1Islam and Civilization1. Meaning of civilization2. Civilization and Culture3. Arabic terms for civilization4. Characteristics of Civilization Aspects of Muslim city3Arabic terms for civilization: al-Hadarah Al-Tamaddun al-Madaniyyah Al-Tamaddun/ al-Madaniyyah: derived from madinah(city or town),and din(religion). Al-Umran13 Types of cities in the qur 13 Types of cities in the qur 13 Types of cities in the qur 13 Types of cities in the qur an an an an1. Unjust (nisa: 75/ kahf: 59/al-Haj: 45/48/hud: 102)2. Corrupting (al-Anbiya: 74)3. Corrupted (al-Qasas: 58)4. Fortressed (Hashr: 14)5. Safe (Nahl: 112)6. Well Established (hud: 100)7. Powerful (Muhammad: 13)8. Ruined (baqarah: 259/ hud: 100/Anbiya: 11/74)9. Blessed (Saba: 18)10. Raised (Saba: 18)11. Disobedient (Talaq: 5/8)12. Tested City (al-Araf: 94)13. Mother City (al-Anam: 92)5Meaning of Civilization An advanced level of development in society marked by complex social and political organization, material, scientific and artistic progress. A society, its culture and its way of lifeduring a particular period of time or in a particular part of the world. The way and level of life of people in the cities as contrasted with the way and level of life in rural areas. The relation between madinah and dinindicates the role of religion in the establishment of civilization and refinement of social culture.6 Civilization designates a condition of human society characterized by a high level of cultural and technological achievements and correspondingly complex social and political development. Civilization is an advanced state of intellectual, cultural and material development in human society Each civilization has a body or matter and a soul. The body of the civilization is its materialachievements such as buildings, infrastructure, agriculture, industry, educational institutions, technological equipment, and all that is related to various pleasures of worldly life.Western PerspectivecivilizationisderivedfromtheLatinwordcivites,whichmeans acity,and Civis, which means the inhabitant of a city. Or Civilis, which means civility or what,isrelatedtotheinhabitantofacity.Orusedtomeanacitizen.Source: PhilipWeiner,DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas,(NewYork:Charles Scribners Sons, 1973), p. 613. Degree of fairly advanced culture, in which the arts and sciences, as well as political life are well developed, provides an additional perspective. V. Gordon Childe sees the essential characteristics of civilization as internal social hierarchies, specialization, cities and large populations and the growth of mathematics and writings. E. B. Taylor, Dictionary of Anthropology, Special Indian Edition, (Dehli: Goyl Saab, 1988), p. 117. See, also Taylor, Primitive Culture, (New York: Brentanos, 1924), p. 1. A well-established, complex society. Crucial characteristics of a civilization would include the emergence of towns and cities; an increasingly specialized division of labor; and the development of trade, manufacture, and commerce, and centers of local and national political and legal administration, systems of communication, literacy, and an elite culture of artistic and religious expression. David Jary and Julia Jary, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Sociology, Ed. Eugene Ehrlich,(New York: Harper Collins,1991), p. 48.Eastern Perspective Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)An outline of Civilization or bummeiron no gairyaku published in 1875.inthe narrow sense, civilizationinthe narrow sense, civilizationmerely means merely means the increase of what the increase of what man consumes and of the superficial man consumes and of the superficial trappings added to daily necessitiestrappings added to daily necessities. . In a broader sense, In a broader sense, civilization means not only comfort in daily necessities but also the refining of knowledge and the cultivation of virtue so as to elevate human life to a higher plane Source:Source: Fukuzawa Yukichi, An Outline of a theory of civilization, trans. David. A Dilworth & G. Cameron Hurst (Tokyo: Sophia Uniersity, 1973) Quoted by: Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg, Perspectives of Civilization (Kuala Lumpur: National University of Malaysia, 1985), p. 17 Meaning of civilization Meaning of civilization Meaning of civilization Meaning of civilization Thetermcivilization literallyusedtomeanUmran (humanassociation)accordingtowhichpeopleshare acommonlifeandworktogethertoachievetheir goals. Thetermcivilization alsodenotesalandorhouse inhabited,peopled,wellpeopled,wellstokedwith peopleandthelike;inaflourishingstate;inastate contrarytodesolateorwasteorruined;aland colonized,cultivatedorwellcultivated;ahouseina stateofrepair.Source:Edward.William.Lane,AnArabic-English Lexicon, (Beirut:1968), p. 2155). Material side of civilization Material side of civilization Material side of civilization Material side of civilizationAcivilization (orcivilisation)isacomplexsocietyor culturegroup characterizedbydependenceupon agriculture, long-distance trade, state form of government, occupationalspecialization,urbanism,andclass stratification. Asidefromthesecoreelements,civilizationisoften markedbyanycombinationofanumberofsecondary elements,includingadevelopedtransportationsystem, writing, standards of measurement (currency, etc.), formal legalsystem,greatartstyle,monumentalarchitecture, mathematics, sophisticated metallurgy, and astronomy.Quotation: The blossoming of science and culture in Islamic civilization was the resultofincreasingqualityofmateriallifeinMuslimcities.The urbanlifeofthesecities,thematerialprosperity,thevaried localindustries,thelocalandinternationaltrade,andthe flourishingscienceandculture,werealllinkedtogether, whilenoneoftheaspectsoflifeinthecitieswouldhave flourished without a developing technology. And if Islam was theforcebehindtheriseofthecities,asisfrequently asserted,thenitwasalsotheforcebehindallaspectsofthe prosperityofthesecitiesandhencethetechnologicalefforts associatedwithurbanlife Ref. Ahmed Y. al-Hassan, Donald R. Hill, Islamic technology: an illustrated history (UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986) p. 8.Civilization: a way of life Civilization: a way of life Civilization: a way of life Civilization: a way of lifeThetermIslamiccivilizationmaysoundconfusingifitistaken torefertothevarioushistoricalexpressionsofMuslim achievements- for instance, the culture of Baghdad Caliphate, or oftheadministrationsystemofMughalIndia,orofthe scientific, literary and artistic attainments of the Arabs in Spain, and so forth. I wish, therefore to make it clear at this place that by Islamic civilization I mean the peculiar (1) ethical outlook, (2) the social scheme and (3) the way oflifeengenderedby Islam,andnot the specific achievements of the Muslims in any one country or period of their history Source:MuhammadAssad(ed.),Arafat:AmonthlycritiqueofIslamicThought(Dalhousie,Punjab:vol.1,no.1,September1946), Quoted by: Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg, Perspectives of Civilization (Kuala Lumpur: National University of Malaysia, 1985), p. 40 14The soul of civilization is the set of; ideologies, concepts, moral values, manners and traditions embodied in the behavior of individuals, groups, and their interrelations. Civilization: Total of Moral & Material Human ConditionMalik Bennabi (d. 1974)Total result of moral and material conditions which grant agiven society the possibility to offereachofitsmembers,ineverystageofexistencefromchildhoodtilldeath,thenecessarysocialassistanceneededfortheirgrowth.QadayaKubra,First.Ed.(Dimashq: Dar al-Fikr,1991), p. 43. The product of a substantial idea, which inspires a pre-civilized society the vital drive that, penetrates into the historicalmovement. Society constructs its intellectual system in conformity with the original pattern of its civilization, rooted in an original cultural ambiance, which will decide all of its characteristics vis avis other cultures and civilizations. Mushkilat al-Afkar, p. 41).Islamic criteria of a civilized cityIslamic criteria of a civilized cityIslamic criteria of a civilized cityIslamic criteria of a civilized city Supremacy of Shariah (Allahs Law)-religious sense Centrality of Masjid-religious/holy places Freedom and Justice. Learning Institutions. Bayt al Mal (Financial Institutions) Al-Hisbah Institution Low rate of Crimes. Low rate of poverty. Total security Shurah Institutions Preservation of resources & avoiding wastage. Healthy Family Strong Unity 1. Faith and morality (Tazkiyat al-Nafs & Akhlaq)2. Education & intellectual development (theory & practice).3. Social system (Family, brotherhood, etc..)4. Economic System (usury free- dealings, Bayt al Mal, Zakat, fair transactions)5. Shura Political System (mutual consultation) 6. isbah (Institutions for safety, health & accountability).18Characteristics of Islamic civilization1- Based on the Muslim civilization was the first universal civilization established on a pure and strict monotheism (unity of God) The only One who deserves submission The only One who deserves worship The only One who deserves absolute obedience Eliminates idolatry (idols, and statues) Frees people from the oppression of kings, Papacy and Brahmanism Sets right the relationship between ruler andruled (all people are equal)192. Universality Islamic civilization embraces the entire humanity It declares equality for all human beings of all descents, races, or colors '-- '' --= - Verily the most honored of you in the sight of Allah is he who is the most righteous of you (49: 13). Open to contributions of all members regardless of their race, ethnicity, or color, or religion (non-Muslim citizens) This civilization is attributed to all Muslims on an equal basis.203. Moderate Rationalism Elevates human reason Faith is based on reasoning and persuasion Rejects superstitious and myths Does not tolerate denial of the truths (not directly related to empirical knowledge but are based on revealed knowledge)214. Tolerance Tolerance towards people of different religions (especially Christians and Jews) Minorities enjoyed a high level of tolerance and freedom of religion and economic pursuit. The characteristic of tolerance is peculiar for a civilization based on religious foundations. It would be reasonable for a secularist who does not believe in any religion to treat religions equally and give people freedom of belief, but it may be difficult for a religious person to do so.225. Integrated and balanced civilization: Integrates faith with state/ rejection of secularism Integrates body with spirit (material vs. spiritual) Integrates worldly life with the hereafter Integrates empirical sciences with revelation Gives priority to moral principles (morality vs. pragmatism) Integration in a balanced manner: Balance means following a middle course between two extremes of thought and action(wasat)Characteristics of IslamicCharacteristics of IslamicCharacteristics of IslamicCharacteristics of Islamic Civilization Civilization Civilization Civilization1. Origin: Revelation &Prophethood 2. Supremacy of the Shariah (Islamic law)3. Comprehensive & Practical Knowledge4. Dawah, Ijtihad & Jihad5. Moderate & Just Leadership of the world6. Tawhid (Pure Monotheism)7. Akhirah-oriented vision8. Honorability of Human Being9. Worship as the ultimate goal10. Istikhlafic (vicegerental) worldview11. Universal Message12. Moderate and Balance13. Unity & Diversity14. Realistic24Western Culture and CivilizationWesternCivilization isThecivilization thathasevolvedoutofthehistorical fusion of cultures, philosophies, values and aspirationsofancientGreeceandRome; theiramalgamationwithJudaismand Christianity, and their further development andformationbytheLatin,Germanic, C e l t i c a n d N o r d i c P e o p l e s . 25Western CivilizationCharacteristics of Western civilization In terms of material progress and scientific exploration, modern Western civilization surpassed all civilizations across history. Pushed forward mans incentives and capabilities to exploit and benefit from nature Technological achievements eased human life Effective management and organization Respect of human rights within its homelands26Ideologies of Western civilization 1. Utilitarian materialism Western civilization may not deny the existence of God openly or deny the existence of the spirit, but it does not recognize the value of God in its ideological system. WC acknowledges things considered of practical value The practical value is in luxury and worldly pleasure (the new God)272. Secularism Inspiredbysecularphilosophy,devoidof certainty,subjecttoconstantreviewand change The formulation of its worldview is not based onrevealedknowledgeorreligiousbeliefbut rather upon cultural tradition, speculations to secularlifecentereduponmanasphysical entity28 Religionisapersonalbusiness confined toindividualpractice withoutanyinterferenceinsocial, economic or political activities Religiouspracticelimitedtodeadrituals Destruction of moral values = utilitarianism/ pragmatism Destruction of family (abortion, neglect of elderly) Created an atmosphere of fear, anxiety and distraction293. Atheism:The doctrine or belief that there is no God4. Humanism: Reliance upon the powers of human reason alone to guide man through life5. Dualism Adherence to the validity of dualistic vision of reality and truth Affirmation of the reality of the temporary/ impermanent aspects of existence projecting a secular worldviewLearning & Social Institutions1. Masjid2. Madrassa (Zawiyah/khanaqah).3. Universities (Jamiah)4. Libraries (Maktabahlkhizanah)5. Waqf System (Islamic Endowment)6. Hospitals7. Bayt al Mal (House of Wealth/Treasury)8. Observatories.9. Waqf System10. Al-HisbahWaqf institution Waqf:(Pl: Awqaf/waqfs) Literally waqf means to stop, contain, or to preserve. In shari'ah, a Waqf is a voluntary, permanent, irrevocable dedication of a portion of ones wealthto Allah. Once a waqf, it never gets gifted, inherited, or sold. It belongs to Allah and the corpus of the waqf always remains intact. The fruits of the waqf may be utilised for any shari'ah compliant purpose. The waqf is a system that stems from the idea of institutionalizing voluntary giving in order to guarantee sustainability." Origins of Waqf: Ibn Umar reported: Umar acquired land in Khaibar. He came to Allahs Apostle (saw) and sought his advice in regard to it. He said: Allahs Messenger, I have acquired land in Khaibar. I have never acquired more valuable for me than this, so what do you command I do with it? Thereupon the Prophet (saw) said: If you like, you may keep the corpus intact and give its produce as Sadaqah. So Umar gave it as Sadaqah declaring that the property must not be sold or inherited or given away as a gift. And Umar devoted it to the poor, to the nearest of kin, to the emancipation of slaves, to wayfarers/guests, and in the way of Allah.- Sahih Muslim