies done at the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in recent years include a study of early successional habitats used by grassland birds in relation to abundance, distribution, and management (Master, et al, 2006). This study is consistent with widespread general concern by the National Park Service regarding breeding grassland and shrubland birds on Park Service lands in the Mid-Atlantic region (Peterjohn, 2006a, 2006b).

Biologists at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area also conducted a three year field study of three ambystomid salamander species—Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum), and Jefferson Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum)—with special emphasis on identifying essential breeding habitats and population status of the species (Snyder, et al, 2005). Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership Field Studies

In the Shawangunk Ridge section of the Raptor Corridor in New York State, various members of the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership have conducted a wide range of important research projects extending back for many years.

Batcher (2000), for example, examined and identified research needs for an ecosystem research program in the Shawangunks.

Barbour (1999) inventoried vernal pools on the northern part of the Ridge whereas Thompson (1996, 1999) studied the vegetation of the Northern Shawangunk Ridge, and also surveyed cliff and talus slopes of the Mohonk Preserve. Swift (1995) also examined historical and current rare plant and animal records, and significant natural communities, of the Shawangunk Ridge Bioreserve.

Batcher (2000) focused attention on the ecological processes and natural communities of the Northern Shawangunks, and Batcher, Hall, and Bartgis (1997) looked at ecological processes in rock outcrop pine barrens and associated communities on the Shawangunks. Lougee (2000) surveyed the Sam’s Point Dwarf Pine Ridge Preserve cliff community, and Russell (2000, 2001) studied factors that contribute to forest diversity of the Shawangunks, and three centuries of vegetation changes in these mountains.

Biasi, et al (1998) developed a geospatial database for the Northern Shawangunk Ridge, and Caine, et al (1994) examined the hydrogeology of the Northern Shawangunks. Fire Ecology

Fire in the Shawangunk Ridge is an important research subject by some members of the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership. Hubbs (1995), for example, traced fire history of the Northern Shawangunks, and Laing (1994) examined the vegetation and fire history of the dwarf pine ridges in the Shawangunks. Similarly, Rees (1997) studied fire and Pinus rigida rock outcrop communities of the Northern Shawangunk Mountains.

31

EducationOverlapping conservation and research activities by non-profit organizations

along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor resulted in decades of increasingly important and innovative educational activities pertaining to raptors, wildlife generally, ecology, and environmental protection. Some of these activities also include in-service teacher training workshops offered by various agencies and non-profit organizations. “School in the Clouds” at Hawk Mountain

Maurice Broun (1949) discussed the pioneering educational activities he developed at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary in a chapter titled “School in the Clouds” in Hawks Aloft: The Story of Hawk Mountain—activities which now are expanded (Brett, 1981; Oshant, 1989). A. E. Turner (1999) also published a teacher’s guide to Hawk Mountain that reflects enhanced educational activities now ongoing there. “Raptor Challenge” at Hawk Mountain

More recently, a new inter-disciplinary, outreach educational initiative called “Raptor Challenge” was launched by Hawk Mountain. It is designed to reach elementary school children in schools within close proximity to Hawk Mountain and instill in them via classroom study and a field trip an awareness and understanding of raptors and the continuing need for their conservation. Hawk Mountain’s staff also trains school teachers to provide additional classroom and Internet lessons after classes complete the basic “Raptor Challenge” program (Schisler, Jr., 2008). Bake Oven Knob Hawk Watching Field Trips

Educational hawk watching is an increasingly important activity at Bake Oven Knob where various middle schools and high schools, as well as colleges and universities, take students on field trips to the mountaintop lookouts for hawk watching and raptor migration study (Heintzelman, 1982a, 1983b; Kunkle, 2002: 17-18). At various times over the years, in-service teacher training and education workshops and hawk watching field trips were also made to Bake Oven Knob, and teacher education programs coordinated and offered by the Carbon-Lehigh Intermediate Unit in Pennsylvania (Heintzelman, 1983b: 128-137). The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Educational Handbook

In 1993, a series of installments forming The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Educational Handbook were published by the Wildlife Information Center, Inc. and distributed to public libraries and public and private schools along part of the Ridge and Corridor in Pennsylvania (Anonymous, 1993-). Although the handbook was never completed, and numerous installments remain to be published, those issued deal with habitat protection and conservation, forest fragmentation and wildlife loss, precautions regarding lawn care chemicals, developing model schoolyard wildlife refuges, landscape linkages and animal movements, restoring old growth islands, specific species natural histories, several installments dealing with ecotourism, several field trip bulletins, and selected bibliographies pertaining to raptors and White-tailed Deer. Wildlife Information Center, Inc./Lehigh Gap Nature Center

Raptors are not the only focus of biodiversity conservation within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Raptor Migration Corridor. During the spring of 1993, the Wildlife Information Center, Inc. provided wildflower meadow seeds, Eastern Bluebird nest boxes, and bat roosting boxes to enhance three model schoolyard wildlife refuges in the Kittatinny Raptor Corridor in Northampton County, PA (Romano, 1993).

32

Important and diverse educational activities are also being developed and used at the Lehigh Gap Nature Center located in Lehigh Gap. A new education and visitor center is also planned for the Center and fundraising currently is in progress (Anonymous, 2005d; Kunkle, 2006e, 2007b).

In addition, in January 2008, Congressman Charlie Dent (R-PA) announced that Congress provided “$335,042 for the Lehigh Gap Nature Center to conduct research with local schools and colleges, and develop interactive web-based educational materials and teacher training programs that will enhance students’ ecological awareness.” An additional $143,449 was provided to “Hawk Mountain Sanctuary to expand science and environmental education programs that target underserved children in urban and rural areas” (Dent, 2008).

One of the oldest educational initiatives at the Lehigh Gap Nature Center is the annual awarding of “Student Ecologist Awards” to local and regional high school students exhibiting a record of wildlife and ecological/environmental activism (Anonymous, 2007a; 2008c). Another long running educational program offered by the Lehigh Cap Nature Center is “The Wonderful World of Wildlife” program offered to children ages 4-11 and held at, and in cooperation with, The Slatington Public Library. Every week during summer, a volunteer reads a story to the children, who are able to check-out books from the library, and they also engage in crafts and other activities. Some 50 children participate in the program (Anonymous, 2006f).

Each summer for the past 10 years, the Lehigh Gap Nature Center offered opportunities to seventh and eighth grade students from local and regional schools to participate in annual Young Ecologists Summer Camps. More than a hundred students have completed the camp to date (Anonymous, 2006f, 2007b; Kunkle and Heintzelman, 1997: 5).

A Lehigh Gap Naturalists Club was also established for students interested in exploring and learning about the natural history and ecology of the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge. The club started in 2006 with eight students. Among the topics explored thus far are Monarch Butterflies, hawk watching at Bake Oven Knob and Lehigh Gap, and general nature observation hikes on the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge (Anonymous, 2007e; Husic and Husic, 2006; Livingston, Livingston, and Livingston, 2007). Members are also studying native bees found on the Refuge (Bankos and Husic, 2008).

During the summer of 2007, a new collaborative Summer Camp for teachers was developed by the Lehigh Gap Nature Center and Moravian College in Bethlehem, PA, and approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. It offered public and other K-12 school teachers opportunities to secure required Act 48 continuing education credit hours. Six field workshops, each lasting five hours, were free and held at the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge and focused on birds and wildlife, forest ecology and trees, the natural history of Lehigh Gap, plants and plant science, pond and river ecology, and geology of Lehigh Gap (Husic and Kunkle, 2007). The Mohonk Preserve

The Mohonk Preserve, located at the northern end of the Shawangunk Ridge in New York State, provides an extensive and varied educational program for the general public as well as teachers as detailed on its website. For example, the Preserve offers a structured, K-6th grade sequential field study program during which students repeatedly

33

return to the Preserve throughout a seven year period to add to their growing knowledge about the ridge and its ecological and biodiversity features.

Among key parts of the Mohonk Preserve’s educational program are: Guided Field Studies: Come Visit the Ridge!, Outreach Programs: The Ridge Comes to You!, NatureAccess for Children with Disabilities, Summer Camps for the Earthwatcher, Public Programs, Lectures & Workshops, Teacher Training in Environmental Education including use of Project WILD, Project WILD Aquatic, WILD School Sites, Project WILD: Science & Civics, and Various Other Natural and Cultural History Topics. There is also available a 3-credit Graduate Course in Environmental Education. Newspaper Articles and OP-ED Pieces

Occasionally newspaper articles and OP-ED pieces appear that help to educate the public about the importance of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor for migratory raptors and other wildlife. In August 2007, for example, Donald S. Heintzelman published an OP-ED piece titled “Raptor Flyway Deserves Broad Protections” in The Morning Call in Allentown, PA (Heintzelman, 2007a). It produced the current effort to secure federal designation of a Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor.

In January 2008, the Poughkeepsie Journal published an article by Kim Van Fleet and Cara Lee (2008) discussing raptor migrations along the Shawangunk Ridge in New York State. These occasional articles and OP-ED pieces augment educational programs offered to students and teachers, as well as the general public, by various non-profit organizations located in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York State.

Tourism and Economic Development There are several basic components that collectively form the foundation for

developing tourism activities and related economic development pertaining to the states, counties, townships and municipalities within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor. There currently is uneven development of tourism, however, in the Corridor. That is why efforts should be made to achieve roughly similar, if not coordinated, tourism programs throughout the entire Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor. That, in turn, will lead to enhanced economic development within the entire 250 mile corridor length. Hawk Watching and Ecotourism

During autumn tens of thousands of people, including birders and hawk watchers, visit raptor migration hotspots along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge, such as Hawk Mountain (Brett, 1991; Brett and Nagy, 1973; Brock, Fordyce, Kunkle, and Fenchel, 2009; Broun, 1949; Harwood, 1973; Heintzelman, 2004b), to enjoy watching raptor migrations, spectacular scenery, and colorful autumn foliage. These people, some from around the world, are a significant economic force in the rural Pennsylvania area in which Hawk Mountain is located (Kerlinger and Brett, 1995). Similarly, smaller numbers of visitors also come to Bake Oven Knob during autumn to enjoy watching migrating raptors, colorful autumn foliage, and hiking the famous Appalachian Trail (Heintzelman, 1995b). These ecotourism examples are recommended by wildlife conservation organizations (Kunkle, 1992). Development of roadside watchable wildlife programs at other selected non-ridge sites would also bring ecotourism dollars into dozens of rural communities within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Raptor Corridor.

34

To date, however, there is no carefully prepared and structured, comprehensive ecotourism plan available for the entire Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. That should be one of the priority management efforts to be completed and implemented as soon as possible. There is tremendous tourism potential available along the Ridge and Corridor that can benefit the people living there. Federal designation of a Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor can play a significantly helpful role in expanding ecotourism and further serve as a stimulus for enhanced augmentation and development of adjunct and related historic tourism and scenic byway corridors. Hiking and Walking

Hiking and walking on trails and footpaths is an important and popular activity along the entire length of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. It is fortuitous that several major hiking and walking trails exist along this 250-mile-long area. Foremost is the internationally famous Appalachian Trail and its adjacent corridor which largely follows a route along the crest of the Kittatinny Ridge in New Jersey and much of Pennsylvania. In the northern Shawangunks, there is also the Shawangunk Ridge Trail (some of which is still in preparation), and a 20 mile section of the Long Path sponsored by the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference (Wegener and Harris, 2005).

Various canal corridors also offer excellent hiking and walking opportunities within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. These include the Delaware and Hudson Canal Heritage Corridor, part of the Shawangunk Mountains Scenic Byway Corridor in New York state (Wegener and Harris, 2005), and the Delaware and Lehigh Heritage Canal Corridor in Pennsylvania. There are also rails-to-trails corridors (abandoned railroad rights-of-way) converted to hiking, walking and biking activities, and more are in preparation.

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, and other state and local parks also provide numerous hiking and walking trails as do some wildlife refuges owned by non-profit organizations. Bicycling

Bicycling is another popular form of outdoor recreation. A few bicycling routes or trails also exist at various locations along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Corridor although more are needed to accommodate increased public interest in bicycling. Rock Climbing

Rock climbing has substantial public participation in the Shawangunk Mountains Scenic Byway section (the northern half) of the Shawangunk Range—a world class rock climbing area (Wegener and Harris, 2005) in New York State. Photography

Wildlife, nature, and landscape photography is a major part of tourism and economic development for residents and tourists to the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor. Just about everybody who visits this marvelous 250-mile-long area takes along a camera or video camera to record “memorable moments” of their visit. These people also provide free word-of-mouth and visual exposure for the area when they return home and show friends photographs and videos of the wildlife, nature, and landscape attractions of this marvelous part of the eastern United States. Automobile Touring

Automobile tourism has enormous economic potential throughout the entire 250-mile-length of the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor although structured

35

automobile tourism varies considerably in various parts of the Ridge and Corridor. Perhaps the most formally structured and developed automobile tourism currently exists in the northern half of the Shawangunk Range in New York State where the Shawangunk Mountains Scenic Byways Corridor is formally defined as part of New York State’s overall series of scenic byways programs (Wegener and Harris, 2005). Scenic Byway Corridors

A Shawangunk Mountains Scenic Byways Corridor Management Plan (Wegener and Harris, 2005), published for the northern part of the Shawangunk Ridge, contains four mini-plans—tourism and economic development, transportation, preservation of resources, and management. This detailed, well illustrated report clearly sets forth essential details necessary for creation of exceptionally viable tourism (ecotourism, historic tourism, and general tourism) activities and programs in the northern Shawangunks. The report can serve as a model for preparation of similar but separate documents pertaining to the southern Shawangunks in New York State, and portions of the Kittatinny Ridge and Corridor in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River

The Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River is part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. It is administered by the National Park Service and extends for 73.4 miles along the New York and Pennsylvania border. Federal involvement in this area is largely restricted to the Delaware River itself where boating, fishing, and wildlife watching (including wintering Bald Eagles) are of particular interest to wildlife watchers (National Park Service, 2008e).

Historic Sites and Tourism The role of history as it relates to the proposed Kittatinny-Shawangunk National

Raptor Migration Corridor is important. There are numerous historic buildings and sites that provide historic tourism opportunities augmenting ecotourism and general tourism opportunities. Some are included on the National Register of Historic Places whereas others are important from local, regional, or state perspectives. Many visitors to the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor enjoy visiting these historic sites and buildings as well as looking for wildlife. Former Hawk Shooting Along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge

A brief review of former hawk shooting activities along the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor provides a useful perspective regarding the enormous progress that has been made since the late nineteenth century regarding enhancement of public awareness and appreciation of the ecological roles played by birds of prey, their migration flight-lines, corridors, and flyways in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York State, and legal raptor protection.

The historic roots of public hostility toward birds of prey (and other predators) in North America were explained by Robert Cushman Murphy (1887-1973) in the following way (Heintzelman, 1970, 2004a):

“The whole erroneous idea about control (meaning extermination) of predators arose in western Europe after man had to take charge of game management, as in English private ‘parks.’ In parts of the world where land use is still less artificial, as in Pennsylvania, a healthy supply of game birds, etc., depends on a normal population of

36

hawks, owls, and other predatory animals. They supply the basis upon which the welfare of life as a whole depends.

“The Azores Islands were named for hawks. It is very interesting that even today these islands have an extraordinarily large population of hawks, chiefly Buteo, and that along with them quail, woodcock, and vast numbers of small birds abound. The situation represents nature in proper balance.”

Beginning in 1885, however, when the Pennsylvania legislature enacted its infamous Scalp Act—resulting in huge numbers of raptors being killed for bounty payments—public attitudes toward raptors very slowly shifted from distain and killing to concern, appreciation, and then widespread support for protection of birds of prey, and nature generally (Bildstein, 2001b; Bildstein, et al, 2008; Broun, 1949; Carson, 1962; Collins, 1933; Heintzelman, 1970; 2004a, 2004b; Maloof, 2005; Peterson and Peterson, 2002; Pough, 1932, 1984; Van Noy, 2008).

By 1934, when Hawk Mountain Sanctuary was established to protect migrating raptors and other wildlife at that internationally famous site, countless thousands of other migrating raptors annually were killed by gunners from other locations elsewhere along the Ridge in Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Bildstein, et al, 2008; Broun, 1949, 1956; Collins, 1933, 1935; Heintzelman, 1975; Pough, 1932, 1984).

In 1956, Donald S. Heintzelman witnessed this firsthand while helping Maurice Broun gather evidence against illegal hawk shooting activities on visits to dozens of shooting blinds upridge and downridge from Hawk Mountain (D. S. Heintzelman, unpublished field observations). The photograph published in Autumn Hawk Flights (Heintzelman, 1975: 85) of 11 protected raptors—an Osprey, Northern Harrier, Peregrine Falcon, and some Broad-winged Hawks—shot by gunners near Bake Oven Knob upridge from Hawk Mountain, for example, was part of the evidence used to successfully prosecute the gunners for killing those birds.

In 1957, a new Pennsylvania law banned hawk shooting in part of the state and hawk shooting stopped along the Kittatinny Ridge as field checks verified (D. S. Heintzelman, unpublished field observations; Senner, 1984). National Register of Historic Places

There are numerous nationally important historic buildings and sites within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor included on the National Register of Historic Places website.

In Pennsylvania, the following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Many are already destinations for history buffs and educational field trips. Berks County

Daniel Berk Log House, South of Albany on Maiden Creek, Albany Township. Added to the Register on December 12, 1977.

Bridge in Albany Township, LR 06173 over Maiden Creek, Steinsville. Added to the Register on June 22, 1988.

Brobst Mill, Off T 814 on Pine Creek, Albany Township. Added to the Register on November 8, 1990.

Hamburg Armory, N. Fifth St., South of I-78, Hamburg. Added to the Register on May 9, 1991.

Hamburg Public Library, 35 M. Third St., Hamburg. Added to the Register on November 3, 1988.

37

Kauffman Mill at the junction of Mill and Mill Hill Road, Upper Bern Twp. near Shartlesville. Added to the Register on November 8, 1990.

Lenhart Farm at the junction of US 22 and PA 143, Lenhartsville. Added to the Register on September 18, 1978.

Merkel Mill on Dreibelbis Station Road at Maiden Creek, Greenwich Township near Lenhartsville. Added to the Register on November 8, 1990.

Schaumboch’s Tavern at Hawk Mountain on Hawk Mountain Road in Albany Township. Added to the Register on November 20, 1979.

Seyfert Mill, Jct. of Old US 22 and Campsite Road, Upper Tulpehocken Twp., near Strausstown. Added to the Register on November 8, 1990.

Spannuth Mill, Jct. of Frystown and Crosskill Creek Rds., Bethel Township, near Frystown. Added to the Register on November 8, 1990.

Trexler Historic District, 375-424 Old Philadelphia Pike, Albany Township. Added to the Register on September 7, 2001.

Carbon County Carbon County Section of the Lehigh Canal in Weissport and vicinity. Added

to the Register on August 10, 1979. Little Gap Covered Bridge south of the village of Little Gap on T 376 in

Towamensing Township. Added to the Register on December 1, 1980. Cumberland County

William Black Homestead on Drexel Hill Park Road, New Cumberland. Added to the Register on July 20, 1977.

Carlisle Armory, 504 Cavalry Road, Carlisle. Added to the Register on December 22, 1989.

Carlisle Historic District, East edge of Carlisle on US 11. Added to the Register on June 15, 1979.

Carlisle Indian School, East edge of Carlisle on US 11. Added to the Register on October 15, 1966.

Cumberland Valley Railroad Station & Station Master’s House, 2 W. Strawberry Alley and 4 W. Strawberry Alley, Mechanicsburg. Added to the Register on November 11, 1978.

Hessian Powder Magazine, Guardhouse & Garrison Lanes, Carlisle. Added to the Register on May 17, 1974.

Irving Female College, Filbert, Main, and Simpson Sts., Mechanicsburg. Added to the Register on May 6, 1983.

Market Street Bridge, Market St./LR 34 over Susquehanna River, Harrisburg. Added to the Register on June 22, 1988.

John McCullough House, SE of Newville on PA 233. Added to the Register on December 12, 1978.

Mechanicsburg Commercial Historic District, Main St. from Arch to High St. Added to the Register on April 21, 1983.

Old West, Dickinson College, Dickinson College Campus, Carlisle. Added to the Register on October 15, 1966.

Adam Orris House, 318 W. Main St., Mechanicsburg. Added to the Register on December 30, 1987.

38

Peace Church, NW corner of Trindle and St. John’s Roads, Camp Hill. Added to the Register on March 24, 1972.

Pine Grove Furnace, South of Dickinson on PA 233. Added to the Register on April 13, 1977.

Ramp Covered Bridge, East of Newburg on T 374, Hopewell Township. Added to the Register on August 25, 1980.

Simpson Street School, Simpson & High Sts., Mechanicsburg. Added to the Register on February 24, 1983.

George Trimble House, 50 Pleasant Grove Rd., Silver Spring Township, Mechanicsburg. Added to the Register on July 24, 1992.

Dauphin County John Ayres House, NW of Dauphin on PA 324. Added to the Register on

September 7, 1979. Broad Street Market, Verbeke St. between 3rd and 6th Sts., Harrisburg. Added to

the Register on December 27, 1974. Cameron Simon School, 1839 Green St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on

April 24, 1986. Camp Curtin Fire Station, 2504 N. 6th St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on

August 11, 1981. Clemson Island Prehistoric District, address restricted, Halifax. Added to the

Register on September 17, 1981. Colonial Theater, 3rd and Market Sts., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on

November 9, 1982. Dauphin County Courthouse, Jct. Front and Market Sts., Harrisburg. Added to

the Register on August 2, 1993. William Donaldson House, 2005 N. Third St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register

on April 26, 1990. German Evangelical Zion Lutheran Church, Capital and Herr Sts., Harrisburg.

Added to the Register on November 12, 1975. William R. Griffith House, 215 N. Front St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register

on October 21, 1976. Harris Switch Tower, Pennsylvania Railroad, 637 Walnut St., Harrisburg.

Added to the Register on August 30, 1994. John Harris Mansion, 219 S. Front St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on

September 20, 1973. Harrisburg 19th Street Armory, 1313 S. 19th St., Harrisburg. Added to the

Register on November 14, 1991. Harrisburg Cemetery, 13th and Liberty Sts., Harrisburg. Added to the Register

on March 7, 1985. Harrisburg Central Railroad Station and Trainshed, Aberdeen St.,

Harrisburg. Added to the Register on June 11, 1975. Harrisburg Historic District, bounded roughly by Forster, 3rd, Hanna Sts., and

the Susquehanna River, Harrisburg. Added to the Register on January 19, 1976. Harrisburg Military Post, Jct. of 14th and Calder Sts., Harrisburg. Added to the

Register on November 29, 1991.

39

Harrisburg Polyclinic Hospital, 2601 N. Third St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on November 12, 2004.

Harrisburg Technical High School, 423 Walnut St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on December 7, 1982.

Keystone Building, 18-22 S. 3rd St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on September 7, 1979.

Kunkel Building, 301 Market St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on November 9, 1982.

Legislative Route 1, Sycamore Allee, Legislative Route 1, approximately 1 mile N and S of Halifax. Added to the Register on February 7, 2007.

Market Street Bridge, Market St./LR 34 over Susquehanna River, Harrisburg. Added to the Register on June 22, 1988.

Archibald McAllister House, 5300 N. Front St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on June 7, 1976.

Midtown Harrisburg Historic District, roughly bounded by Susquehanna River, Forster, Verbeke, and 3rd Sts., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on April 21, 1983.

Mount Pleasant Historic District, Sylvan Terrace to 19th St., Market to Brookwood Sts., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on January 11, 1985.

Mount Pleasant Historic District (Boundary Increase), 1100-1321 Market St., 1142 Derry St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on May 9, 1990.

Old Downtown Harrisburg Commercial Historic District, Dewberry, Chestnut, Blackberry, and S. 3rd Sts., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on July 14, 1983.

Old Downtown Harrisburg Commercial Historic District (Boundary Increase), roughly Market St. from 3rd to 4th and 3rd St. from Walnut to Chestnut Sts., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on March 22, 1984.

Old Uptown Harrisburg Historic District, roughly bounded by McClay, N. Third, Reily, N. Second, and Calder, Harrisburg. Added to the Register on January 4, 1990.

Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 Streamlined Electric Locomotive #4859, Track 5, Harrisburg Transportation Center, Aberdeen St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on May 5, 2004.

Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, Cameron St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on January 8, 1986.

Salem United Church of Christ, 231 Chestnut St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on April 23, 1975.

William Seel Building, 319 Market St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on December 3, 1980.

Sheffield Apartments, 2003 N. Third St., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on April 4, 1990.

Shoop Site, address restricted, Wayne. Added to the Register on February 13, 1986.

Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Bridge, LR 140/State St. over LR 130 Spur and Paxton Creek, Harrisburg. Added to the Register on June 22, 1988.

40

State Capitol Building, Pennsylvania, Third, Walnut, Commonwealth, and North Sts., Harrisburg. Added to the Register on September 14, 1977.

Walnut Street Bridge, Walnut St. over Susquehanna River, Harrisburg. Added to the Register on June 5, 1972.

Franklin County Angle Farm, SE of Mercersburg. Added to the Register on November 20, 1979. Bridge on Metal Township, LR 45 Spur E over W. Branch of Conococheaque

Creek, Willow Hill. Added to the Register on June 22, 1988. Carrick Furnace, PA 75 N or Metal, Metal Township. Added to the Register on

September 6, 1991. Chambersburg and Bedford Turnpike Road Company Toll House, W of St.

Thomas on US 30. Added to the Register on January 3, 1978. Church Hill Farm, NE of Mercersburg at 8941 Kings Lane. Added to the

Register on December 2, 1980. Hays Bridge Historic District, E of Mercersburg on SR 331 and SR 328. Added

to the Register on July 31, 1978. Lane House, 14 N. Main St., Mercersburg. Added to the Register on January 13,

1972. Mansfield, SE of Mercersburg. Added to the Register on April 26, 1979. Mercersburg Academy, PA 16, Mercersburg. Added to the Register on June 21,

1984. Mercersburg Historic District, Main and Seminary Sts., Mercersburg. Added to

the Register on December 13, 1978. Mercersburg Historic District (Boundary Increase), S. Main St. between

Linden Ave. and PA 75, Mercersburg. Added to the Register on May 17, 1989. Millmont Farm, E of Mercersburg at jct. of PA 16 and PA 416. Added to the

Register on April 27, 1979. Rock Hill Farm, 12995 and 12755 Bain Rd., Mercersburg. Added to the Register

on July 28, 1999. Skinner Tavern, 13361 Upper Strasburg Road, Letterkenny Township. Added to

the Register on July 27, 2005. White House Inn, 10111 Lincoln Way W, St. Thomas Township. Added to the

Register on February 27, 1986. Woodland, SW of St. Thomas on PA 416, St. Added to the Register on

September 20, 1973. Col. John Work House, SE of Mercersburg. Added to the Register on November

20, 1979. Lebanon County

Waterville Bridge, Appalachian Trail over Swatara Creek, Swatara Gap. Added to the Register on November 14, 1988.

Lehigh County Bridge on LR 39110 over a branch of the Jordan Creek in Heidelberg Township.

Added to the Register on June 22, 1988. Fireman’s Drinking Fountain on Main St., Slatington. Added to the Register on

November 9, 1981.

41

Frederick and Catherine Leaser Farm, 7654 Leaser Road, Lynn Township. Added to the Register on January 14, 2004. This building, currently in major need of restoration, is also part of the newly created Lehigh County Log Cabin Trail (Fulton, 2008).

Slatington Historic District, Slatington. Added to the Register on August 11, 2004.

Vigilant Fire Company Fireman’s Monument in Union Cemetery, Washington Township. Added to the Register on August 11, 2004.

Monroe County Academy Hill Historic District, roughly bounded by Sarah, 8th, Fulmer, and 5th

Sts., Stroudsburg. Added to the Register on January 4, 1990. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Water Gap Station, Waring

Drive, Delaware Water Gap. Added to the Register on November 27, 2002. East Stroudsburg Armory, 271 Washington St., East Stroudsburg. Added to the

Register on May 9, 1991. East Stroudsburg Railroad Station, Crystal St., East Stroudsburg. Added to the

Register on June 27, 1980. Kitson Woolen Mill, 411 Main St., Stroudsburg. Added to the Register on

January 12, 1984. John Michael Farm, E of Stroudsburg. Added to the Register on July 8, 1980. Quiet Valley Farm, SW of Stroudsburg off US 209, Stroudsburg. Added to the

Register on April 23, 1973. Stroud Mansion, Main and 9th Sts., Stroudsburg. Added to the Register on

August 1, 1979. John Turn Farm, NE of Stroudsburg. Added to the Register on July 23, 1979. Zion Lutheran Church, Off River Road, East Stroudsburg. Added to the

Register on November 9, 1972. Northampton County

Lehigh Canal from Lehigh Gap to South Walnutport boundary. Added to the Register on October 2, 1978.

Weona Park Carousel on PA 512 at Penn Argyl. Added to the Register on June 19, 1972.

Perry County Adairs Covered Bridge, E of Andersonburg on LR 50009, Southwest Madison

Township. Added to the Register on August 25, 1980. Bistline Covered Bridge, S of Andersonburg on LR 50008, Southwest Madison

Township. Added to the Register on August 25, 1980. Book’s Covered Bridge, SW of Blain on LR 50004, Jackson Township. Added

to the Register on August 25, 1980. Dellville Covered Bridge, T 456, Wheatfield Township, Dellville. Added to the

Register on August 25, 1980. Dunbar-Creigh House, Water St., Landisburg. Added to the Register on June 27,

1980. Israel and Samuel Lupfer Tannery Site and House, Black Hollow Road, SW

of Toboyne/Jackson Townships. Added to the Register on May 30, 2003.

42

Mt. Pleasant Covered Bridge, E. of New Germantown on T 304, Jackson Township. Added to the Register on August 25, 1980.

New Germantown Covered Bridge, S. of New Germantown on T 302, Jackson Township. Added to the Register on August 25, 1980.

O’Donel House and Farm, W of New Germantown on PA 274. Added to the Register on July 17, 1986.

Rice Covered Bridge, S of Landisburg on LR 50023, Tyrone Township. Added to the Register on August 25, 1980.

Rockville Bridge, 0.5 mile S of Marysville over Susquehanna River. Added to the Register on August 15, 1975.

Waggoner Covered Bridge, W of Loysville on T 579, Tyrone/Northwest Madison Townships. Added to the Register on August 25, 1980.

Schuylkill County New Ringgold Gristmill, SR 53062, New Ringgold. Added to the Register on

December 18, 1978. Nutting Hall, 205 S. Tulpehocken St., Pine Grove. Added to the Register on July

23, 1980. Pine Grove Historic District, S. Telpehocken & Mill Sts., Swatara Creek, Pine

Grove. Added to the Register on December 31, 1987.

In New Jersey, the following historic sites and buildings are included on the National Register of Historic Places. Sussex County

Cornelius Gunn House, SW of Wallpack Center on Ridge Rd., Wallpack Center. Added to the Register on July 23, 1979.

Harmony Hill United Methodist Church, N of Stillwater on Fairview Lake Rd. Added to the Register on September 19, 1977.

High Point Park Historic District, roughly bounded by the NJ-NY state line and Deckertown Tnpl. Between NJ 23 and NJ 653, Wantage and Montague Townships, Branchville. Added to the Register on April 23, 1996.

Richard Layton House, SW of Wallpack Center on Ridge Rd., Wallpack Center. Added to the Register on July 23, 1979.

Log Cabin and Farm, N of Branchville on Mattison Ave. Added to the Register on August 24, 1977.

Minisink Archaeological Site, address restricted, Millbrook. Added to the Register on April 19, 1993.

Old Mine Road Historic District, NJ 521, Delaware, Old Mine, and River Roads, Wallpack Center. Added to the Register on December 3, 1980.

Peters Valley Historic District, Sandyston-Haney’s Mill, Walpack, and Kuhn Rods., Wallpack Center. Added to the Register on February 29, 1980.

Shoemaker-Houck Farm, S of Wallpack Center on Heney’s Mill-Wallpack Center Rd., Wallpack Center. Added to the Register on July 23, 1979.

Andrew Snable House, NE of Wallpack Center on Sandyston-Haney’s Mill Rd. Added to the Register on July 23, 1979.

Wallpack Center Historic District, Wallpack Center Rd., Wallpack Center. Added to the Register on July 17, 1980.

Warren County

43

Blairstown Historic District, Main St., East Ave., Douglas St., Water St., Blair Place, Blairstown. Added to the Register on February 16, 2007.

Imlaydale Historic District, Imlaydale Rd. and surrounding land between NJ 31 and the Musconetcong R., Washington and Lebanon Townships, Hampton. Added to the Register on March 3, 1991.

Old Mine Road Historic District, NJ 521, Delaware, Old Mine, and River Rds., Wallpack Center. Added to the Register on December 3, 1980.

Ramsaysburg Homestead, NJ 46, Knowlton. Added to the Register on October 27, 2004.

Spring Valley Christian Church Site, Spring Valley Road, 0.5 mile E of Hardwick Center, Hardwick Township. Added to the Register on September 18, 1997.

Vass Farmstead, 109 Stillwater Rd., Hardwick. Added to the Register on September 17, 1999.

In New York State, the following historic sites and buildings are included on the National Register of Historic Places. Orange County

Erie Railroad Station, Jersey Ave. and Fowler St., Port Jervis. Added to the Register on April 11, 1980.

Fort Decker, 127 W. Main St., Port Jervis. Added to the Register on June 13, 1974.

Huguenot Schoolhouse, Old Grange Rd., S of jct. of Old Grange and Big Pond Rds., Deerpark. Added to the Register on August 21, 1997.

US Post Office, 20 Sussex St., Port Jervis. Added to the Register on May 11, 1989.

Ulster County Peter Aldrich Homestead, 168 Decker Rd., Gardiner. Added to the Register on

September 26, 1983. All Saints’ Chapel, Main St., Rosendale. Added to the Register on September 11,

1986. Bevier House, Bevier Rd., Gardiner. Added to the Register on September 26,

1983. Binnewater Historic District, Sawdust Ave., Breezy Hill and Binnewater Rds.,

Rosendale. Added to the Register on November 4, 1982. Bruynswick School No. 8, 2146 Bruynswick Rd., Gardiner. Added to the

Register on November 2, 2000. Brykill, Bruynswick Rd., Gardiner. Added to the Register on September 26,

1983. Added to the Register on September 26, 1983. Johannes Decker Farm, SW of Gardiner on Red Mill Rd. and Shawangunk Kill,

Gardiner. Added to the Register on March 5, 1974. William Decker House, New Prospect Rd., Shawangunk. Added to the Register

on September 26, 1983. Dill Farm, Off Goebel Rd., Shawangunk. Added to the Register on September

26, 1983. Deyo DuBois House, 437 Springtown Rd., Rosendale. Added to the Register on

November 25, 1994.

44

Elting Memorial Library, 93 Main St., New Paltz. Added to the Register on May 12, 2004.

Guilford-Bower Farm House, Albany Post Rd., New Paltz. Added to the Register on July 8, 1999.

Jean Hasbrouck House, Huguenot and N. Front Sts., New Paltz. Added to the Register on December 24, 1967.

Maj. Jacob Hasbrouck, Jr. House, 193 Huguenot St., New Paltz. Added to the Register on July 23, 1999.

Huguenot Street Historic District, Huguenot St., New Paltz. Added to the Register on October 15, 1966.

George and John R. Hunt Memorial Building, 2 Liberty St., corner of Liberty and Canal Sts., Village of Ellenville. Added to the Register on January 14, 2005.

Johannes Jansen House and Dutch Barn, Decker Rd., Shawangunk. Added to the Register on September 26, 1983.

Thomas Jansen House, Jansen Rd., Shawangunk. Added to the Register on September 26, 1983.

John A. Lafevre House and School, NY 208, S of New Paltz. Added to the Register on November 16, 1989.

Lake Mohonk Mountain House Complex, NW of New Paltz, between Wallkill Valley and E on Roundout Valley on W. Added to the Register on July 16, 1973.

Miller’s House at Red Mills, Red Mills Rd. and Wallkill Ave., Shawangunk. Added to the Register on September 26, 1983.

Pearl Street Schoolhouse, Awosting and Decker Rds., Shawangunk. Added to the Register on September 26, 1983.

Perrine’s Bridge, Off US 87 over Wallkill River, Rosendale. Added to the Register on April 13, 1973.

Snyder Estate Natural Cement Historic District, NY 213, 0.5 mile W of Rosendale. Added to the Register on June 9, 1992.

Terwilliger House, Hoagerburgh Rd., Shawangunk. Added to the Register on September 26, 1983.

The Locusts, 160 Plains Rd., New Paltz. Added to the Register on December 16, 1996.

U. S. Post Office, Liberty Pl., Ellenville. Added to the Register on November 17, 1988.

Benjamin Van Keuren House Ruin, off of Bruyn Turnpike, Shawangunk. Added to the Register on November 22, 2000.

Lehigh County Log Cabin Trail In Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, the northern section of the newly created Lehigh

County Log Cabin Trial is located within the Kittatinny Raptor Corridor and provides important historic tourism opportunities focusing on charming 18th and 19th century log buildings (Fulton, 2008). The trail’s website, www.lehighcountylogcabintrail.org and brochure (Lehigh County Log Cabin Trail Committee, n. d.), provides full details about the trail’s buildings and related educational, restoration, and preservation recourses.

Conclusion

45

Information contained in this petition and paper documents the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor as a major geologic feature crossing parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. There is a large body of published information, extending approximately from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, documenting the biodiversity, conservation, ecological, environmental, recreational, and historic importance of this famous Ridge and Corridor. A good deal of this information pertains to raptor migrations and hawk watching activities.

In addition, there are tens of thousands of acres of the ridge and corridor that already are protected as open space and wildlife habitat. Continuing efforts are being made by various governmental agencies and non-profit organizations to secure the permanent protection of additional key sections in the Kittatinny Ridge and Corridor.

These are compelling reasons why the Secretary of the Interior should designate the ridge and corridor as the Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor—the first such designation in the world.

AcknowledgementsSeveral organizations provided accommodations and/or services—the Center for

Biological Diversity, The Acopian Center for Conservation Learning at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey, The Nature Conservancy in New York, the Mohonk Preserve, and the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership in New York State.

Larry Hilaire of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area secured a translation of the Lenape Tribal name “Shawangunk” and provided editing suggestions.

Special appreciation is also due our working group colleagues Keith L. Bildstein, Tara Brown, Larry Hilaire, Glenn D. Hoagland, David Johnson, Dan Kunkle, Cara Lee, Patrick J. Lynch, and David M. Olsen for providing assistance, comments, and recommendations during the preparation of this petition and paper and other work on the raptor corridor project.

Dana Burke, a SUNY Intern associated with The Nature Conservancy in New York and the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, prepared an unpublished report pertaining to the Shawangunk Ridge; some updated information from this report is also included in this Petition.

Literature CitedAbrams, Robert

1987 Lawn Care Pesticides: A Guide for Action. Attorney General of New York State, Department of Law, Environmental Protection Bureau, Albany, NY

Ahner, Terry 2008 Bad for Birds/Protestors Oppose Plan for Wind Velocity Tower. Times

News, August 13, 2008, Lehighton, PA Alden, Peter et al

1999 National Audubon Society Field Guide to the Mid-Atlantic States. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY

Allen, P. E., L. J. Goodrich, and K. L. Bildstein 1996 Within- and Among-year Effects of Cold Fronts on Migrating Raptors At

Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvania, 1934-1991. Auk, 113: 329-338.

46

American Bird Conservancy 2009 Help Stop Bird Kills at Communications Towers! American Bird

Conservancy BirdWire, February 20, 2009. American Ornithologists’ Union

1998 Check-list of North American Birds. 7th edition. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC

Anonymous n. d. Sharing the Cliff: Peregrine Falcons and the Mohonk Preserve Rock

Climber. Mohonk Preserve, New Paltz, NY n. d. Nest Boxes for American Kestrels/A Guide for Pennsylvania Landowners.

Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association, Kempton, PA n. d. Know the Bearfacts: Black Bears in New Jersey. New Jersey Division of

Fish and Wildlife, Trenton, NJ n. d. Know the Bear Facts for Kids: Black Bears in New Jersey Activity Guide.

New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Trenton, NJ 1979 Birds of Prey Natural Area. Pennsylvania Game News, 50 (2): 40. 1990 Scientists and Interns Focus on Declining Populations of Songbirds. Hawk

Mountain News, 73: 42-43. 1992a National Raptor Flyway Designation Recommended For The Kittatinny

Ridge. Wildlife Activist, 15: 9-10. 1992b Land Development Poses Potential Threats to Delaware Water Gap

National Recreation Area. Wildlife Activist, 16: 7. 1992c Housing Developments Further Destroy Berks County Raptor Habitat.

Wildlife Activist, 16: 9. 1993- The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Educational Handbook. Wildlife

Information Center, Inc., Allentown [now Slatington], PA 1994a Large Extinct Mammals Formerly Found in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk

Raptor Corridor. In The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Educational Handbook. Wildlife Information Center, Inc., Allentown [now Slatington], PA

1994b American Kestrels in the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Raptor Corridor. In The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Educational Handbook. Wildlife Information Center, Inc., Allentown [now Slatington], PA

1997 Mountain Lion Observed Near Bake Oven Knob. Wildlife Activist, 30: 8. 2001 Guide Book for the 66th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania

Geologists/2001: A Delaware River Odyssey [CD]. Field Conference on Pennsylvania Geologists, Inc., PO Box 5871, Harrisburg, PA 17110-5871.

2002a Center Opposes Alpine Rose Resort. Wildlife Activist, 44: 9. 2002b Alpine Rose Resort Issue Still Not Settled. Wildlife Activist, 45: 8. 2002c Acopian Center for Conservation Learning. Hawk Mountain News, 97: 10-

12. 2003a Hawk Mountain 1000 Official Species Checklist. Hawk Mountain

Sanctuary, Kempton, PA 2003b Center Continues Opposition to Alpine Rose Resort. Wildlife Activist, 46:

13.

47

2004a Alpine Rose Being Appealed; Lower Towamensing Re-Zoning Plan Approved. Wildlife Activist, 49: 13.

2004b Alpine Rose Resort Future in Hands of the Courts. Wildlife Activist, 13. 2004c Invasive Plant Removal. Wildlife Activist, 51: 10. 2004d Alpine Rose Still Undecided. Wildlife Activist, 51: 12. 2005a Lehigh Gap Restoration Project Update. Wildlife Activist, 53: 8. 2005b Lehigh Gap Restoration Project Update: Center Re-vegetation Methods

Being Used Around Palmerton. Wildlife Activist, 54: 4-5. 2005c Threats to the Kittatinny Corridor in Eastern PA. Wildlife Activist, 54: 10. 2005d WIC’s Education Program Expanding At The Refuge. Wildlife Activist,

54: 9. 2005 e Raptor Trackers. Hawk Mountain News, 103: 18-21. 2006a Ecological Assessment in Second Year. Wildlife Activist, 56: 9-10. 2006b Alpine Rose. Wildlife Activist, 57: 11. 2006c New Development Threatens Kittatinny in Monroe County. Wildlife

Activist, 57: 11. 2006d A Kittatinny National Recreation Area? Wildlife Activist, 57: 11-12. 2006e Boy Scouts Plant Chestnut Trees on Refuge. Wildlife Activist, 56: 12. 2006f WWoW and Ecology Camp: Summer Education and Fun. Wildlife

Activist, 56: 13-14. 2006g Wildlife and Utility-Scale Wind Energy Development of the Central

Appalachians within Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia—the Risks and Trade-offs [conference program], Department of Geography, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, Kutztown, PA

2007a 2007 Student Ecologist Awards. Wildlife Activist, 58: 9. 2007b Tenth Annual Ecology Camp. Wildlife Activist, 59: 11. 2007c HawkFest 2008. Wildlife Activist, 60: 13. 2007d Wild Resources Grant to Allow Continued Ecological Assessment.

Wildlife Activist, 60: 9. 2007e Naturalists Investigate Hawkwatching Potential of Lehigh Gap. Wildlife

Activist, 60: 11. 2008a Ecological Assessment, Part 2. Wildlife Activist, 61: 10-11. 2008b 2008 Feeder Watch. Wildlife Activist, 61: 11-12. 2008c 2008 Student Ecologist Awards. Wildlife Activist, 61: 13. 2008d 2008 Bake Oven Knob Area Winter Bird Survey. Wildlife Activist, 61: 17-

18. 2008e Minnewaska State Park Preserve Master Plan Public Information Meetings

and 30 Day Review Period Meeting Dates July 8th and 10th, 2008: Summary of Comments Received. Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, State of New York, Albany, NY

Aradis, Arianna 2000 Magnitude and Seasonal Timing of Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus)

Migration At Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania, 1936-1999). American Hawkwatcher, 26: 16-20.

Ardia, D. R.

48

2001 Winter Roosting Behavior of American Kestrels. J. Raptor Research, 35: 58-61.

2002 Energetic Consequences of Sex-related Habitat Segregation in Wintering American Kestrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80: 516-523.

Ardia, D. R. and K. L. Bildstein 1997 Sex-related Differences in Habitat Selection in Wintering American

Kestrels. Animal Behaviour, 53: 1305-1311. 2001 Sex-related Differences in Habitat Use in Wintering American Kestrels.

Auk, 118: 746-750. AudubonPA

2006 Conservation Plan for the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania. AudubonPA, Harrisburg, PA

Avery, M. L., P. F. Springer, and N. S. Dailey 1980 Avian Mortality at Man-Made Structures: An Annotated Bibliography

(revised). U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program, National Power Plant Team. FWS/OBS-80/54.

Baird, S. F. 1857 Mammals. Reports of Exploration and Surveys, to Ascertain the Most

Practicable and Economic Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. House of Representatives, A. O. P. Nicholson, Washington, DC

Bankos, Sean and Corey Husic 2008 Native Bee Project. Wildlife Activist, 61: 15-16.

Barbour, S. 1999 Northern Shawangunks Vernal Pools Inventory. Final Report to the

Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, New Paltz, NY Barclay, J. and T. Cade

1983 Restoration of Peregrine. Bird Conservation, 1. Batcher, M. S.

1995 Shawangunk Ecosystem Research Program: Research Needs and Work Program. Report to the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, New Paltz, NY

2000 Ecological Processes and Natural Communities of the North Shawangunk Mountains. Report prepared for the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, New Paltz, NY

Batcher, M., T. Hall, and R. Bartgis 1997 Ecological Processes in Rock Crop Pine Barrens and Associated Natural

Communities. Draft report to The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA Bausch, David K.

1978 County of Lehigh, Executive Resolution No. 1. County of Lehigh, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, August 11, 1978.

Beard, Karl 1983 Checklist of Mammals of the Northern Shawangunk Mountains of Ulster

County, N. Y. Including the Mohonk Preserve and Minnewaska State Park. Mohonk Preserve, Inc., New Paltz, NY

Berg, Christian

49

2008 Idea for Wind Turbines Meets Stiff Resistance. The Morning Call, August 12, 2008, Allentown, PA

Bergey, Arthur 1975 Hawk Migration Behavior At the Susquehanna River. Cassinia, 55: 37-38.

Beyer, W. N. 1983 The Smoke That Settled Over Palmerton. New Jersey Audubon

Newsletter, 3 (3): 14-16. 1989 Damage to the Forest Ecosystem of Blue Mountain From Zinc Smelting.

Trace Substances in Environmental Health, 22: 249-262. Beyer, W. N., O. H. Pattee, L. Sileo, D. J. Hoffman, and B. M. Mulhern

1985 Metal Contamination of Wildlife Living Near Two Zinc Smelters. Environ. Pollut. Ser. A. Ecol. Biol., 38: 63-86.

Biasi, F. et al 1998 Geospatial Database for the Northern Shawangunks of New York. Eastern

Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy, Boston, MA Bildstein, Keith L.

1998 Long-Term Counts of Migrating Raptors: A Role For Volunteers in Wildlife Research. J. Wildlife Management, 1998, 62 (2): 435-445).

2001a Why Migrating Birds of Prey Make Great Biological Indicators. In Hawk Watching in the Americas. Hawk Migration Association of North America, North Wales, Pennsylvania.

2001b Raptors As Vermin: The History of Human Attitudes Towards Pennsylvania’s Birds of Prey. Endangered Species Update, 18: 124-128.

2002 Kestrel Tales. Hawk Mountain News, 96: 22-23. 2006 Migrating Raptors of the World: Their Ecology and Conservation.

Comstock Publishing Associates/Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY Bildstein, Keith L. et al

2007 Seasonal Abundances and Distributions of Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus) and Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura) in Costa Rica and Panama: Evidence for Reciprocal Migrations in the Neotropics. Pages 47-60. In Neotropical Raptors (Keith L. Bildstein, David R. Barber, and Andrea Zimmerman, Editors). Raptor Conservation Science Series No. 1. Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Orwigsburg, Pennsylvania USA.

2008 State of North America’s Birds of Prey. Series in Ornithology No. 3. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC

Bildstein, Keith L. and Robert A. Compton 2000 Mountaintop Science: The History of Conservation Ornithology at Hawk

Mountain Sanctuary. Pages 153-181. In Contributions to the History of North American Ornithology. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Boston, MA

Bildstein, Keith L., Jeff P. Smith, and Reuven Yosef 2007 Migration Counts and Monitoring. Pages 101-115. In Raptor Research and

Management Techniques (David M. Bird and Keith L. Bildstein, Editors), Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA

Bird, David M. and Keith L. Bildstein

50

2007 Raptor Research and Management Techniques. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA

Brensinger, Elizabeth A. 2008 Speak out on new PPL line. The Morning Call, June 24, 2008 (letter-to-

the-editor). Brett, James J.

1981 The School in the Clouds, Continued. Hawk Mountain News, 56: 4-11. 1991 The Mountain and The Migration. Revised and Expanded. Cornell

University Press, Ithaca, NY Brett, James J. and Alexander C. Nagy

1973 Feathers in the Wind: The Mountain and the Migration. Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association/Kutztown Publishing Co., Kutztown, PA

Brill, Douglas B. 2008 Utilities Take Path of Least Resistance. The Express Times, August 8,

2008, Easton, PA Brock, F., S. Fordyce, D. Kunkle, and T. Fenchel.

2009 Eastern Pennsylvania Birding and Wildlife Guide, PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, PA.

Broley, Charles L. 1947 Migration and Nesting of Florida Bald Eagles. Wilson Bulletin, 59: 3-20.

Broun, Maurice 1935a The Hawk Migration During the Fall of 1934, Along the Kittatinny Ridge

in Pennsylvania. Auk, 52: 233-248. 1935b A Pennsylvania Sanctuary For Birds of Prey. Bulletin of the

Massachusetts Audubon Society, January: 3-7. 1939 Fall Migration of Hawks At Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvania, 1934-1938.

Auk, 56: 429-441. 1941 Migration of Blue Jays. Auk, 58: 262-263. 1949 Hawks Aloft: The Story of Hawk Mountain. Dodd, Mead Co., New York,

NY 1951 Hawks and the Weather. Atlantic Naturalist, 6: 105-112. 1956 Pennsylvania’s Bloody Ridges. Nature Magazine, 49: 288-292. 2000 Hawks Aloft: The Story of Hawk Mountain. Stackpole Books,

Mechanicsburg, PA Broun, Maurice and B. V. Goodwin

1943 Flight-Speeds of Hawks and Crows. Auk, 60: 487-492.Buchauer, Marilyn

1973 Contamination of Soil and Vegetation Near A Zinc Smelter by Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead. Environmental Science and Technology, 7 (2): 131-135.

Bull, John 1985 Birds of New York State Including the 1976 Supplement. Comstock

Publishing Associates/Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY Bunn, Andrew G., William Klein, and Keith L. Bildstein

51

1995 Time-of-Day Effects on the Numbers and Behavior of Non-Breeding Raptors Seen on Roadside Surveys in Eastern Pennsylvania. J. Field Ornithology, 66 (4): 544-552.

Burke, Dana 2009 National Raptor Corridor Nomination—Shawangunk Mountains Portion.

Unpublished report prepared for The Nature Conservancy on behalf of the Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership.

Cade, T. J. 1977 Eastern Peregrine Falcon Reintroduction Program 1977 Summary Report.

Independent Study, 108 pages. 1978 Eastern Peregrine Falcon Reintroduction Program 1978 Summary Report.

Independent Study, 91 pages. 1979 Eastern Peregrine Falcon Reintroduction Program 1979 Summary Report.

Independent Study, 92 pages. Caine, J. S., et al

1994 Hydrogeology of the Northern Shawangunk Mountains. New York State Geological Survey Open File Report #1g806. 72 pages and maps.

Capouillez, William and Tracey Librandi Mumma 2008 Pennsylvania Game Commission Wind Energy Voluntary Cooperative

Agreement First Annual Report April 18, 2007-September 30, 3008. Bureau of Wildlife Habitat Management, Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, PA

Careau, Vincent, et al 2006 Soaring and Gliding Flight of Migrating Broad-winged Hawks: Behavior

in the Nearctic and Neotropics Compared. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 118 (4): 471-477.

Carroll, J. R. 1979 Hawk Migration—Near Trapps. Mohonk Preserve Research Report.

Mohonk Preserve, New Paltz, NY 1980 1979 Fall Hawk Migration at the Near Trapps, Shawangunk Mountains,

N. Y. Kingbird, 30 (2): 76-84. Carson, Rachel

1962 Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA Castleberry, Steven B., Michael T. Mengak, and W. Mark Ford

2006 Neotoma magister. Mammal Species No. 789, pages 105. American Society of Mammalogists.

Christman, Jeff 2008 Energy Plan May Be Air Apparent: Blue Mountain Eyes Wind Turbines

As Resort Power Source. The Morning Call, July 25, 2008. Chrynwski, Donald J.

2008 PPL’s plan to build towers will hurt Blue Mountain [letter-to-the-editor]. The Morning Call, June 25, 2008.

Church, David and Jon Myers 1993 Shawangunk Ridge Conservation and Design Guidebook. The Catskill

Center for Conservation & Development and New York-New Jersey Trail Conference.

52

Collins, H. H., Jr. 1933 Hawk Slaughter At Drehersville. Bulletin No. 3. Annual Report of Hawk

and Owl Society. 1935 A Hawk Sanctuary, Pennsylvania Mountain Is First Refuge. Nature

Magazine, 25: 84-86 [February issue] Cuomo, Mario M.

1983 Proclamation for Hawk Watching Week. State of New York, Executive Chamber, 28 September 1983.

Daniel Smiley Research Center 2008a Checklist of Ferns & Fern-Allies of the Northern Shawangunk Mountains.

Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY 2008b Checklist of Trees & Shrubs of the Northern Shawangunk Mountains.

Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY 2008c Checklist of Reptiles & Amphibians of the Northern Shawangunk

Mountains. Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY 2008d Checklist of Birds of the Northern Shawangunk Mountains. Daniel Smiley

Research Center, New Paltz, NY 2008e Checklist of Mammals of the Northern Shawangunk Mountains. Daniel

Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY Davis, Mary Byrd

1993 Old Growth in the East: A Survey. Wild Earth Publications, Richmond, VT

Dent, Charlie 2008 Expanding Educational and Environmental Opportunities. U. S.

Representative Charlie Dent Staying in Touch/Constituent Update Second Session-January 2008.

Doutt, J. Kenneth, Caroline A. Heppenstall, and John E. Guilday 1966 Mammals of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg,

PA Dowhan, Joseph et al

1997 Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New York Bight Watershed. Shawangunk-Kittatinny Ridge Complex #31. Southern New England-New York Bight Coastal Ecosystems Program, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Charlestown, RI.

Drewitt, Allan L. and Rowena H. W. Langston 2008 Collision Effects on Wind-power Generators and Other Obstacles on

Birds. Ann. N. Y. Academy of Science, 1134: 233-266. Duck, Michael

2008 Power line may fell huge trees. The Morning Call, June 18, 2008. Duffy, Kevin

2008 Latest power line forum draws biggest crowd yet. The Morning Call, June 27, 2008.

Dykstra, C. 1992 Fisher Seen Climbing Bald Eagle Nest Tree. Passenger Pigeon, 54 (3):

237-238. Edge, Peter

53

2003 Rosalie Edge: A Most Determined Lady. Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association, Kempton, PA

Edge, Rosalie 1936 The World’s First Hawk Sanctuary. International Journal of Animal

Protection. May: 14-16. Edwards, Terri

2008 Service Approves Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Pennsylvania. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service News Release for December 23, 2008.

Erdman, T. C., et al1998 Productivity, Population Trend, and Status of Northern Goshawks

Accipiter gentiles atricapillus, in northern Wisconsin. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 112 (1): 17-27.

Eschtruth, Anne K. et al 2006 Vegetation Dynamics in Declining Eastern Hemlock Stands: 9 Years of

Forest Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research/Rev. Can. Rech. For., 36 (6): 1435-1450.

Farmer, Christopher, et al 2008 Trends in Autumn Counts of Migratory Raptors in Northeastern North

America, 1974-2004. Chapter 5. In State of North America’s Birds of Prey (Edited by Keith L. Bildstein, et al). Series in Ornithology No. 3. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC

Farmer, Christopher J., David J. T. Hussell, and David Mizrahi 2007 Detecting Population Trends In Migratory Birds of Prey. Auk, 124 (3):

1047-1062. Farmer, Gail C., Kyle McCarty, Sue Robertson, Bob Robertson, and Keith L. Bildstein

2006 Suspected Predation By Accipiters on Radio-Tracked American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in Eastern Pennsylvania, U. S. A. J. Raptor Research, 40 (4): 294-297.

Feaser, Jerry 2008a Game Commission Announces Bobcat Harvest Results/Game

Commission to Issue 1,435 Permits for 2008-2008 Bobcat Season. Pennsylvania Game Commission News Release #067-08, June 20, 2008.

2008b Bald Eagles Thriving Throughout Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Game Commission News Release #071-08, July 1, 2008.

Ferster, Betty, Betsy Ray Leppo, Mark T. Swartz, et al 2008 Lepidoptera of Fort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center,

Annville, Pennsylvania. Northeastern Naturalist, 15: 141-148. Frederick, Linda

2006 Habitat Garden Update. Wildlife Activist, 57: 7-8.

Frey, E. S. 1940 Hawk Notes From Sterrett’s Gap, Pennsylvania. Auk, 55: 37-38. 1943 Centennial Check-List of the Birds of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania

and Her Borders. Published privately, Lemoyne, PA

54

Fulton, Sarah 2008 Take A Tour of Valley Log Cabins. The Morning Call, November 16,

2008. Galligan, H. J. and W. A. Dunson

1979 Biology and Status of Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) Populations in Pennsylvania. Biological Conservation, 15: 13-58.

Genoways, Hugh H. 1986 Causes for Species of Large Mammals to Become Threatened or

Endangered. In Endangered and Threatened Species Programs in Pennsylvania and Other States: Causes, Issues and Management. Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, PA. Pages 234-251.

Geyer, Alan R. and William H. Bolles 1979 Outstanding Scenic Geological Features of Pennsylvania. Environmental

Geology Report 7. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, PA

Gurung, Shanti, Christine Lattin, Raquel Robles, Veronica Sympson, and Gallus Quigley 2004 A Comparison of Counts of Migrating Cooper’s Hawks Seen At Hawk

Mountain Sanctuary and Bake Oven Knob, Pennsylvania, 1961-2003. American Hawkwatcher, 30: 9-16.

Hagan III, John M. and David W. Johnson 1992 Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Smithsonian

Institution Press, Washington, DC Harwood, Michael

1973 The View from Hawk Mountain. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, NY Hawk, Steven, Nigar Agayeva Chingiz kizi, John Musina, and Kyle McCarty

2002 Ridge Adherence in Bald Eagles Migrating Along the Kittatinny Ridge Between Bake Oven Knob and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania, Autumn 1998-2001. American Hawkwatcher, 28: 11-17.

Hebert, D., G. Nipkow, and L. Mark 1995 Avian Collisions and Electrocution: An Annotated Bibliography.

California Energy Committee, Sacramento, CA Heintzelman, Donald S.

1960 Further Comments on the Hawk Mountain Petrel. Linnaean News-Letter, 14: #6.

1961 Kermadec Petrel in Pennsylvania. Wilson Bulletin, 73: 262-267. 1962 An Unusual Sparrow Hawk Tail. Bird-Banding, 33: 204-205. 1963 Bake Oven Knob Hawk Flights. Atlantic Naturalist, 18: 154-158. 1964 Spring and Summer Sparrow Hawk Food Habits. Wilson Bulletin, 76 (4):

323-330. 1965 Cannibalism At A Broad-winged Hawk Nest. Auk, 83: 307. 1966 Observation and Comments on the Aerial Capture of Prey by the Sparrow

Hawk. Linnaean News-Letter, 20: #6&7. 1970 The Hawks of New Jersey. Bulletin 13. New Jersey State Museum,

Trenton, NJ

55

1971 Observations on the Role of Nest Box Sanitation in Affecting Egg Hatchability of Wild Sparrow Hawks in Eastern Pennsylvania. Raptor Research News, 5 (3): 100-103.

1972a The 1972 Autumn Hawkwatch at Catfish Fire Tower, New Jersey. New Jersey Nature News, 27 (1): 19-21.

1972b Some Autumn Bird Records from the Catfish Fire Tower, New Jersey. Science Notes No. 6. New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, NJ

1973a The 1972 Autumn Hawk Count At Tott’s Gap, Pennsylvania. Science News, No. 12. New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, NJ

1973b A Bibliography of New Jersey Ornithology (1960 through 1972). New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, NJ

1975 Autumn Hawk Flights: The Migrations in Eastern North America. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ

1979a A Guide to Hawk Watching in North America. Keystone Books/Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA

1979b Hawks and Owls of North America. Universe Books, New York, NY 1980 The Illustrated Bird Watcher’s Dictionary. Winchester Press, Tulsa, OK 1982a How About Hawk Watching. Ranger Rick’s Nature Magazine, 16 (10): 6-

10. 1982b Variations in Utilization of the Kittatinny Ridge in Eastern Pennsylvania

in Autumn by Migrating Golden Eagles and Bald Eagles (1968-1981). American Hawkwatcher, 3: 1-4.

1983a An Interdisciplinary Comparison of Recreational Hawk Watching in Pennsylvania with Recreational Whale Watching in California. American Hawkwatcher, 7: 1-4.

1983b The Birdwatcher’s Activity Book. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg (now Mechanicsburg), PA

1983c Variations in Numbers of, and Influence of Intersecting Diversion-Lines Upon, Ospreys Migrating Along the Kittatinny Ridge in Eastern Pennsylvania in Autumn. American Hawkwatcher, 6: 1-4.

1984a National Birds of Prey Conservation Week: America’s Potential New Raptor Conservation Tool. Eyas, 7 (1): 8.

1984b Yellow-headed Blackbirds at Bake Oven Knob, Pennsylvania. Cassinia, 60: 66.

1985 The Strange Case of Hawk Mountain’s Petrel. Bird Watcher’s Digest, 8 (1): 41-45.

1986 The Migrations of Hawks. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN 1989a Migrant Raptor Corridor Impacts from Increasing Land Development in

the Kittatinny Birds of Prey Migration Area, Pennsylvania. Wildlife Conservation Report, 7: 1-4. Wildlife Information Center, Inc. [now Lehigh Gap Nature Center], Allentown [now Slatington], PA

1989b Stopping Proposed Low-Altitude Military Aircraft Flights: A Pennsylvania Case Study. Wildlife Conservation Report, No. 8. Wildlife Information Center, Inc. [now Lehigh Gap Nature Center], Allentown [now Slatington], PA

56

1990 The 1957-1989 Bake Oven Knob, Pa., Autumn Hawk Migration Field Study: A 30 year Review and Summary. American Hawkwatcher, 17: 1-16.

1992a The Role of Perches in Limiting American Kestrel Uses of Hilltop Fields Within the Kittatinny Raptor Migration Corridor Near Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh County, Pa. American Hawkwatcher, 18: 2-4.

1992b Pioneering Raptor Programs At the Bake Oven Knob Hawk Watch and the Wildlife Information Center, Inc. American Hawkwatcher, 18: 8-13.

1992c Long Term Monitoring of Migrant Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Age Ratios and Their Use As Environmental Quality Indicators. American Hawkwatcher, 18: 14-18.

1992d Crisis At Bake Oven Knob: A Proposed Incinerator Threatens A Famous Pennsylvania Hawk Watching Site. Wildlife Activist, 14: 5-6.

1992e Monitoring the Vital Signs of A Mountain: The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Project. Wildlife Activist, 15: 6-8.

1992f Pioneering Raptor Programs At the Bake Oven Knob Hawk Watch and the Wildlife Information Center, Inc. American Hawkwatcher, 18: 8-13.

1993a Variations in Counts and Age Ratios of Migrating Sharp-shinned Hawks in Autumn At Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh County, Pa. American Hawkwatcher, 19: 4-6.

1993b A Kittatinny-Shawangunk Interstate Park For the 21st Century Raptor Corridor. Wildlife Activist, 17: 4.

1993c Biological Diversity Losses Within the Kittatinny-Shawangunk Raptor Corridor. Wildlife Activist, 17: 3.

1993d Ridgeline and Steep Hillside Landscape Degradation in the Kittatinny Raptor Corridor. Wildlife Activist, 19: 3.

1993e Kittatinny Raptor Corridor Project. Wild Earth, 3 (3): 45-47. 1993f Spring Hawk Migration Counts at Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh County,

Pennsylvania. American Hawkwatcher, 19: 7-8. 1994a Further Observations of Raptor Use and Habitat Alteration of Hawk Hill,

Heidelberg Township, Lehigh County, Pa. American Hawkwatcher, 20: 5. 1994b Autumn Sharp-shinned Hawk Migration Counts and Age Ratio Trends At

Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh County, Pa. American Hawkwatcher, 20: 4-5. 1994c Declining Red-shoulder Hawk Migration Counts and Age Ratio Trends At

Bake Oven Knob, Pa. American Hawkwatcher, 20: 5-6. 1995a Agricultural District Threatened Near Bake Oven Knob, Pa. Wildlife

Activist, 24: 5. 1995b A Model Ecotourism and First Annual October Hawkfest Plan For the

Bake Oven Knob Area. Special Report (June 1995). Wildlife Information Center, Inc. [now the Lehigh Gap Nature Center], Whitehall [now Slatington], PA

1996a A 36-Year Examination of Migrant Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Age Ratios At Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh County, Pa. American Hawkwatcher, 22: 5-6.

1996b Monitoring Autumn Monarch Butterfly Migrations. Wildlife Activist, 28: 9.

57

1997a Long Term Variations in September Broad-winged Hawk Migration Counts At Bake Oven Knob, PA. American Hawkwatcher, 23: 5-7.

1997b Winter Backyard Bird Feeder Survey Helped Involve Local Residents and Center Members. Wildlife Activist, 29: 4.

2000a A 39-Year Analysis of Major Autumn Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus) Flints At Bake Oven Knob, Pennsylvania USA. International Hawkwatcher, 1: 16-19.

2000b The Importance of Using Native Plants in Small Stopover Habitats. Wild Ones Journal, 13 (5): 1-2.

2001a Maurice Broun: The Father of Hawkwatching. Northwestern Press [Allentown, PA], July 30, 2001.

2001b The Complete Backyard Birdwatcher’s Home Companion. Ragged Mountain Press/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY

2002 A Field Guide to North American Swans. Friends of Animals, Darien, CT 2004a Hawks and Owls of Eastern North America. Rutgers University Press,

New Brunswick, NJ 2004b Guide to Hawk Watching in North America. Falcon Guide/Globe Pequot

Press, Guilford, CT 2004c A Roadside Raptor Survey and Habitat Hotspot Identification Project in

Heidelberg Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania USA. International Hawkwatcher, 9: 3-11.

2005a Comments on the Components of the Kittatinny Raptor Corridor. International Hawkwatcher, 10: 19-20.

2005b Expansion of Airport Threatens Hawks, Raptors [letter-to-the-editor]. The Morning Call [Allentown, PA], Sept. 29, 2005.

2005c Writer Decries Possible Move of Queen City Airport to Heidelberg [letter-to-the-editor]. Northwestern Press [Allentown, PA], Oct. 13, 2005.

2005d Writer Says Air Traffic Doesn’t Alter Hawks’ Flight Pattern [letter-to-the-editor]. Northwestern Press [Allentown, PA], Nov. 23, 2005.

2005e Wind Farms and Animals: Comments and Considerations. ActionLine, Fall Issue, pages 28-29.

2007a Raptor Flyway Deserves Broad Protections [OP ED]. The Morning Call [Allentown, PA], August 22, 2007.

2007b A Selected Bibliography of Books and Articles Pertaining to Kittatinny Ridge Hawk Watches and The Kittatinny Raptor Corridor in Southeastern and Southcentral Pennsylvania. International Hawkwatcher, 12: 8-33.

2008 E-mail Action Alerts 1 and 2 Regarding Proposed Met Towers and Wind Turbines Sited at the Blue Mountain Ski Area, Carbon County, PA.

Heintzelman, Donald S. and Thomas V. Armentano 1964 Autumn Bird Migration At Bake Oven Knob, PA. Cassinia, 48: 2-18.

Heintzelman, Donald S. and Robert MacClay 1971 An Extraordinary Autumn Migration of White-breasted Nuthatches.

Wilson Bulletin, 83: 129-131. 1976a Autumn Bird Records from Bake Oven Knob, Pennsylvania. Cassinia, 56:

31.

58

1976b Another Exceptional Autumn Migration of White-breasted Nuthatches. Cassinia, 56: 31.

Heintzelman, Donald S. and Alexander C. Nagy 1968 Clutch Sizes, Hatchability Rates, and Sex Ratios of Sparrow Hawks in

Eastern Pennsylvania. Wilson Bulletin, 80: 306-311. Hess, Paul

1997 The “Hawk Mountain Petrel”: First Pennsylvania Record, But Which Species? Pennsylvania Birds, 11 (1): 2-5.

Hickey, J. J. (Editor) 1969 Peregrine Falcon Populations: Their Biology and Decline. University of

Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI Holt, J. B., Jr. and R. Frock, Jr.

1980 Twenty Years of Raptor Banding on the Kittatinny Ridge. Hawk Mountain News, 54: 8-32.

Hoopes, R. E. 2002 The Lehigh Gap Restoration Project/A Dream Coming True. Wildlife

Activist, 45: 4-7. 2003a From Idea to Reality: The Wildlife Center’s 2002 Transition. Wildlife

Activist, 46: 4-8. 2003b Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge Is Open For Business. Wildlife Activist, 47:

4-7. 2004a Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge Species Count Increases. Wildlife Activist,

49: 7-9. 2004b Summer Warblers At LGWR. Wildlife Activist, 51: 7-8. 2006 Barred Owl Report—New Species for Bake Oven Knob. American

Hawkwatcher, 31: 15. 2007 Five Years Ago and Back to the Future: How the Lehigh Gap Restoration

Project Turned Around A Stalled Superfund Initiative. Wildlife Activist, 58: 4-7.

Hoopes, Robert E. and Dan R. Kunkle 2003 Bald and Golden Eagle Times of Passage At Bake Oven Knob. American

Hawkwatcher, 29: 18-20. Hubbs, K.

1995 Fire History of the Northern Shawangunks. The Nature Conservancy, New York Regional Office, Troy, NY

Hulse, Arthur C., C. J. McCoy, and Ellen Censky 2001 Amphibians and Reptiles of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Comstock

Publishing Associates/Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY Husic, Corey

2007 Bird Inventory of the Lehigh Gap: Impacts of Pollution and Restoration. Wildlife Activist, 59: 13-15.

Husic, Diane and Corey Husic 2006 Lehigh Gap Naturalists Club Founded. Wildlife Activist, 57: 8-9.

Husic, Diane and Dan Kunkle 2007 “Summer Camp” for Teachers. Wildlife Activist, 59: 5-6.

59

Husic, Diane and Frank Kuserk 2007 Lehigh Gap/A Vibrant Education and Research Center. Wildlife Activist,

59: 3-4. Jacobson, Michael A. and Wendy Potter

1999 A Comparison of Red-shouldered Hawk Autumn Migration Counts At Hawk Mountain Sanctuary and Bake Oven Knob, Pennsylvania, 1982-1998. American Hawkwatcher, 25: 11-16.

Jordan, M. J. 1975 Effects of Zinc Smelter Emissions and Fire On A Chestnut-Oak

Woodland. Ecology, 56: 78-91. Jordan, M. J. and M. P. Lechevalier

1975 Effects of Zinc-Smelter Emissions on Forest Soil Microflora. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 21: 1855-1865.

Katzner, T., et al 2005 Results From A Long-term Nest-box Program for American Kestrels

(Falco sparverius): Implications for Improved Population Monitoring and Conservation. J. Field Ornithology, 76: 217-226.

Katzner, T., et al 2007 Raptors and Wind Energy Development in the Central Appalachians:

Where We Stand on the Issue. National Aviary, version 1.1 Kaufman, Sylvan Ramsey and Wallace Kaufman

2007 Invasive Plants: Guide to Identification and the Impacts and Control of Common American Species. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA

Kerlinger, Paul and James Brett 1995 Hawk Mountain Sanctuary: A Case Study of Birder Visitation and Birding

Economics At A Private Refuge. In Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research (R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, Editors). Island Press, Washington, DC

Kikuchi, David 2007 Population Trends From Counts of Migrating Raptors At Bake Oven

Knob, Pennsylvania, 1992-2005. American Hawkwatcher, 32: 8-15. Koehler, Linda

2009 Alpine Rose Road Course is still in the Running. Times News, May 19, 2009.

Kosack, Joe 2008 Peregrines Continue Return to Pennsylvania’s Cliffs. News Release #059-

08. Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, PA Kricher, John C.

1988 A Field Guide to Eastern Forests North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA

Kunkle, Dan R. 1992 The Value of Ecotourism. Wildlife Activist, 16: 3. 1994 Spring 1992 Roadside Raptor Surveys, East Penn Township, Carbon

County, Pa. American Hawkwatcher, 20: 7. 1997 First Annual Bake Oven Knob Area Winter Bird Survey Produces 20 Bird

Species. Wildlife Activist, 29: 5.

60

1998 Long Term Trends in Rough-legged Hawk Migrations at Bake Oven Knob, Pa. American Hawkwatcher, 24: 11-13.

1999 Connecticut Warbler Sighted at Bake Oven Knob. American Hawkwatcher, 25: 17.

2002 Bake Oven Knob Autumn Hawk Count Manual. Wildlife Information Center, Inc., Slatington, PA

2003a Watching Grass Grow: Update on the Restoration Process at Lehigh Gap. Wildlife Activist, 47: 7-8.

2003b Watching Grass Grow II: Update on the Restoration Process at Lehigh Gap. Wildlife Activist, 48: 9-10.

2004a Ecological Succession and Lehigh Gap. Wildlife Activist, 50: 4-7. 2004b Lehigh Gap Restoration Project: Year Two Progress Report. Wildlife

Activist, 51: 4-6. 2004c New Bird Sightings at Bake Oven Knob. American Hawkwatcher, 30: 19. 2005a Flying M Airport Expansion Proposed and Opposed. Wildlife Activist, 54:

12. 2005b Wildlife Center Director Opposes Queen City Move to Flying M.

Northwestern Press [Allentown, PA], Oct. 20, 2005. 2006a Full Scale Restoration Under Way on Refuge and Surrounding Lands.

Wildlife Activist, 55: 2-3. 2006b Executive Director’s Message: Discoveries. Wildlife Activist, 56: 3. 2006c Refuge Grass Planting Nearing Completion. Wildlife Activist, 56: 4-7. 2006d Lehigh Gap Refuge: A Research Hub. Wildlife Activist, 57: 4-6. 2006e New Visitor and Education Center Plans. Wildlife Activist, 55: 1. 2007a Protecting the Kittatinny. Wildlife Activist, 59: 16. 2007b Lehigh Gap Nature Center Phase 3—The Development Plan. Wildlife

Activist, 60: 3-6. 2008a The 2007 Autumn Hawk Count at Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh County, PA.

American Hawkwatcher, 33: 1-4. 2008b Long-tailed Duck: A New Species for Bake Oven Knob. American

Hawkwatcher, 33: 15. 2009 The 2008 Autumn Hawk Count at Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh County, PA.

American Hawkwatcher, 34: 1-5. Kunkle, Dan and Donald S. Heintzelman

1997 Young Ecologists Summer Camp Being Established. Wildlife Activist, 31: 5.

Kusler, Jon A. and Mary E. Kentula (Editors) 1990 Wetland Creation and Restoration/The Status of the Science. Island Press,

Covelo, CA Laing, C.

1994 Vegetation and Fire History of the Dwarf Pine Ridges, Shawangunk Mountains, New York. University of Massachusetts, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA

Latham, R. E. et al

61

2007 Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge Ecological Assessment. For the Lehigh Gap Nature Center, Slatington, Pennsylvania, by Natural Lands Trust, Media, PA

Livingston, Krisandra, Diana Livingston, and Michael Livingston.2007 Spend A Day Hiking or Biking At Lehigh Gap Nature Center. Wildlife

Activist, 60: 12. Lehigh County Log Cabin Trail Committee

n. d. Welcome to the Lehigh County Log Cabin Trail. Brochure published in 2009 by the Lehigh County Log Cabin Trail, Zionsville, PA

Lougee, J. 2000 Sam’s Point Dwarf Pine Ridge Preserve Cliff Community Survey. The

Nature Conservancy, Eastern New York Chapter, Troy, NY Lougee, J. and S. Gifford

2001 Sam’s Point Dwarf Pine Ridge Preserve Master Plan. The Nature Conservancy, Eastern New York Chapter, Troy, NY

Lovallo, Matthew J. 2008 Status and Management of Fisher (Martes pennanti) in Pennsylvania.

Draft document downloaded from Pennsylvania Game Commission website on 30 May 2008. The URL is: http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/lib/pgc/fishermanagementplan.pdf.

Luttringer, Leo A., Jr. 1938 Outlaws of the Air—Or Are They? Pennsylvania Game News, 4: 10-11.

Ma, W. T. Edelman, I. van Beersum, and T. Jans 1983 Uptake of Cadmium, Zinc, Lead, and Copper by Earthworms Near A

Zinc-Smelting Complex: Influence of Soil pH and Organic Matter. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicology, 30: 424-427.

Maloff, Joan 2005 Teaching the Trees/Lessons from the Forest. University of Georgia Press,

Athens, GA Manville, Albert M., II

2005 Bird Strikes and Electrocutions at Power Lines, Communication Towers, and Wind Turbines: State of the Art and State of the Science—Next Steps Toward Mitigation. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191, pages 1051-1064.

2009 Briefing Paper on the Need for Research into the Cumulative Impacts of Communication Towers on Migratory Birds and other Wildlife in the United States. Division of Migratory Bird Management (DMBM), U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. Updated January 23, 2009.

Maransky, Bryan P. and Keith L. Bildstein 2001 Follow Your Elders: Age-related Differences in the Migration Behavior of

Broad-winged Hawks at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania. Wilson Bulletin, 113 (3): 350-353.

Maransky, Bryan, Laurie Goodrich, and Keith Bildstein

62

1997 Seasonal Shifts in the Effects of Weather on the Visible Migration of Red-tailed Hawks at Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvania, 1992-1994. Wilson Bulletin, 109 (2): 246-252.

Martel, Andrew C. 2008 State Delays Car-Driving Track in Eldred Township. The Morning Call,

February 21, 2008. Martel, Andrew and Sam Kennedy

2008 PPL draws the line, lures a crowd. The Morning Call, June 25, 2008. Master, Terry et al

2006 Birds of Early Successional Habitats in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area: Distribution, Abundance, and Management. Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR—2006/039. U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Philadelphia, PA

McCarty, Kyle and Keith L. Bildstein 2001 Spring Raptor Migration Summary 2001. Pennsylvania Birds, 15 (2): 53-

56. McCarty, Kyle M., Michael Farhoud, Jennifer Ottinger et al

1999 Spring Migration at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, 1969-1998. Pennsylvania Birds, 13 (1): 11-15.

McCoy, C. J. 1985 Chapter 4—Amphibians and Reptiles. In Species of Special Concern in

Pennsylvania (Hugh H. Genoways and Fred J. Brenner, Editors). Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 11. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA

Merritt, Joseph F. 1987 Guide to the Mammals of Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Press,

Pittsburgh, PA Miller, Benjamin LeRoy

1939 Northampton County, Pennsylvania Geology and Geography. Fourth Series. Bulletin C 48. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Harrisburg, PA

1941 Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Geology and Geography. Fourth Series. Bulletin C 39. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Harrisburg, PA

Millsap, Brian A. 1987 Introduction to Federal Laws and Raptor Management. In Raptor

Management Techniques Manual (Beth A. Giron Pendleton et al, editors). Scientific and Technical Series No. 10. Institute for Wildlife Research, National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC

Millsap, Brian A., Margaret E. Cooper, and Geoffrey Holroyd 2007 Legal Considerations. Pages 437-449. In Raptor Research and

Management Techniques (David M. Bird and Keith L. Bildstein, Editors), Hancock House Publishers, Ltd., Surrey, B. C., Canada

Mohonk Preserve 2000 Mohonk Preserve Land Management Plan. Report prepared by the

Mohonk Preserve, New Paltz, NY.

Moriarty, Marvin

63

2008a Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge: Draft Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment October 2008. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeastern Regional Office, Hadley, MA.

2008b Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge: Final Environmental Assessment December 2008. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeastern Regional Office, Hadley, MA.

Moser, John J. 2008 Blue Mountain Gets Go-ahead for Tower To Test the Wind. The Morning

Call, August 14, 2008, Allentown, PA Nagy, Alexander C.

1963 Population Density of Sparrow Hawks in Eastern Pennsylvania. Wilson Bulletin, 75: 93.

Nash, T. H. 1972a Effects of A Zinc Smelter on Mosses. Ph. D. dissertation, Rutgers

University, New Brunswick, NJ 1972b Simplification of the Blue Mountain Lichen Community Near A Zinc

Factory. Bryologist, 75: 315-324. 1975 Influence of Effluents From A Zinc Factory On Lichens. Ecological

Monographs, 45: 183. 1976 Lichens As Indicators of Air Pollution. Naturwissenschaften, 63: 364-367.

National Park Service 2004a Annual Report, Division of Research and Resource Planning, Delaware

Water Gap National Recreation Area. 2004b Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area New Jersey and

Pennsylvania. National Park Service, Washington, DC 2004c Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Park Information. National

Park Service, Washington, DC 2004d Eagles at the Gap. National Park Service, Washington, DC 2004e Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River New York/Pennsylvania.

National Park Service, Washington, DC National Research Council

2007 Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy Projects. National Academies Press, Washington, DC

Nazzaro, Robin 2005 Wind Power: Impacts on Wildlife and Government Responsibilities for

Regulating Development and Protecting Wildlife. GAO-05-906. United States Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC

Novak, Stephen J. 2008 Public gets peek at proposed power plans. NJ Herald, June 23, 2008.

Olanoff, Lynn 2009 Bethlehem Water Authority Interested in Delsea Energy Wind Power

Proposal. The Express-Times, May 22, 2009. Oshant, T.

1989 School Groups at the Sanctuary. Hawk Mountain News, 71: 20-22.

Palisades Interstate Park Commission

64

1993 Minnewaska State Park Final Master Plan and Environmental Impact Statement. Palisades Interstate Park Commission, Bear Mountain, NY

Palmieri, Debra 2005 Flying M Plan Doesn’t Fly With Neighbors. Northwestern Press

[Allentown, PA], Oct. 20, 2005. Peterjohn, Bruce

2006a Conceptual Ecological Model for Management of Breeding Grassland Birds in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Natural Resources Report NPS/NER/NRR—2006/005. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

2006b Conceptual Ecological Model for Management of Breeding Scrubland Birds in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Technical Report NPS/NER/NRR—2006/043. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Peterson, Roger Tory 1985 Hawk Mountain Celebrates Its Fiftieth Anniversary. Bird Watcher’s

Digest, 7 (3): 83-92. Peterson, Roger Tory and Virginia Marie Peterson

2002 A Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern and Central North America. Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA

Pierce, David 2008a Power line proposals put on view/But some complain PPL’s forum doesn’t

allow for on-the-record public comment. The Pocono Record, Stroudsburg, PA, June 20, 2008.

2008b Park Service Says It Will Thoroughly Examine Power Line Proposal/Two-state Plan Calls for Transmission Line to Cross Water Gap Rec Area. The Pocono Record, Stroudsburg, PA, August 7, 2008.

Poole, Earl L. 1932 A Survey of the Mammals of Berks County, Pennsylvania. Bulletin No.

13. Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery, Reading, PA 1934 The Hawk Migration Along the Kittatinny Ridge in Pennsylvania. Auk,

51: 17-20. 1940 The Technical Name of the Allegheny Woodrat. J. of Mammalogy, 21 (3):

316-318. 1949 A New Race of the Red-backed Mouse (Clethrionomys) from

Pennsylvania. Notulae Naturae, 212: 1-3. [Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, PA]

1964 Pennsylvania Birds: An Annotated List. Delaware Valley Ornithological Club/Livingston Publishing Company, Narberth, PA

Pough, Richard H. 1932 Wholesale Killing of Hawks in Pennsylvania. Bird-Lore, 34 (6): 429-430. 1935 A Glider Highway. Bird-Lore, September-October, 317-321. 1936 Pennsylvania and the Hawk Problem. Pennsylvania Game News, 7 (4): 8,

23. 1984 Recollections of A Pioneer. Hawk Mountain News, 62: 15-18.

Quigley, G.

65

2004 First Ever Mississippi Kite Observed at Bake Oven Knob. American Hawkwatcher, 30: 19.

Raleigh, M. 1999 Successful Return of the Peregrine Falcons. Natural Science Note, 16

pages. Reed, Barry P.

1984 An Eighty Year Comparison of Bird Species Utilization at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania. Unpublished Masters Thesis, East Stroudsburg State College, East Stroudsburg, PA

1998 Snowy Owl Observed Migrating Over Bake Oven Knob. American Hawkwatcher, 24: 15.

Rees, C. 1997 Fire and Pinus rigida Rock Outcrop Communities of the Northern

Shawangunk Mountains. Graduate thesis, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY

Rehn, James A. G. 1903 Notes on the Summer Birds of Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania. Cassinia, 7 (1):

11-16. Reinert, Howard K.

1985 Timber Rattlesnake, Pages 282-285 in McCoy, C. J., Chapter 4—Amphibians and Reptiles. In Species of Special Concern in Pennsylvania (Hugh H. Genoways and Fred J. Brenner, Editors). Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 11. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA

Rhoads, Ann Fowler and Timothy A. Block 2000 The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual. University of

Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA Rhoads, Ann and William Klein

1993 The Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania: An Annotated Checklist. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA

Rhoads, Samuel N. 1903 The Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey: A Biographic, Historic

and Descriptive Account of the Furred Animals of Land and Sea, Both Living and Extinct, Known to Have Existed in These States. Published Privately, Philadelphia, PA

Robbins, Chandler S. 1980 Effect of Forest Fragmentation on Breeding Bird Populations in the

Piedmont of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Atlantic Naturalist, 33: 31-36. Rockefeller IV, John D.

1983 A Proclamation By the Governor [Hawk Watching Week]. City of Charleston, State of West Virginia, June 8, 1983.

Rohrbaugh, R. W. and R. H. Yahner 1997 Effects of Macrohabitat and Microhabitat on Nest-box Use and Nesting

Success of American Kestrels. Wilson Bulletin, 109: 410-423.

Romano, Kathie

66

1993 Three Model Schoolyard Wildlife Refuges Enhanced in Northampton County, PA. Wildlife Activist, 18: 4.

Russell, E. 2000 Factors Contributing to Forest Diversity of the Shawangunk Mountains.

Presented at the New York Natural History Conference, New York State Museum, April 26-28, 2000, Albany, NY

2001 Three Centuries of Vegetational Change in the Shawangunk Mountains. Report to The Nature Conservancy, Eastern New York Chapter, Troy, NY from the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ

Sarro, T. J. 1995 Raptor Watching: An Autumn Delight. Mohonk Preserve Research

Report. Mohonk Preserve, New Paltz, NY 2000 Peregrine Falcon Observations: 2000 Breeding Season. Natural Science

Note (12 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY 2001 The 2001 Breeding Status and Population Dynamics of Peregrine Falcons

on the Shawangunk Mountains. Natural Science Note (17 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY

2002 The 2002 Breeding Status and Population Dynamics of Peregrine Falcons on the Shawangunk Mountains. Natural Science Note (16 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY

2003 The 2003 Breeding Status and Population Dynamics of Peregrine Falcons on the Shawangunk Mountains. Natural Science Note (132 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY

2004 The 2004 Breeding Status and Population Dynamics of Peregrine Falcons on the Shawangunk Mountains. Natural Science Note (72 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY

2005 The 2005 Breeding Status and Population Dynamics of Peregrine Falcons on the Shawangunk Mountains. Natural Science Note (130 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY

2006 Fall 2006 Hawk Migration Monitoring at Near Trapps Hawk Watch. Natural Science note (52 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY

2007 Fall 2007 Hawk Migration Monitoring at Near Trapps Hawk Watch. Natural Science Note (53 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY

Sarro, T. J. and J. E. Thompson 2006 The 2006 Breeding Status and Population Dynamics of Peregrine Falcons

on the Shawangunk Mountains. Natural Science Note (108 pages). Daniel Smiley Research Center, New Paltz, NY

Schaefer, Louise 2006 Native Warm-season Grasses. Wildlife Activist, 55: 4-5.

Schlisler, Jr., Lee 2008 Mission Driven. Hawk Mountain News, 108: 1-2.

Sedivec, Samantha A. and Howard P. Whidden

67

2007 Appalachian Trail Mammal Inventory for Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut. Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR—2007/097. U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Boston, MA

Senner, S. E. 1984 The Model Hawk Law—1934-1972. Hawk Mountain News, 62: 29-36.

Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership n. d. Partners Preserving A ‘Last Great Place’: Saving the Shawangunk Ridge

for Future Generations. Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, New Paltz, NY

n. d. Community Planning for Nature and People: Using Planning Tools to Protect Open Space Around the Shawangunk Ridge. Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, New Paltz, NY

n. d. Homeowners’ Guide to Living with Nature: Protecting Biodiversity in the Shawangunks. Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, New Paltz, NY

2003 Protection and Management Guidelines for the Shawangunk Mountains of New York: Visions, Goals, Strategies, and Actions for Conservation of the Shawangunk Mountains. Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, New Paltz, NY

Shire, G. G., K. Brown, and G. Winegrad 2000 Communication Towers: A Deadly Hazard to Birds. Special Report, 23

pages. American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, VA Sileo, L. and W. N. Beyer

1985 Heavy Metals in White-tailed Deer Living Near A Zinc Smelter in Pennsylvania. J. of Wildlife Diseases, 21 (3): 289-296.

Smiley, D. and A. K. Forster 1989 From Duck Hawks to Peregrines. Mohonk Preserve Research Report, 56

pages. Smith, Brian W. (Editor)

2008 Implementation Plan for the Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture: A Foundation for All-Bird Conservation in the Region. Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture, Frankfort, KY

Snyder, Craig 2001 Influence of Eastern Hemlock on Aquatic Biodiversity in Delaware Water

Gap National Recreation Area. U. S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV

Snyder, Craig D. et al 2005 Assessment of Ambystomatid Salamander Populations and Their Breeding

Habitats in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. U. S. Geological Survey, Keaneysville, WV

Soper, Spencer and Kevin Duffy 2008 Power Line Route Bypasses the Valley. The Morning Call, Allentown,

PA, August 6, 2008.

Stansell, Kenneth

68

2007 Letter and Comments of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Submitted Electronically to the FCC on 47 CFR Parts 1 and 17, WT Docket No. 03-187, FCC 06-164, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, “Effects of Communication Towers on Migratory Birds. Letter dated February 2, 2007.

Stone, Witmer 1893 Description of a New Species of Neotoma from Pennsylvania.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 45: 16-18.

Storm, G. L., G. J. Fosmire, and E. D. Bellis 1994 Persistence of Metals in Soil and Selected Vertebrates in the Vicinity of

the Palmerton Zinc Smelters. J. of Environmental Quality, 25: 508-514. Storm, G. L., R. Yahner, and E. Bellis

1993 Vertebrate Abundance and Wildlife Habitat Suitability Near the Palmerton Zinc Smelters, Pennsylvania. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 25: 428-437.

Strojan, C. L. 1978a Forest Leaf Litter Decomposition in the Vicinity of A Zinc Smelter.

Oecologia, 32: 203-212. 1978b The Impacts of Zinc Smelter Emissions on Forest Litter Arthropods.

Oikos, 31: 41-46. Sununu, John H.

1983 A Proclamation: Hawk Watching Week October 2-8, 1983. City of Concord, State of New Hampshire, July 20, 1983.

Sutton, George M. 1928a Notes on A Collection of Hawks from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania.

Wilson Bulletin, 40: 84-95, 193-194. 1928b Abundance of Golden Eagles in Pennsylvania. Auk, 45: 375. 1929 How Can the Bird-Lover Help to Save the Hawks and Owls? Auk, 46:

190-195. 1992 The Law Protecting All Birds of Prey. Wildlife Activist, 16: 4-5.

Swartzentruber, Beth A. and Heather M. Beck 2001 A Comparison of Counts of Migrating Red-tailed Hawks Seen At Hawk

Mountain Sanctuary and Bake Oven Knob, Pennsylvania, 1961-2000. American Hawkwatcher, 27: 11- 17.

Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker 2002 Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas. National Park Service and

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC Swift, Lauren

1995 Historical and Current Records of Rare Plants and Animals and Significant Natural Communities of the Shawangunk Ridge Bioreserve. Report to the Eastern New York Chapter of The Nature Conservancy.

Taft, A. and J. Stewart 1999 Attempted Predation on a Bald Eagle Nest by a Fisher. Passenger Pigeon,

61 (4): 456. Teter, Shara, Anton Khalilieh, Elsie Ashworth, Stephen Wamiti, and LeAnne Bonner

69

2003 Ridge Adherence in Golden Eagles Migrating Along the Kittatinny Ridge Between Bake Oven Knob and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania, Autumn 2000-2002. American Hawkwatcher, 29: 9-14.

Thompson, J. 1999 Cliff and Talus Survey of the Mohonk Preserve. Daniel Smiley Research

Center, New Paltz, NY Thompson, John and Hank Alicandri

2006 Balancing Recreation and Bird Protection in the Cliff and Talus Communities in the Northern Shawangunk Mountains Mohonk Preserve. Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership, New Paltz, NY

Thornburgh, Dick 1982 Proclamation: Hawk Watching Week October 3-9, 1982. City of

Harrisburg, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, July 2, 1982. Trapp, J. L.

1998 Bird Kills At Towers and Other Human-made Structures: An Annotated Bibliography (19601998).www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/issues/tower.html.

Turner, A. E. 1999 Enjoying Hawk Mountain: Teacher Guide (Raptors and the Central

Appalachian Forest). Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association, Kempton, PA

Ulsh, Steve (Editor and Compiler) 1985 Endangered & Threatened Species of Pennsylvania. Wild Resources

Conservation Fund, Harrisburg, PA U. S. Court of Appeals

2008 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. No. 06-1165. American Bird Conservancy, Inc. and Forest Conservation Council, Petitioners v. Federal Communications Commission, Respondent and CTIA- The Wireless Association, et al, Intervenors.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 1988 America’s Wetlands/Our Vital Link between Land and Water. U. S. EPA,

Office of Wetlands Protection, Washington, DC U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

1987 Mid-Atlantic Wetlands/A Disappearing Natural Treasure. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC

Van Fleet, P. Kim 2001 Geography of Diurnal Raptors Migrating Through the Valley-and-Ridge

Province of Central Pennsylvania, 1991-1994. Pages 23-41. In Hawks in the Americas (K. L. Bildstein and D. Klem, Jr., Editors). Hawk Migration Association of North America, North Wales, PA

Van Fleet, Kim and Cara Lee 2008 Mountain Flyway Critical: Shawangunks Part of Birds’ Migration Path.

Poughkeepsie Journal, January 27, 2008. van Gelder, Christina

1992 Working For Zoning To Save A Rural Township’s Natural Splendors. Wildlife Activist, 15: 4-5.

1995 Reflections Regarding Wildflowers in the Kittatinny Raptor Corridor.

70

Wildlife Activist, 24: 4. 2005 Miscellaneous Raptor Observations Near Ashfield, Carbon County,

Pennsylvania USA. International Hawkwatcher, 10: 7-9. Van Noy, Rick

2008 A Natural Sense of Wonder: Connecting Kids with Nature through the Seasons. University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA

Viverette, Catherine B., Susanna Struve, Laurie J. Goodrich, and Keith L. Bildstein 1996 Decreases in Migrating Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) at

Traditional Raptor-Migration Watch Sites in Eastern North America. Auk, 113 (1): 32-40.

Wegener, Al and Wendy E. Harris 2005 Shawangunk Mountains Scenic Byway Corridor Management Plan.

Shawangunk Mountains Scenic Byway Steering Committee, New Paltz, NY

Wells, Jeffrey V. 2007 Birder’s Conservation Handbook. Princeton University Press, Princeton,

NJ West, Chris

2004 Restoration at Lehigh Gap. Wildlife Activist, 49: 5-7. Wiegman, Paul G.

1985 Chapter 1—Plants. In Species of Special Concern in Pennsylvania (Hugh H. Genoways and Fred J. Brenner, Editors). Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 11. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA

Wilshusen, J. Peter 1983 Geology of the Appalachian Trail in Pennsylvania. General Geology

Report 74. Fourth Series. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Harrisburg, PA Wilson, Don E. and Sue Ruff (Editors)

1999 The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC

Wirth, Paul 2008 To improve electric service for customers and meet growing demand for

electricity, PPL Electric Utilities to upgrade transmission system with new power line. PPL News Release for June 5, 2008.

Wright, Kyle 2006 Variability in Hawk Counts: Bake Oven Knob and Hawk Mountain

Sanctuary Compared. American Hawkwatcher, 31: 9-13. Wright, Minturn

1994 60 Years of Conservation. Hawk Mountain News, 80: 1-3. Zalles, Jorje I. and Keith L. Bildstein

2000 Raptor Watch: A Global Directory of Raptor Migration Sites. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Kempton, PA

Zeisberger, D. and Ray Whritenour 1995 A Delaware-English Lexicon. Lenape Text & Studies, Butler, NJ.

71

Appendix 1:List of Working Group Members

For the Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor Effort

Keith Bildstein, Ph. D.—Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Assn. (570) 943-3411 bildstein@hawkmtn.org

Donald S. Heintzelman—Ornithologist and Author donsh@enter.net

Larry Hilaire—Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (570) 296-6952 x 27 Larry_Hilaire@nps.gov

Glenn D. Hoagland—The Mohonk Preserve (845) 255-0919 x 227ghoagland@mohonkpreserve.org

David H. Johnson—Director, Global Owl Project (202) 360-0313 [cell phone] djowl@aol.com

Stan Kotala, M. D.—Juniata Valley Audubon Society (814) 946-8840 ccwiba@keyconn.net

Dan Kunkle—Wildlife Information Center, Inc./Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge(610) 760-8889danlgnc@ptd.net

Cara Lee—Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership/The Nature Conservancy in NY(845) 255-9051 clee@tnc.org

Patrick J. Lynch—Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (570) 296-6952 x 30 patrick_lynch@nps.gov

Eric M. Olsen—The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey (908) 955-0357 eolsen@tnc.org

72

Appendix 2 Endorsement Letters for the Proposed

Kittatinny-Shawangunk National Raptor Migration Corridor

American Endorsements Members of Congress Senator Charles E. Schumer (D-NY) Congressman Maurice D. Hinchey (D-NY)

Alabama Birmingham Audubon Society

Alaska The Wildlifers

Arizona Prescott Audubon Society

California Cheeseman’s Ecology Safaris (Gail and Doug Cheeseman, Owners) Nature Trip Pomona Valley Audubon Society San Fernando Valley Audubon Society Santa Monica Bay Audubon Society Della J. Dash (Birder) Dr. Hans Peeters (Author and Professor Emeritus, Chabot College)

Colorado Boulder County Audubon Society

Connecticut Audubon Connecticut Connecticut Audubon Society Connecticut Ornithological Association Friends of Animals The Marvelwood School Dr. Alan H. Brush (Distinguished American ornithologist)

Delaware Delaware Nature Society

District of Columbia American Bird Conservancy Center for Biological Diversity The Audubon Society of the District of Columbia Dr. Heather R. L. Lerner

FloridaFlorida Keys Audubon Society Highlands County Audubon Society, Inc. Optics for the Tropics

73

Pelican Island Audubon Society St. Petersburg Audubon Society The Audubon Society of the Everglades

Georgia Albany Audubon Society

Idaho Portneuf Valley Audubon Society The Peregrine Fund

IllinoisAudubon Council of Illinois (represents 10 local NAS chapters in IL) Bird Conservation Network Lake County Audubon Society Peoria Audubon Society

Indiana Trinidad Birding (William L. Murphy, ecotourism leader) Owl Acres Raptor Rehabilitation

Kentucky Raptor Rehabilitation of Kentucky, Inc.

Maine Merrymeeting Audubon Society York County Audubon Society

Maryland Cecil Bird Club (a Maryland Ornithological Society chapter) Friends of Backbone Mountain Maryland Conservation Council Second Chance Wildlife Center Southern Maryland Audubon Society The Audubon Naturalist Society of the Central Atlantic States Leslie W. DeVilbiss (Concerned citizen) Roland Dutcher (Nature Photographer) Kathleen Handley (Master Wildlife Rehabilitator) David Miller, Ph. D. (Biologist) Virginia I. Miller, M. D. (Pathologist) Margaret R. Peterson (Master Wildlife Rehabilitator)

Minnesota Carpenter St. Croix Valley Nature Center Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory Saint Paul Audubon Society Zumbro Valley Audubon

Missouri Greater Ozarks Audubon Society Montana

74

Raptor View Research Institute

New Hampshire New Hampshire Audubon

New Jersey Atlantic Audubon Society Bergen County Audubon Society Foodshed Alliance Musconetcong Watershed Association New Jersey Audubon Society Passaic River Coalition Sierra Club (Hunterdon Group) The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey The Wildlife Society (New Jersey Chapter) John J. Collins (Birder and wildlife conservationist) Eileen Reed (Birder) Dr. Doreen Valentine (Acquisitions Editor/Science & Environment, Rutgers University Press)

New Jersey/Pennsylvania Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (National Park Service)

New Mexico Central New Mexico Audubon Society

New York Adirondack Council Audubon International Audubon New York Bedford Audubon Society Delaware-Otsego Audubon Society, Inc. Four Harbors Audubon Society Great South Bay Audubon Society, Inc. Hawk Migration Association of North America High Peaks Audubon Hudson-Mohawk Bird Club Huntington Audubon Society Ithaca College—Environmental Program New York State Ornithological Association, Inc. North Fork Audubon Society, Inc. Orange County Audubon Society, Inc. Putnam Highlands Audubon Society Ralph T. Waterman Bird Club Rochester Residents Association, Inc. Roger Tory Peterson Institute of Natural History (RTPI) Shawangunk Ridge Biodiversity Partnership (11 agencies/organizations) Southern Adirondack Audubon Society Tioga Bird Club David Camilleri (Birder and wildlife conservationist) Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. (Senior Attorney, Natural Resources Defense Council) Jim Landau (Coordinator of Hamburg Hawk Watch)

75

Margaret B. Mathis (Biologist—retired) Robert J. Savage, Esq. (Birder and wildlife conservationist) Dianne D. Taggart (Birder and wildlife conservationist) Paul Tobias (Concerned citizen and concert cellist)

North Carolina Audubon Society of Forsyth County Elisha Mitchell Audubon Society Mecklenburg Audubon Society T. Gilbert Pearson Audubon Society

Ohio Ohio Ornithological Society

Oregon Salem Audubon Society

Pennsylvania Albright College (Department of Biology faculty members) Allentown Hiking Club Alliance for Sustainable Communities—Lehigh Valley Appalachian Audubon Society Audubon Pennsylvania Baird Ornithological Club Bartramian Audubon Society Berks County Conservancy Blue Mountain Preservation Association Blue Mountain Wildlife, Incorporated Bucks County Audubon Society Bucks County Birders Bucks County Conservation District Carlisle House Bed & Breakfast Central Pennsylvania Conservancy Churchville Nature Center Conococheague Audubon Society Delaware River Greenway Partnership Delaware Riverkeeper Network Delaware Valley Raptor Center East Penn Township, Carbon County (Board of Supervisors) East Stroudsburg University (Department of Biological Sciences) Friends of Cherry Valley Graham Tree Consulting Greater Reading Convention and Visitors Bureau Greater Wyoming Valley Audubon Society Harmony Hall Bed & Breakfast Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association Heidelberg Township, Lehigh County (Board of Supervisors) Heidelberg Township, Lehigh County (Environmental Advisory Committee) Juniata Valley Audubon Society Kauffman Insurance Agency, Inc. Keystone Trails Association

76

Kittatinny and Pinnacle Association Lehigh Valley Audubon Society Lehigh Valley Convention and Visitors Bureau Lehigh Valley Planning Commission LEPOCO (Lehigh-Pocono Committee of Concern) Little Juniata River Association Lynn Township, Lehigh County (Environmental Advisory Committee) Mauch Chunk Museum & Cultural Center, Inc. Merrill W. Linn Land & Waterways Conservancy Millersville University, Dept. of Biology (signed by 8 professors) D. J. Montaine Associates, R. A. NAM Planning & Design, LLC Naturalist Services Inside/Outside LLC Nature Abounds™ Northeast Pennsylvania Audubon Society Past Perspectives Pennsylvania Game Commission Pennsylvania Society for Ornithology Pittsburgh Climbers Pocono Heritage Land Trust Presque Isle Audubon Society Rural Preservation Association of Northwestern Lehigh County Seven Mountains Audubon Sierra Club—Moshannon Group Sinking Valley Watershed Association SOAR (Save Our Allegheny Ridges) Susquehanna Appalachian Trail Club The Friends of Wildwood Lake Nature Center, Inc. The Manada Conservancy The Mengel Natural History Society The Theodore Burr Covered Bridge Society of PA, Inc. Three Rivers Birding Club West Chester Bird Club, Inc. Wild Birds Unlimited (Buckingham franchise) Wildlands Conservancy Wildlife Information Center, Inc. Wildwood Park & Olewine Nature Center (Dauphin County) Dr. Margaret C. Brittingham (Prof. of Wildlife Resources, Penn State University) Frederic H. Brock (Birder and land use planner) Donald T. Cunningham, Jr. (Lehigh County Executive) Dr. Percy H. Dougherty (Chairman, Lehigh County Board of Commissioners) Robert F. Ensminger (Associate Professor of Geography, Emeritus, Kutztown University)

Benjamin D. and June R. Evans (co-authors PA’s Covered Bridges) Julie Harhart (State Representative 183rd Legislative District) Jack K. Holcomb (“Jack’s Backyard” radio host WEEU, Reading, PA) Frank T. Kuserk, Ph. D. (Moravian College Environmental Studies Program) John Leskosky (Birder and Environmental Group Manager) Ellen Milligan (Birder and conservationist) John Stoffa (Northampton County Executive) Suzanne M. Switzer (Registered Nurse, CCLA, CPCU)

77

Christina E. van Gelder (Birder and wildlife conservationist)

South Carolina Audubon South Carolina Hilton Head Island Audubon Society

Southwest Virginia/Northwest North Carolina Blue Ridge Birders

Tennessee Tennessee Ornithological Society

Texas Fort Worth Audubon Texas Environmental Studies & Analysis, LLC Texas Panhandle Audubon Society Eric Haskell (Natural Resource Specialist) Charles Lauffer (Birder) Connie S. Wells (Birder)

Utah HawkWatch International

Vermont Vermont Center for Ecostudies Shawn Keeley (Birder)

Virginia Bath Highland Bird Club Bear Mountain Farm & Wilderness Retreat Environmental Studies on the Piedmont North Star Science and Technology, LLC (Satellite transmitters) Rockfish Gap Hawk Watch Swan Research Program Virginia Forest Watch (VAFW) Judith A. Palladinetti (Birder & Secondary Math teacher/retired) Barbara A. Williamson (conservationist)

Washington Black Hills Audubon Society Olympic Peninsula Audubon Society Washington Ornithological Society

West Virginia Appalachian Trail Conservancy Friends of Beautiful Pendleton County, Inc. Hanging Rock Migration Observatory Eve Firor (Birder and wildlife conservationist) Arthur P. Glick (Birder and wildlife conservationist) Larry V. and Rebecca K. Thomas (Birders and conservationists)

78

Foreign EndorsementsArgentina Clark Expediciones

Belize Belize Raptor Research Institute

CanadaCare and Rehabilitation of Injured Birds of La Montérégie Cranberry Marsh Raptor Watch (Whitby, Ontario) Hamilton Naturalists’ Club Union Québécoise De Réhabilitation Des Oiseaux De Proie

Costa Rica La Joya De LA Jungla (Costa Rican Adventure Retreat)

Czech Republic Zdenek Sroubek (Institute of Photonics and Electronics ASCR, v.v.l)

Finland Dr. Pertti Koskimies (Luontotieto Pertti Koskimies, Inc.)

FranceFabrice Delorme (Vice President of TEP) Georges Olioso (Ornithologist and raptor enthusiast)

GermanyProact International (David J. A. Conlin, Director) Prof. Dr. Michael Wink (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg)

ItalyAnna Giordano (Celebrated raptor and wildlife conservationist)

Kenya Natural Track Safaris: Adventures in the Wilderness

Panama Gonzalo Horna (birder)

Republic of Malta BirdLife Malta Dr. Natalino Fenech (Distinguished journalist and ornithologist)

Romania Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci (Biologist, Retezat National Park)

Spain Mark Duchamp (Manager, Renewable Energies, Iberia 2000) Ana Grau Valenciano (Biologist, GREFA)

79

Sweden Västergötlands Ornithologiska Förening (Åke Anderson, Chairman)

Switzerland Lutz Lücker (Birder)

ThailandThai Raptor Group (Dr. Chaiyan Kasorndorkbua)

United KingdomRichard Porter (Distinguished British ornithologist) Sylvia Wallace (Wildlife conservationist) Nick P. Williams, MSc. (Raptor Ecologist—UK)

Updated: 12 June 2009 Number of endorsements received: 252

80

Part Two

MapA map showing the boundary of the proposed Kittatinny-Shawangunk National

Raptor Migration Corridor crossing parts of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania is provided on the Raptor Corridor Project website (www.raptorcorridor.org ).

PhotographsA representative selection of landscape, raptor, and songbird photographs of the

Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Corridor are provided in the Photo Albums on the Raptor Corridor Project website.

There are also historic photographs documenting former hawk shooting activities in Pennsylvania prior to 1934 at what is now Hawk Mountain, Berks County, PA, and prior to 1957 at Bake Oven Knob, Lehigh-Carbon Counties, PA. These are followed by some images of the early years (1934 and later) of Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, and the early years (1960 and later) of the Bake Oven Knob Hawk Watch. Finally, there are photographs of various buildings and sites of historic importance located within the Corridor.

81