1.A trusted hat and two new shoes:Forages for Eco-efficiencyby The Trusted (?) Heads

2. Forage germplasm developed throughcollection, selection and breedingForages as high value productsForages integrated intodeveloped to capture differentiatedsmallholder crop-livestock traditional and emerging markets forsystems: Realizingsmallholders livelihood and environmentalbenefits 3. Available expertise: Leader in international tropical forage research Werner Stur Asia Central America and Rein Van Der Hoek Caribbean Brigitte L. Maass Eastern/Southern AfricaMichael PetersGermplasmJohn W. Miles Plant GeneticsSiriwan D. MartensAnimal NutritionIdupulapati Rao (50%) Plant PhysiologyFederico Holmann (50%)Livestock EconomicsElizabeth Alvarez (33%) Plant PathologyManabu Ishitani (20%) Molecular BiologyCesar Cardona (Adviser) Entomology 30 National Staff Rainer Schultze-Kraft (Adviser) Genetic Resources 4. Matrix RegionsForages integrated intoOutputs/ Forage germplasm Forages as high crop-livestock systemsRegionsdevelopedvalue productsLivelihood Environment South America Central Americaand CaribbeanSoutheast Asia Eastern and Southern Africa = Potential 5. Forage germplasm developed throughcollection, selection and breeding Forage germplasm 6. Intrapopulation recurrent selection based on a high capacity, reliablebioassay, has resulted in large gains in genetic resistance to spittlebugnymphs in a synthetic Brachiaria breeding population 1998ResistantIntermediate Susceptible2006 Resistant IntermediateSusceptible Forage germplasm 7. Evolution of a quick, high capacity screening technique toassess tolerance to adult spittlebug damage Single insect confined on asingle leaf Several insects on small plant Tolerance to adult feeding expressedMass screening Forage germplasm 8. Refining a reliable bioassay to assess genetic resistanceto Rhizoctonia foliar blight in Brachiaria Resistant Intermediate Susceptible Forage germplasm 9. Resistance of Brachiaria to combined and individualabiotic stress factorsResistance to drought and aluminumResistance to aluminumAp. parentApomictic hybridsB. decumbens BR05NO/0334 BR05NO/0537 CIAT 606 Root elongation with 0 and 200M AlCl36H2O B. decB. ruz cv. ToledoAl Drought + AlForage germplasm 10. Tolerance of Brachiaria to waterloggingBR06/0584BR05/01609Tolerant hybridsCIAT 6133 CIAT 26110 Checks Genotypic differences in tolerance towaterlogging for 21 daysBR02/0465 MX02/02775Sensitive hybridsForage germplasm 11. Total seed sales (tons) per year for the Brachiaria hybridsMulato and Mulato II821 tons (approx. 136.900 ha)tonsForage germplasm 12. Evaluation of CanavaliaDry matterIVDMD CP Accession CIAT (t/ha)(%) (%)Season DryWetC. brasiliensis 905 3.02.270 25 C. brasiliensis 76482.83.367 23C. sp.21012 2.82.565 24C. brasiliensis 20303 2.33.264 24C. brasiliensis 17009 2.32.668 26Mean2.62.867 24 Wide adaptation to climate and soils Soil cover 85% after 3 months Dry season tolerance opens a significanttime window for soil improvement withoutaffecting grain production High potential as green manure and dryseason feed resourceForage germplasm 13. Forages as high value products developedto capture differentiated traditional andemerging markets for smallholdersForages as high value products 14. Forage conservation in HondurasCost-benefit analysis: Cowpea hay versus commercial concentrateCost Cost/kg milk Profit Milk productionFeed/cow(income-cost) /kg (kg) US$ US$ US$Concentrate 1.7612.80.140.15 Cowpea hay1.4212.70.110.18 Cost concentrate: 0.27 US$/kg; cowpea hay: 0.05 US$/kg Forages as high value products 15. Forage conservation in Honduras Increase of farms with silo 2005 to 2006 33 to 67 farms (203%) Increase of silage produced 2005 to 2006 1650 to 3785 tons (222%) Increase of smallholders using silages Silage use in Yorito (26%), Yoro (10%), Sulaco (20%), Victoria (20%) Forages as high value products 16. Improving silage quality for pigs pH development in Canavalia brasiliensismedium inoculated with different Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Pre-condition: optimized isolates during 2 days of incubation ensiling technique, e.g. 5.2 P. acidilacticicompaction, wrapping 5.0 Tiii 15 Tiii 5.2 S 94.1 Ti 54.8Additional energy sources Tiv 4.8 Tiv 17.64.6Tvi 21.3 improve silageS 15.5 S 66.74.4pH4.2Inoculants such as selected4.0 lactic acid bacteria improve fermentation and reduce anti-3.8nutritive compounds1020 30 4050 HoursForages as high value products 17. Legume supplementation of village pigs in Laos Assess the potential of forage legumes as asupplement to traditional pig diets Feeding trials Farmer evaluations Village learning activities Impact of Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 supplementation for local Lao pigs fattened in pens Women save at least 1 hour per day Previously they had to search for naturally occurring green feeds for pigs in forests and fallow fields Pigs grow twice as fast Daily average growth rates increased from100 to 200 g per dayForages as high value products 18. Scaling out village pig work through a Learning Alliance Reaching more villages1400NGO Number of households 1200District extension1000 800 600 400 200 0 20052006 2007 2008 Year Reaching more familiesVientiane Project sitesNGO sites Forages as high value products 19. Feeding fish with improved grasses A success story in TuyenFarmers who adopted improvedQuang, Vietnam grasses were able to harvest 63% more fish by weight as well as to obtain 10.7% higher price per kilo of fish because they received apremium due to the sale ofheavier, larger fishForage adopters earned 2.3 timesmore income per pond and the return to family labor was five times greater compared to farmers who produced fish in the traditional wayForages as high value products 20. Forages integrated into smallholdercrop-livestock systems: Realizinglivelihood and environmental benefitsForages integrated into smallholder systems 21. Realizing the benefits of Canavalia brasiliensis in smallholder production system in CA hillsides Continuous staple crop (maize, beans) production Overall soil fertility decline, low crop and animal production (6 months dry season) Canavalia brasiliensis as green manure or as dry season feed focusing on (N) fluxes Farmers integrate Canavalia to substitute fertilizers, to increase dry season milk production and to recuperate degraded soils Canavalia derives more than 50% of N from the atmosphere increasing N-balance Feed biomass availability increased by a tonne per ha7 6 5 kg/day/animal 4 3 2 1 0 Control Canavalia Control Canavalia Control Canavalia Farm 1Farm 2Farm 3 Higher milk production of one kg/animal/day with no negativeeffect on milk qualityForages integrated into smallholder systems 22. The case of EMPRASEFOR, Honduras A group of farmers - with strategic help of CIAT and local partners - runs a forage seed production enterprise based on Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110 Toledo during 8 years, with several tons of seed marketed Results have been variable due to unpredictable climatic events in combination with low input use Concept has however shown strong resilience to setbacks Farmers have started to diversify into related activities like production of concentrates using locally produced forages Approach is replicable with an investment of around US $ 2.000 Forages integrated into smallholder systems 23. Adoption of alternative forages by households in Ea Kar, Daklak, Viet Nam, 2007 > 30% of>20% ofhouseholds with cattle grow forages3000 Number of households2500 2000 1500 10005000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007YearsForages integrated into smallholder systems 24. Reduced N2O emissions from Brachiaria humidicola12001000 N2O (mg m-2y-1) 8006004002000 Bh 16888 Bh 679 Hybrid P.maximum Soybean Bare Soil Mulato Field validation of biological nitrificationinhibition from Brachiaria humidicolaForages integrated into smallholder systems 25. SoFT A tool for targeting forages18000 16000 14000 12000 100008000600040002000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecNumber of visits Approx. 10,000 pages visited per month since launch in 2005 26. Forages and Eco-efficiency Improved adaptation to abiotic stress factors improves resource use efficiency Disease and pest tolerance/resistance improves resource use efficiency CIATs forage work emphasizes adaptation to marginal conditions providing higher value options in stressed environments Forages improve soil fertility through effects on soil structure, organic matter content and nitrogen fixation, nutrient mining and reduce erosion 27. Forages and Eco-efficiencycont. Forages can improve existing farming systems and contribute to developing alternative land uses Integration of forages into cropping systems has benefits on productivity and resilience of systems Forages improve resilience of vulnerable systems, leading to healthier, higher quality products Multiple benefits but trade-offs (e.g. feed, green manure, cover, wood ) Improved forages reduce global warming potential, by improving carbon sequestration, reducing nitrous oxide emissions and methane production per unit animal product Improved forages could reduce negative effects of livestock production by reversing land degradation 28. Forages as key components in CIATs strategy for eco-efficiency Forages integrated into crop- Outputs/ Forage germplasm Forages as highlivestock systems CIAT Programsdevelopedvalue products LivelihoodEnvironment Agrosalud/Harvest Plus GRU Biotech Beans Cassava/Clayuca High value Agroenterprises CIAT-TSBF (ISFM/ SLM)Decision and Policy Analysis Gender Analysis/ Participatory Research Amazon Initiative/Tropical Fruits = Potential 29. Outlook: Whats next Germplasm development is the basis for any work on/with forages Consolidate/amplify research on high value options Increase research on forages in crop livestock systems for improved livelihoods and the environment: Adaptation to AND mitigation of climate change, trade-offs (economic, environmental), restoring degraded lands, water (?), environmental services (?), Planting material (seed and vegetative) supply in systems Strengthen work in Eastern and Southern Africa Capacity building and knowledge sharing remains a challenge Advocacy on importance of tropical forages for eco-efficient systems 30. Gracias Father`s day in Germany, May 21 Another use of pasturesSource: WWW.CartoonStock.comEales Stan