Rio Tinto Exploration, Sponsor

ISBN 978-1-934969-45-8ISSN 1547-3112

EditorsEditorsJeffrey W. Hedenquist Jeffrey W. Hedenquist

Michael HarrisMichael Harrisand Francisco Camus and Francisco Camus

Geology and Genesis of Major CopperGeology and Genesis of Major CopperDeposits and Districts of the World:Deposits and Districts of the World:

A Tribute to Richard H. SillitoeA Tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe

Sponsor

SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.Special Publication Number 16Special Publication Number 16

Geology and G

enesis of Major C

opperD

eposits and Districts of the W

orldSpecial P

ublication Num

ber 16

Special Publications of the Society of Economic Geologists

Special Publication, No. 16

Geology and Genesis of Major Copper Deposits and Districts of the World:A Tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe

J.W. Hedenquist, M. Harris, and F. Camus, Editors

First Edition, 2012

Printed byCenveo Publisher Services

3575 Hempland RoadLancaster, PA 17601

Additional copies of this publication can be obtained from

Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.7811 Shaffer ParkwayLittleton, CO 80127

www.segweb.org

ISBN: 978-1-629496-35-1

SPONSOR

The Society of Economic Geologists Publications Board thanks Rio Tinto Exploration for its

generous financial support of this volume

In recognition of Richard H. Sillitoe’s contribution to the understanding of the world’s major copper deposits

Appendices for Borg et al. and Schuh et al. and archived SEG papers, 1971 to 2013, by Richard H. Sillitoe are included on this DVD. Papers by R. H. Sillitoe are listed following the Table of Contents

Foreword Eric Finlayson ix

Acknowledgments Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, Michael Harris, Francisco Camus xiii

Introduction

1 Copper Provinces Richard H. Sillitoe 1

Major Deposits

2 Update of the Geologic Setting and Porphyry Sergio L. Rivera, Hugo Alcota, Cu-Mo Deposits of the Chuquicamata District, John Proffett, Jaime Díaz, Northern Chile Gabriel Leiva, and Manuel Vergara 19

3 Geologic Overview of the Miguel Hervé, Richard H. Sillitoe, Chilong Wong, Escondida Porphyry Copper District, Patricio Fernández, Francisco Crignola, Northern Chile Marco Ipinza, and Felipe Urzúa 55

4 Geologic Setting and Evolution of the José Perelló, Richard H. Sillitoe, Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum and Copper- Constantino Mpodozis, Gold Deposits at Los Pelambres, Central Chile Humberto Brockway, and Héctor Posso 79

5 Protracted Magmatic-Hydrothermal History of the Río Blanco-Los Bronces District, Central Chile: Juan Carlos Toro, Javier Ortúzar, Development of World’s Greatest Known Jorge Zamorano, Paticio Cuadra, Concentration of Copper Juan Hermosilla, and Cristian Spröhnle 105

6 Geology of the Bingham Canyon Porphyry John P. Porter, Kim Schroeder, Cu-Mo-Au Deposit, Utah and Gerry Austin 127

7 Geology and Exploration Progress Carl Hehnke, Geoff Ballantyne, at the Resolution Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Hamish Martin, William Hart, Arizona Adam Schwarz, and Holly Stein 147

8 Magmatic-Hydrothermal-Structural Evolution of the Giant Pebble Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Deposit with Implications for Exploration in Southwest Alaska James R. Lang and Melissa J. Gregory 167

9 Geologic Overview of the Oyu Tolgoi Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Deposits, Mongolia David Crane and Imants Kavalieris 187

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SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.

Special Publication Number 16

Contents

10 Copper-Gold ± Molybdenum Deposits of the Clyde A. Leys, Mark Cloos, Ertsberg-Grasberg District, Papua, Indonesia Brian T.E. New, and George D. MacDonald 215

11 Geology and Mineralogical Zonation of the Olympic Kathy Ehrig, Jocelyn McPhie, Dam Iron Oxide Cu-U-Au-Ag Deposit, South Australia and Vadim Kamenetsky 237

12 Geology of the Tenke-Fungurume Sediment-Hosted Strata-Bound Copper-Cobalt District, Wolfram Schuh, Richard A. Leveille, Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo Isabel Fay, and Robert North 269

13 Dzhezkazgan and Associated Sandstone Copper Stephen E. Box, Boris Syusyura, Deposits of the Chu-Sarysu Basin, Reimar Seltmann, Robert A. Creaser, Central Kazakhstan Alla Dolgopolova, and Michael L. Zientek 303

Premier Provinces

14 Cenozoic Tectonics and Porphyry Copper Systems of the Chilean Andes Constantino Mpodozis and Paula Cornejo 329

15 The Southwestern North America Porphyry Copper Province Richard A. Leveille and Ralph J. Stegen 361

16 Tectonomagmatic Settings, Architecture, Alexander Yakubchuk, Kirill Degtyarev, and Metallogeny of the Central Asian Valery Maslennikov, Andrew Wurst, Copper Province Alexander Stekhin, and Konstantin Lobanov 403

17 The Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Roberto Perez Xavier, Lena Virgínia Soares Monteiro, Systems of the Carajás Carolina Penteado N. Moreto, André Luiz Silva Pestilho, Mineral Province, Brazil Gustavo Henrique Coelho de Melo, Marco Antônio Delinardo da Silva,

Benevides Aires, Cleive Ribeiro, and Flávio Henrique Freitas e Silva 433

18 An Overview of the European Gregor Borg, Adam Piestrzynski, Kupferschiefer Deposits Gerhard H. Bachmann, Wilhelm Püttmann,

Sabine Walther, and Marco Fiedler 455

19 The Central African Copperbelt: Diverse Stratigraphic, Structural, and Murray W. Hitzman, David Broughton, Temporal Settings in the World’s Largest David Selley, Jon Woodhead, Sedimentary Copper District David Wood, and Stuart Bull 487

Genetic Themes

20 Copper-Rich Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE Deposits D. R. Burrows and C. M. Lesher 515

21 Magmatic Controls on Porphyry Copper Genesis Andreas Audétat and Adam C. Simon 553

22 Hydrothermal Controls on Metal Distribution Kalin Kouzmanov in Porphyry Cu (-Mo-Au) Systems and Gleb S. Pokrovski 573

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Sillitoe, R.H., and Sawkins, F.J., 1971, Geologic, miner-alogic, and fluid inclusion studies relating to the originof copper-bearing tourmaline breccia pipes, Chile: Eco-nomic Geology, v. 65, p. 1028–1041.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1972, A plate tectonic model for the origin ofporphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 67, p.184–197.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1973, Geology of the Los Pelambres porphyrycopper deposit, Chile: Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 1–10.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1973, The tops and bottoms of porphyry cop-per deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 799–815.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1973, Environments of formation of volcano -genic massive sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68,p. 1321–1325.

Sillitoe, R.H., Halls, C., and Grant, J.N., 1975, Porphyry tindeposits in Bolivia: Economic Geology, v. 70, p. 913–927.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1975, Lead-silver, manganese, and native sul-fur mineralization within a stratovolcano, El Queva,northwest Argentina: Economic Geology, v. 70, p.1190–1201.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1975, Subduction and porphyry copper de-posits in southwestern North America – a reply to recent objections: Economic Geology, v. 70, p.1474–1477.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1977, Permo-Carboniferous, late Cretaceousand Miocene porphyry copper-type mineralization in theArgentinian Andes: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 99–103.

Sillitoe, R.H., Jaramillo, L., Damon, P.E., Shafiqullah, M.,and Escovar, R., 1982, Setting, characterisitics, and ageof the Andean porphyry copper belt in Colombia: Eco-nomic Geology, v. 77, p. 1837–1850.

Silliitoe, R.H., 1983, Enargite-bearing massive sulfide de-posits high in porphyry copper systems: Economic Geology, v. 78, p. 348–352.

Sillitoe, R.H., Jaramillo, L., and Castro, H., 1984, Geologicexploration of a molybdenum-rich porphyry copper de-posit at Mocoa, Colombia: Economic Geology, v. 79, p.106–123.

Sillitoe, R.H., Baker, E.M., and Brook, W.A., 1984, Gold de-posits and hydrothermal eruption breccias associatedwith a maar volcano at Wau, Papua New Guinea: Eco-nomic Geology, v. 79, p. 638–655.

Sillitoe, R.H., and Bonham, H.F., Jr., 1984, Volcanic land-forms and ore deposits: Economic Geology, v. 79, p.1286–1298.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1985, Ore-related breccias in volcanoplutonicarcs: Economic Geology, v. 80, p. 1467–1514.

Sillitoe, R.H., Grauberger, G.L., and Elliott, J.E., 1985, Adiatreme-hosted gold deposit at Montana Tunnels, Mon-tana: Economic Geology, v. 80, p. 1707–1721.

Cunnean, R., and Sillitoe, R.H., 1989, Paleozoic hot springsinter in the Drummond Basin, Queensland, Australia:Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 135–142.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1989, Gold deposits in western Pacific islandarcs: The magmatic connection, in Keays, R.R., Ramsay,W.R.H., and Groves, D.I., eds., The geology of gold de-posits: The perspective in 1988: Economic GeologyMonograph 6, p. 274–291.

Arnold, G.O., and Sillitoe, R.H., 1989, Mount Morgan gold-copper deposit, Queensland, Australia: Evidence for anintrusion-related replacement origin: Economic Geol-ogy, v. 84, p. 1805–1816.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1991, Gold metallogeny of Chile – an intro-duction: Economic Geology, v. 86, p. 1187–1205.

Vila, T., and Sillitoe, R.H., 1991, Gold-rich porphyry sys-tems in the Maricunga belt, northern Chile: EconomicGeology, v. 86, p. 1238–1260.

Sillitoe, R.H., McKee, E.H., and Vila, T., 1991, Reconnais-sance K-Ar geochronology of the Maricunga gold-silverbelt, northern Chile: Economic Geology, v. 86, p.1261–1270.

Vila, T., Sillitoe, R.H., Betzhold, J., and Viteri, E., 1991, Theporphyry gold deposit at Marte, northern Chile: Eco-nomic Geology, v. 86, p. 1271–1286.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1992, Gold and copper metallogeny of thecentral Andes – Past, present, and future exploration ob-jectives (SEG Distinguished Lecture): Economic Geol-ogy, v. 87, p. 2205–2216.

Sillitoe, R.H., 1993, Giant and bonanza gold deposits in theepithermal environment: Assessment of potential genetic factors, in Whiting, B.H., Mason, R., and Hodg-son, C.J., eds., Giant ore deposits: Society of EconomicGeologists Special Publication 2, p. 125–156.

Sillitoe, R.H., and Lorson, R.C., 1994, Epithermal gold-silver-mercury deposits at Paradise Peak, Nevada: Ore controls,porphyry gold association, detachment faulting, and super-gene oxidation: Economic Geology, v. 89, p. 1226–1246.

Sillitoe, R.H., and McKee, E.H., 1996, Age of supergeneoxidation and enrichment in the Chilean porphyry copper province: Economic Geology, v. 91, p. 164–179.

Sillitoe, R.H., Hannington, M.D., and Thompson, J.F.H.,1996, High-sulfidation deposits in the volcanogenic mas-sive sulfide environment: Economic Geology, v. 91,204–212.

Sillitoe, R.H., Marquardt, J.C., Ramírez, F., Becerra, H.,and Gómez, M., 1996, Geology of the concealed MMporphyry copper deposit, Chuquicamata district, north-ern Chile, in Camus, F., Sillitoe, R.H., and Petersen, R.,eds., Andean copper deposits: New discoveries, mineral-ization styles and metallogeny: Society of Economic Ge-ologists, Special Publication 5, p. 59–69.

Hannington, M.D., Poulsen, K.H., Thompson, J.F.H., andSillitoe, R.H., 1999, Volcanogenic gold in the massivesulfide environment, in Barrie, C.T., and Hannington,M.D., eds., Volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits:Processes and examples in modern and ancient settings:Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 8, p. 325–356.

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Richard H. Sillitoe Papers (1971–2013) Included on the CD-ROM

McInnes, B.I.A., Farley, K.A., Sillitoe, R.H., and Kohn,B.P., 1999, Application of apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry to the determination of the senseand amount of vertical fault displacement at theChuquicamata porphyry copper deposit, Chile: Eco-nomic Geology, v. 94, p. 937–947.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2000, Geologic analogy: A vital field compo-nent of mineral exploration: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 42, p. 6–9.

Gendall, I.R., Quevedo, L.A., Sillitoe, R.H., Spencer, R.M.,Puente, C.O., León, J.P., and Povedo, R.R., 2000, Dis-covery of a Jurassic porphyry copper belt, Pangui area,southern Ecuador: Society of Economic GeologistsNewsletter 43, p. 1, 8–15.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2000, Gold-rich porphyry deposits: Descriptiveand genetic models and their role in exploration and dis-covery, in Hagemann, S. G., and Brown, P. E., eds., Goldin 2000: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 315–345.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2002, Rifting, bimodal volcanism, and bo-nanza gold veins: Society of Economic GeologistsNewsletter 48, p. 24–26.

Sillitoe, R.H., Cooper, C., Sale, M.J., Soechting, W.,Echavarria, D., and Gallardo, J.L., 2002, Discovery and geology of the Esquel low-sulfidation epithermal golddeposit, Patagonia, Argentina, in Goldfarb, R.J., andNielsen, R.L., eds, Integrated methods for discovery:Global exploration in the twenty-first century: Society ofEconomic Geologists Special Publication 9, p. 227–240.

Sillitoe, R.H., and Burrows, D.R., 2002, New field evidencebearing on the origin of the El Laco magnetite deposit,northern Chile: Economic Geology, v. 97, p. 1101–1109.

Sillitoe, R.H., and Hedenquist, J.W., 2003, Linkages be-tween volcanotectonic settings, ore-fluid compositions,and epithermal precious metal deposits, in Simmons,S.F., and Graham, I.J., eds., Volcanic, geothermal, andore-forming fluids: Rulers and witnesses of processeswithin the Earth: Society of Economic Geologists Spe-cial Publication 10, p. 315–343.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2004, Musings on future exploration targetsand strategies in the Andes, in Sillitoe, R.H., Perelló, J.,and Vidal, C.E., Andean metallogeny: Mineralizationstyles, new discoveries, and deposit updates: Society ofEconomic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 1–14.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2004, Distal-disseminated and Carlin-typegold deposits: Are they fundamentally different?: Societyof Economic Geologists Newsletter 59, p. 28–30.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2005, Supergene oxidized and enriched por-phyry copper and related deposits: Hedenquist, J.W.,Thompson, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., and Richards, J.P.,eds., Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, p.723–768.

Sillitoe, R.H., and Perelló, J., 2005, Andean copper province:Tectonomagmatic settings, deposit types, metallogeny,exploration, and discovery: Hedenquist, J.W., Thomp-son, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., and Richards, J.P., eds., Eco-nomic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, p. 845–890.

Sillitoe, R.H., and Thompson, J.F.H., 2006, Changes in min-eral exploration practice: Consequences for discovery, inDoggett, M.D., and Parry, J.R., eds., Wealth creation inthe minerals industry: Integrating science, business, andeducation: Society of Economic Geologists Special Pub-lication 12, p. 193–219.

Sillitoe, R.H., Hall, D.J., Redwood, S.D., and Waddell,A.H., 2006, Pueblo Viejo high-sulfidation epithermalgold-silver deposit, Dominican Republic: A new modelof formation beneath barren limestone cover: EconomicGeology, v. 101, p. 1427–1435.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2007, Hypogene reinterpretation of super-gene silver enrichment at Chañarcillo, northern Chile:Economic Geology, v. 102, p. 777–781.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2008, Major gold deposits and belts in theNorth and South American Cordillera: Distribution,tectonomagmatic settings, and metallogenic considera-tions: Economic Geology, v. 103, p. 663–687.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2009, Supergene silver enrichment re-assessed, in Titley, S.R., ed., Supergene environments,processes, and products: Society of Economic GeologistsSpecial Publication 14, p. 15–32.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2010, Porphyry copper systems: EconomicGeology, v. 105, p. 3–41.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2010, The challenge of finding new mineralresources: An introduction, in Goldfarb, R.J., Marsh,E.E., and Monecke, T., eds., The challenge of findingnew mineral resources: Global metallogeny, innovativeexploration, and new discoveries: Society of EconomicGeologists Special Publication 15, p. 1–4.

Irarrazaval, V., Sillitoe, R.H., Wilson, A.J., Toro, J.C., Rob-les, W., and Lyall, G.D., 2010, Discovery history of agiant, high-grade, hypogene porphyry copper-molybde-num deposit at Los Sulfatos, Los Bronces-Río Blancodistrict, central Chile, in Goldfarb, R.J., Marsh, E.E.,and Monecke, T., eds., The challenge of finding newmineral resources: Global metallogeny, innovative explo-ration, and new discoveries: Society of Economic Geolo-gists Special Publication 15, p. 253–269.

Sillitoe, R.H., and Mortensen, J.K., 2010, Longevity of por-phyry copper formation at Quellaveco, Peru: EconomicGeology, v. 105, p. 1157–1162.

Sillitoe, R.H., 2010, Grassroots exploration: Between amajor rock and a junior hard place: Society of EconomicGeologists Newsletter 83, p. 11–13.

Sillitoe, R.H., Perelló, J., and García, A., 2010, Sulfide-bear-ing veinlets throughout the stratiform mineralization ofthe Central African Copperbelt: Temporal and geneticimplications: Economic Geology, v. 105, p. 1361–1368.

Sillitoe, R.H., Tolman, J., and Van Kerkvoort, G., 2013, Ge-ology of the Caspiche porphyry gold-copper deposit,Maricunga belt, northern Chile: Economic Geology, v.108 (preprint).

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The decision by Rio Tinto Exploration to support a Society ofEconomic Geologists (SEG) volume dedicated to Dick Silli-toe is in recognition and appreciation of his contributions tothe understanding of the world’s major copper districts onbehalf of thousands of industry and academic geologists. It isfitting that this is done through the SEG, the Society that hasbeen so closely associated with many of his best known pub-lications.

Dick has been widely honored throughout his career. Hismany awards in economic geology include the SEG LindgrenAward (1975), Wollaston Fund from the Geological Society(1977), SEG Thayer Lindsley Lecturer (1988), SEG Distin-guished Lecturer (1992), Haddon Forrester King Medalfrom the Australian Academy of Science (1995), WilliamSmith Medal from the Geological Society (1996), SEG SilverMedal (2002), Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecturer for theInstitute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (2008), SEG In-ternational Exchange Lecturer (2012), and Herbert ThomasPrize from the Geological Society of Chile (2012).

From a start with the UK Ministry of Overseas Develop-ment studying supergene enrichment of copper deposits inChile, from 1965 to 1968, Dick then spent three years withthe Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas (Chilean Geolog-ical Survey) studying porphyry copper deposits before be-coming an independent geologic consultant in 1971.

Since 1968, Dick has published 120 technical publicationsin international journals, books, bulletins, and conference pro-ceedings. His papers in Economic Geology and other publica-tions of the SEG are reproduced on the CD-ROM included

with this volume. He has also written more than 800 unpub-lished technical reports while consulting for over 200 miningcompanies, seven governments, and four international agen-cies in 97 countries around the world.

When not working in the field or writing up his observa-tions, Dick has committed his time to education in economicgeology. He has been an invited speaker at 95 internationalconferences to date, co-convened five major conferences,presented 40 public lectures at universities, geological sur-veys, and scientific meetings, given 16 short courses at uni-versities, geological societies, and conferences, delivered 45in-house courses for mining companies, run 17 field coursesfor mining companies and other organizations, acted as Asso-ciate Editor, Revista Geológica de Chile (1986−present),Member of the Editorial Board, Journal of Geochemical Ex-ploration (1994−1999), and Honorary Editor, Resource Geol-ogy (2007−present); and was SEG President (1999−2000),the IAGOD Regional Councillor for Europe (1980−1984),and the UK correspondent for IGCP Project 342, “Age andIsotopes of South American Ores” (1993−1997).

This prodigious body of work has made it virtually impossi-ble for a geologist to work on a copper deposit today withoutbenefiting from Dick’s field observations and genetic models.His ferocious work rate has led him to see more orebodiesand prospects and to meet more economic geologists thanpossibly any other geologist to date.

A highly commendable aspect of Dick’s work is the largenumber of people who have shared in his studies and publi-cations. Dick is consistently generous in the recognition of

Foreword

A Tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe

ERIC FINLAYSON

Head, Rio Tinto Exploration (2007–2011)

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other people’s ideas and meticulous in referencing previouswork.

Another commendable aspect is his clarity of writing andoral presentation. He goes quickly to the issues of most im-portance to his audience and delivers conclusions and opin-ions that are valued. He is also never afraid to admit uncer-tainty when these circumstances arise.

It seemed an almost impossible task to summarize Dick’smost significant accomplishments but an attempt has beenmade in the Table below. Reading through this list gives someappreciation of his contributions. However, to many of us whoknow Dick well, it will fall short in really describing the man.He is never condescending or self important, is always good

natured and humorous, and always treats people with thesame courtesy and respect regardless of their age or position.

Finally, while Dick’s name does not appear on the editoriallist, I can confirm that his skill as an author and his commit-ment to this project have resulted in an outstanding publica-tion. The eagerness of the most knowledgeable copper geol-ogists to volunteer papers for the volume reflects enormousrespect and admiration.

It is a great pleasure for Rio Tinto Exploration to help withthe production of this volume. It will stand as a cornerstonereference on copper deposits and as a fitting appreciation toDick for his outstanding contributions.

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1970: First formal recognition of subduction control on por-phyry Cu and related ore deposits.

1970: Sited discovery hole at Los Pelambres porphyry Cudeposit, Chile (in production).

1971: Recognized control of ore by K-silicate alteration andused the relationship to plan the definition drillingprogram at Bajo de La Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Audeposit, Argentina (in production). Also drew atten-tion for the first time to its high Au content.

1971: First formal recognition of genetic relationship be-tween porphyry Cu deposits and volcanoes.

1972: Predicted that volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) de-posits would be found at oceanic spreading centers(confirmed in 1989).

1973: Recognized potential and designed exploration pro-gram for VMS deposits in greenstone belts of UpperVolta (now Burkina Faso), which led to discovery ofPerkoa Zn-Pb-Ag deposit (mine under construction).

1974: Conducted basic geologic work and supervised drillingat Saindak porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Pakistan (in pro-duction). Work led to first recognition of abundanthydrothermal magnetite as an indicator of Au-richporphyry Cu deposits.

1976: First recognition of sediment-hosted stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag prospects and potential, Khuzdar district, Pak-istan (in production).

1978: Recognition of concealed porphyry potential and dis-covery of Mocoa porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Colombia.

1979: Discovery in South Korea of first Climax-type por-phyry Mo deposit outside the United States on behalfof Amax.

1980: Discovery with J. Cabello of La Coipa high sulfidationepithermal Au-Ag deposit, Chile (in production).

1981: Recognition of bulk gold potential in Mount Leyshonbreccia system, Queensland, Australia (mine now ex-hausted).

1981: Recognition of concealed porphyry Cu-Au potential atLepanto, Philippines, using diatreme clasts (FarSoutheast deposit at definition drilling stage).

1983: Recommended exploration for concealed manto-typeCu-Ag mineralization at Las Luces, Chile, leading todeposit discovery (mine now exhausted).

1983: Remapped Wau low sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag de-posit, Papua New Guinea (mining completed), leadingto first formal recognition of maar-diatreme systems ascontrols of some epithermal ore deposits.

1984: Application of diatreme model to exploration of Mon-tana Tunnels Au-Ag-Zn-Pb deposit, Montana, UnitedStates (mine now exhausted).

1985: Initial sampling and recommendation of Choque-limpie high sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag deposit,Chile (mine now exhausted).

1987 (and subsequently): Involvement in continuous exten-sion of ore reserves at Lo Aguirre manto-type Cu andSagasca exotic Cu deposits, Chile (Lo Aguirre ex-hausted, Sagasca in production).

1988−1990: Involvement in exploration and discovery of Audeposits in the Maricunga belt, Chile, including firstrecognition of porphyry Au deposits.

1990: Recommendation of Cerro Vanguardia low sulfidationepithermal Au-Ag deposit, Argentina (in production).

1990: Geologic reappraisal of Paradise Peak high sulfidationepithermal Au-Ag-Hg district, Nevada, United States(subsequently mined out).

1991: Successful prediction of enhanced Au contents atdepth in Wafi porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Papua NewGuinea (deeper drilling ongoing).

1991: Preparation of first geologic model for MM (MinistroHales) porphyry Cu deposit, Chuquicamata district,Chile (mine under construction).

1993: Prediction of existence of concealed Damiana exoticCu deposit, El Salvador, Chile (mine now exhausted).

1994: Recognition of sediment-hosted Au mineralization,Sepon, Laos (3 Moz deposit in production).

1994: Recommendation of Zarsharan sediment-hosted Auprospect, Iran (3 Moz deposit defined).

1994−2002: Participation in brownfields exploration of ElPeñón low sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag district Chile,leading to discovery of several new bonanza-gradeveins (in production).

1995: First formal recognition of existence of high sulfida-tion VMS deposits.

1996: Assistance with geologic modeling of Yanacocha highsulfidation epithermal Au deposits, Peru.

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R. H. Sillitoe Career Highlights

1996: Recommended exploration of porphyry Cu prospects,Pangui district, southern Ecuador (four deposits de-fined to date, mine development planned).

1997: Recommendation of the Opache porphyry Cuprospect, Chile (reserve defined).

1997 (through 2000): Geologic modeling of Gaby porphyryCu deposit, Chile (in production).

2000: Predicted major subsurface extension of main Gal-adriel-Julia vein, Esquel low sulfidation epithermal Audeposit, Argentina, and recommended successful drilltesting (mine construction halted by local commu-nity).

2000 (and 2001): Geologic modeling of the Boyongan por-phyry Cu-Au deposit, Mindanao, Philippines (at feasi-bility stage).

2002: Reinterpretation of origin of Pueblo Viejo high sulfi-dation epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Dominican Repub-lic, beneath barren limestone cover.

2004: Prediction of eastward blind extension of Pebble Westporphyry Cu-Au deposit, Alaska, United States(higher grade Pebble East deposit subsequently dis-covered and now at prefeasibility stage).

2004−2005: Assistance with geologic modeling of HugoDummett porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Oyu Tolgoi, Mon-golia (mine under construction).

2005: Recommended low sulfidation Au-Ag vein targetsunder cover and at depth, Cerro Bayo, Chile (twonew veins discovered and exploited).

2005−2008: Recommended exploration leading to discoveryof the San Enrique-Monolito and Los Sulfatos por-phyry Cu-Mo deposits, Los Bronces district, Chile(Anglo American team received 2011 Prospector ofthe Year Award from the Prospectors and DevelopersAssociation of Canada).

2006−2007: Assistance with geologic modeling of Fruta delNorte bonanza-grade intermediate sulfidation epither-mal Au-Ag deposit, Ecuador (at feasibility stage).

2006: Assistance with geologic modeling of Resolution por-phyry Cu-Mo deposit, Arizona, United States (atprefeasibility stage).

2006: Recommended drill hole that discovered the EurekaWest low sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag deposit, CerroNegro district, Argentina (recently purchased byGoldcorp Inc. for US$3.2 billion; mine under con-struction).

2007: Geologic modeling of breccia-hosted Cu-Au depositsin Gaoua district, Burkina Faso (infill drilling stage).

2007: Recognition of porphyry Au system at Biely Vrch, Slo-vakia (prefeasibility stage).

2007: Assistance with geologic modeling of La Colosa por-phyry Au deposit, Colombia (at prefeasibility stage).

2007: Assistance with geologic modeling of Navidad Ag-Pbdeposit, Argentina (feasibility stage).

2007−2011: Involvement in brownfields exploration of Es-condida porphyry Cu district, northern Chile, whichled to discovery of Pampa Escondida and EscondidaEste deposits.

2008−2010: Geologic modeling of Caspiche porphyry Au-Cudeposit, Chile (at feasibility stage).

2008−2010: Reinterpretation with J. Perelló of model forstratiform Cu-Co mineralization in Central AfricanCopperbelt based on work in Zambia, DRC,Botswana, and Namibia.

2009: Recommended search for low sulfidation epithermalAu deposits in Afar depression, Ethiopia and Djibouti,leading to discovery of several previously unknown auriferous veins (drilling underway).

2010: Recommended drilling leading to discovery of Pom-peya high sulfidation Au-Ag deposit, La Coipa district,Chile (definition drilling stage).

2011: Recommended drilling leading to discovery of Or-taçam North high sulfidation Au deposit, Turkey (defi-nition drilling stage).

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We wish to acknowledge Rio Tinto Exploration (RTX)for proposing this tribute volume in honor of one of theworld’s leading economic geologists, Richard (Dick) Sil-litoe, and we thank RTX for generously financing thecosts of the volume. We thank Mabel Peterson, VivianSmallwood, and Alice Bouley for copyediting, layout,and print production, and we thank Stuart Simmons(Publications Board) and Brian Hoal (Executive Direc-

tor) who oversaw production of the volume on behalf ofthe SEG from its inception. The following reviewershelped maintain the quality expected of SEG publica-tions, for which we are grateful. Finally, we thank theauthors for their efforts in preparing the papers and fortheir patience in meeting the reviewers’ and editors’comments. Without them, this tribute would not havebeen possible.

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Acknowledgments

Reviewers of Papers in Special Publication 16

Bill Atkinson Philippe MuchezGeoff Ballantyne Jim MungallSarah-Jane Barnes Ruben PadillaDerek Blundell Peter PollardGregor Borg John ProffettDavid Burrows Victor RamosJacques Cailteux Patrick RedmondPhil Candela Jeremy RichardsJohn Dilles Steve RobertsMarco Einaudi Brian RuskDavid Groves Eric SeedorffLew Gustafson Richard SillitoeMurray Hitzman George SteeleSue Kay John ThompsonSteve Kesler Spencer TitleyKen Krahulec Dick TosdalDuncan Large David VaughanRoss Large James WebsterPeter Laznicka Caroline WilhemPeter Lewis Alan WilsonLucas Marshall Alexander YakubchukScott Manske Marcos ZentilliLarry Meinert Gustavo Zulliger

Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, Ottawa,Michael Harris, London, and

Francisco Camus, Santiago, Editors