a technical report

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON

CPE 490: INDUSTRIAL TRAINING II

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)

AT

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI COMPUTER

AND INTERNET CENTER

BY

MUSTAPHA MOHAMMED BASHIR

06/05/04/058

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI

2009/2010 SESSION

i

DEDICATIONTo my beloved Dad.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A good academic work can never be the sole effort of an individual. Many people are

bound to offer help, advice or encouragement, and active assistance in getting the work

ready. It is impossible in a brief acknowledgement like this to mention the names of all

my colleagues, comrades and relation who shared in the preparation of this work.

Therefore, I wish to use this opportunity to express my immense profound gratitude to

them generally.

iii

ABSTRACT

Today we stand at a critical turning point in the use of technology to extend and empower our

human network. The manner in which social, commercial, political and personal interactions

occur is rapidly changing to keep up with the evolution of this global network. In this era,

Information Technology (IT) and Internet are the driving force for much development and

innovation in both developed and developing countries. To meet up with this current trend in

technology, Industrial training Fund was established by the Federal Government to promote

skills acquisition among graduates in industry and commerce so as to generate a pool of

indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the Nigerian economy. The

Training last for a period of 24 weeks (6-months), during which the student attached his/herself

to an established institution or organization relevant to his course of study.

This report is basically centered on the training, work, experience and the skills I acquired during

the period of my industrial attachment at the University of Maiduguri Computer and Internet

Center in CISCO Networking, Web site design and Computer Maintenance as they are the most

important tools in this generation of Information Technology.

The Cisco Networking Academy is an innovative educational initiative and communication

Technology (ICT) meant to improve career and economic opportunities around the world. It is

ideal for people looking to gain professional certification and career in networking which is

recognized world wide. CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certified professionals can

install, configure, and operate LAN, WAN, and dial access services for small networks including

the use of certain protocols.

Web site design deals with the planning and organization of electronic media content and its

delivery over the Internet in the form of technologies suitable for interpretation and display by a

web browser. While Computer maintenance is concerned with the troubleshooting and

management of these computer devices that aid in data transmission and processing.

iv

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

TABLE OF CONTENT

DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................................II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................III

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................IV

CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................................1

1.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................11.2 ABOUT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND................................................................................11.3 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)....................................21.4 PLACE OF INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT...............................................................................2

CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................3

2.1 ABOUT CISCO............................................................................................................................32.2 CCNA EXPLORATION 1 COURSE...........................................................................................3

2.2.1 Communicating over the Network............................................................................................3 2.2.2 Application Layer and network services..................................................................................4 2.2.3 Transport Layer........................................................................................................................5 2.2.4 Network Layer..........................................................................................................................5 2.2.5 Network Addressing - IP and Routing......................................................................................6 2.2.6 Data Link Layer........................................................................................................................7 2.2.7 Physical Layer..........................................................................................................................7 2.2.8 Planning & Cabling the Network.............................................................................................8 2.2.9 Configuring & Testing the Network.........................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................9

4.1 COMPUTER MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR..........................................................................94.1.1 DEFINITION OF THE COMPUTER.......................................................................................94.2 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS.......................................................................................94.2.1 Super computers.......................................................................................................................94.2.2 Mainframe computers...............................................................................................................94.2.3 Mini computers.......................................................................................................................104.2.4 Microcomputers......................................................................................................................104.3 COMPUTER HARDWARE COMPONENTS...........................................................................10

CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................................25

5.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION............................................................................................255.2 RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................................25

REFERENCE...................................................................................................................................................

27

v

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

According to the provision (1) of Decree 47 of 8th October, 1971 empowers the Industrial Training

Fund (ITF) to "promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in industry and commerce with a

view to generating a pool of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the

Nigerian economy". The main thrust of ITF programmes and services is to stimulate human

performance, improve productivity, and induce value-added production in industry and

commerce. Through its SIWES and Vocational and Apprentice Training Programmes, the Fund

also builds capacity for graduates and youth self-employment, in the context of Small Scale

Industrialisation, in the economy.

1.2 ABOUT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND

Established in 1971, the Industrial Training Fund has operated consistently and painstakingly

within the context of its enabling laws, i.e. Decree 47 of 1971. The objective for which the Fund

was established has been pursued vigorously and efficaciously. In the three decades of its

existence, the ITF has not only raised training consciousness in the economy, but has also helped

in generating a corps of skilled indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing

various sectors of the national economy.

Over the years, pursuant to its statutory responsibility, the ITF has expanded its structures,

developed training programmes, reviewed its strategies, operations and services in order to meet

the expanding, and changing demands for skilled manpower in the economy. The Fund has a 13

member Governing Council and operates with 6 Departments and 3 Units at the Headquarters, 27

Area Offices, 2 Skills Training Centers, and a Centre for Industrial Training Excellence.

As part of its responsibilities, the ITF provides Direct Training, Vocational and Apprentice

Training, Research and Consultancy Service, Reimbursement of up to 60% Levy paid by

employers of labour registered with it, and administers the Students Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES). It also provides human resource development information and training

1

technology service to industry and commerce to enhance their manpower capacity and in-house

training delivery effort.

1.3 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills

preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions.

The Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the

classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of being

familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which

are usually not available in the educational institutions.

1.4 PLACE OF INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT

I had my SIWES training at the University of Maiduguri Computer and Internet Center which

was established in 1991. However, there were no serious development and activities at the center

therafter until August 2001 when Mr. Peter Ogedebe was posted to head the center. The centre

relocated from Science Complex to Academic Area of the University 2002. The organization

offers various programs and training in information technology and computer related fields.

Some of the programs offered by the organization include Consultancy services, internet Fax and

telephony, computer training programmes, voice mail, browsing and E-mail, and website

downloading.

During my industrial training attachment which lasted for 24-weeks (6-months) I underwent

training in the most important fields which cannot be ignored in this era of information

technology which are relevant to my profession. The courses were;

CISCO Networking Academy

Computer maintenance and repairs

2

CHAPTER THREECISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY

2.1 ABOUT CISCO

CISCO is an acronym for Construction Industry Service Corporation which is a non-profit labor

management association. CISCO was founded in 1988 in an effort to bring union construction

labor and management representatives together to work cooperatively in order to better the

construction industry as a whole.

The CCNA certification (Cisco Certified Network Associate) is the first step in a Cisco career

certification path. CCNA certified professionals can install, configure, and operate LAN, WAN,

and dial access services for small networks (100 nodes or fewer), including but not limited to use

of these protocols: IP, IGRP, Serial, Frame Relay, IP RIP, VLANs, RIP, Ethernet, Access Lists.

2.2 CCNA EXPLORATION 1 COURSE

The Cisco Exploration 1 Course, "Networking Fundamentals", is the first of the four courses

leading to the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification. Exploration 1 introduces

Cisco Networking Academy Program students to the networking field. The course focuses on

network terminology and protocols, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs),

Open System Interconnection (OSI) models, cabling, cabling tools, routers, router programming,

Ethernet, Internet Protocol (IP) addressing and network standards. Hands-on labs using Cisco

network equipment reinforces learning.

The course contents are:

2.2.1 Communicating over the Network

This chapter introduced the platform of data networks upon which our social and business

relationships increasingly depend. The material lays the groundwork for exploring the services,

technologies, and issues encountered by network professionals as they design, build, and maintain

the modern network through:

3

Describing how networks impact our daily lives.

Describing the roles of data networks in the human network.

Identifying the key components of any data network.

Identifying the opportunities and challenges posed by converged networks.

Describing the characteristics of network architectures: fault tolerance, scalability, quality

of service and security.

Installing and use IRC clients and a Wiki server.

2.2.2 Application Layer and network services

Visualizing the mechanisms that enable communication across the network was made easier by

the use of layered framework of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. In this chapter,

we focused on the role of one layer, the Application layer and its components: applications,

services, and protocols. We also explored how these three elements make the robust

communication across the information network possible through:

Describing how the functions of the three upper OSI model layers provided network

services to end user applications.

Describing how the TCP/IP Application Layer protocols provided the services specified by

the upper layers of the OSI model.

Defining how people use the Application Layer to communicate across the information

network.

Describing the functions of well-known TCP/IP applications, such as the World Wide

Web and email, and their related services (HTTP, DNS, SMB, DHCP, SMTP/POP,

and Telnet).

Describing file-sharing processes that use peer-to-peer applications and the Gnutella

protocol.

Explaining how protocols ensure services running on one kind of device can send to and

receive data from many different network devices.

4

Using network analysis tools to examined and explained how common user applications

work.

2.2.3 Transport Layer

In this chapter, we examined the role of the Transport layer in encapsulating application data for

use by the Network layer. The Transport layer also encompasses these functions:

Enables multiple applications to communicate over the network at the same time on a single

device, ensures that, if required, all the data is received reliably and in order by the correct

application, employs error handling mechanisms.

We were also able to:

Explain the need for the Transport layer.

Identify the role of the Transport layer as it provides the end-to-end transfer of data

between applications.

Describe the role of two TCP/IP Transport layer protocols: TCP and UDP.

Explain the key functions of the Transport layer, including reliability, port addressing, and

segmentation.

Explain how TCP and UDP each handle key functions.

Identify when it is appropriate to use TCP or UDP and provide examples of applications

that use each protocol.

2.2.4 Network Layer

This chapter focuses on the role of the Network layer - examining how it divides networks into

groups of hosts to manage the flow of data packets within a network. We also considered how

communication between networks is facilitated. This communication between networks is called

routing.

These were achieved through:

Identifying the role of the Network layer as it describes communication from one end

device to another end device.

5

Examining the most common Network layer protocol, Internet Protocol (IP), and its

features for providing connectionless and best-effort service.

Understanding the principles used to guide the division, or grouping, of devices into

networks.

Understanding the hierarchical addressing of devices and how this allows communication

between networks.

Understanding the fundamentals of routes, next-hop addresses, and packet forwarding to a

destination network.

2.2.5 Network Addressing - IP and Routing

This chapter examines in detail the structure of IPv4 addresses and their application to the

construction and testing of IP networks and sub networks through:

Explaining the structure IP addressing and demonstrated the ability to convert between 8-

bit binary and decimal numbers.

Given an IPv4 address, classified by type and described how it is used in the network.

Explaining how addresses are assigned to networks by ISPs and within networks by

administrators.

Determining the network portion of the host address and explaining the role of the subnet

mask in dividing networks.

Given IPv4 addressing information and design criteria, calculated the appropriate

addressing components.

Use common testing utilities to verify and test network connectivity and operational status

of the IP protocol stack on a host.

2.2.6 Data Link Layer

6

This chapter introduced the general functions of the Data Link layer and the protocols associated

with it through:

Explaining the role of Data Link layer protocols in data transmission.

Describing how the Data Link layer prepares data for transmission on network media.

Describing the different types of media access control methods.

Identifying several common logical network topologies and describing how the logical

topology determines the media access control method for that network.

Explaining the purpose of encapsulating packets into frames to facilitate media access.

Describing the Layer 2 frame structure and identifying generic fields.

Explaining the role of key frame header and trailer fields, including addressing, QoS, type

of protocol, and Frame Check Sequence.

2.2.7 Physical Layer

The role of the OSI Physical layer is to encode the binary digits that represent Data Link layer

frames into signals and to transmit and receive these signals across the physical media - copper

wires, optical fiber, and wireless - that connect network devices.

This chapter introduced the general functions of the Physical layer as well as the standards and

protocols that manage the transmission of data across local media through:

Explaining the role of Physical layer protocols and services in supporting communication

across data networks.

Describing the purpose of Physical layer signaling and encoding as they are used in

networks.

Describing the role of signals used to represent bits as a frame is transported across the

local media.

Identifying the basic characteristics of copper, fiber, and wireless network media.

Describing common uses of copper, fiber, and wireless network media.

7

2.2.8 Planning & Cabling the Network

In this chapter, we also examined the various media and the distinct roles they play with the

devices that they connect. We identified the cables needed to make successful LAN and WAN

connections and learned how to use device management connections.

The selection of devices and the design of a network addressing scheme was presented and then

applied in the networking labs through:

Identifying the basic network media required to make a LAN connection.

Identifying the types of connections for intermediate and end device connections in a

LAN.

Identifying the pin-out configurations for straight-through and crossover cables.

Identifying the different cabling types, standards, and ports used for WAN connections.

Defining the role of device management connections when using Cisco equipment.

Designing an addressing scheme for internetwork and assigning ranges for hosts, network

devices, and the router interface.

Comparing and contrast the importance of network designs.

2.2.9 Configuring & Testing the Network

In this chapter, we examined the process for connecting and configuring computers, switches, and

routers into an Ethernet LAN.

We were introduced to the basic configuration procedures for Cisco network devices. These

procedures require the use of the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) and the related

configuration files for intermediary devices.

An understanding of the configuration process using the IOS is essential for network

administrators and network technicians through:

Defining the role of the Internetwork Operating System (IOS).

Defining the purpose of a configuration file.

8

Identifying several classes of devices that have the IOS embedded.

Identifying the factors contributing to the set of IOS commands available to a device.

Identifying the IOS modes of operation.

Identifying the basic IOS commands.

Comparing and contrasting the basic show commands.

CHAPTER THREE

4.1 COMPUTER MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

Learning computer basics is important to fully understand any specific area such as computer

maintenance.

4.1.1 DEFINITION OF THE COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions (programs) that

can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produces

results (output), and store the results for future use.

4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Computers can be classified based on size and use. In classifying based on size, the following

classification can be obtained;

4.2.1 Super computers

A super computer is the fastest, most powerful computer and the most expensive. It is capable of

processing more than 64 billion instructions in a single second. Super computers are used for

application requiring complex, sophisticated mathematical calculations mainly used in big

industries.

4.2.2 Mainframe computers

A mainframe computer is a large, expensive, Very powerful computer that can handle hundreds or

thousands of users Connected to it simultaneously. It acts as a server in a network environment.

9

4.2.3 Mini computers

A mini computer is also a powerful and large (smaller than mainframe). It can support up to 4000

connected users at the same time. Users often access a mini computer via a terminal, which is a

device with a monitor and a key board. A mini computer can also act as a server in a network

environment.

4.2.4 Microcomputers

It is often called personal computer because it can only support one user at a time.

Microcomputer can also be classified into following;

Desktop computer.

Tower computer.

Laptop computer.

Palmtop computer.

The type of processor the microcomputer uses is called microprocessor. This makes up the

Central Processing Unit (CPU) of the computer.

4.3 COMPUTER HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Also a specific computer hardware component can have various types and models. For an

example a Computer Processor has different brands such as Intel and AMD. Within Intel there are

generations such as Pentium, Celeron etc.

Today, due to the rapid development of Computer technology, assembling computer hardware

components and building a computer has become a very easy task. Operating systems such as

Windows XP can easily identify new PC Computer parts and configured it. This is called Plug &

Play.

Below are major Computer hardware components inside a Computer.

The Processor

10

This is the "brain" of your Computer. An extremely sophisticated piece of miniaturized

electronics, the processor (often called the CPU or Central Processing Unit) is at the bottom of all

tasks the PC performs. The processor reads instructions (commands) from memory that tell it

what it needs to do to accomplish the work that the user wants, and then executes them. Intel is

one of the major manufacturers of Computer processors.

The processor

Memory or RAM

RAM (Random Access Memory) holds all of the "active" information that

the computer is using. Memory is empty when your PC is switched off then

each program or data file used grab part of the system memory. When you

close a program the memory grabbed by that program is freed up.

Generally, the more memory your system has, the more things you can do

with it simultaneously. Increasing the amount of memory in the system also improves

performance in most cases.

Hard Disk

Hard Disk is the computer's permanent storage capacity. Size of the

Hard Disk determines how many files or programs can be saved in

your computer. Unlike RAM, you can store your files permanently

in the Hard Disk until you remove them.

11

Ex: Take the example under above Memory section. Hard Disk is similar to the book, because the

items written in the book are permanent.

Motherboard

Motherboard is the main circuit board inside your computer. All other PC

computer parts are connected to specific slots on the Mother Board.

Sometimes it is called as the Main Board. Motherboard has in-built chips.

One of it holds the computer time. Motherboard also has a battery, which

will enable it to perform some tasks such as maintaining the system time

even when the PC is switched off.

There are different types of motherboard;

AT Motherboard: which stands for Advance Technology

ATX Motherboard: Acronym for Advance Technology Extension

AT motherboard ATX motherboard

Connectors

There are different types of connectors on a system;

1) DB connectors: they are named because of their D shape, and are used to connect

different types of peripheral devices. They are of two ways, either male or female DB connectors.

Types of DB connectors are;

a. DB 9: Has 9 pins in 2 rows also called serial port. The male DB is mostly used to

connect mouse and the female is used to connect different devices that has male

connectors.

b. DB 15: they are of two types;

-15 pins in 3 rows. They are also called VGA ports. It is used to connect the display

connector and it’s a female connector.

12

-15 pins in 2 rows. They are also called game ports. Used for connecting game controllers

like joysticks etc.

c. DB 25: Has 25 pins in 2 rows and its female. Also called game ports. It is general

purpose but it’s mostly used for printers.

2) DIN connectors: they are of two types;

Classic DB connectors Male and female DB connectors

a. DIN: comes with AT motherboard. Has 5 pins and it has a round shape. It is used to

connect an AT keyboard.

b. mini DIN: also called PS/2. it has 6 pins and it’s round shaped. Used for connecting

PS/2 keyboard and mouse.

Din connector PS/2 connector

3) RJ connectors: it is used for connecting network devices. They are of two types; RJ 11 for

telephone connection and RJ 45 for internet connection.

RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors

13

4) USB connectors: It is a modern type of connector. A single USB connector can be

connected to HUB, and it is capable of connecting up to 127 devices. Almost any device

nowadays has USB connection.

USB connector

5) Fire wire: it is the latest type of connector that comes with a system. It is also called IEEE

1394. Faster than USB and can support 63 devices in a single port.

Fire wire connector Fire wire cable

Power slot:

1) AT power connector: it has two connectors working together. The types of connectors are

called P8 and P9.

P8 and P9 connectors

2) ATX power connector: It has a single connector and it is the biggest of all the connectors.

The type of connector is called P1.

Different types of power slots P1 connector

14

Expansion slot: they are slots that are used to upgrade a system’s

functionality. Types are;

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): old type of expansion slot that comes with AT

motherboard.

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): Modern type of expansion slot. Faster than

ISA.

AGP (Advance Graphics Port): It is only used for Graphics adaptors.

Add-On Cards

In addition to above there are other computer hardware components known as add-on cards. These

PC computer parts are commonly known as PCI cards. They are using software called “drivers” to

communicate with the operating system. Operating Systems such as Windows XP maintains a

driver database to configure these computer hardware component cards. However, you will get the

manufacturers driver CDs at the time of purchasing these cards.

Add-on cards are fixed to specific slots on the Motherboard. Windows can immediately identify

when you fix a new card and search its driver database to install a suitable driver for the new card.

It will ask you to insert the manufacturer's CD if there is no suitable driver found in the database.

Graphics Card (VGA card)

This is the device that sends the output to your monitor. You fix the

monitor cable to the back of the VGA card (VGA port) in order to get

the display. Please note that some of the computers have the VGA

card built-in with the motherboard. You won't see a separate card for

VGA in these computers. There are slots on the Mother Board to fix

the graphics card.

15

VGA card has its own memory to hold graphics and videos. It is important to have a VGA card

with high memory if you want to play latest PC games.

Sound Card

This computer hardware component is used to send the sound to

your speakers. This is the card that you plug speaker cables. Sound

card also built-in to the Mother Board in some PCs.

Having a quality sound card is a must for latest games and especially if you are using your PC to

watch movies and listen to music.

LAN Card

LAN card (Network card) is used to connect your PC to a

Network. Some broadband modems also can be connected to the

PC using LAN cards.

Most of the new LAN cards are using a port called “Ethernet port”

which is in the back of the card. Network cables are required to

connect a PC with a LAN card to rest of the computers or to a

broadband modem.

Internal Modem

Internal Modem is used to connect your computer to the Internet.

They are using the dial-up method. There are two types of dial-up

Modems known as Internal and External. Internal Modem is fixed

inside the PC and you fix the phone cable to the backside of it.

These modem cards are disappearing fast with the introduction of

high-speed broadband technology.

16

Computer Input Devices

Computer input devices are the components that have been used to pass data into a computer to

process and provide the desired output. The input data could be letters, numbers, images or sound.

Keyboard

Mouse

Joysticks

Scanners

Most of the computer input devices are common to home or office environments. However, there

are devices that are not commonly available. These include:

Touch screens

In touch screens, users have to press (touch) areas on the screen to pass data. A typical usage of

the Touch Screen technology is some Bank ATM machines.

Smart Cards

This input device stores data in a microprocessor embedded in the card. This allows information,

which can be updated, to be stored on the card. This method is used in store cards which

accumulate points for the purchaser, and to store phone numbers for cellular phones.

Light pen

A Light Pen is a pointing device shaped like a pen and is connected to a VDU. The tip of the light

pen contains a light-sensitive element which, when placed against the screen, detects the light

from the screen enabling the computer to identify the location of the pen on the screen. Light pens

have the advantage of 'drawing' directly onto the screen, but this can become uncomfortable, and

they are not as accurate as digitising tablets.

17

OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

OCR is designed to translate images of typewritten text (usually captured by a scanner) into

machine-editable text, or to translate pictures of characters into a standard encoding scheme

representing them in (ASCII or Unicode). OCR began as a field of research in artificial

intelligence and machine vision. Though academic research in the field continues, the focus on

OCR has shifted to implementation of proven techniques.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

The Optical Mark Reader (OMR) can read information in the form of numbers or letters and put it

into the computer. The marks have to be precisely located as in multiple choice test papers.

Bar Code Reader

You might have seen bar codes on goods in supermarkets, in libraries and on magazines. Bar

codes provide a quick method of recording the sale of items. A bar code is a pattern printed in

lines of differing thickness. The system gives fast and error-free entry of information into the

computer.

General Computer Output Devices

Computer output devices are the components that have been used to receive the output of

processed data. The output could be a picture displayed on the screen, printed document or a song

played.

1. Monitor

Most of you may call this as ‘”Computer Screen”. Monitors are in different sizes and types.

Average size of a Monitor used in a home environment is from 15” – 21”. However, there are

large specially made Monitors have been used for special purposes such as architecture designing,

production designing etc.

18

Having a quality Monitor is not enough to get a quality output. It is important to have a quality

Video card (graphic card) installed in your PC. More information on Video cards can be found in

Computer hardware components page.

2. Printers

There are different types of printers such as

Laser Printer: This is the highest quality printer among all types of printers. These printers and

the consumables are expensive than other printers. Laser printers are useful in office environments

where speed and high quality is important.

Inkjet Printer: Good for low volume home use. These printers are using cartridges filled with ink

to produce the printouts. Relatively slow in printing (around 4-6 pages per minute)

Dot-matrix Printer: This is a very old type printer. They are using ribbons. Quality is not very

good. Useful for low quality continues printing.

Thermal Printer: These printers do imaged based printing. Usually they have been used to print

plastic cards, labels etc.

3. Speakers (sound) it is important to have a quality sound card in order to get the best output

from your speakers.

Most of the computer output devices are common to home or office environments. However, there

are devices that are not commonly available. These include:

Plotter: Used especially for building plans and engineering drawing and really large

pictures. Plotters use a pen to draw continuous lines and are favored for engineering

drawings, which require both large sheets of paper and precise lines.

Microfilm (COM): Computer Output Microfilm. The computer directly generates the

microfilm images.

19

Document printers (multi functional devices)

These are the devices that can handle multiple tasks. The common tasks they can handle are:

Printing

Photocopying

Faxing

COMPUTER PROBLEM TROUBLESHOOTING

Computer problem troubleshooting is a step-by-step process. Some PC problems are easy to

troubleshoot and some are very complicated and should be done with care. Computer problems

can be cause due to a software issue or a hardware issue. Hence the Computer troubleshooting can

be divided into these two categories, which are software and hardware.

Majority of the Computer problems are due to one or many devices (physical failure) or software

(driver) of the hardware device. There are many computer problems due to software, especially

due to issues with the Operating System.

Below are some of the common issues and how proper Computer troubleshooting can be used to

repair those issues.

System has no power at all. Power light does not illuminate, fan inside the power supply does not turn on, and indicator light on keyboard does not turn on.

PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

Power cable is unplugged.Visually inspect power cable.

Make sure power cable is securely plugged in.

Defective power cable.Visual inspection, try another cable.

Replace cable.

Power supply failure.Power cable and wall socket are OK, but system is still dead.

Contact technical support

Faulty wall outlet; circuit breaker or fuse blown.

Plug device into socket know to work and test.

Use different socket, repair outlet, reset circuit breaker or

20

replace fuse.

System not respomding. Keyboard lights are on, power indicator lights are lit, and hard drive is spinning.


Expansion card is partially dislodged from expansion slot on the motherboard.

Turn off computer. Take cover off system unit.Check all expansion cards to ensure they are securely seated in slots.

Using even pressure on both ends of the expansion card, press down firmly on expansion card.

Defective floppy disk drive or tape drive.

Turn system off.Disconnect the cables from one of the floppy drives. Turn on the system, check to see if the keyboard operates normally. Repeat until you have located defective unit.

Contact Technical Support.

Defective expansion card.Turn computer off.Remove an expansion card.

Make sure expansion card is secure in expansion socket.

System does not boot from hard disk drive, can be booted from floppy disk drive.


Connector between hard drive and system board unplugged.

When attempting to run the FDISK utility described in the HARD DISK section of the manual you get a message, INVALID DRIVE SPECIFICATION.

Check cable running form disk to disk controller on the board. Make sure both ends are securely plugged in; check the drive type in the Standard CMOS Setup (in your motherboard manual).

Damaged Hard Disk or Disk Controller.

Format hard disk; if unable to do so, the hard disk may be defective.

Contact Technical Support.

Hard Disk directory or FAT is scrambled.

Run the FDISK program, format the hard drive(See HARD DRIVE section of manual). Copy your backup data back onto hard drive.

Backing up the hard drive is extremely important. All Hard Disks are capable of breaking down at any time.

System only boots from Floppy Disk. Hard Disk can be read and applications can be used, but booting from Hard Disk is impossible.

21


Hard Disk boot program has been destroyed.

A number of causes could be behind this.

Back up data and applications files.Reformat the Hard Drive as described in the Hard Drive section of the manual. Re-install applications and data using backup disks.

System only boots from Floppy Disk. Hard Disk can be read and applications can be used, but booting from Hard Disk is impossible.


A number of causes could be behind this.

Use a file by file backup instead of an image backup to backup the Hard Disk.

Back up any salvageable data. Then do a low level format, partition, and high level format of the hard drive( see Hard Disk section of your manual for instructions). Re-install all saved data when completed.

Disk formatted on IBM PS/2 will not operate with this system.


The IBM PS/2 uses a different format than other computers.

IBM PS/2 disk format will not work in an AT type computer.

Format disk in the AT type computer insert disk into the IBM PS/2 and copy the files you wish.

After install an expansion card (network card, tape drive card, etc.) the system no longer works properly.


No power to monitor.

All or part of the system may be inoperable. The new card may work but a mouse or COM port may not work.

Change the interrupt or RAM address on the new expansion card. See the documentation that came with the new card in order to change pin settings. many expansion devices come with proprietary software that will assist you in doing this.

22

Screen message says "Invalid Configuration" or "CMOS Failure."


Incorrect information entered into the configuration (setup) program.

Check the configuration program. Replace any incorrect information.

Review system's equipment. Make sure correct information is in setup.

Screen is blank.


No power to monitor.Power connectors may be loose or not plugged in.

Check the power connectors to monitor and to system. Make sure monitor is connected to display card, change I/O address on network card if applicable.

Monitor not connected to computer.

See instructions above.

Network card I/O address conflict.

See instructions above.

System does not boot from hard disk drive, can be booted from floppy disk drive.


Connector between hard drive and system board unplugged.

When attempting to run the FDISK utility described in the HARD DISK section of the manual you get a message, INVALID DRIVE SPECIFICATION.

Check cable running form disk to disk controller on the board. Make sure both ends are securely plugged in; check the drive type in the Standard CMOS Setup (in your

Problem


Memory problem, display card jumpers not set correctly.

Reboot computer. Re-install memory, make sure that all memory modules are installed in correct sockets. Check jumper and switch settings on display card. See display card section for information of settings.

23

Computer virus.

Use anti-virus programs (McAfee/PC-cillin, E-port, etc) to detect and clean viruses.

Screen goes blank periodically.


Screen saver is enabled. Disable screen saver.

Keyboard not responding


Keyboard is disconnected.

Reconnect keyboard. Check keys again, if no improvement, replace keyboard.

No color on screen.


Faulty Monitor. If possible, connect monitor to another system. If no color, replace monitor.

CMOS incorrectly set up. Call technical support.

Floppy drive lights stays on.


Floppy Drive cable not connected correctly.

Reconnect floppy cable making sure PIN1 on the Floppy Drive corresponds with PIN1 on floppy cable connector.

Error reading drive A:


Bad floppy disk. Try new floppy disk.

Floppy disk not formatted Format floppy disk(type ENTER)

C: drive failure.

24


SETUP program does not have correct information.

Boot from drive A: using DOS system disk. Input correct information to SETUP program.

Hard Drive cable not connected properly.

Check Hard drive cable.

Cannot boot system after installing second hard drive


Master/Slave jumpers not set correctly.

Set master /Slave jumpers correctly.

Hard Drives not compatible / different manufacturers.

Run SETUP program and select correct drive types. Call drive manufactures for compatibility with other drives.

Missing operating system on hard drive


CMOS setup has been changed.

Run setup and select correct drive type.

Certain keys do not function.


Keys jammed or defective. Replace keyboard.

Keyboard is locked, no keys function.


Keyboard is locked. Unlock keyboard

25

CHAPTER FOUR

5.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The mission statement of the IT is to “promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in industry

and commerce with a view to generating a pool of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet

the needs of the Nigerian economy".

With my Industrial Training experience, I have acquired skills in computer networking, Web site

design and computer systems maintenance.

After much classes, field work, projects and assignments, I can now set up different types of

networks, ranging from simple LAN to wireless communication.

I can also now develop web sites that convey some electronic content over the internet.

Lastly, I can tackle a number of computer problems that could arise with the use of computers.

My 24 week training at the University of Maiduguri Computer and Internet center was not a waste

but a productive one.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Considering the significance of ITF which exposes students to industry based skills necessary for

a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work. Which also offers the students of

tertiary institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in

handling machinery and equipment which are usually not available in the educational institutions.

I hereby make the following recommendation to enable the sustainability of the training:

26

i) The institution should make sure that the students attach his/herself to the right

industry or organization relevant to their field of discipline for proper and adequate

training.

ii) The institution should monitor and supervise their students by at least visiting the

students in their place of attachment to assess the level of their training.

iii) The SIWES should also have a cordial relationship with the industries so as to achieve

their aims in producing skilled professionals.

iv) Modern tools and machinery necessary in laboratories for training in that profession

should be adequately provided by the institution.

27

REFERENCE

1) http//www.industrialtraining.org/itf.html Access on 28/12/2008 by 3:30pm

2) http//www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/web_design.mht access on 28/12/2008 by

3:45pm

3) Cisco (2007a). CCNA Exploration 4.0: Network Fundamentals, Cisco Systems,

Inc; USA.

4) Cisco (2007b). CCNA Exploration 4.0: Routing Protocol Concepts, Cisco

Systems, Inc; USA.

5) Cisco (2007c). CCNA Exploration 4.0: LAN Switching and Wireless, Cisco

Systems, Inc; USA.

6) Cisco (2007d). CCNA Exploration 4.0: Accessing the WAN, Cisco Systems, Inc;

USA.

7) Preventiveguru.com (2008). Operating system and application software.

http.//www.preventiveguru.com/operating-system.html. Access on 29/12/2008

by 10:20 AM.

8) Preventiveguru.com (2008). Computer Hardware and troubleshooting

http.//www.preventiveguru.com/computer-troubleshooting.html. Access on

29/12/2008 by 10:25AM.

28

a technical report

Documents

industrial training

computer maintenance

use of technology

computer devices

work ready

internet center

good academic work

cisco networking academy