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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE

Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag

I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

The pledge should be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart. However, civilians will always show full respect to the flag when the pledge is given by merely standing at atten­tion, men removing headdress.

Rules for Saluting the Flag

During the ceremony of hoi ting or lo,\·ering the flag . or when the flag passes in a parade or is displayed during the play­ing of the national anthem, ci,·ilians hould ::: and at attention and face the flag. Men should remO\·e he headd e - and ,,·ith the right hand hold it at the left houlder. he hand 'Xing 0\·er the heart. Men without hats and \\'Omen .::'no d sa:u e by plac­ing the right hand over the hean . The flag in a parade should be saluted at the moment it pa e . '\nen the national anthem is played without display of the flag . civilians should stand at attention facing toward the m u ic. men removing the headdress.

The St r-J

Oh say, can you see. : ·­What so proudly ,, e :a ·( Whose broad stripes an · · O 'er the ramparts \'e "'a And the rockets' red .~ a~~

Gave proof throu~;h the · Oh say, does that ' ta~ - ~. · O'er the land of the free a

On the shore dimly _ee:l · ~ Where the foe 's hau2n" ~

What is that which · e :-t

As it fitfully blow". hal' co Now it ca tches the lea;n c In full glory reA ectec .. o.,. 'Tis the Star-Spangled Ba O'er the land of the f:-ee •

0 thus be it eYer. \'hen::­Between their IO\··d ho:ne Blest with vic 'try and ~2.c Praise the Pow'r th a ha;..--; Then conquer we mus·. '· · And this be our motto: ··I 1

And the Star-Spangled Ba O'er the land of the free •

Written by FRA:\ Cis ScoTT :E\.1

bombardment of Fort ~IcHe­anthem in 1931. The Aa~r r-efer stitution, Washin gton. D .C

...

-o - f/.1

-. Of!l Su~- = n under God ,

.5ianoin!! wi~h the right hand \\ill aiwa' s 5ho"· fu ll respect by mere!: standing a t atten-

,-- _; F' J • '-'~ ' 7 .. . ~ ·

·~ or. lO\,·ering the flag, or is cisplayed during the play­ll.S should stand at attention

The Star-Spangled Banner

Oh say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watch 'd, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream: 'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner! 0, long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

0 thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their lov'd home and the war's desolation; Blest with vic'try and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land Praise the Pow'r that hath made and preserv'd us a Nation! Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: "In God is our trust!" And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

Written by FRANCIS ScoTT KEY, Maryland lawyer, in 1814 during the bombardment of Fort McHenry. Adopted by Congress as the national anthem in 1931. The flag referred to is preserved in the Smithsonian In­stitution, Washington, D.C.

1

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

American~ s Creed

I BELIEVE in the United States of America as a Government of the People, by the People, for the People, whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sO\·ereign nation of many sovereign states; a perfect union, one and inseparable, established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. I there­fore believe it my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies.

Written by WILLIAM TYLER PAGE, Clerk of United States Hous~ of R.-?­resentativt"s, 191 7 ; accepted by that Houst" on bt"ha1f vf the .-\ mt'r a.n People, April 3, 191 8.

2

t •1• •

The M ean J:

Cl. '" .·--. '\.-

ToDAY you ha,·e bee America. You are n::> · an Italian , a Pole . . ·ei, ~~­ican- a Polish-America •. longer a subject of a ::::o· e integral part of th i~ G 'c. the United States of .-\mer c~

This citizenship , which i-.~ • is a thing of the spiri -oath of allegian ce to the Co ,· claimed for you rself the G :x!­that sacred docu ment ~c;_­

men. You have made !'acn ..

your fellow citizem . realze come to you is in crease pr tincture it with frien d!~ cav

As you have learned dun. _ great honor carries " ith !- : cure this longerl-fnr and under our Constitut ion ma. est privilege and at the .a e of any citizenship in the '' r

The important righ~ th.r responsibilities attendant ·he: this souvenir booklet . I ~

constant reminder tha t cnl' b about your new Countr~. its and by everlastingly wor ·im: joy its fruits and assure the;r follow.

May you find in th is :\"au 1

of peace and security. and m, you wanting in your ne'' a. United States.

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HE L:\ITED ST.-\TES

's Cr~r.

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The Meaning of American

Citi\Pnship

CommiJJioner of Immigration and Naturalization

ToDAY you have become a citizen of the United Sta_tes of America. You are no longer an Englishman, a Frenchman, an Italian, a Pole. Neither are you a hyphenated-Amer­ican- a Polish-American , an Italian-American . You are no longer a subject of a government. Henceforth, you are an integral part of this Government~a freeman- a Citizen of the United States of America .

This citizenship, which has been solemnly conferred on you, is a thing of the spirit- not of the Aesh. When you took the oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the United States you claimed for yourself the God-given unalienable rights which that sacred document sets forth as the natural right of all men.

You have made sacrifi ces to reach this desired goal. We, your fellow citizens, reali ze thi s, and the warmth of our wel­come to you is increased proportionately. However, we would tincture it with friendly cauti on.

As you have learned during these years of preparation, this great honor carries with it the duty to work for and make se­cure this longerl-for and eagerly-sought status. Government under our Constitution makes American citizenship the high­est privilege and at the same time the greatest responsibility of any citizenship in the world.

The important rights that are now yours and the duties and responsibilities attendant thereon are set forth elsewhere in this souvenir booklet. It is hoped that they will serve as a constant reminder that only by continuing to study and learn about your new Country, its ideals, achievements, and goals, and by everlastingly working at your citizenship can you en­joy its fruits and assure their preservation for generations to follow.

May you find in this Nation the fulfillment of your dreams of peace and security, and may America, in turn, never find you wanting in your new and proud role of Citizen of the United States.

., d

The Duties of a Citizen

It is my duty to obey my country's laws. It is my duty to yote, so my government may truly represent the

will of the people. It is my duty to keep informed as to the honesty and abili ty of

candidates for public office. It is my duty, by my votes and my in fluen ce. to correct injustice. It is my duty to pay such taxes as haYe been de,·:.sed by repre­

sentatives elected by me, to defrav the co~t of government. It is my duty to serve on a jury \vhen called o . . I t m ay sometimes become my duty to hold a p blic office for

which I am su ited, so my gO\·emmem rna. : ·• ction ef. ficiently.

It is my duty to defend my country. if need ' • o •I arL'e. It is my duty to abide by the will of them jo ·:y. iO _tand be­

hind my government, so my nation rna;- :x uni: ed in time of crisis.

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R ights and P ·::

I m ay think as I please. I m ay speak or write as I p e

with the rights of othel"' I have the right to Yote. B. 1

ficers who a re really m' ,..e;>,

I have the righ t to choose m•. 1

my experience and abilit\ ~.a I have the right to try to impro· I have the right to a prompt 1

cused of a crime. I may seek justice in the couri5

others. I have the privilege of sharin":i

natural resources of my cuu; I may educate my children in :1 I have the right to worship as I have the right to " life. liber..

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or a Ci :-izen

, ul~ represent the

-~· and ability of

Rights and Privileges of a Citizen

I may think as I please. I may speak or write as I please, so long as I do not interfere

with the rights of others. I have the right to vote. By my vote I choose the public of­

ficers who are really my servants. I have the right to choose my work, to seek any job for which

my experience and ability have fitted me. I have the right to try to improve my lot through various means. I have the right to a prompt trial by jury, if I should be ac­

cused of a crime. I may seek justice in the courts, where I have equal rights with

others. I have the privilege of sharing in the benefits of many of the

natural resources of my country. I may educate my children in free schools. I have the right to worship as I think best. I have the right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

~FRANCES CAVANAH and LLOYD E. SMITH

!)

Oath of Allegiance

I HEREBY declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law;* that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law;* that I will per­form work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely with­out any mental reservation or purpose of evasion: So help me God.

*Sec. 337 (a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 permits, under certain circumstances, the taking of the oath without these clauses.

The F.=

THE GOOD CITIZL­bases his actions orz :-:r

The good citizen gi, ~ ·­

He cherishes Yalu~ '' !c way of life and Ji,· · i. respect for the d ignil'; a has faith in man's a ~ i' the process of thin' :. - · welfare of all people . he b. to all men. H e is ]o\ a -tunity for all. .-\II o· ;,e;­stem from, and are a pa:-

THE GOOD CITIZL - , ship in the family. schc:Jl. c

The good citizen rec :: people in family, school. cc lationships. He practices that are consistent with a Ct what happens to others. dence. He de\'elops his ~ He sincerely desires to hel practices, he build~ good ''

' D etroi t Citizensh ip Edt: a;

487- 280 0 . 72 - 2

, 1ffll~1nce

H I absolute!~· and entirely · a:1d fidelity to any foreign z:1:y, o: whom or which I c!uze:1: ~har I will support

- .-.! -.'>-:e C :1ited States of

te ::;-:J.S ob!iQ:a;ion freely with­of e,·a>ion: So help

The Five Qualities

of the

Good Citizen I

THE GOOD CITIZEN cherishes democratic values and bases his actions on them .

The good citizen gives allegiance to the ideals of democracy. He cherishes values which are consistent with the democraric way of life and lives in the spirit of these values. He has respect for the dignity and worth of human personality. He has faith in man ·s ability to soh ·e common problems through the process of thinking. H e is concerned with the general welfare of all people ; he belieYes that human culture belongs to all men . He is loyal to the principles of equality of oppor­tunity for all. All other characteristics of the good citizen stem from, and are a part of, this primary quality.

THE GOOD CITIZEN practices democratic human relation­ship in the family, school, community, and the larger scenes.

The good citizen recognizes the interdependence of all people in family, school, community, national, and world re­lationships. He practices the kinds of human relationships that are consistent with a democratic society. He personalizes

what happens to others, thereby earning respect and confi­dence. He develops his own ability to cooperate with others. He sincerely desires to help other persons. Through these practices, he builds good will as a resource for the future.

' Detroit Citizenship Education Study.

487-280 0. 72 . 2 7

THE GOOD CITIZEN recognizes the social problems of the times and has the will and the ability to work toward their solution.

The good Citizen recognizes and endeavors to help in the solution of social problems; problems of race, religion, eco­nomics, politics- problems of the role of government in rela­tion to the people; problems of the United States in the place of world affairs; problems of the equitable use of resources; problems of family, school, community, and neighborhood living.

THE GOOD CITIZEN zs aware of and takes responsibility for meeting basic human needs.

The good citizen is aware of the importance of meeting hu­man needs and is concerned with the extension of the essentials of life to more individuqls. All people have certain basic human needs ; the need to be free from aggression, domina­tion, or exploitation; the need for love and affection; the need to belong to groups and to be helped by others; the need to take responsibility in cooperation with others; the need for a level of living which provides for adequate health, housing, and recreation; the need to have high standards of spiritual, ethi­cal, and moral values. The failure to meet these fundamental human needs may result in the development of maladjustments whi-ch increase the intensity of social problems.

THE GOOD CITIZE possesses and uses knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary in a d emocratic society .

The good citizen possesses knowledge, skills, and abilities through facility in reading, listening, discussing, and observ­ing. He uses these skills and abilities in order to gain under­standing of the present structure and functioning of society, the working principles of representative goyernment, the im­pact of pressure groups, the operation of the economic system, the social stratification of the population, and the relationship of all these to the complex social heritage. With knowledge, skills, and abilities as a basis, the good citizen becomes more proficient in civic action.

8

America

My country l 'tis of thee. Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing. Land where my fathers e Land of the Pilgrims' price From ev'ry mountain side. Let freedom ring !

My native country, thee. Land of the noble free. Thy name I love; I love thy rocks and rills. . Thy woods and templed h il ": My heart with rapture thrilli.. Like that above.

Let music swell the breeze. And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song: Let mortal tongues a wa ·e: Let all that breathe pan ·e : Let rocks their silence brea}. The sound prolong.

Our fathers ' God, to Thee. Author of liberty, To Thee we sing. Long may our land be bri~ h With freedom's holy ligh Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our King!

Written by SAMUEL F . s~IITH in 1£:3 "America" was first sung at Bo to:::. July 4, 1832.

-----

~s :he social problems of the bihi_-, to u ark toward their

IC endea \·ors to help in the >lems of race, religion, eco­;-o!e of gO\·ernment in rela-

l'ni ted States in the place equi table use of resources;

muni ty. and neighborhood

~ of end takes responsibility

~ ~:n:xmance of meeting hu­.lhe e ... remion of the essentials

people ha\·e certain basic ~ f:-om aggression, domina­lo' e and a.. -'I ec tion : the need ~ "::ly others; the need to \Hih others: the need for a equate health , housing, and

1 ~~anca rds of spi ritual, ethi­·e w mee: th~e fu ndamental

· pmem of maladjustments

s s.:s l:nou ledge, skills,

l'" !eoge. ~ ).; il ls, and abilities tin~. di..-.... ussing. and observ­litie:> in order to ga in under-~ .. d func tioning of society,

nra:!,·e gm·emment, the im­:,ion of the economic system,

!ai.ion. and the relationship e:i:age. \\'i th knowledge,

z<><>C citizen becomes more

America

My country! 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died! Land of the Pilgrims' pride 1

From ev'ry mountain side, Let freedom ring!

My native country, thee, Land of the noble free, Thy name I love; I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills: My heart with rapture thrills, Like that above.

Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song: Let mortal tongues awake; Let all that breathe partake ; Let rocks their silence break, The sound prolong.

Our fathers' God, to Thee, Author of liberty, To Thee we sing. Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light; Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our K ing!

Written by SAMUEL F. SMITH in 1832. "America" was first sung at Boston, J uly 4, 1832.

--~ ·~·

s:!------~ ( 1 -1 J _) J _/

,

The Declaration of Independence

IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776

The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen

United States of America

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one

people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with

another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and

equal station to which the laws of Nature and of l\'ature's God entitle

them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they

should declare the causes which impel them to the sepa ration.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all m en are created equal,

that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien able rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to

secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving

their just powers from the consent of the governed,- That whenever any

form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of

the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, lay­ing its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such

form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect thei r safet,· and happiness.

Prudence, indeed, \·vill di ctate that gonrnments long established should

not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all ex­perience hath shown, that m a nkind a re m ore di~po,ed to suffer, while

evils are sufferable, than to right themseh-es by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long tra in of abu~es and usur­

pations, pursuing invariably the same object eYinces a desi ~n to reduce

them under absolute despotism, it is their righ t, it is their d ut,·, to throw

off such goYernment, and to provide new guards for thei r future secu­rity.- Such has been the patient sufferance of the_e Colonies ; a nd such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems

of government. The history of the present K ing of Great Brita in is a

history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all h a,·ing in direct object

the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove

this, let facts he submitted to a candid world .

He has refused his assent to laws, the m ost wholesom e and necessary for the public good.

10

He has forbidden his Go ·e

ing importance, unless su<pe. d be obtained; and when so ;; ·<pe

to them. He has refused to pa"' ,.., . · e­

districts of people, unle<< · representation in the legisla • ,

dable to tyrants only. He has called together .e'f

fortable, and distant fro, -~e 4

the sole purpose of fatigui c · e;

He has dissolved R epre<e. ·a·

manly firmness his inYa-io He has refused for a Ion . :, e.

to be elected; whereby the !e_·: a

have returned to the p eople a ing in the mean time expo-ed a

and convulsions within . He has endeavored to :-e\e

that purpose obstructi n12: the .:r. to pass others to encoura(Te -· ·

ditions of new approp ria i , , : He has obstructed the a n · ·

to laws for establishing j udic:a~

He has made judges depe:-1 e

offices, and the amount and . a·

He has erected a m ulti • 'e :

officers to harass our people. a. · e He has kept among U". in i

consent of our legislature<. He h as affected to render ·, e

the civil power. He has combined with othe ,

to our constitution, and unac.­

to their acts of pretended legi-. a ·= For quartering la rge bod ie< of

For protecting them, by a moe " which they should commit on~·

For cutting off our trade wit

For imposing taxes on u- '' i·h For depriving us in man~ a- , For transporting us bey on · ,

Independence

.TY ..,_ 1/76

10n of the Thirteen : America

~-. it become:;; necessa ry for one tbicn ~u,·e connected them with e:-s o: <he eanh. the separate and .U!"e anc of :\amre·, God entitle ' oi mankind requires that they

em ;:o the -epa ration.

''· i.ha;. ali men .ue created equal, r wi:h (C~i.ain unalienable rights, 1e pur'-ui< of happine.<s. That to

among men, deriving e ~o; er:1ed.-That whenever any

1 e o: :nese e:1d<:. it i" the right of

_<!nizin~ i<- p<.. \\·er." in such - ·he;r -.1iet~ and happiness.

_ e.'-tablished should

·-· alter their frrmer ~vstems _ (: Great Britain is a

lil<ln'. all :-.a· :n:: in direct object ~ '-tate". To prove

te mo-~ wno!e-ome and necessary

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and press­ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formi­dable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom­fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

H e has dissolved Representatin Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remain­ing in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without,

and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for

that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the con­ditions of new appropriations of lands.

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.

H e has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarm~ of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.

H e has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation :

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders

which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses:

11

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbouring prov­ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies:

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws,

and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments:

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protec­tion and waging war against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of dea th, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to becom e the executioners of their

friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeav­

oured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus m arked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to bur British brethren. \Ve have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction oYer us. \\' e have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and m agnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connt>rt ions and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the Yoice of justice and of consanguinity. W e must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.

WE, THEREFORE, the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by author­ity of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare,

12

That these United Colonies are

INDEPENDENT STATES; tha t n

British Crown, and that all ··

State of Great Britain, is a. d o '

free and independent ta ~- : peace, contract alliances. es:a · ·

and things which indepe de : support of this Declaratio . · :· Divine Providence, ,,·e mu· "·

fortunes and our sacred ho .. :-.

JosiAH BARTLETT

WM. WHIPPLE

SAML ADAMS

JoHN ADAM S

STEP. HoPKINS

RoGER SHER:II.>.:-;

SAML H u NTI:\"GTo . ·

WM FLOYD

PHIL. LIVINGSTON

RICHD. SToCKTo :-;

]No WITHERSPoo :-;

FRAs . HoPKINso:-;

RoBT MoRRis

BENJAMIN R usn

B E NJA. FRA N KL!:\

JoHN MoRTON

GEo. CLYMER

CAESAR R o DNEY

G E o R E AD

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··h laws in a neighbouring prov­:::;m·emment, and enlarging its example and fit instrument for

·o rhese colonies: :dishing our most , -aluable laws,

four gm·ernments : and declaring themselns invested w hatsoe,·er. b'. declaring us out of his protec-

our coa'ts. burnt our towns, and

e am1ie-: of foreign mercenaries t~ion :.:.:1d tyranny, already begun

arceh paralleled in the most f a ci,·ilized nation.

~a~;en capti,·e on the high seas become ~he executioners of their eh·~ ~,- their hands.

er:'. the merciless Indian d.iqinguished destruction

\·e pe<itioned for redress in ave been answered only

·er i..: ~ht.:< marked by every ·'-e r..!ler of a free people.

r Briti'h brethren. -, b~ their legislature \\"e ha,-e reminded

We

e in ~he nece:<,ity which a., we l-lold the rest of

e..: Cl1 the C :--icl"d State' of America, .., ~o ;_he " 'Ipreme Judge of the o, in the name. and by author­·-'emrrly publi~h and declare,

2

That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connections between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.

JOHN HANCOCK.

N ew Ham pshire

JosiAH BART LETT MATTHE W T HOR NTON

WM. WHIPP LE

SAML ADAMS

JoHN A DAM S

S TEP. H oPKI NS

RoGER SHE RMAN

SAM L H u NTINGTON

W M F LOYD

PHIL. LIVINGSTON

RICHD. STOCKTON

j NO WITHER SPOON

F RAs. HoPKIN SON

R oBT M oRRIS

B EN J AMI N R usH

B EN J A. F RAN KLIN

J oHN MoRTON

G Eo. CLYMER

CAESAR RoDNEY

G E o READ

Massachusetts Bay

Rhode I sland

Connecticut

N ew York

N ew Jersey

Pennsylvania

D elaw are

13

RoBT TREAT PAINE

ELBRIDGE GERRY

WILLIAM ELLERY

WM. WILLIAMS

O LIVER wOLCOTT

FRANS . L E WIS

LEwis M o RRIS

J o HN H ART

A BRA C LARK

]As. SMITH

GEo. TAYLOR

J AMES WILSON

GEo. R oss

T H O M ' KEAN

SAMUEL CHASE WM. PACA THOS. STONE

GEORGE WYTHE RICHARD HENRY LEE TH JEFFERSON BEN J A. HARRISON

WM. HooPER JosEPH HEwEs,

Maryland

Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

EDwARD RuTLEDGE THOS HEYWARD J UKR.

BuTTON GwiNNETT LYMAN HALL

Georgia

14

CHARLES CARROLL of Carrollton

THOS. NELSON JR. FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE CARTER BRAXTON

JoH N PEN N

TH0 ::\1AS LYNCH JUNR ARTHCR ~1IDDLETON

GEO WALTON.

Constitution of · ""

WE THE PEOPLE of the l -. · -t

Union, establish justice. 1:-'- -

common defense, p romo e · e

of liberty to ourseh'es an

Constitution for the 'C ni e

SECTION 1. All legiJa~i\ e ~

a Congress of the United .:· a;:t

House of R epresentatiYes.

SECTION 2. T h e Hou~e o:

members chosen eYery seco ,.l

and the electors in each : ;:a ;:e ·

electors of the m ost n ume ·- I No person sh all be a represe

age of twenty-five years a

States, and who shall no . \ •

in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and d · rec

several States which m ay be ·­their respective n umbers . \• . ·

whole number of free pe -­term of years, an d excludin; L p ersons. The actual enun e._

after the first m eeting of the

every subsequent term of ten H

direct . T he number of repre

thirty thousan d , but each ta e ' until such enumeration sha~: t shall be entitled to choose three

Providence Plan tations one. Col four, Pennsylvania eight. De a

N orth C arolina five, South Car When vacancies h appen ·

Execu tive authority there,..,£ -!­vacan cies.

487- 280 0 - 72 - 3

':.'la

'·na

C H ARLE S CARRO LL

of Carroll ton

THO S . :\E LSO:\" JR.

F R->. :\"CI S LIGHTFOOT LEE

C-\RTER BR.-\XTO :\"

] O H:\" P E X:\"

THO:.l -\5 L Y:\CH JL' C\R

.-\."tTH i.:R :\fTDDLE TO :\"

G:::o \\".-u.Tox.

•

Constitution of the United States of America

PREAMBLE

WE THE PEOPLE of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I

SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

SECTION 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall haYe the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New H ampshire shall be entitled to choose three, M assachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New J ersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, M aryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

487- 280 0 - 72 - 3 15

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

SECTION 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira­tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherv;ise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such Yacancies.

No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine Years a citizen of the United States and who . ' shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Sen­ate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.

SECTION 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for sen­ators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legis­lature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by ]a w make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meet­ing shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SECTION 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con-

16

stitute a quorum to do b < e from day to day, and may be absent members, in such house may provide.

Each house may de em1: e members for disorder!' thirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a to time publish the same. exc . require secrecy; and the • ea.:; house on any question sh ·· entered on the journal.

Neither house, durin he : · sent of the other, adjourn :'or 1

place than that in which the t\' SECTION 6. The senato _ (

sation for their sen·ices. tc be , Treasury of the United tao: -felony and breach of the peace. tendance at the session of · .eir returning from the same: a: they shall not be q ue~tione · :.

No senator or represen;:a·· e elected, be appointed to am ·. · States, which shall ha,·e bee:-: c have been increased durin!!­under the United State__ :h continuance in office.

SECTION 7. All bills f,.,r r~·-­

of Representatives ; but the :::: =' ments as on other bills.

Every bill which shall ha,·e :: the Senate shall, before it beco, ­the United States; if he appr" return it, with his objections t

nated, who shall enter the ob 'ec ceed to reconsider it. If af e House shall agree to pas.- he objections, to the other H o <e. and if approved by two-thir ' But in all such cases the Yote:; o {

and nays, and the names of

cnoo~e their Speaker and other · impeachment.

~ -~ates ~hall be composed of two :~~-lawre thereof, for six years;

nbled in consequence of the first ·~ as may be into three classes.

-s -hall be ,·aca ted a t the expira­!l.':., at the expira tion of the fourth ·ration of the sixth year, so that .ea r: and if , ·acancies happen by e5' of :he legi;;lature of any State, ra;v appointments until the next en :1il such ,·acancies. r;o~ ha\e attained to the age of

en o: ; {:e C nited States, and who li. oi tha: ":ate for which he shall

ue- <hail be Pre.,ident of the Sen­.e eq .. a::, di,·ided. o:7i~e~ . and also a President pro _,!cien:, " r ,,·hen he shall exercise es. ·- ::-. aii imreachments. When

\\'hen the 'cice shall preside:

:;c:1ce of t\1·0 thirds

~ <.~e party convicted ·-e:t. trial. judgment,

e o,· Jaw make or alter

ce ii1 e\er 'ear. and such meet-em be:-. e-< they ' hall by law

e JUC~e oi the elections, returns anc a :-:1a jority of each shall con-

•

stitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two­rhirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and the nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall without the con­sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

SECTION 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compen­sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their at­tendance at the session of their respectin houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

SECTION 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend­ments as on other bills.

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house in which it shall have origi­nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and pro­ceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill

17

shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays ex­cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their ad­journment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques­tion of adjournment ) shall he presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limita­tions prescribed in the case of a bill.

SECTIO:\' 8. The Congress shall han povver to laY and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the com­mon defense and general welfare of the United States; hut all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the Uni ted States;

To borrow money on the credit of the U nited States; T o regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several

States, and with the Indian tribes; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on

the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; T o coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and

fix the standard of weights and measures; T o provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and

current coin of the U nited States; To establish post offi ces and post roads; T o promote the progress of science and useful art~. bv securing for

limited times to authors and innntors the exclu,ive right to their respective writings and discoYeries;

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court: T o define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high

seas, and offenses against the law of nations; T o declare war, grant letters of m arque and reprisal. an d makes rul('s

concerning captures on land and water; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that

use shall be for a longer term than two years; To provide and maintain a Navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and

naval forces; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the

Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and

for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of

lH

the United States, resen·i:1 s- -of the officers, and the a -~ . · discipline prescribed by Co::.:-:

To exercise exclusi \·e :ezo• district (not exceedin g- ,e. States, and the accep an -e : ( ment of the United . z.: -. ~ purchased by the cor~•e.r -same shall be, for the eec-: . and other needful bu ildi r:::• :­And

To make all law which execution the foregoing po·. e stitution in the GoYernmer.: . or officer thereof.

the States now existin g 'ha hibited by the Congre<·' ;p. · ~ and eight, but a tax or d -r· exceeding ten dollars for eac

The privilege of the ". ·­unless when in ca<;es of rebe'" it.

No bill of attainder or ex No capitation, or other d'

to the census or enumera•i No tax or duty shall be ai No preference shall be ci· e

to the ports of one State c e or from, one State, be obli _e

No money shall be d ra\ n : appropriations made by law: a­receipts and expenditures o: a! time to time.

No title of nobility shall be person holding any office of ? the consent of the Congres•. a or title, of any kind \\·hatever. j

SECTION 10. No State shai e1 ation; grant letters of marq e credit; make any thing bu _o of debts; pass any bill of at a· the obligation o; contract'. cr _

. House re<:pectinly. If any bill - '' i~hin ten daY'i r Sundays ex­J~eC. to him. the "arne shall be a -. u::le,, the Congre"S by their ad­ca--e it shall not be a law. -.,·hirh the concurrence of the

n be nece-sar' except on a ques-ta the Pre<:ident of the United

ei'ieG. :<hall be approYed by him, 'e :epa~5ed by two-thirds of the lccording to the rules and limita-

: ?O·,, er to Ia~· and collect taxes, en;_< a::..: pro, ·ide for the com­

e l_- :-!iir. . .: '-tate'; : but all duties, : ~he l_"nited States;

L-ni't ..: '~.:. ~ t:3:

the se,·eral

la\\'S on

and

roun~er!ei•in-:: the securities and

. «iul ar~' . by <:ecuring for e exdu-iYe ri£;ht to their

.. preme Court : ci c. ~:e' committed on the high

reprisal. and makes rules

appropriation of money to that

ea:-' :

a:nd re!!t:lation of the land and

···ia w execute the laws of the m\a.-IOn<

d di-cip!ining the militia, and ' be employed in the service of

~

the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square ) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Govern­ment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings;-And

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Con­stitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

SECTION 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro­hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or im·asion the public safety may require it.

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion

to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State . No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue

to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

SECTION 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder­ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation o; contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

19

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absoluely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasurv of the United States· and all such laws shall be subject to

' ' the revision and control of the Congress.

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton­nage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agree­ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless actuallv inYaded or in such imminent danger as will not

' ' ' admit of delay.

ARTICLE II

SECTIO="' 1. The executiYe pO\\ er shall be Yes ted in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four vears and together "·ith the Vice President, chosen for the same . ' ' term, be elected, as follows :

Each State, shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof mav direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representati,·es to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

The electors shall meet in their respecti, ·e States, and Yote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons , ·oted for, and of the number of yotes for each ; which list they shall sign and certih-, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United St~tes, directed to the Presic' ent of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and H ouse of R epresent­atives, open all the certificates, and the Yotes shall then be counted . The person having the greatest number of Yotes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of Yotes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose bv ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a rna jority,· then from the fiye highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a rna jority of a ll the States shall be necessarv to a choice. In everv case, after the choice of the President, the pers~n having the greatest ~umber of , ·otes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain t\\"o or more who have

20

equal votes, the Senate '-ha · President.

The Congress rna,- de e. the day on which they 5ha:: _:· t throughout t:1e U nited ~ :,..

No person except a States, at the time of he a to the office of Pre; ide .. · : -office who shall not ha e a·· fourteen years a reside t .,, :

In case of the remo ·a! .: -resignation, or inabilit · ;o ~ -

office, the same shall de' o . e may by law provide for th~ -ity, both of the President a:1 then act as President, an -~ I disability be remO\·ed, or a P.- ·

The President shall. at <a: sation, which shall neither for which he shall ha,·e bee e period any other emolume:: :

Before he enter on the e.x ing oath or affirmation :-··

faithfully execute the o ce · to the best of my abilit~ .. :­of the United States.· '

SECTION 2. The Presi .... e:-: -and Navy of the United - -a~ -.

when called into the actua: -the opinion, in writing, o · ·::e: Departments, upon any sub~ex:: offices, and he shall haw offenses against the "Cnited ~:~ ·

He shaH have power, by a. ate, to make treaties, prO\·ided -· and he shaH nominate, and b:. Senate, shall appoint amba5at: Judges of the Supreme Cou whose appointments are no he shall be established by ]a,,·: b pointment of such inferior o ce alone, in the courts of Ia\, .. or :,

· "Lhe Congress, lay any imposts ~ ha' may be absoluely necessary .• e net produce of all duties and ::- exports, shall be for the use of ali ~t:ch la\\·s shall be subject to

f Co:-tgress . lav any duty of ton­eo; peace . enter into any agree­

. w!ch a foreig n power, or engage ci imminent danger as will not

II

e-ieci in a Pre,ident of the

·• chosen fo r the same

er a- <he leg-i.;,lature thereof e \\hole nt!mber of senators be e:;,ided in the Congress; ..... ~i:1~ an office of trust or

ea~h State having one c,u•_,!_, : cd :l member or members

: all the States shall be i~e: :he choice of the President,

\Oi.t" of the electors shall be remain t\\·o or more who have

equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President .

The Congress rna\· determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall giYe their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident \\·ithin the U nited States.

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolYe on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inabil­ity, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compen­sation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the L'nited States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the follow­ing oath or affirmation: - " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

SECTION 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen­ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the ap­pointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

21

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

SECTION 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa­tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjourn­ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

SECTION 4. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on tmpeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde­meanors.

ARTICLE III

SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

SECTION 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ;~-to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;­to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ;~-to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;-to controversies between two or more States ;- between a State and citizens of another State ;-be­tween citizens of different States,- between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects.

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall

22

have been committed: b ·· trial shall be at such place o ~ directed.

SECTION 3. Treason a _a· . levying war against them~ o:­

aid and comfort. :\"o pe. testimony of two witne- - -court.

The Congress shall ha· e but no attainder of tre......,. .

except during the life o£ -· e ~

public acts, records. and j 1

the Congress may by ge e:-a. acts, records and proceedi. _

SECTION 2. The citize ' .: and immunities of ci tize " ·

A person charged in a. who shall flee from ju't;ce. ~ mand of the execut iYe a -· ered up, to be remoYed - ·

No person held to _ef\ ice ~

escaping into another. <ha ·. therein, be discharged fr . up on claim of the part\ ·

SECTION 3. New ta Union; but no new State tion of any other State : n or more States, or parts of -: of the States concerned as we·: ,

The Congress shall haYe rules and regulations re~pec i to the United States ; and n :l strued as to prejudice anY c ai. 1

State. .

SECTION 4. The Gnited Union a republican form of G against invasion; and on app ic (when the legislature can no: bt

.I up all vacancies that may ·· !!ranting commissions which

e ~in to the Congress informa­mend to their consideration

:-; and expedient; he may, on '-e'. r r either of them, and in

1 re-pect to the time of adjourn­e a' he --hall think proper; he ic mini,ters: he shall take care -hall commi-~ion all the officers

II

all ci\·il offi cers of n nrpeachment for,

crime.'- and misde-

· itd '- t:lic>. shall be Ye~ted - co._.:-._, .... , the Congress may

-o'-'· both of the 'upreme unn~ ~ood bcha\·iour. and

compen::-ation, which

c :he Cnited States, to

·- contro\·ersirs to

~,.~~-:er- and consuls, upreme Court shall :iore mentioned, the

:h a' to law and fact, - <he Congress shall

.• ment. shall be by

have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

SECTION 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or on confession in open court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV

SECTION 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

SECTION 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the seYeral States.

A person charged in any State " ·ith treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on de­mand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled , be deliv­ered up, to be removed to the State haYing jurisdiction of the crime.

No person held to sen·ice or labour in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due.

SECTION 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic­tion of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and m ake all needful rules and regulations respecting the Territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con­strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

SECTION 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of Government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened ) against domestic violence.

23

ARTICLE v

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces­sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a con­vention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment ,,-hich ma\ be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the I'\inth Section of the First Article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be de­

prived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the seYeral States, ~hall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

ARTICLE VII

The ratification of the conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the Independence of the United

24

States of America the twe ;-h. subscribed our nam es.

Attest WILLIAM J Ac K -ox _u <.

JoHN LANGDO.-

NATHANIEL G o R H-"c'

c WM. SAML. J oH .· s o . ·

ALEXANDER HA~HL Tb.-

WIL: LIVINGST o x

DAVID BREARLEY

B FRANKLIN

THOMAS MIFFLIX

RoBT MoRRIS

GEo. CLYMER

GEo: READ

GuNNING BEDFORD

JoHN DICKIKsox

JAMES McHENRY

DAN OF ST TH os . JL

JoHN BLAIR-

S o

WM. BLOUNT

RICHD. DoBBS SPAIGH T

i

0 :..l

J. RuTLEDGE

CHARLES COTES\\"ORTH

PINCKNEY

WILLIAM FEW

;:h H ouses shall deem it neces­• ~-::i-::mion. or on the application :everal States, shall call a con­e h. in either case, shall be , ·a lid

Constitution, when ratified by :ve:-al ~tates, or by conYentions : oiher mode of ratification may that no amendment which rna' ei~ht hundred and eight shall

1 cbu>e" in the :\inth Section of

e-­

ln.-,

re the adoption ate" under this

'' hich shall be ,,·hich shall be

~-=e ;:o the contrary

. and the members judicial officers,

-hall be bound by ·ion : but no religious test

n ;:o · any office or public trust

'I[

. --hall be sufficient .. ,ates '0 ratifying

.., te- pre,en t

ne thousand f the C nited

States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names,

Go. WASHINGTON- Presid)t.

and deputy from Virginia .

Attest WILLIAM JACKSON Secretary

New Hampshire

JoHN LANGDON NICHOLAS GILMAN

Massachusetts

NATHANIEL GoRHAM RuFus KING

Connecticut

WM. SAML. JoH NSON RoGER SHERMAN

New York

ALEXANDER HAMILTON

New Jersey

WIL: LIVINGSTON

DAVID BREARLEY

Pennsylvania

B FRANKLIN

THOMAS MIFFLIN

RoBT MoRRIS

GEo. CLYMER

GEo: R EAD

GuNNING BEDFORD JUN

JoHN DICKINSON

jAMES McHENRY

D elaware

Maryland

DAN OF ST THOS . JENIFER

Virginia

JoHN BLAIR-

North Carolina

WM. BLOUNT

RICHD. DoBBS SPAIGHT

South Carolina

J. RuTLEDGE

CHARLES CoTESWORTH

PINCKNEY

WILLIAM FEw

Georgia

25

WM. PATERSON

JoNA: DAYTON

THos. FITz SIMONS

JARED INGERSOLL

JAMES WILSON

Gouv MoRRIS

RICHARD BASSETT

JAco: BRooM

DANL CARROLL

JAMES MA!DISON JR.

H u WILLIAMSON

C H ARLES PINCKNEY

PIERCE B uTLER

ABR BALDWIN

Amendments

ARTICLE I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to as>emble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

ARTICLE II

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

ARTICLE III

No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly descrihing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

ARTICLE v No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or othen\ise infamous

crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, \\·hen in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy c I I ife or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a wirne ..: against him­~elf, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, " ·ithout due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, \\·ithout just compensation.

ARTICLE VI

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the ri_ght to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district

26

wherein the crime shall ha,·e l:x been previously ascertained · ' and cause of the accusatio, : ·o him; to have compulsorY ::-occ

and to have the assistance ~: co

In suits at common Ia·,. \ twenty dollars, the right o: · · tried by a jury, shall be o·· .e. States, than according to ·he

Excessive bail shall nor be cruel and unusual punishmen·· ·

The enumeration in rhe construed to deny or di5para!::e c

The powers not delega e nor prohibited by it to rhe or to the people.

The judicial power of the C. · -, to any suit in law or equi ,-. C<J

the United States by cirizen.s o '

of any foreign State.

The electors shall meet in the for President and Vice Pre-:ide an inhabitant of the same ta e · ballots the person voted for a · P1 son voted for as Vice Pre-iden·. persons voted for as Presiden . dent, and of the number of , .o e-:

certify, and transmit sealed ro ' ·

t ~S

;: an establishment of religion, or abridging the freedom of

· !Xople peaceably to as.<emble. re-os of grieYance~.

I

.. ,.. ~o 1he securi ty of a free 1e1r arr.-~'. -.hal! not be infring;ed.

II

,-

,.

,.

an·; hou'e. without in a man:1er to be

.e cat: -e. supported · :: rhe place to be

hen-.i-e infamous

-hail any person life or limb;

'i•ne-- against him­m due process 0f u-e . ,,·ithout just

n·- , the ri~ht to a -he Stare and d i ~trict

wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

ARTICLE VII

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

ARTICLE VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

ARTICLE IX

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

ARTICLE X

The powers not delegated to the U nited States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserYed to the States respectively, or to the people.

ARTICLE XI

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.

ARTICLE XII

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per­son voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice Presi­dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United

27

States, directed to the President of the Senate;-The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted ;-The per­son having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the Presi­dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap­pointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the Yotes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State haYing one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatiws shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall dn·olve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.-The person having the great­est number of votes as Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall he eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.

ARTICLE XIII

SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris­diction.

SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro­priate legislation.

ARTICLE XIV

SEcTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States. and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any Sta te deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its

jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

28

SECTION 2. R epresentatiYes -~ States according to their re-:peci· ber of persons in each a e. exc the right to vote at any electi - . and Vice President of the "l·. ·-o the executive and judicial o. co legislature thereof, is deni · ' State, being twenty-one \ e.1.:-- ! a;

in any way abridged . exce · crime, the basis of repre-:en·a·· tion which the number cf : number of male citizens twe::1 - -

SECTION 3. No person :1-:3! gress, or elector of Presiden• a>..: or military, under the "C nite · :: previously taken an oath . as 2 .

the United States, or as a me .. executive or judicial officer o: an the United States, shall ha\·e e ~

the same, or given aid or co ·a . may by a vote of t\\·o-third<-

SECTION 4. The Yalidi : o. 1

authorized by law, includin~ e : bounties for services in ~uppre- · be questioned. But neither the C or pay any debt or obligation · n against the United States. or an: any slave; but all such debts . and void.

SECTION 5. The Congre:' s priate legislation, the proYisio - o

A ..... ~T

SECTION 1. The right of ci u not be denied or abridged b\· · account of race, color, or pre\·iou

SECTION 2. The Congre "· by appropriate legislation.

The Congress shall ha\·e pm e from whatever source deriYed. \ era! States, and without regard ·c

-e:1aie :- The President of the :e and H ou<:e r-f R epresentatiYes,

aU then be coumed :-The per­: a:- Presidem. <:hall be the Presi­e whole number of electors ap­a jority. then from the persons

~~ :bree on the list of those Yoted ati,·e- <:hall choose immediately, :~~ :he P residem. the , ·otes shall

from each Stare ha,·ing one ;o::1<~: <J ~ a member or membe r<:

o: a!J the ':a:es <h,tll i Re::>resc~Ia::,·e--- shall

- G:: eieccG-r" an::>Ointed . and if ..ne :wo hi~roe5: numbers on the . <icien: a quo:->..:m f~r the purpo~e ;e a:..:.mbe ,...f Senators. and a

e nec~.a::· IC a ch::ice. But n0

l\.- --

: President shall he

--n!:ed States, and :he L nited States l n1ake or enforce

-.:e:, of citizens of the

ef"nn within its

SECTION 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole num­ber of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the propor­tion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

SECTION 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con­gress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability .

SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro­priate legislation, the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the U nited Sta tes to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XVI

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the sev­eral States, and without regard to any census or enumeration ..

2!)

ARTICLE XVII

SECTION 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.

SECTION 2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appoint­ments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

SECTION 3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

ARTICLE XVIII

SECTION 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

SECTION 2. The Congress and the several States shall ha,·e concur­rent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

SECTION 3. This article shall be in opera tin unless it shall ha, ·e been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as proYided in the Constitution, within senn years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

ARTICLE XIX

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the G nited tares to , ·ote shall not be denied or abridged by the United State~ or by am· ta te on account of sex.

SECTION 2. Congress shall ha,·e power to enforce this article by appro­priate legislation.

ARTICLE XX

SECTION 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and R ep­resentatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such

30

terms would have ended if

erms of their successor< "ha I · e SECTION 2. The Congrt"' ,

and such meeting shall be~i . a , they shall by law appoint a i .. e

SECTION 3. If, at the i .e President, the President elec shall become President . the time fixed for the he~ shall have failed to qua.:f . President until a Preside r ,

by law provide for the ca-=e \\. -President elect shall ha' e qt.: · ident, or the manner in which such person shall act accord in _ have qualified.

SECTION 4 . The Congress r.;::.

death of any of the per<on: f. may choose a President whene· e;- -

upon them, and for the case o: -whom the Senate may chC>ClSe a l

choice shall have deYoh·ed · -SECTION 5. Sections 1 a . : 2

October following the ratifica ·· -SECTION 6. This article shail ·

ratified as an amendment three-fourths of the several i submission.

.\.! ::-:c

SECTION 1. The eighteenth a. ·( of the United States is herebY re:x

SECTION 2. The transpor~tio ·. tory, or possession of the "nite intoxicating liquors, in violation o!

SECTION 3. This article shall be ratified as an amendment to the States, as provided in the Consti u· of the submission hereof to the

.-\RT Cl

SECTION 1. No person shall be more than twice, and no person

~YI

·e.: ':..1re:-. shall be composed of ~:.~ pe _pie thereof. for ~ix years; The elect~~ in each State shall

r-s o! the m -t numerous branch

n i:: ~he repre-entation of any ..;:\ ! such State oo hall i"Sue writs ,_.,-c.·. That the le~~lature of any

ec: =o make tempora ry appoint­e;. b\ elec;:ion as the legislature

.I

cons;:n:ed as to affect

befare i: become" Yalid as

· ha, ·e concur-

-e; en yea~ from

· t:e Comrress.

=o \·ore shall not

- :micle by appro-

President shall end

: ' e'1ators and R ep-

terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

SECTIOH 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SECTION 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died , the Vice President elect

shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall ha\·e qualified; and the Congress may

by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as Pres­ident, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

SECTION 4. The Congress m ay by law provide for the case of the

death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

SECTION 5. Sections I and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

SECTION 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

ARTICLE XXI

SECTION I. The eighteenth a rticle of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

SECTION 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Terri­tory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

ARTICLE XXII

SECTION 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President,

31

or acted as President, for more than 2 years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

SECTION 2. This Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within 7 years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

ARTICLE XXII I

SECTION 1. The District constituting the sea t of Gonrnment of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congre~s may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice Pre<oident equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to \vhich the Dis· trict would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purpo>c' of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State: and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as proYided by the twelfth article of amendment.

SECTI0::-1 2. The Congress shall haYe po\\er to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XXIV

SECTION L The right of citizens of the L'ni ted States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President. for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or R epresentati,·e in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United State or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax .

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XXV

SECTION 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

SECTION 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take

32

office upon confirmation b\· a :-'

SECTION 3. WheneYer ihe P tempore of the Senate and <:e his written declaration tha: : e duties of his office. and tion to the contrary. ' uch poe ·,e Vice President as Actin~ Pre--·~

SECTION 4. \\'hene ·er - ~

the principal officers of the ex

as Congress may by Ia'' . :- ' of the Senate and the written declaration that the P and duties of his office. he the powers and duties of the

Thereafter, when the P.a< tempore of the Senate and i~e his written declaration tha~

powers and duties of h i< o ce -of either the principal officer other body as Congre"S ma b> to the President pro tem. -e House of Representatin::-- ~:.e·- , is unable to discharge the p ,e-, Congress shall decide the · , e. for that purpose if not in <e::s •

days after receipt of the L ·er , not in session, within t\' er. ., - . a emble, determines b,· [\·, -· President is unable to discha-_e

the Vice President shall cc:1· ·• 1

President; otherwise, the Pr~i ·e of his office.

ear' CJ :" a <cnn <o "hich some other rx :ee <o <he office of the President

i a!Jpiy to any per~on holding e wa- propo-ed by the Congress,

no ma~ be holding the office of in~ the term ,,-i thin which this _ d:e office < f Pre- ident or acting

c;o ~erm. . ~raa,·e unle-:s it ~ha ll haYe been r .. s<i<u<ron b~· the legi<latures of

thin I '.Tar- from the da te of its

e--.

~X ill

C'o tn< n:ore than the <h JC'C .tppoin ted by

r <he purpo--r- < f the elec tion ·n~eri~·. aState : and

c! rm -·J( h d ._aie- a- pr· , -ided by

cDC \•er t enf(,rce ~hi~ ar ticle by

1CXI

:X.."\:" .

w , ·ote in any den.:. :c r electors for

P:-e-1Ce:1t from office or .. become President.

aca."iC\ in :he office of the Vice te a Yicc P;-e;;ide:!t who shall take

office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

SECTION 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declara­tion to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

SECTION 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executi, -e departments or of such other body as Congress may by law prm·ide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their \\Titten declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law prm·ide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President j, unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours fo r that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

33

Memories of the 0 ccasion

SIGNATURES

34

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MESSAGE ~ Of (

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Memories of the Occasion

MESSAGES OF CONGRATULATIONS

36

M emor;e:

MESSA.GE- OF (

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Memories of the Occasion

NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS

38 U. S, GOVERN!\IE~T PRL'\TC\G OFFICE· 1972 0 • 463-2 00

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