a unit on ecology portions of chapters 40-43. health of a species, one population at a time the...
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A Unit on Ecology
Portions of chapters 40-43
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Health of a species, one population at a time
• The healthier each population is, the healthier the species is as a whole
• A healthy population– _______________– _______________– Birth and death rates
_________________and equal
Ch40
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How do you characterize a population?• Size: number of individuals
___________________________________________(can be difficult… take into account that you cant catch everyone)
• Age Structure: pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive
• _____________: number of individuals per area (depends on the size of the area)
• Distribution: ______________ _______________throughout their area– ____________ in herds– Clumped near good
resources– Random/even (very rare)
ch40
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Arrivals, departures and limits…
• Population size is affected by individuals who enter (immigration) and leave (emigration).
• Population size is ________ _______________________– Carrying capacity is the
maximum number an environment can sustain indefinitely… _________ ________________________________________________________________________________
ch40
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Humans… defying all odds
• Everything that should limit population growth has been ‘beaten’ by humans– Resources… _____________
_______________________– Disease… _____________– Birth-rate, death-rate…
________________– Reproduction… ___________
• Our resources should eventually be limited by something… what will it be?
Ch40
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Community: populations living together
• Combination of the living species in an area…
• Based on 5 factors1. ______________________2. Kinds and amount of
resources3. Adaptations/ niches of
individual species4. Species interactions (_____
_____________________________________________)
5. Pattern of population size (is a population growing, or waning)
Ch41
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Interactions between species shape a community : symbiosis
• Symbiosis is a long standing interaction between two populations/ species… it can be:
• Mutualism: an interaction that _____________________(pollinator with a flower, lichen, anemone fish and anemone)
• ______________: an interaction were one member benefits and the other is hurt/harmed in some way. (tapeworms, ticks)
• Commensalism: an interaction where ___________________ ____________________________one way or another. (scavengers ‘cleaning up’ a lion kill, barnacles on attached to a whales' skin)
Ch41
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Competition is an interaction too.
• Competition: the using of the same resources by multiple species… when one is successful, the other is not – Interference: _________________________
_______________________… blocking them from living there in the first place (aromatic compounds in plants)
– Exploitative: equal access ________________ ________________ at using it, so does better and the other leaves.
• Reactions/ results of competition– Competitive exclusion: Where nutrient
requirements overlap so greatly that the two species cannot coexist… _________________ _____________________________________
– Resource partitioning: Where similar resources are divided among lines that are not crossed… like fruit size, ___________________________ ______________________________________
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Predator- Prey interactions
• Different than competition because it is necessary that the prey not leave altogether (____________________)
• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• If the predator doesn’t figure out a way/ evolve to counter the new feature they will die.
• If the number of prey rise, that increases food supply for predators,
• Predators increase as the food supply is available, causing a drop in prey, followed by predators
• Can include another factor… food for the prey
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Prey Adaptations
• Prey adaptations: – _______________: hard to
spot (the kind depends on the keenness of the predators vision)
– Warning color: prey that defend themselves with poison advertise it so they will be skipped not eaten• _______________ where
certain species try to take on the color, without spending the energy on the toxin… smart!!
ch41
King Snake
Coral snake
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Predator Adaptations
• Predator Adaptations:– _________________: learn
how to thwart the problem (find antidotes, or eat only the palatable portion)
– Burst of speed: __________ ______________________________________… they can’t be both. Or really fast and short bursts or kind of fast over longer bursts.
– __________________: to lay in wait for unsuspecting prey
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Threats to communities/ diversity (Humans)
• Once communities have been established new species, human attack or disruption of habitat can quickly destroy what it took thousands of years to create.– Invasive species: ________
___________________________________________________________________________________________Unchecked these species grow out of control… killing everything in their path. (rabbits in Australia)
– Hunting/ Poaching– Habitat Loss and
_________________________
Ch 41/42
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Endangered Species• Hunting and poaching: Humans
are predators and proud of it. Our ________________________________________________________– Black market poaching etc is
still a HUGE problem for the most endangered (__________ __________________________________________________)
• Habitat loss: even worse than hunting them is ______________. Most _______________________ ________________________________________________________. – As we move in, they move out…
when they get squished into small areas, they kill each other, or they try to come back and we kill them
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How can we conserve and sustain current diversity
• Conservation Biology: think about the natural species before you build. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Identifying at risk areas: _______________________________________ __________________________________(easier said than done)
• Work with new communities to preserve what at risk species require: – ____________________________… limit production, deforestation or
building to allow for the area to recover between attacks.
Ch 41/42
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Everything is a cycle
• All matter and all energy are conserved… so _________________ ___________________________________________________________.
• _________ cycle… lake/ocean cloud rain river lake/ocean
• __________ Cycle… disruptions lead to global warming
• ___________ and _____________ also have cycles
ch42
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Global warming• Too much production and not
enough absorption of carbon dioxide throws off the cycle
• ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• This causes an increase of temperature over time, and the heating of the earth… which means melting polar ice caps
• We must stop the cycle… produce less CO2 and absorb more (with plants)
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All the populations fit together into the biosphere
• Biosphere is the sum of all the planets ecosystems
• An ecosystem are all the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) things in a certain area– The are generalized as ______
• Biomes have specific/ recognizable features– Salt water biomes: ocean (coral
reefs, wetlands, intertidal zones, deep ocean etc)
– Freshwater biomes: lakes, ponds, rivers, streams
– Terrestrial biomes: _________ ___________________________________________________________________________
Ch 43
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Kinds of Terrestrial Biomes
Reflect the climate of the earth… • Tropical Forest: Constantly ____
_____________________, warm temperatures, 12 hour days. Tons of diversity and vegetation
• Savannas: Think Lion King. Lots of grass, grazing animals and their predators
• Deserts: __________________ ___________________… can be hot and dry, or cold and dry. Very little vegetation
Ch 34
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More Biomes• Spiny Shrubs/Chaparral:
_______________________________________________. This is our usual vegetation
• Temperate grassland: prairies, depending on the location can have long or short grass (good soil!)
• Temperate deciduous forest: __________________, color changing, cold winters, hot summers
• Coniferous forest/ taiga: ______________, moderate summers
• Tundra: ________________