a thread in a fabric, by martha brummitt

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A Thread In A Fabric By: Martha Brummitt Most days, everything I wear is either knitted or woven, and so is the bedding I sleep on. With the exception of synthetic materials such as a “fleece jacket” (not to be confused with a “sheep’s fleece”), knitted and woven materials dominate fabric construction. Knitted fabrics, which includes most cotton shirts, socks, nylons, sweatshirts, pillow cases and bed sheets are made up of one continuous thread that starts with a loop pulled through a loop, pulled through a loop, and so on. If you pull the tail of the last loop, the knitted fabric effortlessly unravels*. Woven fabrics, i.e. most duvet covers, rugs, jeans, and plaid shirts, are made up of many threads over and underlapping each other at 90degree angles. Fold your hands with your elbows out like wings. Keeping your fingers interlaced and your elbow wings out, slowly straighten your elbows and your fingers will weave. Why does this all matter? Because clothing is the second most consumed human good (after food) 1 , and today it is the cheapest in price and quality of the garment in history. The textile industry – producers and consumers in the U.S. and abroad – treats clothing as a disposable good. Clothing manufacturers use cheap, international labor in order to produce and sell massive volumes of clothes. In 1990, 50% of the clothes bought in the U.S. were manufactured in the U.S., but now only 2% of what we wear is made in our country 2 . Cheap production costs drive retail prices down, allowing consumers to readily buy clothing and keep up with society’s fastchanging fashion trends. Clothing is so inexpensive that instead of mending or repurposing what we have, the new norm is to throw out the old and buy new. The average American owns over * If knitted fabrics unravel so easily then why does it not happen more often? First, the knitted fabric, say the cotton Tshirt, is sewn along the perimeter of the fabric securing the end of the thread. Second, when a hole appears it means a loop has fallen out of another loop. The loop at the site of the hole and each loop beneath it – like a ladder – will deloop when stretched, which is why nylons “run” up and down. 1 Cox, Stan. “Dress for Excess: The Cost of Our Clothing Addiction,” November 30, 2007, www.alternet.org.environment/69256. 2 Cline, Elizabeth L. Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion. New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2012. 5. Print.

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A post from Martha Brummitt as she processes raw wool from Merck Forest. We'll keep following her education and fun-to-read posts!

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Page 1: A Thread in a Fabric, By Martha Brummitt

A  Thread  In  A  Fabric    

By:  Martha  Brummitt      

      Most  days,  everything  I  wear  is  either  knitted  or  woven,  and  so  is  the  bedding  I  sleep  on.  With  the  exception  of  synthetic  materials  such  as  a  “fleece  jacket”  (not  to  be  confused  with  a  “sheep’s  fleece”),  knitted  and  woven  materials  dominate  fabric  construction.  Knitted  fabrics,  which  includes  most  cotton  shirts,  socks,  nylons,  sweatshirts,  pillow  cases  and  bed  sheets  are  made  up  of  one  continuous  thread  that  starts  with  a  loop  pulled  through  a  loop,  pulled  through  a  loop,  and  so  on.  If  you  pull  the  tail  of  the  last  loop,  the  knitted  fabric  effortlessly  unravels*.  Woven  fabrics,  i.e.  most  duvet  covers,  rugs,  jeans,  and  plaid  shirts,  are  made  up  of  many  threads  over-­‐  and  under-­‐lapping  each  other  at  90-­‐degree  angles.  Fold  your  hands  with  your  elbows  out  like  wings.  Keeping  your  fingers  interlaced  and  your  elbow  wings  out,  slowly  straighten  your  elbows  and  your  fingers  will  weave.       Why  does  this  all  matter?  Because  clothing  is  the  second  most  consumed  human  good  (after  food)1,  and  today  it  is  the  cheapest  in  price  and  quality  of  the  garment  in  history.  The  textile  industry  –  producers  and  consumers  in  the  U.S.  and  abroad  –  treats  clothing  as  a  disposable  good.  Clothing  manufacturers  use  cheap,  international  labor  in  order  to  produce  and  sell  massive  volumes  of  clothes.  In  1990,  50%  of  the  clothes  bought  in  the  U.S.  were  manufactured  in  the  U.S.,  but  now  only  2%  of  what  we  wear  is  made  in  our  country2.  Cheap  production  costs  drive  retail  prices  down,  allowing  consumers  to  readily  buy  clothing  and  keep  up  with  society’s  fast-­‐changing  fashion  trends.       Clothing  is  so  inexpensive  that  instead  of  mending  or  repurposing  what  we  have,  the  new  norm  is  to  throw  out  the  old  and  buy  new.  The  average  American  owns  over  

                                                                                                               *  If  knitted  fabrics  unravel  so  easily  then  why  does  it  not  happen  more  often?  First,  the  knitted  fabric,  say  the  cotton  T-­‐shirt,  is  sewn  along  the  perimeter  of  the  fabric  securing  the  end  of  the  thread.  Second,  when  a  hole  appears  it  means  a  loop  has  fallen  out  of  another  loop.  The  loop  at  the  site  of  the  hole  and  each  loop  beneath  it  –  like  a  ladder  –  will  de-­‐loop  when  stretched,  which  is  why  nylons  “run”  up  and  down.  1  Cox,  Stan.  “Dress  for  Excess:  The  Cost  of  Our  Clothing  Addiction,”  November  30,  2007,  www.alternet.org.environment/69256.  2  Cline,  Elizabeth  L.  Overdressed:  The  Shockingly  High  Cost  of  Cheap  Fashion.  New  York:  Portfolio/Penguin,  2012.  5.  Print.  

Page 2: A Thread in a Fabric, By Martha Brummitt

350  garments3  and  spends  less  on  her/his  wardrobe  relative  to  income  than  ever  before.  After  World  War  I,  the  average  American  household  expended  17%  of  its  annual  income  in  clothing4  whereas  where  as  that  fraction  fell  to  3%  in  20095.  Learning  more  about  the  clothes  we  wear  could  help  us  improve  the  economy,  the  livelihoods  of  the  people  who  make  our  clothes,  and  the  environment.    

      In  2012  I  showed  up  to  Merck  Forest  and  Farmland  Center  for  a  four-­‐month  internship.  My  knitting  projects  and  I  arrived  at  the  cozy  Lodge,  welcomed  by  a  fellow  intern  and  a  creaky  Ashford  Traditional  spinning  wheel.  I  jotted  down  goals  for  my  brief  time  at  Merck,  one  of  which  was:  “wool  production:  carding,  spinning,  shearing,  loom!”  with  an  arrow  directing  the  word  ‘shearing’  to  the  front  of  the  chronological  list.  I  knew  very  little  about  wool  and  the  production  process  of  this  vital,  natural  resource.       My  first  few  weekends  off  I  ventured  to  meet  local  fiber  artists  and  to  tour  fiber  farms  raising  alpaca,  sheep,  goats  or  rabbits.  When  I  told  people  this  they  usually  looked  confused.  A  few  times  I  was  asked,  “what  do  you  mean:  fiber  farms?  Celery?”         My  weekend  visits  and  newly  acquired  knowledge  energized  me,  so  I  went  into  production  washing,  picking,  carding,  and  spinning  raw  wool  into  yarn  from  the  MFFC  sheep.  My  lanolin-­‐covered  hands  picked  out  bits  of  hay,  burrs,  and  grass,  and  I  soaked  the  wool  in  hot,  soapy  water.  After  it  hung  to  dry  around  the  perimeter  of  the  Lodge,  I  passed  the  washed  wool  through  a  (hand-­‐cranked)  drum  carder,  which  aligns  the  fibers  in  similar  orientation  in  preparation  to  be  spun  into  yarn.  As  I  rhythmically  cycled  through  these  steps  on  repeat,  I  began  to  synthesize  the  existence  of  another  important  environmental,  economical,  and  social  movement.  It  is  called  the  slow  clothes  movement  and  it  parallels  the  modern  slow  food  movement.       Upon  leaving  MFFC  with  one  sheep’s  worth  of  wool  (about  11  pounds  dirty  or  7  pounds  clean)  and  with  a  great  deal  of  determination  to  process  it  all  into  garments,  I  continued  seeking  out  more  fiber  artists  and  farms.  I  discovered  and  volunteered  for  Fibershed,  a  movement  started  in  California  that  strengthens  local  economies  and  

                                                                                                               3  Cline,  Elizabeth  L.  Overdressed:  The  Shockingly  High  Cost  of  Cheap  Fashion.  New  York:  Portfolio/Penguin,  2012.  5.  Print.  4  Cline,  Elizabeth  L.  Overdressed:  The  Shockingly  High  Cost  of  Cheap  Fashion.  New  York:  Portfolio/Penguin,  2012.  20.  Print.  5  Cline,  Elizabeth  L.  Overdressed:  The  Shockingly  High  Cost  of  Cheap  Fashion.  New  York:  Portfolio/Penguin,  2012.  12.  Print.  

Page 3: A Thread in a Fabric, By Martha Brummitt

communities  by  supporting  production  of  fabric  whose  fibers,  dyes,  and  labor  are  regionally  sourced.  Fibershed  communities  are  popping  up  across  the  U.S.  in  order  to  unite  knitters,  weavers,  spinners,  etc,  with  plant  or  animal  fiber  farmers  on  a  regional  scale.  Each  fiber  artist  and  fiber  farmer  plays  a  vital  role  in  a  regional  textile  industry,  similar  to  how  different  threads  construct  a  single  fabric.       My  life  is  like  a  fabric  made  up  of  many  threads,  as  well.  Making  a  new  friend,  visiting  an  unknown  place,  or  improving  a  rusty  skill  is  like  adding  threads  to  a  fabric.  Each  new  experience  reinforces,  overlaps,  and  intertwines  with  past  experiences.  Recently,  I  reinforced  my  fabric  with  a  thick  thread  that  I  know  will  never  break.  I  invested  in  a  spinning  wheel  and  have  spun  one  MFFC  sheep’s  fleece  into  yarn,  which  is  enough  to  knit  a  sweater.  I  requested  two  more  sheep’s  fleeces  so  I  can  continue  my  education  and  provide  workshops  to  others  on  how  to  wash,  pick,  card,  and  spin  the  raw  wool  into  yarn  to  be  knit  or  woven  into  garments.  The  process  is  soil-­‐to-­‐skin,  operated  by  my  own  hands  and  with  simple  tools.  Thank  you  to  Merck  Forest  and  Farmland  Center  for  supporting  my  wooly  endeavors.  This  summer  I  will  knit  my  first  MFFC  sheep  sweater  and  perhaps  I  will  add  a  thread  of  celery  into  the  fabric,  too.