A Whirlwind Tour of SD A Whirlwind Tour of SD Native American History Native American History

and Governmentand Government

July 1, 2008July 1, 2008

Nation distributionNation distribution Seven Councils named after 7 divisions of the Seven Councils named after 7 divisions of the

Nation:Nation: MdewakantonwonMdewakantonwon WahpetonWahpeton WahpekuteWahpekute SissetonSisseton YanktonYankton YanktonaiYanktonai TetonTeton

Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Dakota, Nakota, Lakota – Evolved from one main groupEvolved from one main group– Three variations on one main dialectThree variations on one main dialect– Arranged by size of populationArranged by size of population

DakotaDakota

SanteeSantee Largest Largest Originally east of the Mississippi Originally east of the Mississippi

(Minnesota)(Minnesota) Four bands:Four bands:

– MdewakantonwonMdewakantonwon – WahpetonWahpeton– WahpekuteWahpekute – SissetonSisseton

NakotaNakota

Yanktonai/YanktonYanktonai/Yankton Moved into the prairies that are now Moved into the prairies that are now

southeastern SDsoutheastern SD Divided into 3 bands:Divided into 3 bands:

– YanktonYankton– Upper YanktonaiUpper Yanktonai– Lower YanktonaiLower Yanktonai

LakotaLakota TetonwanTetonwan ““Dwellers on the Plains”Dwellers on the Plains” Western SDWestern SD Became the largest Became the largest Developed Plains Indian Culture (1600’s)Developed Plains Indian Culture (1600’s) Seven bands:Seven bands:

– OgalalaOgalala– Sicangu/BruleSicangu/Brule– HunkpapaHunkpapa– MiniconjousMiniconjous– Sihasapa/BlackfootSihasapa/Blackfoot– Itazicapola/Sans ArcItazicapola/Sans Arc– Oohenupa/Two KettleOohenupa/Two Kettle

Nine “Tribes” of SDNine “Tribes” of SD

DAKOTADAKOTAMdewakantonwonMdewakantonwon

Minnesota, Canada, Flandreau, SD Minnesota, Canada, Flandreau, SD and Santee Reservation in NE.and Santee Reservation in NE.

1919thth Century- railroads killed out Century- railroads killed out buffalo to drive Native Americans buffalo to drive Native Americans onto reservationsonto reservations

Historical government-Historical government- Current government- 5 tribal council Current government- 5 tribal council

members, rotating 4 year termsmembers, rotating 4 year terms Famous- Gerome Big Eagle: Famous- Gerome Big Eagle:

DakotaDakotaMdewakantonwonMdewakantonwon

““Spirit Lake People”Spirit Lake People” Governed by Soldiers LodgeGoverned by Soldiers Lodge Originally in MN, Mille Lac and Originally in MN, Mille Lac and

headwaters of the Mississippiheadwaters of the Mississippi Currently on Crow Creek ReservationCurrently on Crow Creek Reservation Chiefs include Redwing, Jerome Big Chiefs include Redwing, Jerome Big

Eagle, Shakopee, MankatoEagle, Shakopee, Mankato

DAKOTADAKOTAWahpetonWahpeton

““Dwellers among the leaves”Dwellers among the leaves” Devil’s Lake, ND, Flandreau and Devil’s Lake, ND, Flandreau and

Sisseton SDSisseton SD Other Day- Son of Red Bird, worked Other Day- Son of Red Bird, worked

for Gen. Sibly as a scout.for Gen. Sibly as a scout.

DAKOTADAKOTAWahpekuteWahpekute

Shooters among the leavesShooters among the leaves Means ‘leaf’ and ‘to shoot’Means ‘leaf’ and ‘to shoot’ Flandreau, Santee Res in NEFlandreau, Santee Res in NE Minnesota in 1600s- Redwood and Minnesota in 1600s- Redwood and

Des Moines RiverDes Moines River Chief Little CrowChief Little Crow Red Lakes-Hayeetechah monanieRed Lakes-Hayeetechah monanie 4 Executive committee members4 Executive committee members

DAKOTADAKOTASissetonSisseton

Sisseton-Wapheton Oyate- people of the Sisseton-Wapheton Oyate- people of the fish village/marsh and people on Lake fish village/marsh and people on Lake TraverseTraverse

Originally governed by Soldier’s Lodge; Originally governed by Soldier’s Lodge; rejected BIArejected BIA

Constitution 1946Constitution 1946 7 council members; 2 year terms7 council members; 2 year terms 7 districts, Chairman Mike Salvage7 districts, Chairman Mike Salvage Woodrow Keeble- Korean and WWII VetWoodrow Keeble- Korean and WWII Vet

– 11stst Sioux to receive Medal of Honor (Died 1982, Sioux to receive Medal of Honor (Died 1982, received after death 2008)received after death 2008)

Yankton- End VillageYankton- End Village ““Village of the quarry of red stone”Village of the quarry of red stone” Initially had 13 million acres of land- now 440,000 (3.4%)Initially had 13 million acres of land- now 440,000 (3.4%) Originally in Sioux City, IA and along the Vermillion RiverOriginally in Sioux City, IA and along the Vermillion River Yankton Reservation, Fort Randall, SD & Share Crow Creek Yankton Reservation, Fort Randall, SD & Share Crow Creek

w/Upper & Lower Yanktonai (along Missouri River)w/Upper & Lower Yanktonai (along Missouri River) Among the Yankton the Keepers of Among the Yankton the Keepers of Pa-la-ne-a-pa pe (The Man that Was)Pa-la-ne-a-pa pe (The Man that Was)

– Famous for trying to keep peace w/whites and maintain dignity Famous for trying to keep peace w/whites and maintain dignity for people for people

– Nakota means strong friendNakota means strong friend 1932 First tribal constitution1932 First tribal constitution Currently casinos major source of $Currently casinos major source of $

NAKOTANAKOTAYanktonYankton

NAKOTANAKOTAUpper YantonaiUpper Yantonai

Little End VillageLittle End Village Same dialect as the Yankton,Same dialect as the Yankton,

believed to be the elder tribebelieved to be the elder tribe By LeSuer MN in 1700sBy LeSuer MN in 1700s Standing Rock and Devil’s Lake NDStanding Rock and Devil’s Lake ND

NAKOTANAKOTALower YanktonaiLower Yanktonai

““Hunkpatina”Hunkpatina” SE SD Yankton split between Crow SE SD Yankton split between Crow

Creek and MTCreek and MT 5 committee members and 4 5 committee members and 4

executive membersexecutive members

LAKOTALAKOTAOgalalaOgalala

‘‘To scatter ones own’To scatter ones own’ Move further west Move further west Originally N of Brule Originally N of Brule Now on Pine RidgeNow on Pine Ridge 2 million acres of land2 million acres of land Become very involved in fur trade Become very involved in fur trade Bull Bear moves 4000 Ogalala to Ft. Laramie Wy to make this a center of Bull Bear moves 4000 Ogalala to Ft. Laramie Wy to make this a center of

activity for Sioux activity for Sioux Tribal governmentTribal government

– Tribal council w/18 representatives Tribal council w/18 representatives – Constitution 1936Constitution 1936– 38,00038,000– Current President John SteeleCurrent President John Steele

Red Cloud- famous Chief/Bozeman trail/Jesuit schoolRed Cloud- famous Chief/Bozeman trail/Jesuit school Billy Mills- First American to win an Olympic gold in the 10,000m 1964Billy Mills- First American to win an Olympic gold in the 10,000m 1964 Rich historyRich history

– Wounded Knee, Sand Creek, Battle of Little Big HornWounded Knee, Sand Creek, Battle of Little Big Horn

LAKOTALAKOTASicangu/BruleSicangu/Brule

‘‘Burnt thigh nation’ possibly from fleeing a grass fireBurnt thigh nation’ possibly from fleeing a grass fire Rosebud Reservation, SW SD and Lower Brule, west of Rosebud Reservation, SW SD and Lower Brule, west of

Missouri RiverMissouri River Divided in the 1700s into two separate bands Divided in the 1700s into two separate bands William Clark came through in 1805- contact with BruleWilliam Clark came through in 1805- contact with Brule Agrarian: beans, corn, etc. (lost to flood in 1950’s & 1960’s)Agrarian: beans, corn, etc. (lost to flood in 1950’s & 1960’s) Sinte Gleske- ‘Spotted Tail’; declined to participate in Red Sinte Gleske- ‘Spotted Tail’; declined to participate in Red

Cloud’s war; famous state’s manCloud’s war; famous state’s man Little Thunder- Chief, fought Harney,6’6’’ intelligentLittle Thunder- Chief, fought Harney,6’6’’ intelligent Lower Brule Constitution 1936Lower Brule Constitution 1936 6 member council w/2 year terms6 member council w/2 year terms Rosebud- highest suicide rate in the countryRosebud- highest suicide rate in the country

LAKOTALAKOTAHunkpapaHunkpapa

Also Honkpapa or Humkpapa or HunknapaAlso Honkpapa or Humkpapa or Hunknapa 1870’s fought w/Sitting Bull1870’s fought w/Sitting Bull Standing Rock ReservationStanding Rock Reservation ‘‘Gate Keepers or Head of the Circle’Gate Keepers or Head of the Circle’ Sitting Bull- Holy Man killed on Standing Rock Sitting Bull- Holy Man killed on Standing Rock

Reservation by police in the attempt to prevent Reservation by police in the attempt to prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance movementhim from supporting the Ghost Dance movement

Two Moons, Black Moon, Running Antelope, Chief Two Moons, Black Moon, Running Antelope, Chief GallGall

Standing Rock Sioux Tribal CouncilStanding Rock Sioux Tribal Council 14 council people14 council people Vine Deloria, Jr. - authorVine Deloria, Jr. - author

LAKOTALAKOTAMiniconjous/MinneconjousMiniconjous/Minneconjous

Those who plant by the streamThose who plant by the stream Formerly from Black Hills to Platte River, Formerly from Black Hills to Platte River,

combined tribe w/Hunkpapacombined tribe w/Hunkpapa Currently in West Central SDCurrently in West Central SD Joseph White Bull- prior to being confined Joseph White Bull- prior to being confined

to reservation there were hereditary to reservation there were hereditary leaders: Makes Room, Black Shield, Lone leaders: Makes Room, Black Shield, Lone Horn, White Hollow Horn, White Swan and Horn, White Hollow Horn, White Swan and Comes FlyingComes Flying

Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Council- 15 Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Council- 15 council peoplecouncil people

LAKOTALAKOTASihasapa/BlackfootSihasapa/Blackfoot

Western SDWestern SD Black moccasins Black moccasins Home of the White Calf Buffalo PipeHome of the White Calf Buffalo Pipe John Grass- John Grass- Constitution 1959Constitution 1959 17 council people, all elected17 council people, all elected Retained a lot of sovereignty Retained a lot of sovereignty

LAKOTALAKOTAItazicapola/Sans ArcItazicapola/Sans Arc

Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Eagle ButteEagle Butte 1.4 million acres1.4 million acres 15 council members15 council members Big Foot- killed in 1890 Wounded Knee Big Foot- killed in 1890 Wounded Knee

massacre- under white flag (in massacre- under white flag (in pictures of Wounded Kneepictures of Wounded Knee– http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/

woundedk.html)woundedk.html)

LAKOTALAKOTAOohenupa/Two KettleOohenupa/Two Kettle

““Two boilings”Two boilings” South side of the Missouri running up South side of the Missouri running up

and down the Cheyenne Riverand down the Cheyenne River Now on Cheyenne River ReservationNow on Cheyenne River Reservation Plains- good hunters and shrewd Plains- good hunters and shrewd

traderstraders Chiefs: Four Bears, White Hawk and Chiefs: Four Bears, White Hawk and

Spotted HorseSpotted Horse

History of SD Indigenous PeopleHistory of SD Indigenous People 11500 11500 -- 8000 BCE 8000 BCE ---- Paleolithic period Paleolithic period -- Paleoindian hunters lived -- Paleoindian hunters lived

by hunting now extinct animals like mammoths and ice-age bison.by hunting now extinct animals like mammoths and ice-age bison. 8000 -1000 BCE 8000 -1000 BCE ---- Archaic period Archaic period -- Archaic peoples gathered wild -- Archaic peoples gathered wild

plants and hunted more kinds of animals, living better off the land.plants and hunted more kinds of animals, living better off the land. 1000 BCE 1000 BCE ---- Woodland period Woodland period -- People became more efficient at -- People became more efficient at

killing game like bison and deer.  They could therefore live in larger killing game like bison and deer.  They could therefore live in larger groups.  groups. 

200 BCE 200 BCE ---- Woodland period Woodland period -- People along the Missouri River built -- People along the Missouri River built burial mounds and made pottery.  burial mounds and made pottery. 

500 500 -- The bow and arrow came into use, replacing darts and spears.-- The bow and arrow came into use, replacing darts and spears. 900900 -- Plains Village people (predecessors to the Mandan, Arikara, and -- Plains Village people (predecessors to the Mandan, Arikara, and

Hidatsa peoples) began to plant corn, and sunflowers, in addition to Hidatsa peoples) began to plant corn, and sunflowers, in addition to hunting.  They lived in earth lodges within villages protected by ditches hunting.  They lived in earth lodges within villages protected by ditches and log palisades.  and log palisades. 

15001500 -- Plains Village people were living all along the Missouri River -- Plains Village people were living all along the Missouri River valley.  There is also archaeological evidence of their hunting camps all valley.  There is also archaeological evidence of their hunting camps all throughout the state.throughout the state.

History of SD Indigenous PeopleHistory of SD Indigenous People 1600’s tribes move west & receive horses from Spanish1600’s tribes move west & receive horses from Spanish Trading w/Spanish and French Trading w/Spanish and French Pre-1795 Pre-1795 1760--The Sioux Indians, having been pushed out of 1760--The Sioux Indians, having been pushed out of

Minnesota by the Chippewa, first reach the Missouri River. Minnesota by the Chippewa, first reach the Missouri River. On their way to the Missouri, the Sioux drove the Omaha On their way to the Missouri, the Sioux drove the Omaha Indians from the Big Sioux and James River valleys.Indians from the Big Sioux and James River valleys.Sioux arrival at the Missouri ignites a long war with the Sioux arrival at the Missouri ignites a long war with the Arikara for control of the Missouri Valley in central Arikara for control of the Missouri Valley in central South Dakota.South Dakota.

1800s- Great Sioux Nation presides over plains (SD, ND, MT, WY, NE)1800s- Great Sioux Nation presides over plains (SD, ND, MT, WY, NE) 1803 Louisiana Purchase Treaty1803 Louisiana Purchase Treaty 1804: Sioux meet the Louis & Clark expedition1804: Sioux meet the Louis & Clark expedition Trading posts established through out the west & fur trading becomes part Trading posts established through out the west & fur trading becomes part

of Ogalala lifeof Ogalala life Ogalala & Lakota move into North and South DakotaOgalala & Lakota move into North and South Dakota 1849 U.S. purchase Ft. Laramie1849 U.S. purchase Ft. Laramie

History of SD Indigenous PeopleHistory of SD Indigenous People 1851 Laramie Treaties signed1851 Laramie Treaties signed 1858 Treaty with Yankton Sioux opening most of eastern SD to settlement1858 Treaty with Yankton Sioux opening most of eastern SD to settlement 1861 Dakota Territory is ‘officially’ opened- SD, ND, WY and MT1861 Dakota Territory is ‘officially’ opened- SD, ND, WY and MT War/War/1862-1865--1862-1865--The War of the Outbreak occurs. The War of the Outbreak occurs.

1862 Homestead Act-1862 Homestead Act- August 1862 Santee December 1862 HangingAugust 1862 Santee December 1862 Hanging Massacre at Sand CeekMassacre at Sand Ceek

– By 1864 90% of Santee and many Teton dead or in prisonBy 1864 90% of Santee and many Teton dead or in prison 1865--1865--The Edmunds Commission The Edmunds Commission April 1865 Civil War ends & Lincoln assassinatedApril 1865 Civil War ends & Lincoln assassinated Connor organizes soldiers and begins series of Battles from Paha Sapa to Connor organizes soldiers and begins series of Battles from Paha Sapa to

Montana- begins a series of massacres and treaties (Montana- begins a series of massacres and treaties (http://www.hanksville.org/daniel/timeline2.htmlhttp://www.hanksville.org/daniel/timeline2.html))

1868 Sitting Bull becomes head chief of the Lakota1868 Sitting Bull becomes head chief of the Lakota 1868 Red Cloud leads fight to close Bozeman trail1868 Red Cloud leads fight to close Bozeman trail Treaty signed to end the Red Cloud War, creates the Great Sioux Reservation Treaty signed to end the Red Cloud War, creates the Great Sioux Reservation

(which includes Black Hills) reservations (which includes Black Hills) reservations 1871 1871 Congress approves the Indian Appropriations Act, Congress approves the Indian Appropriations Act,

History of SD Indigenous PeopleHistory of SD Indigenous People 1873- Custer enters the scene & 1873- Custer enters the scene & 1874 Gold found in Black Hills1874 Gold found in Black Hills 1875 Beginning of the Lakota War1875 Beginning of the Lakota War 1876 – Government orders Lakota chiefs to their reservations by 1876 – Government orders Lakota chiefs to their reservations by

January 31. Sitting Bull organizes greatest gathering of IndiansJanuary 31. Sitting Bull organizes greatest gathering of Indians– Battle of Little Big HornBattle of Little Big Horn

October 1876- Manypenny Commission demands surrender of October 1876- Manypenny Commission demands surrender of Paha SapaPaha Sapa

May 1877- End of Great Sioux WarsMay 1877- End of Great Sioux Wars Crazy Horse assassinatedCrazy Horse assassinated 1889 Agreement signed opening Great Sioux Reservation to white 1889 Agreement signed opening Great Sioux Reservation to white

settlers; limiting Native Americans to designated areassettlers; limiting Native Americans to designated areas 1890 Sitting Bull killed over Ghost Dance1890 Sitting Bull killed over Ghost Dance 1891 Wounded Knee1891 Wounded Knee

– http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/six/66_10.htmhttp://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/six/66_10.htm

History of SD Indigenous PeopleHistory of SD Indigenous People

1898 Spanish-American War1898 Spanish-American War 1904 Rosebud opened for white settlement; 1904 Rosebud opened for white settlement;

National Guard sent inNational Guard sent in 1909 Cheyenne River and Standing Rock 1909 Cheyenne River and Standing Rock

Reservations opened for white settlementReservations opened for white settlement 1917 WWI1917 WWI 1924 Citizen Act of 1924 makes Indians citizens1924 Citizen Act of 1924 makes Indians citizens 1930s Depression1930s Depression 1934 Indian Reorganization Act-1934 Indian Reorganization Act- 1941 WWII1941 WWII 1947- Plans made for Crazy Horse Monument in 1947- Plans made for Crazy Horse Monument in

Black Hills Black Hills

History of SD Indigenous PeopleHistory of SD Indigenous People

1973- Wounded Knee II and Custer 1973- Wounded Knee II and Custer Courthouse Riots Courthouse Riots

1990- Governor Mickelson and 9 1990- Governor Mickelson and 9 tribal leaders announce a ‘Year of tribal leaders announce a ‘Year of Reconciliation’Reconciliation’