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Slide 2 Slide 3 A top secret project to research and construct an atomic bomb. Involved many of the best scientists from around the world. Slide 4 -Scientific Leader of the Manhattan Project. -Project made up of top scientists and physicist from around the world. -Project known as best kept secret of WWII. J. Robert Oppenheimer Slide 5 Albert Einstein German born physicist Worked on Manhattan Project Urged President Truman to NOT use the bomb. Theory of Relativity is used to split atoms Slide 6 Elements of Uranium or Plutonium are shot into another block of the same element at high speed. The resulting collision causes the atoms to split and leads to a chain reaction. When each atom splits, energy and heat are produced. Slide 7 A Chain (fission) Reaction Slide 8 Nazi Germany surrendered unconditionally at 2:41 a.m., May 7, ending World War II in Europe. The Pacific war with Japan, who was Germany's ally, continued. Slide 9 Battles of Okinawa and Iwo Jima These battles proved that Japan was willing to fight to the death rather than surrender. At Okinawa, kamikaze planes sunk 50 American ships. At Iwo Jima only 216 of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers surrendered. Slide 10 The Invasion of Japan To finish off the war, it was determined that an invasion of Japan would be needed. This invasion was code-named Operation Downfall Slide 11 U. S. President Harry S. Truman, English Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin met in Potsdam, Germany between July 17 and August 2, 1945, to discuss strategies to end the war in the Pacific. -Drafted a declaration to be sent to the Japanese demanding unconditional surrender. Known as Potsdam Ultimatum -Prime Minister Suzuki announced to the world on July 28, 1945 that he would ignore the ultimatum. Slide 12 Interim Committee Formulates Policy April through June 1945 Interim Committee submitted its report to President Truman after agreeing unanimously: The bomb should be used against Japan as soon as possible. It should be used against a military target. It should be used without prior warning. Slide 13 Little Boy - first nuclear weapon used in warfare - exploded approximately 1,800 above Hiroshima -a force equal to 13,000 tons of TNT -Immediate deaths were between 70,000 to 130,000 -Little Boy was dropped from a B- 29 name Enola Gay after pilot Tibbetts mother. Slide 14 Little Boy Little Boy & Fat Man Slide 15 Loaded, the Enola Gay weighed 65 tons and carried 7,000 gallons of fuel and a four-ton bomb. After the bomb was dropped, Tibbets said: "Would I do it again? Give me conditions and circumstances similar to those that prevailed in 1945, and I would not hesitate. I feel that, at that point in time, it was the only thing to do. I am convinced that the use of the two weapons prevented an invasion that would have cost more Japanese lives than did the bombs, not to mention the American lives or the added billions of dollars that would have been expended." Slide 16 Slide 17 "A huge fireball formed in the sky. Together with the flash came the heat rays and blast, which instantly destroyed everything on earth, and those in the area fell unconscious and were crushed to death. Then they were blown up in the air and hurled back to the ground. The roaring flames burned those caught under the structures who were crying or groaning for help. Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 -Fat Man was the second nuclear weapon used in warfare -Dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945, 3 days after the Hiroshima bomb August 6, 1945 -approximately 45,000 immediate deaths -Major Charles W. Sweeney piloted the B-29, #77 that dropped Fat Man. Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 Slide 25 Comparison of Atom Bomb Attacks with other Bombing Raids Data from the US Strategic Bombing Survey, Japanese official counts, and U.S. government / military documents assessing the damage caused by these weapons. TargetHiroshimaNagasakiTokyo Fire Raid Average of 93 Attacks on Cities Dead/Missing70,000-80,00035,000-40,00083,0001,850 Wounded70,00040,000102,0001,830 Population Density35,000 per sq mile65,000 per sq mile130,000 per sq mile? Total Casualties140,000-150,00075,000-80,000185,0003,680 Area Destroyed4.7 sq mile1.8 sq mile15.8 sq mile1.8 sq mile Attacking Platform1 B-29 334 B-29sB-29s Weapon(s) 'Tall Boy' 15 kT (15,000 tons of TNT) 'Fat Man' 21 kT (21,000 tons of TNT) 1,667 tons1,129 tons Notes: Many of the wounded in the atom bomb attacks would die in the coming days, months and even years due to radiation exposure and burns. The terrain and spread-out nature of Nagasaki reduced destruction of life and property somewhat desipte Fat Man's greater destructive power. Slide 26 Slide 27 On these steps, a person was incinerated by the 1,000-2,000 degree flash of heat generated by the bomb. Up to about 10 years after the explosion, the shadow remained clearly on the stones, but exposure to rain and wind has been gradually blurring it. Slide 28 This boy had thermal burns on more than one-third of his body. He left the hospital after 3 years and 7 months. Slide 29 The photograph shows a soldier who was in a wooden house situated 1 kilometer from the hypocenter. However, when we follow his medical record, we learn more: August 18 --Hair falling out is noticed; August 19 --Bleeding from gum, and purplish hemorrhage starts to appear as in the photograph; August 30 --Is hospitalized, and on the 31st becomes feverish; September 1 --Tonsillitis occurs and with a sore throat he can not eat. Bleeding from gum does not stop, and hemorrhage multiplies on face and upper half of body: September 2 --Becomes unconsciousness and starts to talk in delirium. September 3 --Died at 9:30 p.m. Slide 30 This girl (11 years old) indoors 2 kilometers from the blast. Since she was indoors, she did not receive any burns, but about a week later, her hair started falling out. She suffered from loss of appetite, bleeding from the gum, and fever.