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WSN 53(1) (2016) 1-66 EISSN 2392-2192

A Treatise on the Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of Tea Ecosystem of Dooars,

West Bengal, India

Tapan Kumar Roy1,a, Sumana Saha2,b, Dinendra Raychaudhuri1,c 1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre,

Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur, Kolkata - 700103, West Bengal, India

2Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, Govt. of West Bengal, Kolkata - 700124, India

a-cE-mails address: [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present study is devoted to 23 salticids under 20 genera recorded from the tea estates of

Dooars, West Bengal, India. Of these, Cheliceroides brevipalpis is considered as new to science;

Cocalus murinus Simon, 1899 and Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900 are new from India. The former

two genera are the first records from the country. While providing diagnosis of the newly recorded

genera, description and necessary illustrations of the new species are also provided. Recorded genera

and species are suitably keyed together with relevant illustrations. Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader,

1967 is considered as the junior synonym of Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887.

Keywords: Salticidae; New taxa; Tea Estates; Dooars; West Bengal

Reviewer:

Prof. Jerzy Borowski Department of Forest Protection and Ecology,

Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland

http://www.worldscientificnews.com/

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

World Scientific News 53(1) (2016) 1-66

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1. INTRODUCTION

Tea, a major monoculture plantation crop, is a permanent but typical ecosystem (Fig. 1)

that provides habitat continuity for 1031 species of arthropods and 82 species of nematodes

globally (Chen & Chen 1989; Hazarika et al. 2009). In Asia, 230 species of insects and mite

pests attack tea (Muraleedharan 1992). However, 173 arthropods and 16 nematodes are

reported to be the pests of tea in North-East India (Hazarika et al. 1994).

None of the part of tea bush remains unattacked by the pests that ultimately affect “Two

leaf and a bud”. As a result tea crop suffers loss (10-15%) in yield. To control these pests, per

hectare consumption of pesticides is excessively high and equally expensive (Chakravartee &

Hazarika 1995). Again heavy application of pesticides does no longer produce economic and

effective pest control in tea, partly because of the rising cost of pesticides but mainly due to

large scale and sometimes indiscriminate use of hard pesticides that promote speedier

evolution of insect pests; affect non-target species; convert formerly innocuous species into

pests and leave undesirable residues in made tea (Hazarika et al. 1994). As a result especially

due to importers dissatisfaction with pesticide residues and reluctance to accept such tea,

problem of residues has become a major concern to the tea industry.

To address the issue an alternative to chemical based plant protection i.e., an integrated

approach based primarily on the use of biocontrol measures, habitat management, need based

application of botanicals and safer pesticides, is being adopted. Such an approach is thought

to reduce residues and ancillary problems associated with pesticide application (Hazarika et

al. 1994). A review by Riechert & Lockley in 1984 brought attention to spiders as potential

agent of biological pest control. The unquestionable contribution of spiders in biological

control made an important tactics for integrated pest management system. Appreciating the

necessity of spiders as bioresource against agricultural pests, the spider fauna of several crop

ecosystems have been well documented in some parts of the world, e.g. cotton, soybean,

alfalfa, maize, citrus orchards, deciduous orchards and rice (Barrion & Litsinger 1995;

Satpathi 2004). But unfortunately attempt to document the spider fauna of tea-ecosystem is

wanting. With this background, we carried out a systematic survey on the spiders of tea

ecosystem of Dooars, West Bengal, India. It is worth mentioning that such study is first of its

kind in India and second globally after China (Zhang, J. W. 1993 and BoGang, C. 2003).

Among the recorded araneo fauna, jumping spiders, the salticids are found to be the

second largest group from the study area. The family Salticidae is currently represented by

5872 species belonging to 598 genera throughout the world (World Spider Catalogue 2016).

However, Metzners’ 2015 data differs from the catalogue referred above. In India they

are represented by a total of 207 species under 73 genera (Keswani et al. 2012). During our

study for the spiders of tea ecosystem of Dooars, we could sample 23 salticid species under

20 genera from eight tea estates namely Shikarpur T. E., Kailashpur T. E., Meenglas T. E.,

Nepuchapur T. E., Nagrakata T. E., Bhogotpore T. E., Kurti T. E. and Dalgaon T. E.. Of the

recorded species, Cheliceroides brevipalpis is considered as new to science.

The genera Cocalus C. L. Koch, 1846 and Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985 are the first

records from India. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900 and Cocalus murinus Simon, 1899 are

new from the country. While providing suitable keys for the recorded taxa, diagnosis and

necessary descriptions of the new taxa are also provided. All the species have also been

suitably illustrated. We propose Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader, 1967 as the junior synonym

of Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887.


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2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Spiders were sampled mainly by hand from the foliages and tea bushes, shade tree

trunks and fencing trees during the period 2008-2011. They were also trapped from the

ground by pitfall. The study area included eight Tea Estates (Fig. 2) namely Shikarpur T. E.,

Kailashpur T. E., Meenglas T. E., Nepuchapur T. E., Nagrakata T. E., Bhogotpore T. E., Kurti

T. E. and Dalgaon T. E.. Of these, the former four belong to Western Dooars while the rests

are within the jurisdiction of Central Dooars.

Spider specimens thus sampled were preserved following Tikader (1987) and Barrion &

Litsinger (1995). They were studied under Stereo Zoom Binocular Microscopes, model

Olympus SZX-7. The measurements indicated in the text are in millimeters (mm), made with

an eye piece graticule. Materials are in the deposition of Department of Agricultural

Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University,

Narendrapur, Kolkata.

2. 1. Abbreviations

Abbreviations used: AL= abdominal length, ALE= anterior lateral eye, AME= anterior

median eye, AW= abdominal width, CL= cephalothoracic length, CW= cephalothoracic

width, PLE= posterior lateral eye, PME= posterior median eye, TL= total length, BTE=

Bhogotpore Tea Estate, DTE= Dalgaon Tea Estate, KTE= Kailashpur Tea Estate, KUTE=

Kurti Tea Estate, MTE= Meenglas Tea Estate, NTE= Nepuchapur Tea Estate, NATE=

Nagrakata Tea Estate, STE= Shikarpur Tea estate, WB= West Bengal, J= Juvenile, * = New

to World, Ф = New to India, Ψ = New to West Bengal, ▲ = Endemic to India, ♦ = Proposed

Synonymy

3. RESULTS

Class- Arachnida Cuvier, 1812

Order- Araneae Clerck, 1757

Family- Salticidae Blackwall, 1841

Key to genera:

1. Retromargin of chelicerae with one tooth

---------------------------------- 2

- Retromargin of chelicerae with more than one tooth

-------------------------------- 15

2. Cephalothorax flattened

---------------------------------- 3

- Cephalothorax not flattened

---------------------------------- 6


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3. Beetle like; cephalothorax somewhat rounded with thick mouse like hairs, posteriorly

wider; 1st pair of legs in males robust with tibia broad and flat

--------- Rhene Thorell, 1869

- Not beetle like; cephalothorax and 1st pair of legs in male otherwise

---------------------------------- 4

4. Tibiae and metatarsi I and II with 3 and 2 pairs of ventral spines respectively

-- Marpissa C. L. Koch, 1846

- Tibiae and metatarsi I and II not so

---------------------------------- 5

5. Pale, brownish grey, broad band extending from the middle of cephalothorax up to the

tip of abdomen; body entirely with lateral brown band

---- Menemerus Simon, 1868

- No such bands; abdomen metallic, slender, ovoid, with flat setae

---- Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846

6. Cephalothorax circular or U shaped

---------------------------------- 7

- Cephalothorax neither circular nor U shaped

---------------------------------- 9

7. Cephalothorax yellow brown to black, moderately high, with eye field darker

-- Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834

- Cephalothorax not so, eye field not darker

---------------------------------- 8

8. 1st pair of legs in male robust, with tibia flat, fringed with stiff hairs alongside dorsal

and ventral face

------------- Siler Simon, 1889

- Both 1st and 2

nd pairs of legs a little more robust than 3

rd and 4

th pair, tibiae not so

-------- Hasarius Simon, 1871

9. Cephalothorax swollen or spherical, with horn like tuft of long, stiff, slightly curved

bristles lateral to anterolateral eyes

-------------------------------- 10


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- Cephalothorax otherwise, without any hornlike tuft of long, stiff, curved bristles

-------------------------------- 12

10. Abdomen of female pale with a pair of longitudinal dark lines, male slender with mid

dorsal white band on abdomen

----- Telamonia Thorell, 1887

- Abdomen with different pattern

-------------------------------- 11

11. Embolus usually short, sometimes with compound terminal apophysis

--------- Evarcha Simon, 1902

- Embolus long, often with pars pendula; tibial apophysis sometimes with a few spur

like projection at the flat tip

----- Hyllus C. L. Koch, 1846

12. Cephalothoracic length always more than 1.2 x its width

-------------------------------- 13

- Cephalothoracic length always less than 1.2 x its width

-------------------------------- 14

13. Cephalothorax convex with cephalic margins nearly parallel; abdomen of female pale

with series of chevron marks and white bands, in male such bands extending

throughout the body

- Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846

- Cephalothorax slopping posteriorly; males usually black with 2 longitudinal white

bands extending from thoracic region to tip of abdomen, females brownish, with pale

yellow chevron pattern on abdomen

----- Carrhotus Thorell, 1891

14. Chelicerae slender, with fangs long, sometimes larger than chelicerae, curved at tip;

abdomen often with gray, indistinct, linear pattern

-------- Phintella Strand, 1906

- Cheliceral fang never so; abdomen of female with a series of chevron marks

-------- Epocilla Thorell, 1887

15. Cheliceral retromargin with 2 teeth

--- Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985


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- Cheliceral retromargin with many teeth

-------------------------------- 16

16. Eyes in 4, 2, 2 arrangement

-------------------------------- 18

- Eyes in 2, 2, 2, 2 arrangement

-------------------------------- 17

17. Eyes of 2nd

and 3rd

rows never on tubercles; cephalothorax convex, almost oval with a

white, broad band along the rim; abdomen spherical with lustrous flat setae

--------- Brettus Thorell, 1895

- Eyes of 2nd

and 3rd

rows always on small tubercles; cephalothorax not so; abdomen

slender with short, scanty, soft hairs

-- Asemonia O. P.-Cambridge, 1869

18. Ant like; cephalic - thoracic region distinctly marked by a constriction; pedicel long,

conspicuous, visible from above

------ Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839

- Not ant like; cephalic - thoracic region fused, without any constriction; pedicel short,

inconspicuous, not visible from above

-------------------------------- 19

19. Ocular quad with a prominently elevated lump like mound at the centre; abdomen

elongate, conical; tibia of male palp with finger like apophysis

---- Cocalus C. L. Koch, 1846

- Ocular quad without any mount; abdomen nearly oval; tibial apophysis of male palp

blunt, spine like

------ Phaeacius Simon, 1900

Genus: Rhene Thorell, 1869

Rhene Thorell, 1869, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis (3) 7: 37.

Type species: Rhanis flavigera C. L. Koch, 1846.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Key to species:


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1. Body highly pale brown, not metallic, thickly clothed with white hairs, these

posteriorly forming transverse zigzag, narrow bands; abdomen medially with 2 pairs

of sigillae, anterior pair more prominent

--------------- decorata Tikader

- Body brown black, metallic, clothed with yellowish hairs leaving large area free, this

at the posterior half forming 2 broad transverse bands; sigillae absent

----------------- danieli Tikader

Rhene decorata Tikader, 1977

(Figs. 3A-E, 24 A & 26 D)

Rhene decorata Tikader, 1977, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 85(B): 276, f.

4-6 (♀).

Measurements (♀): CL - 1.43, CW - 1.47, AL - 2.16, AW - 1.39, TL - 3.59.

Interocular distance: AME – AME= 0.33, ALE – AME= 0.29, ALE – ALE= 0.86, PME –

PME= 0.94, PLE – PME= 0.53, PLE – PLE= 1.27, ALE – PLE= 0.73, AME – PME= 0.45

Legs: I 2.36 (0.80, 0.33, 0.53, 0.40, 0.30); II 1.83 (0.67, 0.23, 0.33, 0.33, 0.27); III 1.39 (0.53,

0.13, 0.20, 0.33, 0.20); IV 2.33 (0.77, 0.33, 0.50, 0.43, 0.30). Leg formula 1423.

Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 16 Mar. 2009, coll. T.

K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 8 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal (Tikader & Biswas 1981; Biswas &

Biswas 1992; Majumder 2005; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue

2016).

Rhene danieli Tikader, 1973

(Figs. 4A- F, 24 B & 26 E, F & G)

Rhene danieli Tikader, 1973, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 78(B): 71, f. 5-9

(♂).

Measurements (♂): CL - 2.12, CW - 2.45, AL - 2.53, AW - 2.04, TL - 4.65.



Legs: I 4.60 (1.70, 0.80, 1.00, 0.60, 0.50); II 2.80 (1.00, 0.40, 0.60, 0.40, 0.40); III 2.70 (0.90,

0.40, 0.60, 0.50, 0.30); IV 3.60 (1.20, 0.50, 0.90, 0.60, 0.40). Leg formula 1423.


-8-

Material examined: 1♂, STE, 12 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂, KTE, 14 Jul. 2008, coll. T.

K. Roy; 2♂♂, KTE, 31 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂, NTE, 11 Sep. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali;

2♂♂, NTE, 9 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Maharashtra, West Bengal (Tikader & Biswas 1981; Biswas & Biswas

1992; Sebastian & Peter 2009; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue

2016).

Genus: Marpissa C. L. Koch, 1846

Marpissa C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 13: 56.

Type species: Araneus muscosus Clerck, 1757.


Marpissa decorata Tikader, 1974

(Figs. 5A- E, 24 C & 27 A)

Marpissa decorata Tikader, 1974, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 79(B): 206,

f. 4-6 (♀).




Legs: I 4.60 (1.50, 0.70, 1.40, 0.50, 0.50); II 4.30 (1.60, 0.60, 1.20, 0.50, 0.40); III 4.20 (1.50,

0.50, 1.20, 0.50, 0.50); IV 4.00 (0.80, 0.60, 1.30, 0.90, 0.40). Leg formula 1234.

Material examined: 1♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal (Tikader & Biswas 1981; Biswas &

Biswas 1992; Majumder 2005; Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Menemerus Simon, 1868

Menemerus Simon, 1868, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (4) 8: 663.

Type species: Attus semilimbatus Hahn, 1829.

Distribution: Ethiopian and Oriental (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell, 1887)

(Figs. 6A- E, 24 D & 27 B)


-9-

Tapinattus brevibulbis Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova

25: 372.

Menemerus brevibulbis Simon, 1901, Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris, 2: 604.




Legs: I 5.10 (1.64, 1.00, 1.18, 0.73, 0.55); II 4.54 (1.45, 0.82, 1.09, 0.73, 0.45); III 4.83 (1.55,

0.55, 1.09, 1.00, 0.64); IV 6.28 (2.00, 0.73, 1.64, 1.18, 0.73). Leg formula 4132.

Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, MTE, 28 Aug. 2010, coll.

T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 9 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: West Bengal (New record); Djibouti, Senegal, Somalia, Yemen (Thorell

1887; Wesolowska 1999; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846

Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 13: 171.

Type species: Thiania pulcherrima C. L. Koch, 1846.

Distribution: Australian, Oriental and Palaearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue

2016).

Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, 1887

(Figs. 7A- E, 24 E & 27 C)

Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 25:

357, fig. (♀♂).




Legs: I 4.92 (1.57, 0.50, 1.14, 1.07, 0.64); II 3.79 (1.29, 0.50, 0.86, 0.64, 0.50); III 4.15 (1.36,

0.43, 1.00, 0.86, 0.50); IV 3.93 (1.00, 0.43, 1.00, 1.00, 0.50). Leg formula 1342.

Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 24 Aug. 2010, coll. T.

K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 18 Mar. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, NTE, 9 Oct. 2009, coll. D.

Raychaudhuri; 4♀♀, NTE, 9 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 20 Aug. 2010, coll. T.


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K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 5♀♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. D.

Raychaudhuri; 3♀♀, DTE, 23 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; China,

Indonesia, Krakatau, Malacca, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter

2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834

Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834, Deutschlands Insekten., Heft: 122-127.

Type species: Aranea frontalis Walckenaer, 1802.

Distribution: Throughout except Nearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802)

Aranea frontalis Walckenaer, 1802, Faune parisienne. Insectes. ou Histoire abrégée des

insectes de environs de Paris. Paris 2: 246, fig. (♀).

Euophrys frontalis C. L. Koch, 1834, Deutschlands Insekten., Heft: 123, pl. 1, f. 7-8.

Euophrys frontalis Dhali et al., 2014, Munis Entomology and Zoology 9(1): 144, f. 1-5, 11

(♀).

Material examined: 1♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: West Bengal; Afghanistan, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, China, Croatia,

Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran,

Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands,

Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sakhalin, Serbia, Slovakia, South Korea, Switzerland,

Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine (Dhali et al. 2014; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World

Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Siler Simon, 1889

Siler Simon, 1889, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 8: 250.

Type species: Siler cupreus Simon, 1889.

Distribution: Oriental and Palaearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Siler semiglaucus (Simon, 1901)

(Figs. 8A-E, 24 F & 27 D)


-11-

Cyllobelus semiglaucus Simon, 1901, Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris 2: 549, fig. 664

(♂).

Siler semiglaucus Prószyński, 1984, Wyższa Szkola Rolniczo-Pedagogiczna, Siedlcach 2: 137.




Legs: I 3.77 (1.37, 0.51, 0.69, 0.69, 0.51); II 3.15 (1.03, 0.46, 0.63, 0.63, 0.40); III 3.15 (1.03,

0.57, 0.69, 0.57, 0.29); IV 4.86 (1.60, 0.69, 1.14, 0.97, 0.46). Leg formula 412=3.

Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 29 Jan. 2010, coll. T.

K. Roy

Distribution: India: Kerala, West Bengal; China, Indonesia, Krakatau, Nepal, Philippines,

Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015;

Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Hasarius Simon, 1871

Hasarius Simon, 1871, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 1: 330.

Type species: Attus adansonii Audouin, 1826.


Hasarius sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin, 1826)

(Figs. 9A- E, 24 G & 27 E)

Attus adansonii Audouin, 1826, Histoire Naturelle 1(4): 404, pl. 7, f. 8 (♀♂).

Hasarius adansoni Simon, 1871, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 1: 330

(108).




Legs: I 6.09 (2.00, 1.00, 1.27, 1.27, 0.55); II 5.82 (2.00, 0.91, 1.18, 1.18, 0.55); III 5.73 (2.00,

0.91, 0.91, 1.27, 0.64); IV 6.63 (2.09, 1.09, 1.27, 1.36, 0.82). Leg formula 4123.

Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: West Bengal; Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Canary Islands, Cape Verde,

China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, French Polynesia,


-12-

Galapagos Islands, Gambia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hawaii, Hispaniola Island,

Hungary, Italy, Japan, Krakatau, Libya, Malaysia, Malta, Marocco, Marquesas Islands,

Marshall Islands, Mexico, Midway Atoll, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Palmyra Atoll,

Panama, Peru, Poland, Reunion, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Sri Lanka,

Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, USA, Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe

(Barrion & Litsinger 1995; Sebastian & Peter 2009; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World


Genus: Telamonia Thorell, 1887

Telamonia Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 25: 386.

Type species: Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887.


Key to species:

1. Only femur I dorsally decorated with spines; cephalothorax creamy white to light

brown; abdomen elongate, oval, with 2 longitudinal, mid dorsal, chocolate bands

------------- dimidiata (Simon)

- All legs dorsally decorated with spines; cephalothorax reddish brown; abdomen

slender, elongate, almost parallel sided, with 2 longitudinal mid dorsal chocolate

brown bands enclosing a band of thick white

------------------- festiva Thorell

Telamonia dimidiata (Simon, 1899)

(Figs. 10A- E, 24 H & 27 F)

Viciria dimidiata Simon, 1899, Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 43: 118.

Telamonia dimidiata Prószyński, 1984, Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 37: 428, fig. 29-32

(♂♀).




Legs: I 8.33 (2.11, 1.67, 2.22, 1.44, 0.89); II 7.45 (2.22, 1.56, 1.89, 1.11, 0.67); III 9.33 (3.22,

1.22, 1.89, 1.89, 1.11); IV 8.78 (3.00, 1.00, 2.11, 1.78, 0.89). Leg formula 3412.


-13-

Material examined: 1♀, STE, 12 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, STE, 2 Nov. 2010, coll. T.

K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 14 Jul. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀

(J), KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), KTE, 31 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀,

KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J), MTE, 8 Sep. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali; 5♀♀ (J),

MTE, 7 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 4♀♀, MTE, 14 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 28

Aug. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, NTE, 10 Sep. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, NTE, 18

Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 9 Oct. 2009, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀ (J), NTE, 30 Jan. 2010,

coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 9 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J), NTE, 20 Aug. 2010, coll. D.

Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), NATE, 22 Mar. 2009, coll.

T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), NATE, 1 Feb. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K.

Roy; 1♀, NATE, 22 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), BTE, 15 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy;

3♀♀ (J), BTE, 3 Feb. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, BTE, 21 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J),

BTE, 31 Oct. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 3♀♀, KUTE, 18 Ma. 2008, coll. S. Saha; 1♂ (J), DTE,

12 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J), DTE, 21 Mar. 2009, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀ (J),

DTE, 11 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Assam, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal; Bhutan, Indonesia,

Singapore, (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015;

World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887

(Figs. 11A- E, 24 I & 27 G)

Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 25:

386.

Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader, 1967, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 66(B):

120, f. 3a-b (♀).

Telamonia sikkimensis (Tikader) Logunov, 2004, Bulletin of the British Arachnological

Society 13: 75.

Material examined: 1♀, NTE, 19 Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy

Description: Female

CL - 3.60, CW - 3.26, AL - 5.26, AW - 2.11, TL - 9.03. Cephalothorax (Fig. 11A)

brown, elongate oval, anteriorly truncate, broadest at middle, cephalic region somewhat flat


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with ocular area yellowish brown, sides sloping, thoracic region posteriorly depressed with

distinct, median, reddish brown, longitudinal fovea, either side of which with broad, whitish,

downward and outwardly directed yellow band, immediately behind the posterolateral eye

row, radii distinct. Eyes 8, homogenous, transparent, basally ringed with black, arranged in 4

transverse rows, anteromedians (AME) forming the anterior row, occupying the frontal

region, 2nd

row or anterolaterals nearly 1/3 of AME, 3rd

row of eyes or posteromedians

smallest, widest, situated closer to ALE than PLE, 4th

row of eyes or posterolaterals nearly

equal to anterolaterals, ocular quad almost rectangular, formed by PME and PLE, eye

diameter AME> ALE ≥ PLE > PME. Interocular distances: AME – AME= 0.80, ALE –

AME= 0.63, ALE – ALE= 1.77, PME – PME= 1.60, PLE – PME= 0.66, PLE – PLE= 1.74,

ALE – PLE= 1.20, AME – PME= 1.03. Clypeus narrow, nearly equal to the diameter of ALE,

clothed with long, white hairs. Chelicerae (Fig. 11B) yellow brown, moderately long, stout,

more or less parallel, promargin with 2 and retromargin with 1 teeth; fang brown, curved,

sharp and stout. Labium (Fig. 11C) yellowish, longer than wide, constricted sub basally,

apically truncate and scopulate. Maxillae (Fig. 11C) elongate, basally brown, outer margin

concave, inner margin weakly so, apically yellowish, round, bulged and scopulate with brown

hairs. Sternum (Fig. 11C) yellow brown, margin darker, slightly indented at each coxae,

longer than wide, clothed with long, pale brown hairs, apically weakly concave, tip round.

Legs yellow brown, moderately long, stout, clothed with brownish black hairs and spines,

tarsal claw 2 with claw tufts, each with 7 pectinations. Leg measurements: I 6.85 (2.00, 0.97,

1.71, 1.31, 0.86); II 6.28 (1.94, 0.91, 1.37, 1.26, 0.80); III 7.14 (2.11, 0.97, 1.83, 1.43, 0.80);

IV 7.20 (1.43, 0.86, 2.34, 1.77, 0.80). Leg formula 4312.

Abdomen (Fig. 11A) yellow brown, long, parallel sided, anteriorly truncate, margined

with long, brown, erect hairs, cardiac spot white, antero-laterally with a pair of distinct

yellowish sigillae. Dorsum decorated with a pair of more or less parallel brown black band,

anal tubercle distinct, triangular. Venter yellow, with irregular grey black patch extending

from epigastric furrow to almost near tip, spinnerets yellow brown, covered with brown hairs,

posterior pair distinctly longer than anterior.

Epigynum - Internal genitalia (Figs. 11D & E): Epigyne sclerotised, a convex shield,

depressed anteriorly with parallel longitudinal lines evident medially, spermathecae heavily


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sclerotised; copulatory openings medial; fertilization duct long, heavily coiled, divergent

apically.

Distribution: India: West Bengal; Celebes, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New

Guinea, Singapore, Vietnam (Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue

2016).

Remarks: Wanless (1980) questioned on the status of Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader

primarily relying on unidentate nature of retromarginal teeth of chelicerae. Logunov later in

2004 assigned the species to Telamonia (Thorell) basing on the total length (8 mm),

characteristic v shaped colour pattern on the abdominal dorsum, other than the number of

cheliceral teeth. He further believed the limit of Lyssomanes in the palaearctic only. They

however had to depend on the illustrations of Tikader (1967).

Present species appears to be a replica of Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader other than

the internal genitalia (illustration not available in Tikader 1967). Intense study on the species

leads to conclude that the species is Telamonia festiva Thorell [Metzner 2015]. Lyssomanes

sikkimensis Tikader is therefore proposed as the junior synonym of Telamonia festiva Thorell.

Genus: Evarcha Simon, 1902

Evarcha Simon, 1902, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 71: 389-421.

Type species: Araneus falcatus Clerck, 1757.

Distribution: Throughout except Neotropical (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Evarcha flavocinta (C. L. Koch, 1846)

Maevia flavocincta C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden: 74, fig. 1330 (♀).

Evarcha flavocincta Zabka, 1985, Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 39: 224, fig. 187-196 (♀).

Evarcha flavocincta Roy et al., 2014, Munis Entomology and Zoology 9(1): 380, fig. 1-6 (♀).

Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 24 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 12 Oct. 2009, coll. T.

K. Roy.

Distribution: India: West Bengal; Bintan Island, China, Indonesia, Japan, Lombok, Malaysia,

Singapore, Vietnam (Roy et al. 2014; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider

Catalogue 2016).


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Genus: Hyllus C. L. Koch, 1846

Hyllus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 13: 161.

Type species: Hyllus giganteus C. L. Koch, 1846.

Distribution: Throughout except Nearctic and Neotropical (Metzner 2015; World Spider

Catalogue 2016).

Hyllus semicupreus (Simon, 1885)

(Figs. 12A- E, 25 A & 27 H)

Thyene semicuprea Simon, 1885, Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 10: 4, 29, pl.

10, f. 1 (♂♀).

Hyllus semicupreus Prószyński, 1990, Wyższa Szkola Rolniczo-Pedagogiczna W Siedlcach:

177.




Legs: I 6.69 (2.23, 1.09, 1.49, 0.97, 0.91); II 5.60 (1.77, 0.97, 1.20, 0.86, 0.80); III 6.52 (2.40,

1.03, 1.09, 1.20, 0.80); IV 7.54 (2.57, 1.26, 1.54, 1.26, 0.91). Leg formula 4132.

Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, KTE, 31 Jan. 2010, coll. T.

K. Roy; 2♀♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J), MTE, 8 Sep. 2008, coll. D. C.

Dhali; 1♀, NTE, 18 Mar. 2009, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, NTE, 30 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K.

Roy; 1♀, NTE, 8 Apr. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, NATE, 22 Aug. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3♀♀,

BTE, 3 Feb. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀ (J), DTE, 11 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Assam, West Bengal; Sri Lanka (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al.

2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846

Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 13: 107.

Type species: Attus paykullii Audouin, 1826.


Plexippus paykullii (Audouin, 1826)

(Figs. 13A- E, 25 B & 27 I)


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Attus paykullii Audouin, 1826, Histoire Naturelle 1(4): 409, pl. 7, f. 22 (♂).

Plexippus paykulli Peckham & Peckham, 1886, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of

Sciences, Arts and Letters 6: 296.




Legs: I 5.00 (1.60, 0.87, 1.20, 0.80, 0.53); II 4.54 (1.60, 0.80, 1.07, 0.67, 0.40); III 4.74 (1.67,

0.80, 1.00, 0.67, 0.60); IV 5.60 (1.73, 0.87, 1.27, 1.13, 0.60). Leg formula 4132.

Material examined: 1♀, STE, 12 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 14 Jul. 2008, coll. T.

K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂ (J), KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1

♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, MTE, 7 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE,

28 Jan. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 3♀♀, MTE, 14 Apr. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, NTE, 16 Jul.

2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 11 Sep. 2008, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, NTE, 18 Mar.

2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NATE, 16 Ma. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 3♀♀, NATE, 21 Mar. 2009,

coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, BTE, 21 Aug. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali;1♀ (J), KUTE, 23 Jul. 2008, coll.

T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), DTE, 11 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Manipur, West Bengal; Afghanistan,

Algeria, American Samoa, Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Canary Islands, Celebes, China, Costa

Rica, Crete, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Galapagos Islands,

Gambia, Greece, Hawaii, Hispaniola Island, Indochina, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kenya,

Krakatau, Lao, Libya, Malaysia, Malta, Marquesas Islands, Marshall Islands, Nepal, New

Hebrides, Palmyra Atoll, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Saudi Arabia,

Senegal, Singapore, Society Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan,

Tonga, Trinidad, Tuamotu Islands, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, USA, Venezuela,

Vietnam, Yemen (Tikader & Biswas 1981; Biswas & Biswas 1992, 2004, 2006; Barrion &

Litsinger 1995; Majumder 2005, 2007; Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner

2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).


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Genus: Carrhotus Thorell, 1891

Carrhotus Thorell, 1891, Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar

24(2): 1-149.

Type species: Plexippus viduus C. L. Koch, 1846.

Distribution: Ethiopian, Oriental and Palaearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue

2016).

Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch, 1846)

(Figs. 14A- E, 25 C & 27 J)

Plexippus viduus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden: 104, f. 1166 (♂).

Carrhotus viduus Thorell, 1891, Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens

Handlingar 24(2): 142.




Legs: I 4.80 (1.40, 0.90, 1.25, 0.75, 0.50); II 4.45 (1.40, 0.80, 1.00, 0.80, 0.45); III 4.15 (1.40,

0.75, 1.15, 0.50, 0.35); IV 4.65 (1.00, 0.70, 1.25, 1.05, 0.65). Leg formula 1423.

Material examined: 1♀, MTE, 28 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 29 Jan. 2010, coll. T.

K. Roy

Distribution: India: Assam, West Bengal (New record); Bintan Island, China, Indonesia,

Malacca, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Penang Island, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sumbawa

(Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Phintella Strand in Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Phintella Strand in Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen

Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 30: 331.

Type species: Telamonia bifurcilinea Bösenberg & Strand, 1906.


Catalogue 2016).

Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch, 1846)

(Figs. 15A- E, 25 D & 27 K)

Plexippus vittatus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden: 125, f. 1185 (j).


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Phintella vittata Zabka, 1985, Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 39: 429, f. 435-441, 453.




Legs: I 2.54 (0.80, 0.27, 0.60, 0.40, 0.47); II 2.40 (0.80, 0.33, 0.47, 0.40, 0.40); III 2.54 (0.80,

0.20, 0.60, 0.47, 0.47); IV 2.80 (0.80, 0.20, 0.73, 0.60, 0.47). Leg formula 41=32.

Material examined: 1♀, STE, 12 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, STE, 26 Aug. 2010, coll. T.

K. Roy; 1♀, STE, 2 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂(J), KTE, 14 Jul. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy;

1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 16♀♀, KTE, 14 Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀,

KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 3

Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 4♀♀, MTE, 16 Jul. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 7 Oct. 2009,

coll. T. K. Roy; 5♀♀, MTE, 14 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 28 Aug. 2010, coll. S.

Saha; 1♀, NTE, 16 Jul. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, NTE, 18 Mar. 2009, coll. D.

Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀, NTE, 9 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 30 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K.

Roy; 5♀♀, NTE, 19 Aug. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy;

5♀♀, NATE, 22 Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 6♀♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀,

BTE, 22 Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, BTE, 31 Oct. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 3♀♀, KUTE,

18 Ma. 2008, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀ (J), DTE, 11 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, DTE, 7 Apr.

2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Nicobar Islands, West Bengal; China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Penang Island,

Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010;

Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Epocilla Thorell, 1887

Epocilla Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 25: 378.

Type species: Epocilla praetextata Thorell, 1887.


Catalogue 2016).

Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon, 1885)

(Figs. 16A- E, 25 E & 27 L)


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Opistoncus aurantiacus Simon, 1885, Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 10: 30.

Epocilla aurantiaca Simon, 1901, Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris 2: 555.




Legs: I 4.23 (1.31, 0.57, 1.09, 0.80, 0.46); II 3.60 (1.14, 0.40, 0.80, 0.80, 0.46); III 4.28 (1.54,

0.63, 0.91, 0.74, 0.46); IV 4.85 (1.66, 0.51, 0.91, 1.31, 0.46). Leg formula 4312.

Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 16 Mar. 2009, coll. T.

K. Roy; 3♀♀, NTE, 29 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. D.

Raychaudhuri; 1♀, BTE, 11 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. S.

Saha

Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, West Bengal (New record); Malacca, Malaysia, Myanmar,

Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider

Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985

Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985, Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 39: 209

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax oval, moderately high, atmost 1/3 longer than wide, sloping

posteriorly and on the sides from caput, occupying nearly half of its area. Eyes in 4 transverse

rows, each with 2, 1st

row of eyes close together, occupying the entire face, 2-3 times larger

than the next, 2nd

situated just behind, 3rd

row with 2 very small eyes, close to 2nd

, little wider

than the last, 4th

row of eyes nearly as large as the 2nd

; ocular quad formed by 2nd

and 4th

rows,

as long as wide or 1/4 to 1/2 wider. Sternum somewhat heart shaped. Coxae separate by width

of labium and part or all of maxillae. Maxillae enlarged at extremity. Labium as long as or

little longer than wide. Abdomen long, slender, tapering; spinnerets short. Legs usually long

and slender, 4th

with long and fine spines on femora, tibia, metatarsus and patella.

Type species: Cheliceroides longipalpis Zabka, 1985.

Distribution: Oriental (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov.

(Figs. 17A- F, 25 F & 27 M, N & O)


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Differential diagnosis: The male differs from other species of the monotypic genus

Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985 by a small palp and retromargin with two teeth, one located near

the base of fang and other almost at the middle.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from small palp.

Material examined: Holotype: 1♂, KTE, 7 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy

Paratype: 1♂, KTE, 7 Oct. 2009, coll. D. Raychaudhuri

Type Deposition: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre,

Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur, Kolkata – 700103, registration

no: RKMVUE 0042- 15

Description: Male (Holotype)


round, robust, brown, clothed with dark brown and white hairs, margins encircled with 2

overlapping rims, gradually broadened posteriorly, outer one black brown and inner white,

cephalic region moderately high, thoracic region posteriorly depressed with distinct, short,

black, longitudinal fovea, few small white hairs beset in front of it, radii faintly marked. Eyes

8, homogenous, transparent, basally ringed with black, with white hairs in between anterior

eyes, arranged in 3 transverse rows, anterior recurved, ocular quad trapezoid, a little wider

behind, formed by posteromedian (PME) and posterolateral (PLE) eyes, anteromedians

(AME) largest, anterolaterals (ALE) half the diameter of AME, set on tubercles, 2nd

row of

eyes or posteromedians (PME) smallest, set on tubercles, slightly inward to lateral margins of

ocular quad, situated almost at the centre of anterolaterals (ALE) and posterolaterals (PLE),

PLE = ALE, on tubercles, eye diameter AME > ALE ≥ PLE > PME. Interocular distance:

AME – AME= 0.67, ALE – AME= 0.58, ALE – ALE= 1.70, PME – PME= 1.72, PLE –

PME= 0.47, PLE – PLE= 1.72, ALE – PLE= 1.00, AME – PME= 0.95. Clypeus narrow,

brown black, clothed with white hairs. Chelicerae (Fig. 17B) long, stout, robust, dorsally

black, ventrally brown, distally divergent, promargin with 8 teeth, 1 close to the base of fang,

rest at the base of chelicerae, retromargin with 2 teeth, 1 located near the base of fang and the

other almost at the middle, fang long, stout, wavy, strongly curved near acute apex, basally

with a black prominence, apical ¼ th red brown, rest brown black. Labium (Fig. 17C) dark

brown, long, basally broad, apically narrowing and truncate. Maxillae (Fig. 17C) elongate,


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basally dark brown, apically red brown to off white, scopulate, outer margins concave.

Sternum (Fig. 17C) red brown, elongate, anterior margin nearly straight, clothed with fine,

brown hairs. Legs long, strong, yellowish excepting dark brown femur I-III and metatarsi I-

II, usually clothed with hairs and spines, tarsal claw 2, with claw tufts, claw pectinate

throughout. Leg measurements: I 8.88 (2.44, 1.11, 2.33, 2.11, 0.89); II 7.45 (2.33, 1.00, 1.78,

1.56, 0.78); III 6.68 (2.00, 0.78, 1.56, 1.56, 0.78); IV 6.56 (2.33, 0.56, 1.33, 1.67, 0.67). Leg

formula 1234.

Abdomen (Fig. 17A) elongate, yellow brown, midlongitudinally with a pale yellow

band clothed with white and brown, long, erect spiny hairs, marginally with broad, pale

brown band tinged with red leaving the apex . Dorsum decorated with 2 pairs of black spots in

the posterior half and 2 pairs of distinct yellowish sigillae near middle. Venter yellow brown,

medially with a broad, dark brown band, spotted with 2 white longitudinal lines, clothed with

dark brown hairs extending from epigastric furrow to the base of blackish yellow spinnerets.

Palp (Figs. 17D - F): Small, genital bulb within the rounded cymbium, RTA comparatively

short, basally broad, apically narrowed, embolus coiled, apically sharply pointed, bulbous

pocket dictinct, distal haematodocha tubular.

Distribution: India: West Bengal. The species is so far known from the type locality.

Remarks: Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov. resembles the monotypic species Cheliceroides

longipalpis Zabka, 1985 but can be separated by i) chelicerae long, distally divergent, with 8

promarginal teeth, 1 close to base of fang, rest at its base and with 2 retromarginal teeth, 1

located near base of fang and the other almost at the middle (chelicerae not so long and

divergent distally, each marginal teeth 2, promarginals small, distal to base of fang, of the

retromarginals larger one located near base of fang in C. longipalpis); ii) cephalothorax round,

margins encircled with 2 overlapping rims (cephalothorax subrectangular, margins darker in

C. longipalpis); iii) abdomen long, medially wide, narrowed at both ends, dorsum with 2 pairs

of black spots in the posterior half and 2 pairs of distinct yellowish sigillae near middle

(abdomen oval, narrowed posteriorly, dorsum with a midlongitudinal stripe in the middle

enclosing 5 sigillae, 2 semi lunar, transverse bands, anterior one continuous and posterior one

discontinuous in C. longipalpis); iv) tibial apophysis short, peg like; embolus thread-like and


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spiral (tibial apophyses long, sharp and embolus long, incurved in C. longipalpis Zabka) .

Such differences appear to justify the erection of a new species.

Genus: Brettus Thorell, 1895

Brettus Thorell, 1895, Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma, London. : 355.

Type species: Brettus cingulatus Thorell, 1895.


Brettus albolimbatus Simon, 1900

(Figs. 18A- E, 25 G & 27 P)

Brettus albolimbatus Simon, 1900, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 69: 31.



PME= 0.83, PLE – PME= 0.49, PLE – PLE= 0.94, ALE – PLE= 0.75, AME – PME= 0.53.

Legs: I 5.82 (1.82, 0.55, 1.45, 1.27, 0.73); II 4.45 (1.64, 0.36, 1.18, 0.82, 0.45); III 4.55 (1.55,

0.36, 1.09, 1.00, 0.55); IV 5.73 (1.27, 0.45, 1.73, 1.64, 0.64). Leg formula 1432.

Material examined: 1♀, NATE, 13 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; Celebes, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka

(Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider

Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Asemonea O. P.-Cambridge, 1869

Asemonea O. P.-Cambridge, 1869, Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 10:

373-397.

Type species: Lyssomanes tenuipes O. P.-Cambridge, 1869.


Catalogue 2016).

Asemonea tenuipes (O. P.-Cambridge, 1869)

(Figs. 19A- E, 25 H & 27 Q)

Lyssomanes tenuipes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869, Annals and Magazine of Natural History

(4) 3: 65, pl. 5, f. 50-52 (♂).


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Asemonea tenuipes Peckham & Peckham, 1886, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of

Sciences, Arts and Letters 6: 340.




Legs: I 5.79 (1.79, 0.43, 1.57, 1.50, 0.50); II 5.01 (1.57, 0.36, 1.29, 1.29, 0.50); III 5.36 (1.50,

0.36, 1.43, 1.50, 0.57); IV 6.29 (1.79, 0.36, 1.43, 2.07, 0.64). Leg formula 4132.

Material examined: 1♀, NTE, 16 Jul. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T.

K. Roy

Distribution: India: Andaman Islands, West Bengal; Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka,

Thailand (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World


Genus: Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839

Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839, Annals of Natural History 2: 10.

Type species: Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839.


Key to species:

1. Typical ant like spider; abdomen oval, weakly constricted in female

----------- melanocephala MacLeay

- Atypical ant like; abdomen deeply constricted, apparently bilobed; chelicerae robust,

dumble shaped, as long as cephalothorax (male)

--------plataleoides O. P.-Cambridge

Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839

(Figs. 20A- F, 25 I & 27 R)

Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839, Annals of Natural History 2: 10. (♂).




Legs: I 4.66 (1.63, 0.42, 1.21, 0.93, 0.47); II 3.56 (1.26, 0.51, 1.00, 0.51, 0.28); III 4.09 (1.26,

0.56, 1.11, 0.88, 0.28); IV 6.74 (2.14, 0.70, 1.95, 1.53, 0.42). Leg formula 4132.

http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/189



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Material examined: 1♀ (J), MTE, 28 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 19 Aug. 2010,

coll. S. Saha; 3♀♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Andaman Islands, Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; Pakistan (Tikader &

Biswas 1981; Biswas & Biswas 1992; Majumder 2005, 2007; Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali

et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-Cambridge, 1869)

(Figs. 21A- G, 26 A & 28 A, B & C)

Salticus plataleoides O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869, Annals and Magazine of Natural History

(4) 3: 68, pl. 6, f. 61-65 (♂).

Myrmarachne plataleoides Simon, 1901, Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris 2: 499, f.

586, 590-592 (♂).

Measurements (♂): CL - 2.46, CW - 1.21, AL - 2.46, AW - 1.04, TL - 5.58.



Legs: I 6.20 (2.10, 0.70, 1.80, 1.00, 0.60); II 4.50 (1.40, 0.50, 1.30, 0.90, 0.40); III 4.60 (1.40,

0.50, 1.10, 1.20, 0.40); IV 7.20 (2.30, 0.60, 2.00, 1.70, 0.60). Leg formula 4132.

Material examined: 1♂, NATE, 1 Feb. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂, KUTE, 27 Aug. 2010, coll.

T. K. Roy

Distribution: India: Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; China,

Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand (Biswas & Biswas 1992; Sebastian & Peter 2009;

Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Cocalus C. L. Koch, 1846

Cocalus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 1-234.

Diagnosis: Medium sized, moederately high, compact salticids, usually clothed with soft,

small hairs. Cephalothorax slightly longer than wide, elongate with low elevation in the centre

of posterior ocular quad. Abdomen conical. Palpal retrolateral apophysis with curious finger

like projection.

Type species: Cocalus concolor C. L. Koch, 1846.

Distribution: Australian and Oriental (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).


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Cocalus murinus Simon, 1899

(Figs. 22A- E, 26 B & 28 D)

Cocalus murinus Simon, 1899, Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 43: 102.

Material examined: 1♀, NATE, 11 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Description: Female


brown, elongate, oval, moderately high, clothed with brown hairs with sides sloping, cephalic

region elevated, thoracic region posteriorly depressed with moderate longitudinal fovea

immediately behind the posterolateral eye row. Eyes 8, homogenous, transparent, basally

ringed with black and clothed with thick hairs, arranged in 3, transverse rows, with anterior

row recurved as viewed dorsally, ocular quad trapezoid, a little wider behind, formed by PME

and PLE, a small tubercle at its centre, anteromedians (AME) largest, anterolaterals (ALE)

half the diameter of anteromedians (AME), posteromedians (PME) or 2nd

row of eyes

smallest, set on small tubercles, slightly inward to lateral margins of ocular quad, situated

almost at the centre of anterolaterals (ALE) and posterolaterals (PLE), posterolaterals (PLE)

equal to anterolaterals (ALE), situated on tubercles, eye diameter AME> ALE ≥ PLE > PME.


PME= 1.79, PLE – PME= 0.71, PLE – PLE= 2.00, ALE – PLE= 1.29, AME – PME= 1.00.

Clypeus narrow, equal to the diameter of anterolateral eyes, usually clothed with brown hairs.

Chelicerae (Fig. 22B) reddish brown, more or less parallel, elongate, promargin with 3 and

retromargin with 4 comparatively small teeth. Labium (Fig. 22C) basally wide, brown,

medially swollen, apically pale, scopulate. Maxillae (Fig. 22C) yellowish brown, elongate,

outer margin concave, anteriorly pale yellowish, scopulate. Sternum (Fig. 22C) yellow brown,

elongate, margins with long dark brown hairs and rest with fine pale brown ones. Legs

moderately long, pale yellowish, clothed with hairs and spines, tarsal claw 2, with claw tufts,

pectinate throughout excepting at apex. leg measurements: I 7.21 (2.21, 1.07, 1.86, 1.21,

0.86); II 6.49 (2.00, 0.93, 1.64, 1.21, 0.71); III 6.00 (1.86, 0.93, 1.36, 1.14, 0.71); IV 8.43

(2.21, 1.07, 1.93, 2.43, 0.79). Leg formula 4123.

Abdomen (Fig. 22A) long, brown, medially paler, basally more so, clothed with long,

white hairs and fine, pale brown ones. Venter brown, marginally with a broad, longitudinal,


-27-

white band accommodating largely with white, long and few brown hairs, medially with 4

rows of white spots running from epigastric furrow to spinnerets, spinnerets brown, clothed

with hairs, posterior with 2 equal segments.

Epigynum – Internal genitalia (Figs. 22D & E): Epigynum sub rectangular, chocolate brown,

anteriorly clothed with small dark brown hairs, orifice indistinct, evidently plugged,

spermatheca reniform, compact, fertilization duct short, downward.

Distribution: India (New record): West Bengal; Indonesia, Singapore (Wanless 1981b;

Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Genus: Phaeacius Simon, 1900

Phaeacius Simon, 1900, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 69: 32.

Type species: Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900.

Distribution: Oriental and Palaearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).

Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900

(Figs. 23A- E, 26 C & 28 E)

Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 69: 32.

Material examined: 1♀, KUTE, 11 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy

Description: Female

CL - 4.64, CW - 3.86, AL - 6.14, AW - 3.07, TL - 10.79. Cephalothorax (Fig. 23A) brown,

oval, longer than wide, clothed with fine white and brown hairs, thoracic region somewhat

flat, weakly concave, in front of distinct, long, brown, mid longitudinal fovea, with gradually

slopping sides and distinct radii. Eyes 8, homogenous, transparent, basally ringed with black,

arranged in 3 transverse rows, anterior row recurved as viewed dorsally, with white hairs

between eyes, ocular quad trapezoid, a little wider behind, formed by posteromedian (PME)

and posterolateral (PLE) eyes, anteromedians (AME) largest, anterolaterals (ALE) almost half

the diameter of AME, 2nd

row of eyes or PME smallest, set on tubercles, slightly inward to

lateral margin of ocular quad, situated closer to ALE than PLE, PLE = ALE, set on tubercles,

eye diameter AME> ALE≥ PLE> PME. Interocular distances: AME – AME= 0.68, ALE –

AME= 0.61, ALE – ALE= 1.82, PME – PME= 1.64, PLE – PME= 0.79, PLE – PLE= 1.79,

ALE – PLE= 1.36, AME – PME= 0.93. Clypeus narrow, margins with white, long hairs,


-28-

clypeal angles obtuse, weakly produced. Chelicerae (Fig. 23B) long, brown, roughly

cylindrical, margins with long, pale brown hairs, promargin with 3 teeth, 1 close to the base of

fang, rest 2 slightly lower, retromargin with 4 equidistantly placed teeth, fang stout, stumpy,

curved, basally dark brown, apically paler. Labium (Fig. 23C) brown, longer than wide,

constricted sub-basally, apically off white, truncate and scopulate. Maxillae (Fig. 23C)

elongate, brown, anteriorly weakly bulged, pale brown, scopulate, outer margin concave,

inner one yellow brown. Sternum (Fig. 23C) yellow, longer than wide, covered with long pale

brown hairs, outer margin thin, dark, slightly indented at coxae III & IV, apical margins

nearly straight, tip round. Legs long, slender, dorsally brown, banded, clothed with brownish

hairs and spines, ventrally yellowish, tarsal claw 2, with claw tufts, claws pectinated. leg

measurements: I 10.34 (3.11, 1.22, 2.67, 2.56, 0.78); II 10.56 (3.11, 1.22, 2.78, 2.56, 0.89); III

10.00 (2.89, 1.22, 2.56, 2.33, 1.00); IV 11.00 (2.89, 1.22, 3.00, 2.78, 1.11). Leg formula 4213.

Abdomen (Fig. 23A) pale yellow, longer than wide, elongate oval, anteriorly truncate,

marginally brown, clothed with both brown and white hairs. Dorsum grey, decorated with 2

pairs of distinct, yellowish sigillae, 2nd

pair large, deeply grooved, both pairs marked by

brown hairs. Venter yellowish, medially spotted with 4 longitudinal lines, running from

epigastric furrow to spinnerets, clothed with pale brown and lateral white hairs. Spinnerets

pale brown, clothed with brownish hairs, posterior pair laterally extended.

Epigynum – Internal genitalia (Figs. 23D & E): Epigynum reddish brown, roughly triangular,

spermatheca elongate oval, fertilization duct short, straight, mid basally attached to

spermatheca, copulatory duct long, outwardly curved, terminally coiled.

Distribution: India (New record): West Bengal; Indonesia, Nepal (Wanless 1981a; Metzner

2015; Prószyński 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).


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4. CONCLUSIONS

In tea ecosystem, diversity of the salticids is second highest. They are dominant during

post monsoon, though a state of equilibrium is maintained throughout the year. Salticids,

visually based stalking attackers, are frequent in tea trunk, both sides of leaves, fencing trees

and shade trees. They are diurnal, typical non-weavers but make silken retreats in the form of

a tube or sac fastened to various substrata to moult, sometimes to mate, lay eggs or take night

shelter. Dominant species are Hyllus semicupreus Simon, Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch),

Plexippus paykullii (Audouin), Telamonia dimidiata (Simon) and Thiania bhamoensis

Thorell. Species like Myrmarachne spp. gain some protection from predators through their

resemblance with aggressive or unpalatable ants.

Analysis of zoogeographical distribution reveals that except Euophrys frontalis

(Walckenaer), Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell) and Plexippus paykullii (Audouin); the

species are exclusively Oriental.

Number of recorded salticids from the study area shows that their diversity is maximum

in Nepuchapur T. E. and minimum in Bhogotpore T. E.. Based on species diversity, the

decreasing order of the tea estates are NTE (73.9%) > KTE (52.2%) > NATE (47.8%) > MTE

(39.1%) > KUTE (26%) > STE (21.7%) > DTE (21.7%) > BTE (17.4%). Our discussion with

the respective garden managers leads to infer ‘tea estates experiencing less pesticides harbour

higher spider heterogeneity’.

Table 1. Summary

TAXA

DISTRIBUTION

TEA ESTATES

SEASONAL S

T

E

K

T

E

M

T

E

N

T

E

N

A

T

E

B

T

E

K

U

T

E

D

T

E

Family: Salticidae

1. Rhene decorata Tikader ▲ - + + + - - - - PrM

2. Rhene danieli Tikader ▲ + + - + - - - - PrM, M, PsM

3. Marpissa decorata Tikader ▲ - - - + - - - - PsM

4. Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell) Ψ - + + + + - - - PrM, M

5. Thiania bhamoensis Thorell - + - + + - - + PrM, M, PsM

6. Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer) - - - + - - - - PsM


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7. Siler semiglaucus (Simon) - + - + - - - - M, PsM

8. Hasarius sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin)

- + - - - - - - PsM

9. Telamonia dimidiata (Simon) + + + + + + + + PrM, M, PsM

10. Telamonia festiva Thorell ♦ - - - + - - - - PrM

11. Evarcha flavocinta (C. L. Koch) + - - + - - - - M, PsM

12. Hyllus semicupreus (Simon) - + + + + - + + PrM, M, PsM

13. Plexippus paykullii (Audouin) + + + + + + + + PrM, M, PsM

14. Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch) Ψ - - + + - - - - PsM

15. Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch) + + + + + + + + PrM, M, PsM

16. Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon) Ψ - + + + + + - - PrM, M, PsM

17. Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov. * - + - - - - - - PsM

18. Brettus albolimbatus Simon - - - - + - - - PsM

19. Asemonia tenuipes (O. P.-

Cambridge) - - - + - - - - M, PsM

20. Myrmarachne melanocephala

MacLeay - - + + + - - - PrM, M

21. Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-

Cambridge) - - - - + - + - M, PsM

22. Cocalus murinus Simon Ф - - - - + - - - PrM

23. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon Ф - - - - - - + - PrM

Acknowledgements

We thank National Tea Research Foundation, C/o-Tea Board [17(177)/2008 dt.27.3.2008] and MOEF & CC,

GOI, (AICOPTAX) [22018/02/2010-CS (Tax) dt. 28.7.2014] for sponsoring the study and the officials of the

concerned Tea Estate, Dept. of Forest, Govt. of West Bengal, The Head, Dept. of Zoology, University of

Calcutta and The Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur for

necessary support.



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[51] S. C. Majumder, 2007. Pictorial handbook on spiders of Sunderbans, West Bengal.

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( Received 03 June 2016; accepted 22 July 2016 )


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CAPTIONS OF TABLE AND FIGURES

Table 1. Summary

Fig. 1. Tea Ecosystem A. Nursery, B. Rehabilitation Crop, C. Saplings, D. Young Tea, E.

Mature Tea, F. Plucking, G. winter, H. pruning

Fig. 2. Study Area.

Fig. 3. Rhene decorata Tikader, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera, ventral

view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Epigynum, ventral view. E. Internal

genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm, B – E = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 4. Rhene danieli Tikader, male. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera, ventral

view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Left male palp, prolateral view. E.

Left male palp, ventral view. F. Left male palp, retrolateral view Scale bar: A – F = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5. Marpissa decorata Tikader, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,

ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Epigynum, ventral view. E.

Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B – C = 0.5 mm, D – E = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 6. Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.

Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Epigynum,

ventral view. E. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B – C = 0.5 mm, D – E

= 0.25 mm.

Fig. 7. Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm, B – C = 0.25 mm, D – E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 8. Siler semiglaucus (Simon), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm, B = 0.25 mm, C= 0.5 mm, D – E =

0.25 mm.

Fig. 9. Hasarius sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin, 1826), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view.

B. Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Epigynum,

ventral view. E. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B – C = 0.5 mm, D – E

= 0.25 mm.

Fig. 10. Telamonia dimidiata (Simon), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B - E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 11. Telamonia festiva Thorell, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A – C = 0.5 mm, D - E = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 12. Hyllus semicupreus (Simon), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B - E = 0.5 mm.


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Fig. 13. Plexippus paykullii (Audouin), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bar: A – E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 14. Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.


ventral view. E. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A – C = 0.5 mm, D – E = 0.25

mm.

Fig. 15. Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm, B – E = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 16. Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B = 0.25 mm, C= 0.5 mm, D – E =

0.25 mm.

Fig. 17. Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov., male. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.

Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Left male palp,

prolateral view. E. Left male palp, retrolateral view, F. Left male palp, retrolateral view. Scale

bar: A – F = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 18. Brettus albolimbatus Simon, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bar: A – E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 19. Asemonia tenuipes (O. P.-Cambridge), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.


ventral view. E. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B= 0.25 mm, C = 0.5

mm, D – E = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 20. Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.

Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Abdomen, lateral

view. E. Epigynum, ventral view. F. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B=

0.25 mm, C = 0.5 mm, D = 1 mm, E – F = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 21. Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-Cambridge), male. A. General habitus, dorsal view.

B. Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Abdomen,

lateral view. E. Right male palp, prolateral view. F. Right male palp, ventral view. G. Right

male palp, retrolateral view Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B – D = 0.5 mm, E – G = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 22. Cocalus murinus Simon, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B – E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 23. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,


Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B – E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 24. A. Rhene decorata Tikader female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm.

B. Rhene danieli Tikader, male, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. C. Marpissa



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decorata Tikader, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm. D. Menemerus

brevibulbis (Thorell), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm. E. Thiania

bhamoensis Thorell, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. F. Siler

semiglaucus (Simon), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. G. Hasarius

sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin, 1826), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm. H.

Telamonia dimidiata (Simon), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm. I.

Telamonia festiva Thorell, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 25. A. Hyllus semicupreus (Simon), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1

mm. B. Plexippus paykullii (Audouin), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5

mm. C. Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5

mm. D. Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm.

E. Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. F.

Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov., male, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. G.

Brettus albolimbatus Simon, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. H.

Asemonia tenuipes (O. P.-Cambridge), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5

mm. I. Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale

bar: 1 mm.

Fig. 26. A. Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-Cambridge), male, general habitus, dorsal view,

scale bar: 1 mm. B. Cocalus murinus Simon, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1

mm. C. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm.

D. Rhene decorata Tikader female, internal genitalia, dorsal view. scale bars: 0.25 mm. E, F

& G. Left male palp, prolateral view; Left male palp, ventral view & Left male palp,

retrolateral view respectively of Rhene danieli Tikader, male, scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 27. A. Marpissa decorata Tikader, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.25

mm. B. Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar:

0.25 mm. C. Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar:

0.5 mm. D. Siler semiglaucus (Simon), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.25

mm. E. Hasarius sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin, 1826), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view,

scale bar: 0.25 mm. F. Telamonia dimidiata (Simon), female., internal genitalia, dorsal view,

scale bar: 0.5 mm. G. Telamonia festiva Thorell, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale

bar: 0.25 mm. H. Hyllus semicupreus (Simon), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale

bar: 0.5 mm. I. Plexippus paykullii (Audouin), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale

bar: 0.5 mm. J. Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale

bar: 0.25 mm. K. Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale

bar: 0.25 mm. L. Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale

bar: 0.25 mm. M. N & O. Left male palp, prolateral view; Left male palp, retrolateral view;

Left male palp, retrolateral view respectively of Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov., male,

scale bar: 0.5 mm. P. Brettus albolimbatus Simon, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view,

scale bar: 0.5 mm. Q. Asemonia tenuipes (O. P.-Cambridge), female, internal genitalia, dorsal

view, scale bar: 0.25 mm. R. Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, female, internal

genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.25 mm.

Fig. 28. A, B & C. Right male palp, prolateral view; Right male palp, ventral view and Right

male palp, retrolateral view respectively of Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-Cambridge),

male, scale bar: 0.25 mm D. Cocalus murinus Simon, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view,




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scale bar: 0.5 mm. E. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view,

scale bar: 0.5 mm.


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a treatise on the jumping spiders (araneae: …...available online at wsn 53(1) (2016) 1-66 eissn...

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