a w : atomic mass of abs. materials : max. energy transfer in … · 2018. 6. 6. · energy loss of...
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Quantum mechanical results from Bethe-Bloch
energies)(low correction shell :
energies)ic relativist (at correctiondensity : terms correction two
collision single in transferenergy max. : Materials abs. of massatomic :
potential ionisation averaged :I matter abs. of number charge :
v/c : mass electron :
particle incoming of charge : cm10 x 2.81 radius electron class. :
matter absorbing ofdensity : mol10 x 6.022 constant Avogadro
13-
1- 23
C
WA
Z
m
zr
N
Z
C
I
Wvmz
A
ZcmrN
dx
dE
e
e
a
eeea
max
2
2
2
max
22
2
222
1/1,
:
222
ln2
Interaction of heavy charged
particles in matter
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Interaction of heavy charged
particles in matter
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Electronic stopping: slowing down by inelastic
collisions between electrons in matter and
moving ion at Eion >100 keV.
Nuclear stopping: elastic collisions between
Ion and the full atoms. Eion<100 keV
e.g.: Si-ion, Eion=1 MeV, range in Si r=1-2mm
Interaction of heavy charged
particles in matter
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Energy loss, stopping power and range of charged particles
- Biggest energy deposition at end of track: Bragg peak
- dE/de is nearly independent of matter
for equal particles.
),(1 2 If
A
Zz
dx
dE
d
dE
e
Interaction of heavy charged
particles in matter
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Energy loss, stopping power and range of charged particles
- average range for particle with kin. energy T :
dEdx
dETS
T
0
1
)(
- Range is not a precise quantity
but smeared out, called range straggling.
- Number of interactions is statistically
distributed.
- At low energies empirical constants are
included in S(T).
Interaction of heavy charged
particles in matter
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Energy loss, stopping power and range of charged particles
- average range for particle with kin. energy T :
dEdx
dETS
T
0
1
)(
- Range is not a precise quantity but smeared out, called range straggling.
Number of interactions is statistically distributed.
At low energies empirical constant are included in S(T).
- Remark: In matter with spatial symmetry
(e.g. crystals) Bethe-Bloch formula is not valid!
Correlated scattering under certain geometrical
conditions (critical angle with respect of crystal
axis) reduces energy loss and enlarge range of
particle.
Channeling effect
Interaction of heavy charged
particles in matter
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Interaction of heavy charged
particles in matter
• Heavy particles do not lose only energy in matter
• … there is a chance for small changes in direction
• Small angle scattering
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• Average scattering angle is nearly Gauss
distributed for small deviations
•
• Angular distribution:
Interaction of heavy charged
particles in matter
0
0 0
0
13.6 MeV1 0.038ln
radiation length
x xz
cp X X
X
2
2 2
0 0
2
2
00
1exp
2 2
1exp
22
space
plane
plane
dN
d
dN
d
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Examples, applications for stopping power and range:
Energy loss of projectil and reaction products in target
e.g. 48Ca+ 208Pb @ Ebeam=200MeV target thickness d=0.5 mg/cm2 (s= 44 mm)
energy loss of 48Ca in target 7.2 MeV
-> equals width of excitation function 208Pb(48Ca,2n) - reaction
beam
target
reaction product
e.g. p, d, a
detector: DE-E telescope
remark: thickness are given in d=mass/area
Units (e.g.): mg/cm2 d = m/A = s
density, s thickness: s=d/
• beam and reaction products are slowed down.
• cross section and kinematics are changed.
• targets limit count rate and energy resolution.
Interaction of charged particles in matter
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Example and application for stopping power and range:
Particle identification with DE – E telescope
Wechselwirkung geladener
Teilchen in MaterieInteraction of charged particles in matter
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Range von 12C ions in water unit: MeV/n e.g. 90 MeV, n=12
Elab=1,08 GeV
Bragg
peak
Range of heavy ions in matter
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Heavy ion beams for radiation therapy of cancer tumors
Requirements:
• profile of radiation dose – Bragg curve –
• increased relative biological efficiency of heavy ions
Tumors :
• brain tumors (chordoma, chondrosarcoma, mal. schwannoma, atyp.
Meningeoma, adenoidcystic ca.)
•Tumors close to spine: (sacral chordoma, chondrosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma)
Tumor therapy with heavy ions
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Tumor therapy with ionising particle beams:
- -rays and high energetic photons
strong absorption at surface
- electrons
strong absorption at surface
- neutrons
strongest absorption at surface
local: n+10B -> 7Li + a
- protons + heavy ions
highest biological efficacy
at Bragg peak position
Compare with other treatments
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RBEdxdx
dE
mH
1Equivalent dose Relativ. Biolog. Effectiveness
increased biological efficacy of ions due to DNA double
Increased transversal range of ionising radiation:
-Elektronen
Biological Efficacy
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highest accelerator demands:
variation of beam energy: 80 – 450 MeVA,
2 – 30 cm H2O range,
20 – 40 steps
Pencil beam: diameter d~1mm
Beam monitoring :- ~ 1 mm,
in front of patient e.g. ionisation chamber
PET in situ (Tumor)
Raster scan of 3d tumor volume
in x-,y- direction by magnetic
bending (3d ´voxels` ).
extrem high reliability of accelerator!
Tumor therapy: technical solutions
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Treatment relies on exact position and
size of tumor volume.
Radiation plan needs to know
different tissues around tumor to
determine the biological effectiveness.
Monitoring via
Positron-Emission-Tomography (PET)
• Fragmentation of 12C produces 10,11C
• +-decays:10C-> 10B + + ne T1/2=19.3 s11C-> 11B + + + ne T1/2=20.38 min
• Annihilation e+ + e- -> +
• correlated emission back-to-back
of two 511 kev -rays
• pos. resolution ~ 2 - 3 mm
Tumor therapy strategy
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Distribution of Verteilung radiation dose is overlaid
with CT image of patient (red highest dose). Dose is
optimized to achieve homogeneous biological dose
profile in tumor volume.
Distribution of positron emitters detected with PET
camera. PET is sensitive to stopped 11C and 10C
reaction products.
Tumor therapy with heavy ions
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Radiation therapy:
GSI, Darmstadt
Heidelberger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum (HIT)
Tumor therapy with heavy ions
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Interaction of charged particles in matter
today electrons
Introductory remarks
• Electrons ‚feel‘ electro-magnetic and weak interaction
• Electrons couple to photons and W- and Z-Boson of weak interaction
• Electrons ‚talk‘ easily to photons, remember pair creation and
bremsstrahlung
• Electron and photon detection are entangled, e.g. electro-magnetic
shower detection at high energies
Relevance of electrons in nuclear and particle physics some examples:
- beta decays
- conversion electrons (complementary to -spectroscopy)
- electron beams for electron-nucleon-scattering (structure functions)
- electron-positron collisions at high energies provide clean source for
particle production and new discoveries
- electron is most abundant reaction product, often source of unwanted
and tremendous back ground
2222)/( mcere
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Energy loss of electrons and positrons via collisions with electrons on atoms and
electro-magnetic radiation (Bremsstrahlung)
collradtot dx
dE
dx
dE
dx
dE
Modified calculation of energy loss
- large scattering angle of incoming particle
- scattering of identical particles -> Q.M. interference
positrons electrons
of units inenergy kinetic
...)23(12
2ln2)(...1)(:)(
:
2)()/(2
)2(ln
12
22
2
22
2
2
22
FFF
cm
Z
CF
cmIA
ZcmrN
dx
dE
e
e
eea
coll
Collisional Energy loss:
Interaction of electrons and positrons
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Bremsstrahlung loss and ionisation loss for electrons and protons in copper
electron
2-4 MeV proton
> 2-4 GeV
Comparison of interactions
critical energy
24 MeV
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Variation in range and energy loss caused by statistics of absorbing collisions.
Energy loss distribution
- average energy loss –(dE/dx)
- energy loss straggling
- range straggling
Heavy charged particle electrons
Range and energy loss
Electron range fluctuates considerably due to
multiple scattering
Large energy transfer via collisions is possible.
Range distribution is smeared out .
Transmission of electrons in aluminum [1 g/cm2 = 3.7 mm]
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Electron range
Polyethylän [1 g/cm2 = 9.0 mm]
Aluminium [1 g/cm2 = 3.7 mm]
Blei [1 g/cm2 = 0.88 mm]
Range variation below critical energy is
very energy dependent.
Electron range: low energies
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– decay of 185W
185W -> 185Re + - + n
Q = 433 KeV, T1/2 = 75.1 d
Neutrinos cause continuos electron
spectrum
Folding of electron energy spectrum and
range in matter shows exponentiel
attenuation
I = I0 exp(-mx)
– attenuation coeffizient m
Exponentiel attenuation is not valid in
general, only for simple –decay
schemse.
Absorption of electrons from185W - decay
Absorption of -electron
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Scattering cause large deflection, even
Backward angles and small energy losses.
Depending in incident angle!
Electrons leave matter in most cases even
below the detection threshold.
Reduced detection efficiency!
Strongly dependent on:
-Electron energy,
- At low energies strongest impact
- charge number Z of absorbing matter
Electron back scattering
h is backscattering coefficient, given for perpendicular incidence