a visual chronology to accompany written thesis

DICTATED SEQUENCES AND THE PURSUIT OF EFFICIENCYIN THE PHYSICAL CULTURE MOVEMENT

1896-1939: A FILMIC SCRUTINY

ADELE CARROLL

A visual chronology to accompany written thesis

January 2008

YEAR

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

PHYSICAL CULTURE

Dick & Fitzgerald publishDick's Dumbbells and IndianClub Exercises in the USA

Boston EducationalPublishing publishes LadiesHome Callisthenics - A Guideto Health for Women &Children in the USA

Wehman Bros. publishWehman's Book on GymnasticExercises for theDevelopment of Muscle andStature in the USA

A. Alexander publishesModern Gymnastic Exercisesin the UK

Mabel Jenness publishesComprehensive PhysicalCulture in the USA

Baron Nils Posse publishesSpecial Kinesiology ofEducational Gymnastics inthe USA

J. H. Kellog MD publishesGood Health in the USA

The Scientific Press Ltd pub-lishes The Art of Massage inthe UK

Edwin Checkley publishes ANatural Method of PhysicalTraining in the UK

OLYMPICS & DISPLAYS

Madame Bergman-Osterberg ofthe London School Boardarranges gymnastics display atCrystal Palace, London

First modern Olympics is held inAthens

MOVEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

Etienne-Jules Marey developschronophotographic experi-ments with French gymnastGeorges Demenÿ

The Whippet safety bicycle ispatented in Britain

Etienne-Jules Marey captures themovement of birds in flight usinghis chronophotographic camera

Thomas Stevens, the firstperson to ride a bicycle aroundthe world, publishes Aroundthe World on a Bicycle

Thomas Edison meets withEdweard Muybridge and purchases90 of his plates to begin experi-menting with moving pictures

Eastman Kodak introducescelluoid flexible film base

Ernst Kohlrausch, a Germangymnastics teacher, createschronophotographic devices

Edmund Dangerfield beginspublishing Cycling anillustrated weekly magazine inBritain

Thomas Edison experiments withmoving pictures of boxing,wrestling and fencing subjectswith his vertical feed camera

The Kinetograph camera isdeveloped by W .K. L. Dickson andThomas Edison for producingsubjects for the Kinetoscopepeepshow machine, it is the firstto use perforated film stock

Eugen Sandow displays hismuscular movement in a filmwhich features in the firstcommercial exhibition of thenewly invented EdisonKinetoscope in New York

Etienne-Jules Marey publishesLe mouvement documentinghis chronophotographicresearches

The Cinématographe isinvented

German engineer Rudolf Dieselinvents the diesel engine

American Henry Ford builds firstcar

Georges Demenÿ's Biographecamera, using unperforated 60mmfilm, becomes commerciallyavailable from Gaumont

ART, FILM, PHOTOGRAPHY & MUSIC

Edgar Degas is painting scenesof ballet classes and rehearsalsusing a photographic style ofcomposition

Eadweard Muybridgepublishes his eleven volumephotographic study AnimalLocomotion

Eugen Sandow is photographedby the London StereoscopicCompany holding a hugedumb-bell

Eugen Sandow isphotographed as the biblicalcharacter Sampson,‘pullingdown the temple’

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrecbegins making his studies ofdancer Loie Fuller

Leos Janácek composesMusic For ExerciseGymnastique

First commercial sports film,a boxing fight between MikeLeonard and Jack Cushing inthe USA

Benjamin Falk photographsEugen Sandow as The DyingGaul a famous Greco-Roman sculpture of thesame name

Official birth of cinema whenLumière brothers show thefirst motion picture on theCinématographe in France,including the film TheArrival of a Train

Henri de Toulouse-Lautreccreates lithograph TheMotorist

MISCELLANEOUSHISTORICAL EVENTS

Coca-Cola goes on sale in USA as aheadache and hangover remedy

Marcel Proust publishes his physicalfitness self help manual Elements ofHygiene

French writer Gustav Le Bon publishesLa Psychologie des Foules (The Crowd)an analysis of mass psychology

The word calorie is applied to food forthe first time in the USA by W. A.Atwater

In the USA H. D. Perky acquires a largebakery to satisfy the demand for his newhealth food Shredded Wheat

The Women's Institute is founded inStoney Creek, Canada

PHYSICAL EDUCATIONIN BRITAIN

Madame Bergman-Osterberg, appointed by theLondon School Board in1878, opens her college inHampstead, London, tointroduce Swedish gymnas-tics, using the Ling system,into board schools

The British Board ofPhysical Education isfounded

Women's College ofPhysical Educationfounded in Dartford byMadame Bergman-Osterberg

The Gymnastic Teacher'sInstitute is founded

National Society forPhysical Education isfounded

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Chronophotography byEtienne-Jules Marey

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1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

PHYSICAL CULTURE

Health and StrengthMagazine starts in the UK

The American ‘Father ofPhysical Culture’, BernarrMacfadden starts PhysicalCulture Magazine in the USA

Health & Efficiency Magazinestarts in the UK

B. F. Johnson publishesJohnson’s Physical Culturein the UK

Professor Fourmen publishes20th Century PhysicalCulture for Men and Womenin the USA

Gustav Jaeger publishesHealth Culture in the UK

Bernarr McFadden publishesBuilding the Vital Power inthe USA

Dr. Dudley A. Sargentpublishes Health, Strengthand Power in the USA

La Culture Physiquemagazine is founded inFrance

J. P. Muller publishesMy System: 15 Minutes DailyExercise in the UK

Journal of Scientific PhysicalTraining launches in the UK

Health & Strength Magazinepublishes Simple StrengthTests for HomeEntertainment in the UK

OLYMPICS & DISPLAYS

Second Olympics is held in Paris

International Congress of Physical Education takes place inParis

Third Olympics is held inSt. Louis

British Olympic Association isformed

Intermediate Olympic Games isheld in Athens

Fourth Olympics is held inLondon


Henry Short patents his flip-book, the Filoscope, encased ina metal cover and operated byapplying thumb pressure on alever, it features lithographedimages, mostly from filmsmade by R.W. Paul

Etienne-Jules Marey experimentswith the freer movement of someof the American athletes partakingin the Olympic Games (Ray Ewry:standing high jump, AlvinKraenzlein: long jump, RichardSheldon: shot put)

The Zeppelin is invented by CountFerdinand von Zeppelin

Eugen Sandow works withEtienne Jules Marey at theStation Physiologique, France

Guglielmo Marconi picks upthe first transatlantic radiosignal, transmitted 2,000 milesfrom a Marconi station inCornwall

Charles Hart and Charles Parrestablish the first U.S.factorydevoted to manufacturing atraction engine powered by aninternal combustion engine

The Wright brothers invent thefirst gas motored and mannedaeroplane in the USA andmake the first flight

Benjamin Holt, a Californiamanufacturer of agriculturalequipment, develops the firstsuccessful crawler tractor,equipped with a pair of tracksrather than wheels

Henry Fords Model T carmanufactured in the USA

William Durant forms GeneralMotors, his combination of carproducers and auto partsmakers eventually becomesthe largest corporation in theworld


Loie Fuller is filmedperforming Firedance

Esthétique de laPhotographie is published inFrance

Umberto Boccioni paintsUntitled (SpeedingAutomobile)

Music hall showman C. B.Cochran pits wrestler,strongman and philosopher,George Hackenschmidtagainst Madrali (The TerribleTurk) to make exploitationfilms of wrestling matches

George Méliès directs filmLe Voyage dans la lune

Eugen Sandow isphotographed sitting ona bicycle

Georges Méliès directs filmLe Voyage à traversl’impossible

The first filming of Olympicevents as Gaumont andPathé send a camera team toshoot films of theintermediate Olympic Gamesthat get shown worlwide

Camille Lefèbvre createsmarble monument to EmileLevassor, the winner of thegreat automobile race fromParis to Bordeaux and back1895

Lyonel Feininger paintsLocomotive

Marinetti’s Manifesto delFuturismo (FuturistManifesto) is published


The Hovis Bread-Flour Company isfounded in Britain by ThomasFritton

Outbreak of the Boer War. Two outof every five Britons who apply forenlistment are rejected as medicallyunfit

Isadora Duncan makes herprofessional debut in Chicago USA

British Government establishesstatutory standards for milk butpasteurisation is not required andmilk remains a source of diseases

Alfred Jarry writes Le Surmâle (TheSupermale)

A survey in Leeds shows that in thepoorest sections half the childrenhave rickets

The first Tour de France cyclingrace takes place

British Government publishes a reportdemonstrating the alarming extent ofpoverty and ill health in the slums

Louis World’s Fair in the USA has aDepartment of Physical Cultureexhibition, with an amphitheatre andrunning trackH. G. Wells writes the novel AModern Utopia an optimistic view oftechnologically dependent society

Bernarr Macfadden opens PhysicalCulture City near New Brunswick, NewJersey, USABattle Creek Toasted Corn FlakeCompany, later renamed TheKellogg Company was started in theUSA

Ruth St. Denis performs in Europefor the first time

The World Scout Movement beginsin the UK

Bernarr Macfadden is indicted forviolating a federal obscenity law inthe USA with articles in PhysicalCulture Magazine. He is sentencedto 2 years hard labour and fined$2.000Bernarr Macfadden opens aSanatorium at Battle Creek,Michigan, USA. Because of its closeproximity to the Kellogg Brothers’establishment there is fiercecompetition

E.M. Foster writes the novella The Machine Stopsabout a technological dystopia, highlighting over-dependence on machines

Bernarr Macfadden moves his sanatorium to theformer Lakeside Club on Chicago’s South Sideand renames it the Healthatorium


The Ling Association isformed

Board of Education inconsultation with theWar Office publish AModel Course of PhysicalTraining

The Navy introduces theSwedish Ling system ofphysical training

Bedford College isopened by MargaretStansfeld who teachersthe Ling method ofgymnastics

Board of Educationpublishes Manual ofPhysical Training a newLing based physicaleducation syllabus foruse in elementaryschools

Board of Educationpublishes a new Syllabusof Physical Training

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Henry Short’s Filoscope

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YEAR

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

PHYSICAL CULTURE

Staff-Sergt. Moss publishesParallel Bar Exercises in theUK

Eugen Sandow publishesStrength and How to Obtainit in the UK

Bernarr Macfadden publishesMacfadden’s Encyclopedia ofPhysical Culture in the USA

Prof. Anthony Barker publishes The Perfect Systemof Physical Exercise in theUSA

Prof. Anthony Barkerpublishes Strong Arms in theUSA

Percival G. Masters publishesHome Exercise and Health:Five Minutes care to theNerves in the UK

J.P. Muller publishes MyBreathing System in the UK

Military Books at HMSO publishes Manual of PhysicalTraining in the UK

Prof. Anthony Barkerpublishes The Chest in theUSA

J.P. Muller publishes MySystem For Ladies in the UK

J.P. Muller publishes MySystem For Children in theUSA

Health and StrengthMagazine publishes TumblingTricks in the UK

OLYMPICS & DISPLAYS

Fifth Olympics is held inStockholm


Charles Kettering introducesthe electric starter for cars,until this time engines had tobe started by hand cranking

Using observations of the meatpacking industry, Henry Forddesigns an assembly line forcar production

Henry Ford revolutionises carmanufacturing at his Michiganplant using innovativeproduction line techniques,and can turn out a completechassis every 93 minutes


Carlo Carrà paints WomenSwimmers

The first British Newsreel isissued, the weekly Pathé’sAnimated Gazette

Marcel Duchamp paintsNude Descending aStaircase No.1

Umberto Boccioni paintsStates of Mind: Those WhoGo and States of Mind: Thosewho Stay and Trains inMotion

Marcel Duchamp paintsThe Bride

Giacomo Balla paintsLeash in Motion and Speedof an Automobile, the beginning of his dynamic expression series

Gino Severini paintsBlue Dancer

Jacques Henri Lartigue photographs the Grand Prixof the Automobile Club ofFrance

Anton Giulio Bragagliabegins the new art ofPhotodynamism with Balla infront of ‘Leash in Motion’and The Typist

Jean Comandon makes filmLa Circulation du Sang

Jeux, a ballet about flirtingduring a tennis match choreographed byVaslav Nijinsky,premieres at the Théâtre desChamps-Elysées in Paris

Gaumont makes a trainingfilm of gymnast GeorgesDemenÿ titled PhysicalEducation

Umberto Boccioni paintsDynamism of a Cyclist

Marcel Duchamp makesready made Bicycle Wheel

Francis Picabia paintsPhysical Culture

Anton Giulio Bragaglia creates Photodynamismworks The Slap and Image inMotion

Gino Severini paints Dancer

Wyndham Lewis paints TheCrowd

Umberto Boccioni paints TheCharge of the Lancers

Erik Satie composes Sportset divertissements for piano


Frederick Winslow Taylor publishesThe Principles of ScientificManagement in the USA

Frank Gilbreth publishesMotion Study: A Method forIncreasing the Efficiency of theWorkman in the USA

The Fasting Cure is introduced byAmerican novelist Upton Sinclair

Outbreak of World War 1

Wills’s Cigarettes issue a set of50 Physical Culture cards in Britainand Ireland. Each card is illustratedin colour with a different exerciseon one side and the written instructions on the reverse

The Sandow Cocoa Factory opens inHayes, Middlesex

First Women’s Institute formed inthe UK


The Board of Educationmakes hygiene andphysical trainingadditional optionalsubjects for teachers inelementary schools anda hygiene and physiologyexam is introduced forthe Teacher’s Certificate

Greek Dance begins tobe taught to students atBedford College

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Parallel Bar Exercisesby Staff-Sergt. Moss

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YEAR

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

PHYSICAL CULTURE

The Prussian body builderEugen Sandow publishes inthe UK: Life is Movement: Thephysical reconstruction andregeneration of the people

Lillian Bradstock & JaneCondon publish The ModernWoman: Beauty, PhysicalCulture, Hygiene in the uk

W. A. Pullum publishesWeight Lifting Made Easy &Interesting in the UK

Bernarr Macfadden sponsorsWorld’s Most Beautiful Mancontest, Charles Atlas wins

Prof. Anthony Barkerpublishes A Strong ShapelyNeck in the USA

J. P. Muller publishes MySystem 15 Minutes’ Work aDay in th UK

Bernarr Macfadden sponsorsAmerica’s Most PerfectlyDeveloped Man contest,Charles Atlas wins

Lillian Curtis Drew publishesIndividual Gymnastics inthe USA

OLYMPICS & DISPLAYS

Sixth Olympics is heldin Antwerp


The tank is invented for usein warfare

Henry Ford & Son Corporation,a spin-off of the Ford MotorCompany, begins productionof the Fordsontractor, originally called theautomobile plough

U.S. Navy aviators make thefirst crossing of the NorthAtlantic by aeroplane


Marcel Duchamp paintsNude Descending aStaircase No.3

Dada launches in Zürich withCabaret Voltaire

Hans Arp makes first dessinsautomatiques

Futurist film Vita futurista ismade by Arnaldo Ginna

The Ballet Russes stages themodernist ballet Parade withthe collaboration of PabloPicasso, Jean Cocteau,Léonide Massine and ErikSatie

Francis Picabia paintsMouvement Dada

German director ErnstLubitsch makes Die Puppe(The Doll) about a doll-maker who makes amechanical doll, based on astory by E. T. A. Hoffmann

Fernand Léger paintsThe Mechanic

Man Ray paintsDancer/Danger

Max Ernst makes collageUntitled (Airplane) depictingan aeroplane withbody parts

László Moholy-Nagy paintsKinetic Constructive System(a structure with paths ofmotion for sportand recreation)

Oskar Schlemmer joins thestaff of the Bauhaus in theirtheatre section and beginsdesigns forThe Triadic Ballet

Symphonie Diagonal abstractanimation by Viking Eggeling

Rhythmus 21 abstract ani-mation by Hans Richter

Eve’s Film Review:Sporting Eves - Miss IvyCummings

Francis Picabia paintsLa Feuille de vigne(The Fig-Leaf)

Opus II Abstract animationby Walter Ruttmann


The people’s league of Health isfounded in the UK by OlgaNethersole

British Military conscription findsthat only three out of nine men ofmilitary age are fit and healthy

League of Nations (predecessor ofthe UN), is founded

Ernst Toller writes social protestplay Masse Mensch(Man and the Masses)

Czech writer Karel Capek writesR.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) aplay about the creation of robotsthat develop consciousness andtreat people like machines

The Twelve Principles of Efficiencyby Harrington Emerson published inthe USA


The Fisher Education Actenables local authoritiesto provide centres andequipment for physicaltraining

New Physical Educationsyllabus published bythe Board of Education,includes a chapter ontraining children underthe age of seven

Bedford College extendsits physical trainingcourse to three years

Bedford College teacherCicely Read reads herpaper New Theories inGymnastics to the LingAssociation challengingtheir training methods

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Nude Descending aStaircase No.3by Marcel Duchamp

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YEAR

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

PHYSICAL CULTURE

Die Schönheit Deines Korpersby Dora Menzler published inGermany

Bernarr Macfadden publisheshis Physical Culture CookBook

The Co-ordination Guild inthe USA publishes RestWorking by Gerald StanleyLee

Funk & Wagnalls Company, inthe USA publishes TwelveWeeks to Health The ArthurA. McGovern Course in HealthBuilding

Zelia Raye publishes RationalLimbering in the UK

OLYMPICS & DISPLAYS

Seventh Olympics is held in Paris

Eighth Olympics is held inAmsterdam

The first Spartakiad is held inMoscow


Scottish inventor John LogieBaird successfully transmitsthe first recognisable image(the head of a ventriloquist’sdummy) at a London department store, using adevice he calls a Televisor

Charles Lindbergh makes firstnon-stop solo flight across theatlantic

Harvard medical researcher PhilipDrinker, devises the first modernpractical respirator dubbed theiron lung, his finished productuses pumps to exert a pull-pushmotion on the patients’ chests


Opus III Abstract animation by WalterRuttmann

Max Ernst paints LesHommes n’en Sauront Rien(Of this Men Shall KnowNothing)

The entire Olympic Gamesfilmed for the first time byindependent companyRapid-Film

Breton’s Manifeste duSurréalisme is published

Opus IV Abstract animationby Walter Ruttmann

Entr’acte Film by Rene Clair

Les Ballet Mécanique Film byFernand Léger

Ballet Suedois performRelâche in Paris, FrancisPicabia designs sets, musicis by Erik Satie

Arthur Honegger composesPacific 231 the first of hismouvement symphoniqueMarcel Duchamp creates themotorised constructionRotary Demisphere

Fernand Léger paintsHommage a la Danse

Wege Zu Kraft und Schönheit(Back to Nature) a film cele-brating physical culture byGerman director WilhelmPrager

Russian designer, AlexandraExter paints set designs forScene plastique et gymnas-tique

Der heilige Berg (The HolyMountain) Film by ArnoldFanck, who writes the filmespecially for LeniRiefenstahl. Hitler firstbecomes aware of her in thisfilm, her debut as an actress

Vsevolod Pudovkin directsMechanics of the Brain, aRussian film showing theexperiments of Russianphysiologist Ivan PetrovichPavlov Berlin: Symphony ofa Great City Film byWalter Ruttmann

Metropolis Film by Fritz Lang

Eve’s Film Reviews: ShadowShrinking Exercises, The KeepFit Brigade and Movement à laMode

German director WilhelmPrager commissioned by theDutch Olympic Committee toproduce an Olympic featurefilm Olympishe Spelen of theSummer Olympics

The Winter Olympics, DerWeisse Stadion filmed byArnold Fanck and edited byWalter Ruttmann

Vormittagsspuk (GhostsBefore Breakfast) Film byHans Richter

Arthur Honegger composesRugby which is played liveduring a rugby match, thesecond of his mouvementsymphonique

Eve’s Film Review: AreWomen’s Sports too Strenuous?

Joris Ivens directs Etudes desMouvements à Paris


Wembley Stadium is built in London

Ernst Toller writes social protestplay Die Maschinen-stürmer (TheMachine-Wreckers)

British Empire Exhibition is held atWembley Stadium, London

German social scientist Max Weberwrites Legitimate Authority andBureaucracy observing the exercising of power, the rulers andthe ruled

The National Playing FieldsAssociation is founded in Britain

Thea Von Harbou publishes hernovel Metropolis, she later becomesinvolved with the Nazi Party andwrites numerous screenplays forthem to use as propaganda

Russian physiologist Ivan PetrovichPavlov delivers his ground breakinglecture series: Conditioned Reflexes:an investigation of the physiologicalactivity of the cerebral cortex


Cicely Read produces apamphlet translating onechapter of the newFinnish publicationPrinciples of Gymnasticsfor Women and Girls

Board of Education publishes Reference Bookof Gymnastics Trainingfor Boys

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Les Hommes n’enSauront Rien(Of this Men ShallKnow Nothing)by Max Ernst

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1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

PHYSICAL CULTURE

Women’s League of Healthand Beauty is founded

J. P. Muller publishes MySystem: 15 minutes’ exercisea day for health’s sake

J. Edgar Foster M.A.publishes Delsarte AestheticGymnastics in the UK

Paul Jsenfels publishesGymnastik Als Lebensfrede inGermany

George Hackenschmidtpublishes Complete Scienceof Wrestling in the UK

Harold Laurance publisheshis distance learning setSpecial Extra Strong Super-Resistance Units:The Laurance Staminator inthe UK

Mary Bagot Stack publishesBuilding the Body Beautiful inthe UK

Der Mannliche Korper byProf. Eugen Matthiaspublished in Germany

Keeping Fit at Forty: SimpleExercises for Men of MiddleAges by F. A. M. Webster andJ. A. Heys published in the UK

Women’s League of Healthand Beauty membership now4,500

Women’s League of Health andBeauty membership now 30,000

Women’s League of Health andBeauty launch Mother andDaughter magazine

Maria Verni publishes ModernBeauty Culture in UK

Women’s League of Healthand Beauty membership now60,000

Eileen Fowler begins herIndustrial Keep fit classes forworkers in Britain

Captain K. S Woottenpublishes Gymnastics with &without Apparatus in the UK

Thomas H. Hawtin publishesGymnastic Pyramids in theUK

Bengamin Gayelord Hauserpublishes Here’s How to beHealthy in USA

OLYMPICS & DISPLAYS

First display by Women’s Leagueof Health and Beauty is held inHyde Park, London, 150members take part

Second display by Women’sLeague of Health and Beauty inHyde Park, and the Royal AlbertHall, London, 500 members takepart

Ninth Olympics is held in LosAngeles

Display by Women’s League ofHealth and Beauty, this timemarching down Oxford Street toHyde Park, London

Display by Women’s League ofHealth and Beauty, preceded bya church service beforemarching down Oxford Street toHyde Park, London, 1000members take part


Mercedes-Benz introduces thefirst modern independent frontsuspension system, giving carsa smoother ride and betterhandling

Boeing introduces the 247, atwin-engine 10-passengermonoplane that is the firstmodern commercial airliner


Dziga Vertov directs Manwith a Move Camera

Eve’s Film Review:The Sportists

Eve’s Film Reviews:Eve’s Wheel of Life,Eve’s Beauty Exercises andThis Freedom!

Cesare Cerati createsphotocollage Propellors:free-photo aerocomposition

René Clair directs À Nous LaLiberté

Jean Vigo directs Taris aboutswimming champion JeanTaris

Eve’s Film Reviews:Eve’s the Leaperand The Massage Robot!

Alberto Giacometti createsthe sculpture The CapturedHand

Song Young and Healthy iswritten, words by Al Dublin,music by Harry Warren

Eve’s Film Reviews:The Weigh of all Flesh andEve in the Swim

Photographer Lewis W. Hinepublishes Men atwork:Photographic studies ofModern Men and Machinesin the USA

Song Keep Young and Beautiful iswritten, words by Al Dublin, musicby Harry Warren

Busby Berkeley’s dancepattern routines appear in MervynLeRoy’s Gold Diggers of 1933

Eve’s Film Review:Eve Ju Jitzu Expert

Triumph of the WillNazi Party propaganda film directedby Leni Riefenstahl

Machine Art exhibition at theMuseum of Modern Art, New York


British unemployment reaches 12.2percent

Spanish philosopher José Ortega yGasset publishes The Revolt of theMasses

Popeye the Sailor cartoon makes itsdebut in the USA, demonstrating that hegets his strength from spinach. USspinach consumption increases by 33percent over the next few years

Bernarr Macfadden opens The PhysicalCulture Hotel at Dansville, New York,USA. It had previously been a healthresort & hotel since 1883 when it wasopened by Dr. James Caleb Jackson

It’s Only Natural -The Philosophy ofNudism by William Welby publishedin the UK

The Empire State Building is built inNew York and is the tallest buildingin the world

Edward A. Filene publishesSuccessful Living in this MachineAge in the USA

A British Advisory Committee onNutrition is set up by thegovernment

Aldous Huxley writes Brave NewWorld a dystopian rejection oftechnological ‘progress’ set in thetime of AF (After [Henry] Ford)

Paul Nash designs a glass bathroomin the style of a gymnasium for thedancer Tilly Losch

The Nazi Party comes to power inGermany

H. G. Wells writes the futuristic novelThe Shape of Things to Come

J. Storer Clouston writes Button Brains anovel about the mistaken identity of arobot and a human

British potato farmers blame a‘slimming’ craze for a drop off insales


A new Syllabus ofPhysical Training ispublished by the Boardof Education

Carnegie College ofPhysical Education opensin Leeds

The British MedicalAssociation sets up thePhysical EducationCommittee

The Theory ofGymnastics by JohannesLindhard is translatedinto English from theDanish Den SpecielleGymnastikteori

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Dziga VertovdirectsMan with a MovieCamera

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1935

1936

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1939

PHYSICAL CULTURE

Mollie Bagot Stack dies aged51, her daughter, PrunellaStack, takes over the League

The League opens centresoverseas in Australia, HongKong and Canada

Prunella Stack visits Germanyand Czechoslovakia to lookat their systems of PhysicalEducation

Women’s League of Healthand Beauty membershipreaches 100,000

Staff-Sergt. Moss publishesPyramids for GymnasticDisplays in the UK

Nora. B. Cruickshank pub-lishes Health & Beauty forChildren in the UK

Bertram Park &Yvonne Gregory publishSunbathers in the UK

Dorothy Nye publishes NewBodies for Old: Why, Whereand How to Exercise forFigure Beauty and Health inthe UK

Marcel Rouet publishesSanté et Beauté Plastiquein France

National Fitness Councilsponsors Britishrepresentation at the PhysicalEducation Training Congressin Stockholm, Prunella Stacktakes a contingent of Leaguemembers

Niels Bukh publishesPrimary Gymnastics inthe UK

Bob Hoffman publishesBig Arms in the USA

OLYMPICS & DISPLAYS

Display by Women’s League ofHealth and Beauty at Olympia,London, 2,500 members takepart

Tenth Olympics is held in Berlin

Display by Women’s League ofHealth and Beauty at Olympia,London, 5,000 members takepart

John Kieran publishes The Storyof the Olympic Games 776 to1936 AD in the USA

Coronation Pageant Display byWomen’s League of Health andBeauty at Wembley Stadium,London

Festival of Youth Display(sponsored by the FitnessCouncil) by Women’s League ofHealth and Beauty at WembleyStadium, London

Nazi mass gymnastic display isheld in Breslau, Germany

Prunella Stack takes a team ofLeague teachers to Hamburg toperform at Physical TrainingCongresses

Physical Education TrainingCongress and Gymnastic displayin Stockholm, called a Lingiad tocommemorate centenary ofP. H. Ling’s death


British scientist Sir RobertWatson-Watt patents the firstpractical radar

Jet engines designedindependently by Britain’sFrank Whittle and Germany’sHans von Ohain make theirfirst test runs


Len Lye directsBirth of the Robot

Busby Berkeley directsThe Gold Diggers of 1935

Olympia film byLeni Riefenstahl

Modern Times film byCharlie Chaplin

Len Lye directsRainbow Dance

Things to Come, based onthe H. G Wells novel, ismade into a film directed byWilliam Cameron Menzies,László Moholy-Nagy isresponsible for some of theset design, although he isnot credited

Hans Bellmer createsarticulated sculptureMachine-Gunneress in aState of Grace

Scotland for Fitness, apromotional film, isproduced for the NationalFitness Council of Scotland

Bruno Munari createsphotomontage Nothing isabsurd to those who flyandAnd thus we would set aboutseeking an aeroplanewoman


German René Fülöp-Miller writesLeaders, Dreamers and Rebels: AnAccount of the Great Mass-Movements ofHistory and of the Wish-Dreams ThatInspired Them

Prunella Stack meets LordDavid Douglas-Hamilton

Machines and Working Hours publishedin the USA by Machinery and AlliedProducts Institute

In his novel, The Road to Wigan Pier,George Orwell writes:”In the highlymechanised countries thanks to tinnedfood, cold storage, synthetic flavouringmatters, etc., the palate is a dead organ”

The Munich Crisis puts Britain on thebrink of war with Germany

Prunella Stack marries Lord DavidDouglas-Hamilton

Innes Pearse publishes The Case forAction a survey of health under modernindustrial conditions in the UK

Outbreak of World War II

British Government establishes aMinistry of Food to improve nutrition,one year later it will introduce rationing


The British Sports andGames Association is setup

Physical Educationcourse started atLoughborough College

Central Council ofRecreative PhysicalTraining founded (laterto become The CentralCouncil of PhysicalRecreation under royalpatronage)

National AdvisoryCouncil for PhysicalTraining & Recreation isestablished by Britishgovernment

The Central Council ofPhysical Recreation isfounded

Physical Training &Recreation Bill passed byBritish government

Board of Education pub-lishes Recreation &Physical Fitness for Girls& Women and Recreation& Physical Fitness forYouths & Men

National Fitness Councilis established by Britishgovernment

The Central Council ofPhysical Recreationpublishes PlayLeadership

Physical Educationcourse is started atGoldsmith’s College,London

Lord David Douglas-Hamilton is appointed asa warden by the ScottishFitness Council. PrunellaStack assists him run aFitness Summer Schoolin the Highlands

The Central Council ofPhysical Recreationpublishes Daily Dozenfor Girls & Women andDaily Dozen for Boys &Men, alsoDemonstrations ofRecreative PhysicalTraining and Exercisesand Activities with theUse of Sticks

The Board of Educationappoints the NationalYouth Committee toadvise and undertake aresponsibility for youthwelfare

The Central Council ofPhysical Recreationpublishes Activities andGames for use in Girls’and Women’s PhysicalRecreation

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Display by Women’sLeague of Health andBeauty at Olympia,London, 2,500members take part.

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a visual chronology to accompany written thesis

Documents