a taste of chocolate
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A Taste of Chocolate. Andrew Baik , Charmian Wu and Ruben Savizky Department of Chemistry, The Cooper Union 41 Cooper Square, New York, NY 10003. A Brief History of Chocolate. Maya – chocolate plantations around 600 A.D. Aztecs and Incas also used cocoa - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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A Taste of ChocolateAndrew Baik, Charmian Wu and Ruben SavizkyDepartment of Chemistry, The Cooper Union
41 Cooper Square, New York, NY 10003
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A Brief History of Chocolate• Maya – chocolate plantations around 600 A.D.
– Aztecs and Incas also used cocoa • Columbus brings chocolate to Europe around
1500– Reserved for the aristocracy– Sugar was added, but it still did not appeal to
most• Milk was added in 1727 by the British• Van Houten develops a cocoa process in 1828
which removes some of the fat from cocoa butter– Cocoa beans were pressed, milled and treated
with alkali to generate a powder that could be dispersed in hot water or milk
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A Brief History of Chocolate• Fry designs a factory for producing
eating chocolate in 1867 in the UK– Produced by using cocoa butter,
sugar and cocoa nibs (cotyledons)– Run on steam power
• Peter creates milk chocolate in 1875 in Switzerland
• Lindt creates a smoother tasting chocolate in 1880 by making smaller particles using a conche
• 1930 – white chocolate is made from sugar, milk powder and cocoa butter
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Chocolate manufacturing process
Cocoa Liquor Manufacture
Clean Roast Remove Shell Grind
Cocoa Bean Preparation
Fermentation Drying Transport
Mix (sugar, fat, milk?) Grind Agitate (and add
cocoa butter)
Enrobing
Molding
Panning
Press
Cocoa powder
Cocoa Butter
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In pictures (and German)
• Harvest Bean cracking Fermentation Drying Roasting Milling Cocoa mass Pressing or mixing Molding
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Where does chocolate come from?
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Chemical composition of chocolate
• Cocoa mass • Cocoa aroma
Component Percentage (%)
Cocoa butter 54
Egg white 11.5
Organic acids 9.5
Cellulose 9
Polyphenols 6
Water 6
Minerals and salts 2.6
Theobromine 1.2
Sugar 1
Caffeine 0.2
OH
O
O
O
N
N
O
O
S S
O
H
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Chemical composition of chocolate
• 3 main types of fat– 40%% POS, 25%
SOS and 20% POP• Cane sugar is a
disaccharide of glucose and fructose
• Lecithin is commonly from soy beans (phosphatidylcholine)
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Typical nutrition facts for chocolate (per 100g bar)
Plain Milk White
Energy (kcal) 530 518 553
Protein (g) 5 7 9
Carbohydrate (g) 55 57 58
Fat (g) 32 33 33
Calcium (mg) 32 224 272
Magnesium (mg) 90 59 27
Iron (mg) 3 2 0.2
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Chemical analysis of chocolate
• High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)– Separate and identify individual components of
chocolate (methylxanthines)• Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR)– Spectroscopically distinguish various types of
chocolate
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HPLC procedure
• Dissolve chocolate in methanol/water
• Pass through C18 SPE column
• Inject into HPLC and analyze with a UV detector (l = 273 nm)
• Establish concentrations using a calibration curve
• Insert picture of HPLC
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HPLC Results
• Insert HPLC spectrum for single caffeine standard
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HPLC Results
• Insert HPLC spectrum for single theobromine standard
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HPLC Results
• Explain chocolate sample (#, which peak is which, etc)
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ATR FT-IR procedure
• Crush sample and analyze
• Establish pattern recognition using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
• ATR FT-IR spectrum of sample 19
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ATR FT-IR results
• Explain regions
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CWT results
• Explain what was done
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PCA Analysis
• Explain what was done• Show graph of results
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Methylxanthine content of various chocolates and beverages
Serving Caffeine (mg) Theobromine (mg)
Milk chocolate 50 g 10.0 70
Plain chocolate 50 g 22.0 209
White chocolate 50 g Trace 1.1
Strong ground coffee
Cup 85.0 ---
Instant coffee Cup 60.0 ---
Tea Cup 50.0 2.0
Cola Can 40.0 ---
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Health benefits to consuming chocolate
• ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) of chocolate is the highest among known foods
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Conclusions
• Comparisons of x vs y (caffeine vs dollars? Specific IR Peak vs dollars?)
• Are there any trends in the cacao content• Did PCA tell us anything?
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References
• Beckett, S. T., The Science of Chocolate, 2nd ed., RSC Publishing, UK, 2009
• http://www.barry-callebaut.com/1897• http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/6223.html• http://www.veryveryvegan.com/what-are-antioxidants
/what-are-antioxidants-by-david-wolfe-jd• Include papers you have used (J Chem Ed for HPLC,
others for IR, etc) – make sure citation is complete (see below): Lastname, X., Journal Name, Year, Issue, Page
• Roth, K., Chem. Unserer Zeit, 2005, 39, 416-428
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Acknowledgments
• The Cooper Union– Yash Risbud– Sarah Lerner– Victoria Heinz– Patrick Chiu– Volunteers at
Chocolatefest
• Science House– James Jorasch– Megan Kingery– Gabi de Wit
• Dr. Stefan Koenig for knowledge of German, chemistry and chocolate!