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A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF PHRASES USED IN

WESTLIFE SONG LYRICS

A GRADUATING PAPER

Submitted to the Board Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.)

By:

ZULIA FITROH

23030150090

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

STATE INSTITUTE ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)

SALATIGA

2019

v

MOTTO

“THERE IS NO ELEVATOR TO SUCCESS,

YOU HAVE TO TAKE THE STAIRS”

(Anonymous)

“IF WE NEVER TRY, WE WILL NEVER KNOW”

(The Writer)

vi

DEDICATION

This graduating paper is whole heartedly decided to:

1. Allah SWT and Prophet Muhammad SAW.

2. My beloved father Wahono and my beloved mother Rusiyah, thanks to all

support, trust, finance, praying, and I just can say thank you. I love you so

much.

3. My beloved husband Nor Muhammad Husein, thanks for your support,

kindness, and togetherness.

4. My beloved mother in law (the late) Ngatmiati and my beloved father in

law Jari Yusup, thanks for your support and praying. God Bless You.

5. My beloved sister Siti Hanik, and my beloved sisters in law Ainurrohmah

and Mutiara Aprilianing Tyas, thank to all of you.

6. My beloved brother Huda Mashuri, and also my beloved brothers in law

Tri Manto and Winda Wicaksono.

7. My beloved nephews and nieces, thanks for your positive energy.

8. My best counselor Mr. Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M.Hum, who always gave

me support, motivation, and always guide me very well.

9. My big family of English Department 2015 that always being competent

solider generation.

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Al-hamdu lillahi robbi al-’alamin. Praise belongs to Allah SWT, the Most

Gracious and the Most Merciful who always blesses and helps the writer so the

writer could complete this graduating paper as a Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in State Institute for

Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Bless and mercy is upon great Prophet

Muhammad SAW for his guidance that leads the writer to the truth.

However, this paper will not be finished without support, advices, help and

encouragement from several people and institution. Therefore, in this occasion the

writer would like to express special thanks to:

1. Mr. Prof. Dr. Zakiyuddin, M. Ag., the Rector of Institute of Islamic

Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.

2. Mr. Prof. Dr. Mansur, M. Ag., the Dean of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.

3. Mr. Norwanto, M.Hum., Ph.D., the Head of English Education

Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.

4. Mr. Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M.Hum., as counselor who always give the

advices, suggestion and recommendation for this graduating paper from

beginning until the end.

5. All of lecturers and staff of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of

Salatiga.

viii

6. My beloved parents Wahono and Rusiyah, who always give me love,

support, and motivation to finish my graduating paper.

7. My beloved husband Nor Muhammad Husein who always give me

motivation to be better, thanks for your support, kindness, togetherness.

8. My beloved family (My mother in law, my father in law, my brothers, my

sisters, and my nephews). Thanks for your love, prayer, advice, and

motivation. I love all of you so much.

9. All of my friends in English Department 2015, especially “HAVISZEH

family” Sakila, Viqi, Hiba, Amalia, Eni, and Ilham. Thank you so much

for your encouragement.

10. All of people who have helped the writer in finishing this graduating

paper.

Salatiga, August 29th

2019

The writer,

Zulia Fitroh

NIM.23030150090

ix

ABSTRACT

Fitroh, Zulia. 2019. “A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF PHRASES USED IN

WESTLIFE SONG LYRICS”. Graduating Paper English Education

Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for

Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Counselor: Faizal Risdianto, S.S.,

M.Hum.

Keywords: Syntax, Phrases, Tree Diagram, Qualitative.

The purposes of this study are to analyse some phrases and sentence

patterns that are used in Westlife’s song lyrics using tree diagram theory. In this

case, the aims of this study are: (1) To find out the phrases that are used in

Westlife’s song lyrics, (2) To find out the sentence patterns that have been found

in Westlife’s song lyrics using tree diagram theory by Bornstein. The object of

this study was Westlife’s song lyrics. The writer analyses two songs lyrics

entitled: I Lay My Love on You and My Love. The method of this study is using

qualitative analysis. To gather the data, the writer uses three steps in analysing

data by Creswell. There are: preparing and organizing, coding, and representing

the data. The finding of this study as follows: (1) There were 5 types of phrases,

there are: Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Adjective Phrase (Adj P), Adverb

Phrase (Adv P), and Prepositional Phrase (PP). (2) There were 5 sentence patterns

in Westlife’s song lyrics, there are: Pattern1: S → NP + VP, Pattern2: NP → Det +

N, NP → Pronoun or Noun, NP → NP + S, Pattern3: VP → V + N, VP → V +

Adv P, VP → M + V + NP, Pattern4: Compound → S1 + Conj + S2, Pattern5: PP

→ Prep + NP.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE .................................................................................................................... i

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION’S WILLINGNESS . ii

ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTE ................................................................... iii

STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION ................................................................. iv

MOTTO ............................................................................................................... v

DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. vii

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................... x

LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................ xii

LIST OF DIAGRAM ......................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... 1

B. Problem of the Study ........................................................................... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 4

D. Limitation of The Study ....................................................................... 4

E. Significances of the Study ................................................................... 5

F. Definition of Key Terms ...................................................................... 5

G. Organization of the Study .................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Syntax ................................................................................................... 8

B. Concept of Part of Speech .................................................................... 8

xi

C. Concept of Phrases .............................................................................. 11

D. Sentences ............................................................................................. 13

E. Tree Diagram Theory .......................................................................... 15

F. Previous Studies .................................................................................. 18

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH

A. Research Methodology ........................................................................ 23

B. Object of the Study .............................................................................. 24

C. Technique of Collecting Data .............................................................. 24

D. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................... 24

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

A. The List of Phrases .............................................................................. 27

B. The Analysis of Phrases Using Tree Diagram ..................................... 30

CHAPTER V CLOSURE

A. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 64

B. Suggestion ........................................................................................... 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 68

APPENDICES

xii

LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1 The List of Phrases in “I Lay My Love on You” lyrics ……………... 27

Table 4.2 The List of Phrases in “My Love” lyrics ……………………………. 28

Table 5.1 The List of Phrases in Westlife song lyrics ………………………….. 64

xiii

LIST OF DIAGRAM

“I Lay My Love on You Lyrics”

Diagram 4.1 Tree diagram in Line 1 ................................................................... 30









Diagram 4.10 Tree diagram in Line 10 ............................................................... 38













xiv





“My Love Lyrics”

Diagram 4.27 Tree diagram in Line 1 ................................................................. 51
















1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the writer discusses the background of the study,

problems of the study, objectives of the study, limitation of the study,

significant of the study, definition of key terms, and organization of the study.

A. Background of the Study

Language is the main instrument of communication, and it cannot

be separated from human being. People use language to communicate in

society, share an idea, and also express their feeling. By using language,

people can develop their knowledge. For example people can write, speak,

or analyse something, like analyse sentence, song, or movie. De Saussure

(1959:9) states that “Language is a social product of the speech faculty and

a collection of necessary conventions which they have been adopted by a

social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty”. Therefore, in

order to use the language, people need to produce a sentence.

According to George (2006:3), “sentence is a group of words that

is used to say something, to ask something, or to tell somebody to do

something”. Usually sentence consists of a subject and a verb, it means

that in order to create sentence, there must be at least one subject and one

verb.

In linguistics, the study about the sentence of language is syntax.

Chomsky (2002:11) defines that “Syntax is the study of the principles and

processes by which sentences are constructed in particular language”.

2

Further, according to Yule (1996:4) “Syntax is the study about

relationship between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence,

and which sequences are well formed”.

Based on the definition of syntax above, it can be concluded that

syntax is the study of principle and arrangement of words, phrases, and

clauses that forming sentences based on grammatical rules. Clause is

containing of one or more phrases, while “a phrase can consist of one

word or more words. If it is consists of more words, it usually has one

main word that is the most important one as far as meaning is concerned”

(Verspoor & Sauter, 2009:118).

In this study, the writer uses tree diagram theories to analyse

sentences. According to Carnie (2000:31), “tree diagrams is a sentence

analyse by using internal hierarchical structure of sentence as generated by

set of rules”. “Sentence is the principal unit of syntactic analysis which is

easier to see the parts of (phrases) and subpart (part of speech) of the

sentence in tree diagram” (Bornstein, 1977:48). Sometimes, a sentence has

an ambiguous meaning so it makes the meaning of that sentence is not

clear. A tree diagram of syntax can help to understand the structural of the

sentence.

Language can also be expressed in music. Nowadays, music plays

important role in human being life because every human being life filled

with tension. In that situation people want to relaxation their mind, so in

that movement to listen any type of music it gives relief to their minds.

3

According to Jeff (2009:5), “music is not something found in the

natural world, like air or sand; rather, music is something that people

make. As we have seen that every country has different types of music”.

There are many types of music in the world such as rock, jazz, pop, and

rap. In every country has own traditional music. Western music has a lot

famous singer, like Britney Spears, Coldplay, and Westlife. By listening to

the music, it can touch our heart when we enjoy it. Every song has a

different lyrics, music can arise the feeling of love, sadness or happiness.

In this study, the writer selects Westlife’s song lyrics as the object.

According to British Phonographic Industry, Westlife has been certified

for 12 million albums and 8.4 million singles in UK. Westlife also won

ITV’s “Record of the Year” four times in a row with their singles. In

Indonesia, their debut album won 20 times platinum award. The writer

thinks that Westlife’s song is very good and pleasant to be heard not only

the lyrics but also the singers’ voice. Westlife’s song lyrics also have a

good moral value especially in I Lay My Love on You and My Love songs

lyrics. Both of them tell us about faithful, true love, and the struggle to get

something. So, the writer decided to analyse the phrases that are used in

Westlife’s song lyrics.

Based on the explanation above, the writer inspired to analyse the

phrases that used in song lyrics. Therefore, the writer interested to conduct

this study entitled “Syntactical Analysis of Phrases Used in Westlife Song

Lyrics”.

4

B. Problem of the Study

According to the background of the study above, the writer

necessitates finding the answer to some problem, as follows:

1. What are the types of the phrases that are used in Westlife’s song

lyrics?

2. What are the sentence patterns that have been found in Westlife’s song

lyrics?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem of the study above, the objectives of the study

are:

1. To find out the phrases used in Westlife’s song lyrics.

2. To find out the sentence patterns those have been found in Westlife’s

song lyrics.

D. Limitation of the Study

In this analysis of song lyrics, the writer limits the study on the

types of phrases and patterns in Westlife’s song lyrics in order to give a

clear description and explanation.

The use of phrases term is also consideration in the limitation of

the study because in this paper the writer would analyse the phrases that

found in Westlife’s song lyrics syntactically.

5

E. Significant of the Study

The writer expects this study give useful information either for the

students or the other researchers. This study also conducted in order to

give theoretical and practical significances, as follows:

1. Theoretical Significance

This paper is conducted to enrich the explanation about phrases.

Even though there are some materials about phrases, in this study the

writer hopes this paper can support the other existing materials.

2. Practical Significances

a. For the Students

The result of this study can be used to motivate the students

to master some phrases, and it can be used to comprehend the

patterns of phrases that is used in sentence.

b. For the Other Researchers

The other researchers can use this study as a reference in

further research dealing with phrases and its syntactical analysis.

F. Definition of the Key Terms

To avoid some mistakes and misunderstandings, the writer would like

to explain the definition of key terms related to this study.

1. Syntactical Analysis

According to Chomsky (2002:11), syntax is the study of the

principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in

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particular language while an analysis is the process of analysing

something. So, syntactical analysis is an analysis of the structure of the

sentence to break down its component part of speech with an

explanation of the form and syntactic relationship of each part.

The definition above is similar with Bergmann, Hall, and Ross

(2007:671) who have defined that syntactical analysis as the analysis

(by human or computer) of the syntactic structure of a sentence that is

heard or read: reconstructing a hierarchal structure from a flat

sequence of words.

By doing the syntactical analysis, the reader will be able to

understand how words can be changed into phrase, clause, or sentence.

2. Phrase

Phrases are either single word or grammatically ordered groups of

related words that together function as a unit (Verspoor & Sauter,

2009:44).

3. Westlife

Westlife is one of the most famous boy bands in Western countries

which formed in 1998. Westlife consists of five members, they are:

Bryan, Shane, Nicky, Kian and Mark.

4. Song

According to Eckstein (2010:9), song lyrics are not poetry,

however, and it seems that the author’s problems with Sting have

precisely something to do with the fact that they are not. So, it can be

7

conclude that song is a short poem which is suitable for singing, and it

is used to express personal feeling or emotion.

G. Organization of the Study

To ease the reader understands the whole contents of this paper, the

writer organizes it into five chapters. Each chapter has different element as

follow:

Chapter I describes about introduction. The writer explains about

background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study,

limitation of the study, significance of the study, definition of key terms,

and organization of the study. Chapter II presents about theoretical

framework and some previous studies. In this chapter, the writer explains

the theories that are used to analyse the lyrics, there are syntax, phrase, and

tree diagram. Chapter III discusses about research methodology, object of

the study, technique of collecting data, and technique of data analysis.

Chapter IV is discussion. In this chapter, the writer explains about the

answer from the problem of the study and explains the data descriptively.

Chapter V discusses about conclusion and suggestion. It informs the

content all of the data analysis in summary and gives some suggestions to

other so that they can be better in learning phrases. The last parts of this

graduating paper are references and appendices.

8

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

In chapter II, the writer discusses about syntax, concept of part of speech,

concept of phrases, sentences, tree diagram theory, and discusses about some

previous studies.

A. Syntax

In linguistics, the study about the sentence of language is syntax.

Chomsky (2002:11) defines that “Syntax is the study of the principles and

processes by which sentences are constructed in particular language”.

Further, according to Yule (1996:4) “Syntax is the study about relationship

between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence, and which

sequences are well formed”.

Based on the definition of syntax above, it can be concluded that

syntax is the study of principle and arrangement of words, phrases, and

clauses that forming sentences based on grammatical rules.

B. Concept of Part of Speech

Part of speech is the significant element in language, and it tells us

how a word is going to function in the sentence. According to Yule

(2010:82), “adjective” and “noun” are used to label forms in the language

as the part of speech or word classes. There are eight types of part of

speech:

9

1. Noun

Noun is word used to refer to people (boy), object (backpack),

creature (dog), place (school), quality (roughness), phenomena

(earthquake), and abstract idea (love) as if they were all “things”.

2. Article

Articles are words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun

phrases classifying those “things” or identifying them as already

known. For examples:

a. She eats an apple.

b. Carol reads the book.

3. Adjective

Adjectives are words used characteristically with nouns to give

more information about the things referred to (happy people, large

object, and strange experience).

4. Verb

Verbs are words refer to several kinds of actions (go, talk) and

states (be, have) including people and things in events. For examples:

a. They go to the school.

b. Alex is sick.

5. Adverb

Adverbs are words used, usually with verbs, to give more

information about actions, states and events (hardly, next week).

10

Several adverbs (really, very) are also used with adjectives to modify

information about things. For examples:

a. My father works hardly.

b. We should submit our assignment next week.

6. Preposition

Prepositions are words (at, in, on, near, without) used with noun in

phrases, and it gives an information about time, place, and other

relations including actions and things. For examples:

a. I wake up at five o’clock.

b. She stands near the window.

7. Pronoun

Pronouns are words (she, they, it, you) used in place of noun

phrases, typically referring to people and things already known. For

examples:

a. She talks to her friends.

b. They said it belonged to you.

8. Conjunction

Conjunctions are words (and, but, when, because) used to create

correlations ad denote relationships between events. For examples:

a. Tara is my sister, and she is very beautiful.

b. Alex did not come because he was sick.

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C. Concept of Phrases

1. Definition of Phrase

Phrase is a small group of words, but it is not a sentence. Phrase

also can be analysed into constituents, each with a function and

realization. The head of a phrase is realized by a noun, verb, adjective,

adverb, or preposition (Verspoor & Sauter, 2009:119).

2. Types of Phrase

According to Kim and Sells (2008:22), phrase are projected from

the lexical categories and divided into five types, there are:

a. Noun Phrase (NP)

Noun phrase is a composite of two or more words that has a

noun as the head word and the other words as a modifier of the

head word. It can be a noun, determiner or article, adjective, etc.

Noun phrase can be in the forms as the follows:

NP → N (book, pen)

NP → Pronoun (she, he, it)

NP → Proper N (Carol, Semarang)

NP → Det + N (the book, a car)

NP → NP + S (the girl who is wearing a red dress)

NP → The girl

S → The girl is wearing a red dress

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Some examples NP in sentence:

1) The man hit the ball.

2) The teacher speaks to the boy.

3) A beautiful girl.

b. Verb Phrase (VP)

Verb phrase contains a verb as the head word, and it will be

modified by the other words, like noun phrase, prepositional

phrases, and so on. For examples:

1) The man hit the ball.

2) They are going to campus.

3) He will study in USA.

c. Adjective Phrase (AdjP)

Adjective phrase is a group of words which commonly

occurs in linking verb. The head of this this phrase is an adjective,

and it is usually modified by an adverb. For examples:

1) You are so tired. You need to take a rest.

2) Carol is clever than Enid.

3) The view is very beautiful.

d. Adverb Phrase (AdvP)

Adverb phrase is a composite of two or more words which

acts as an adverb, and it can modify a verb, adverb, or an adjective.

For examples:

1) She celebrates her birthday every years.

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2) He walks slowly.

3) She did her job quickly enough.

e. Prepositional Phrase (PP)

Commonly, prepositional phrase consists of a preposition

and a noun phrase. For examples:

1) The fly fell into the soup.

2) I got the gift from my friend.

3) He was standing in front of me.

D. Sentences

1. Definition of Sentence

Traditional grammar defines a sentence in one of two ways, by the

meaning and the function (Marcella, 1972:220). By the meaning

“sentence is a complete thought”, and by the function “a sentence

consists of a subject and a predicate”. It can be conclude that sentence

is a complete thought that consists of subject and predicate.

A sentence can also consist of one or more clauses. A clause may

be defined in the same way as a sentence, and it is full predication that

clause consists of a subject and a predicate. There are two kids of

clauses, independent and dependent. Independent clause is a group of

words that contains of a subject plus verb and expresses a complete

thought while dependent clause is a group of words that contains a

subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.

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For example:

Carol was sleeping when her mother came.

Independent Dependent

2. Types of Sentence

The classification of sentences based on the number and kind of

clauses in their syntactic structure, there are several types of sentences:

a. Simple sentences

Simple sentence contains of one independent clause and no

dependent clause. For examples:

1) I walk.

This simple sentence has one independent clause which

contains one subject “I”, and one verb “walk”.

2) The girl walks into her bedroom.

This simple sentence has one independent clause which

contains one subject “the girls”, and one predicate “walks into

her bedroom”. The predicate is a verb phrase that consists of

more than one word.

b. Compound sentences

A compound sentence is composed of at least two

independent clauses, and it does not require a dependent clause.

This clause is joined by a coordinating conjunction, with or

without comma. A conjunction can be used to make a compound

15

sentence. Conjunctions are words like: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,

so. For examples:

1) I am a student, and my sister is a teacher.

2) She invited me to come to her party, but I did not come.

c. Complex sentences

A complex sentence is a sentence that contains an

independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. For

example:

1) The man who stole the car hid it in his home.

2) The girl who wore red dress stood in front of me.

d. Compound-complex sentences

Compound-complex sentence contains of two or more

independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. For

examples:

1) The man stole the car, and he hid it in his home until he could

safely get out of town.

2) Carol loves her brother, and he loves her too because they are

family.

E. Tree Diagram Theory

One of the most common ways to create a visual representation of

syntactic structure is through tree diagram. Chomsky (1957:11) put

simply, syntax studies is how to combine words into bigger linguistic

16

units. In syntax, tree diagram and labelled bracketing are widely employed

to characterize hierarchical structure of phrases or sentences. A tree

diagram is a dimensional diagram used in generative grammar as a

convenient means of displaying the internal hierarchical structure of

sentence as generated by a set of rules.

According to Bornstein (1977:39), a tree diagram shows the

hierarchical structure of the sentence. The sentence is considered the basic

of the syntactic system. Bornstein starts with “S” stands for sentence, the

highest level, and works down to lower level. This process is called

derivational of the sentence.

The steps of derivational in the sentences are:

S → NP + VP S

NP VP

NP → Det + N S

NP VP

Det N

VP → Aux + Vt + NP S

NP VP

Det N Aux Vt NP

17

Aux → Tense / M S

NP VP

Det N Aux Vt NP

Tense M

From the tree diagram above, it can be explained more detail as follows:

- S (sentence) consists of NP (noun phrase) and VP (verb phrase)

- NP consists of Det (determiner/article) and N

- VP consists of Aux plus V and NP

- Aux consists of Tense and M (modal)

Rules of tree diagram by Bornstein:

S

NP VP

Pron Aux Vt NP

Pron N Tense M Vi Adv. P

Det + N Pres be VL Comp

NP + S Past Have Be Pred

Tree diagram also shows which words are constituents of a

sentence (Bornstein, 1977:44). Points of juncture in tree diagram are called

nodes. If one node is immediately dominated by another, it is called

18

daughter node. If one node is immediately dominated by the same node,

they are called sister node. The nodes NP and VP are daughter of S, and

sister nodes of each other. NP is the left sister, whereas VP is the right

sister.

F. Previous Studies

In this chapter, the writer informs several studies that have been

done by the other researchers. The first previous study was “Syntactic

Analysis on Sentence Pattern in John Denver’s Song Lyrics” written by

Christiano (2018), the researcher from Department of Language and Arts

Education, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta. The aim of this study

is to find out the sentence patterns that are used in John Denver’s song

lyrics. The researcher used theory of sentence patterns which was

proposed by Quirk and Greenbaum to find out the types of sentence

patterns in the song lyrics, and he used the theory of phrase structure rules

from O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba to draw the tree diagram and

represent the patterns.

The second previous study was conducted by Halimah (2016) from

UIN Malang, entitled “The Syntactical Structure in Hello Magazine”. The

purpose of that study is to describe the syntactic structures of surface and

deep structure that were found in Hello Magazine’s gossip article. She also

used theory of Chinese boxes. The descriptive qualitative research was

used in this study. The first findings of her study showed that the syntactic

19

patterns that found in Hello Magazine consisted of noun phrase and verb

phrase. The second findings showed that the structure of predication had

dominated all of the sentences in Hello Magazine.

The third previous study was “Syntactical Structure Analysis on

Emily Dickinson’s Poems” written by Khusnah (2008), the researcher

from UIN Malang. This study aims to describe the kinds and the dominant

structure of modification used in some of Emily Dickinson’s poems. The

researcher used descriptive qualitative method, and she also used Chinese

boxes theory from Francis to collect the data analysis. The first result of

her study which was based on Francis’ theory, showed that the kinds of

modification were noun phrase, verb phrase, adverbial phrase, and

adjective phrase.

The fourth previous study was conducted by Purwata (2008). The

purpose of this study was to analyse the sentence patterns of the lyrics

syntactically. The researcher used theory of tree diagram from Bornstein.

The type of this research was descriptive qualitative research. To gather

the data, the researcher used three songs which were taken from one of the

Westlife’s albums, namely Westlife Deluxe. The finding of this study, the

researcher found seventeen kinds of sentence patterns, the sentence

patterns which were used in the lyrics consisted of Noun Phrase and Verb

Phrase.

The fifth previous study was conducted by Ariesta (2014). The

purpose of this study was to identify the formula or the pattern of the

20

relative clause, analyse the structure of relative clause, and classify the

types of relative clauses found in the Steinbeck’s The Pearl novel. The

type of this research was qualitative research, and this research used

content analysis technique. The researcher used Generative

Transformation theory by Chomsky (1971). The finding of this study was

the formula or the pattern of the relative clause, were relative pronoun or

adverb plus subject plus verb. The researcher also found three types of

relative clauses in the novel such as Restrictive, Non-restrictive, and Free.

The sixth previous study was conducted by Niswati (2018). The

objectives of this study was to find out the idiomatic phrases and identify

their meaning in Michelle Obama’s final speech as the first lady. This

study used descriptive qualitative approach. The result of this study, the

writer found five idiomatic phrases and all of the idiomatic phrases had

their own meaning that were different from their lexical meaning.

The seventh previous study was conducted by Sumartini (2017).

The purpose of this study was to identify the types of the idiom found in

Frozen film script using Makkai’s theory. This study used descriptive

qualitative research. The result of this study, the writer found 81 idiomatic

and those idioms were divided into five types, they are phrasal verb idiom,

tornour idiom, irreversible binomial idiom, phrasal compound idiom, and

incorporating verb idiom.

The eighth previous study was conducted by Marisa (2012). The

object of this study was songs album of Maher Zain entitled “Thank You

21

Allah” which consisted of 13 songs. The researcher used qualitative

method. The purpose of this study were to find out the phrases and

described those phrases especially noun and adjective phrases.

The ninth previous study was conducted by Salim (2016) entitled

“A Syntactic Analysis on the English Translation of Surah Ar - Rahman

Using Theory of Tree Diagrams”. The method of this study was qualitative

method. The finding of this study, the writer concluded that the structure

was good enough in identifying the grammatical units. It was concluded

that syntax was the arrangement and relationship among words, phrases,

and clauses forming sentences based on the grammatical rules. In this

case, syntax is very important since it studies how sentences were formed

and arranged based on the grammatical rule.

The tenth previous study was conducted by Rahmawati (2003)

entitled “A Syntactical Analysis on Sentence Patterns Used in David

Forester’s Songs”. In this study, the researcher fine nineteen rules of the

sentence patterns with Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase as the most common

rules. The researcher also mentioned other common sentences appear less

than the transformed ones.

From the ten relevant previous studies above, it can be seen that all

of them have the similar aspect, specifically the syntactic analysis.

However, the object and the finding of that research will be different. In

the study that was conducted by Christiano (2018), John Denver’s song

lyrics were taken as the data source while Westlife’s song lyrics are taken

22

as the data research in this study. Therefore, the findings of this study will

also be different from the previous studies that have been conducted by

Halimah (2016) and Khusnah (2008) because that study used Chinese

boxes’ theory while in this study the writer used tree diagram theory from

Bornstein.

In this study, the writer tried to develop the research that has been

done by the previous studies. The objectives of this study are to analyse

the phrases that is found in the song lyrics using tree diagram theory, and

to find out the sentence pattern in Westlife’s song lyrics. Therefore, it can

be concluded that the researchers from the previous studies give

significant help in finding the references of the theories.

Although, the writer uses some previous studies as the references,

this study has a different aspect from that previous study. In this study, the

writer explains more detail the word that has one or more parts of speech

based on the context. For example, the writer finds the word “empty” in

the lyrics. The word “empty” includes adjective or noun it depends on the

context. It will be “adjective” if that word exists after to be (The room is

empty), and it will be “noun” if that word exists after determiner (An

empty room). The writer expects that this study can be beneficial to the

readers and future linguistic researchers who are interested in syntactical

analysis.

23

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH

In this chapter, the writer presents the methodology which is used to

conduct the study. This chapter discusses the research methodology, object of

the study, technique of collecting data, and technique of data analysis.

A. Research Methodology

This paper used descriptive qualitative research. Hancock (2002:7)

states that qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations

of social phenomena, and it aims to help us to understand the world in

which we live and why things are the way they are.

According to Moloeng (2009:31), the purpose of qualitative study

is to understand something specifically, not always looking for the course

and effect of something and to deepen comprehension about something

that studied.

The result of this qualitative study is in form of description. In this

study, the writer analyse a song lyric to find the phrase that is used.

Afterward, the writer presents the factual result systematically, so it can be

understood easily. According to Ary et al., (2010:32), qualitative data

generally take the form of words (descriptions, observations, impressions,

recordings, and the like).

Arikunto (2010:3) said that descriptive research is the study

intended to investigate the situation, condition, circumstances, events, or

24

other activities, and the result presented in the form of the research report.

Thus, in this study, the writer also used descriptive research approach.

B. Object of the Study

The object of this study was the phrases that have been found in

Westlife’s song lyrics. The writer used two Westlife’s song lyrics in which

their lyrics were taken to be analysed. Those are I Lay My Love on You

and My Love lyrics. After discovering the phrases in song lyrics, the

phrases are identified syntactically.

C. Technique of Collecting Data

According to Moloeng (2010:157), “data collection is considered

as the most prominent step in a research due to the fact that the main

purpose of conducting a research is to obtain needed data”. In this study,

the writer used field note as the technique of collecting data.

Field notes are contemporaneous notes of observations or

conversation taken during the conduct of qualitative research. The writer

used Westlife’s song lyrics as the primary data.

D. Technique of Data Analysis

According to Creswell (2007:148), there are three steps in analysing

the data. There are: preparing and organizing, coding, and representing the

25

data. In this study, the writer followed those three steps in technique of

data analysis.

1. Preparing and Organizing

a. The writer downloaded the songs that were sang by Westlife.

b. The writer also searched the lyrics of the song in order to make the

analysis of the phrases is easy.

c. The writer re-wrote the lyrics.

d. After that, the writer analysed the lyrics line by line, than coding

the lyrics.

2. Coding

The second step was to list the phrases to be analysed. After

finding the phrase that is used in the lyrics, the writer put the code on

the sentence. The codes are:

a. S1 : sentence 1

b. S2 : sentence 2

c. NP : noun phrase

d. VP : verb phrase

e. AdvP : adverbial phrase

f. AdjP : adjective phrase

g. PP : prepositional phrase

h. N : noun

i. Pro : pronoun

j. V : verb

26

k. Be : tobe

l. M : modal

m. Adj : adjective

n. Adv : adverb

o. Prep : preposition

p. Det : determiner

q. Conj : conjunction

3. Representing the data

In the final step, the writer made a table from the lyrics and the

phrases that were found in Westlife song lyrics. After that, the writer

showed the tree diagram of the phrases that were used in lyrics. For the

last phase in this step, the writer found several sentence patterns that

were used in Westlife’s song lyrics.

Based on the problem statement in the chapter I, the tree diagrams

would proof the phrases that are used in Westlife’s song lyrics.

According to Kim and Sells (2008:29), “One merit of such hierarchical

structural properties is that they enable us to represent the structural

ambiguities of sentence we have seen“. Indeed, tree diagram is the

hierarchical structural of the sentence that is Kim and Sell meant.

27

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

In chapter IV, the writer presented the data of the phrases that were

found in Westlife’s song lyrics. This analysis includes the list of phrases that

are used in the song lyrics, and the analysis of phrases using tree diagram

theory. As the guidance of this study, the writer used tree diagram theory by

Bornstein.

A. The List of Phrases

In this section, the writer is using two songs lyrics to be analysed.

Those are I Lay My Love on You and My Love.

1. The Phrases that have been found in I Lay My Love on You lyrics.

Table 4.1 The list of phrases

No. Lyrics Line

1. Just a smile and the rain is gone

NP NP VP

1

2. Can hardly believe it

VP

2

3. There's an angel standing next to me

Adj P

3

4. Reaching for my heart

PP .

VP

4

5. Just a smile and there's no way back

NP S

5

6. But there's an angel and she's calling me

S1 S2 . Compound

7

7. I know that I'll be ok now

S1 S2 .

Clause

9

28

8. This time is real

S

10

9. I lay my love on you

PP .

S

11

10. It's all I want to do

Infin P

S

12

11. You open up my heart

NP .

PP .

S

14

12. I was lost in a lonely place

NP

17

13. Holding on to yesterdays

VP

19

14 Now I believe it's okay cause this time it's real

S1 S2 .

Complex

21

15. I never knew that love could feel so good

S1 S2 .

Clause

28

16. You change my world

NP .

S

30

2. The phrases that have been found in My Love lyrics.


No. Lyrics Line

1. An empty street

NP 1

2. An empty house

NP 2

3. A hole inside my heart

PP .

NP

3

29

4. I'm all alone

S 4

5. The rooms are getting smaller

NP .

S

5

6. I’m holding on forever

PP .

S

12

7. Reaching for the love

VP 13

8. I say a little prayer

Adj P .

S

14

9. The skies are blue

S 16

10. To see you once again

Infin P .

VP

17

11. My love

NP 17

12. The fields are green

S 20

13. I tried to read

Infin P

S

22

14 I go to work

Infin P

S

23

15. I’m laughing with my friends but I can’t stop

S1 S2 .

Compound

24

16. To hold you in my arms

NP .

VP

26

17. To tell you from my heart

PP .

VP

28

30

B. The Analysis of Phrases Using Tree Diagram

1. The analysis of I Lay My Love on You lyrics.

Line 1: Just a smile and the rain is gone

Compound

Adv NP1 conj NP2 VP

Det N Det N be V

Just a smile and the rain is gone

Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is

compound sentence because that sentence has two subjects and a

predicate. The formula of the diagram is:

S → Adv + NP1 + conj + NP2 + VP.

From the analysis above, the sentence (Just a smile and the rain

is gone) contains of two subjects, those are: a smile and the rain. So,

this sentence can be divided into two parts:

S1 S2

NP VP NP VP

Det N be V Det N be V

A smile is gone The rain is gone

The sentence pattern of the sentence is:

a. S1 → NP + VP

31

Noun Phrase (a smile) as a subject, and Verb Phrase (is

gone) as a predicate in this sentence.

b. S2 → NP + VP

Noun Phrase (the rain) as a subject, and Verb Phrase (is

gone) as a predicate in this sentence.

Based on the explanation above, we can see that in those sentence

has a same sentence patterns.

Line 2: Can hardly believe it

VP

Aux Adv Vt NP

M Pro

Can hardly believe it

a. The formula of the diagram is:

VP → Aux + Adv + V + NP

b. The pattern of the sentence is:

Aux → M (Modal), Adv, V, NP → Pronoun

Based on the tree diagram, it can be seen that this lyric is Verb

Phrase. The phrase (can hardly believe it) consists of Aux (can),

adverb (hardly), verb (believe), and pronoun (it).

32

Line 3: There's an angel standing next to me

Complex sentence

NP VP

Pro V NP

be NP S

Det N NP VP

Pro be V Adj P

Adj PP

Prep NP

Pro

There is an angel who is standing next to me

Based on the tree diagram above, the formula of the diagram is:

S → NP + VP. The sentence (there is an angel who is standing next to

me) can be divide into two sentences. Those are: There is an angel

and An angel is standing next to me.

S1

NP VP

Pro Be NP

Det N

There is an angel

33

S2

NP VP

Det N V Adv.P

Adv NP

An angel is standing next to me

Line 4: Reaching for my heart

VP

V PP

Prep NP

Det N

Reaching for my heart


VP → V + PP


V → V-ing, PP → prep + NP, NP → Det + N.

Based on the tree diagram above, VP (reaching for my heart)

consists of V-ing (reaching) plus PP (for). NP consists of pronoun

(my) and noun (heart).

34

Line 5: Just a smile and there's no way back

NP

Adv NP S

Det N Conj NP VP

Pro be neg N Adv

Just a smile and there is no way back


NP → Adv + NP + S


NP → Det + N, S → NP + VP

Based on the tree diagram above, NP (just a smile and there is

no way back) consists of Adv (just) plus NP and S. NP consists of Det

(a) and N (smile), and S consists of NP plus VP. VP consists of be

(is), negative (no), noun (way) plus adv (back).

Line 6: Can hardly believe it

VP

Aux Adv Vt NP

M Pro

Can hardly believe it

35





Based on the tree diagram, VP (can hardly believe it) consists

of Aux (can), adverb (hardly), verb (believe), and pronoun (it).

Line 7: But there's an angel and she's calling me

Compound

Conj S1 Conj S2

NP VP NP VP

Pro V NP Pro be V NP

Det N Pro

But there is an angel and she is calling me


Compound Sentence → S1 + Conj + S2


1) S1 → NP + VP, NP → pronoun, VP → V + NP (Det plus N).

2) S2 → NP + VP, NP → pronoun, VP → be + V-ing + NP

(pronoun).

36

Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence (but there is an

angel and she is calling me) consists of two sentences, so that sentence

is called compound sentence with conjunction “and”.

Line 8: Reaching for my heart

VP

V PP

Prep NP

Det N



VP → V + PP


V → V-ing, PP → prep + NP, NP → Pro + N

Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that this

lyrics include of Verb Phrase. The phrase (reaching for my heart)

consists of V-ing (reaching) plus Preposition Phrase. PP consists of

Preposition (for) plus NP. NP consists of Determiner (my) and Noun

(heart).

37

Line 9: I know, that I'll be ok now

Clause

S1 That S2

NP VP NP VP

N V N M be Adj.P

Adj Adv

I know that I will be ok now


Clause → S1 + conj + S2


1) S1 → NP + VP, NP → Noun, VP → Verb

2) S2 → NP + VP, NP → Noun, VP → Modal + be + Adj.P,

Adj.P → Adj + Adv

Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the type of

the sentence is noun clause because there is a conjunction (that). The

clause (I know that I will be ok now) consists of two sentences.

Those are: I know and I will be ok now.

38

Line 10: This time is real

S

NP VP

Det N be Adj

This time is real


S → NP + VP


NP → Det + N, VP → be + adjective


this sentence is simple sentence because that sentence only consists of

a subject and a predicate. The sentence (this time is real) consists of

Det (this) as a subject plus noun (time), and be (is) plus an adjective

(real).

Line 11: I lay my love on you

S

NP VP

N V NP PP

Det N Prep NP

N

I lay my love on you

39


S → NP + VP


NP, VP → V + NP + PP, NP → Det + N, PP → prep + NP.


that sentence is simple sentence because that sentence only consists of

a subject and a predicate. The sentence (I lay my love on you) consists

of Pronoun (I) as a subject and VP. VP consists of Verb (lay) plus

Noun Phrase, and NP consists of Determiner (my) plus Noun (love)

and Preposition Phrase. PP consists of Preposition (on) plus Noun

(you).

Line 12: It's all I want to do

S

NP VP

Pro be NP

Pro S

NP VP

Pro V Infin P

Infinitive V

It is all I want to do

40


S → NP + VP


NP, VP → be + NP, NP → pro + S, S → NP + VP, NP, VP → V +

InfinP, InfinP → Infinitive + V

Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the

sentence (it’s all I want to do) consists of NP Pronoun (It) plus VP,

and VP consists of be (is) plus NP, and NP consist of pronoun (all)

plus S. S consists of NP Pronoun (I) plus verb phrase. Verb Phrase

consists of V (want) plus InfinP, and InfinP consists of Infinitive (to)

plus V (do).

Line 14: You open up my heart

S

NP VP

N V PP

Prep NP

Det N

You open up my heart


S → NP + VP


41

NP, VP → V + PP, PP → prep + NP, NP → Det + N


the sentence is simple sentence because that sentence only consists of

a subject and a predicate. The sentence (you open up my heart)

consists of N (you) plus VP. VP consists of V (open) and PP. PP

consists of prep (up) plus NP. NP consists of Det (my) plus N (heart).

Line 16: As I lay my love on you

S

NP VP

N V NP PP

Det N Prep NP

N



S → NP + VP


NP, VP → V + NP + PP, NP → Det + N, PP → prep + NP

Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence (I lay my love

on you) consists of NP (I) plus VP. VP consists of V (lay) plus NP,

and NP consists of Det (my) plus N (love) and PP. PP consists of prep

(on) plus N (you).

42

Line 17: I was lost in a lonely place

S

NP VP

Pro V Adj P

Adj PP

Prep NP

Det N

I was lost in a lonely place


S → NP + VP


NP → pronoun, VP → V + Adj.P, Adj.P → Adj + PP, PP → prep

+ NP, NP → Det + N


this sentence is simple sentence. The sentence (I was lost in a lonely

place) consists of NP Pronoun (I) plus VP, and VP consists of verb

(was) plus AdjP. AdjP consists of adjective (lost) and PP. PP consists

of preposition (in) plus NP, and NP consists of Det (a) and NP (lonely

place).

43

Line 18: Could hardly believe it

VP

Aux Adv Vt NP

M Pro

Could hardly believe it





Based on the tree diagram, it can be seen that Verb Phrase

(could hardly believe it) consists of Aux (could), adverb (hardly), verb

(believe), and pronoun (it).

Line 19: Holding on to yesterdays

VP

V PP

Prep PP

Prep Adv

Holding on to yesterdays

44


VP → V + PP


V-ing, PP → prep + PP, PP → prep + adv

Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the phrase

(holding on to yesterday) consists of verb (holding) plus Preposition

Phrase. PP contains of preposition (on) plus Preposition Phrase, and

PP consists of preposition (to) plus adverb (yesterdays).

Line 20: Far, far too long

Adj P

Adj Adj P

Adv Adj

Far too long


Adj P → Adj + Adj P


Adj, Adj P → Adv + Adj

Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that phrase (far

too long) consists of adjective (far) plus Adj Phrase. Adj P consists of

Adverb (too) plus Adjective (long).

45

Line 21: Now I believe it's okay cause this time it's real

Complex Sentence

S1 Conj S2

Adv NP VP NP VP

N V S Det N be Adj

NP VP

Be Adj

Now I believe it is okay cause this time is real


the sentence is complex sentence. This sentence consists of two main

clauses, and it was connected with sub-ordinate conjunction (cause).

To analyse the patterns, the sentence were divided into two parts; S1

and S2.


Complex sentence → S1 + conj + S2.


1) S1 → Adv + NP + VP

2) S2 → NP + VP

46


S

NP VP

N V NP PP

Det N Prep NP

N



S → NP + VP



Based on the tree diagram above, the types of that sentence is a

simple sentence because there is only a subject and a predicate. The

sentence (I lay my love on you) consists of NP Pronoun (I) as a

subject in the sentence, and it consists of Verb Phrase. VP consists of

Verb (lay) plus NP, and NP consists of Determiner (my) plus Noun

(love) and Preposition Phrase. PP consists of Preposition (on) plus

Noun (you).

47

Line 23: It's all I want to do

S

NP VP

Pro be NP

Pro S

NP VP

Pro V InfinP

Infinitive V

It is all I want to do


S → NP + VP


NP, VP → be + NP, NP → Pro + S, S → NP + VP, VP → V +

Infin P, Infin P → Infinitive + V


sentence (It is all I want to do) consists of Pronoun (It) as a subject

plus Verb Phrase, and VP consists of be (is) plus Noun Phrase. NP

consists of Pronoun (all) plus a sentence (S), and S consists of

Pronoun (I) plus Verb Phrase. VP consists of Verb (want) plus

Infinitive verb (to do).

48

Line 25: You open up my heart

S

NP VP

N V PP

Prep NP

Det N



S → NP + VP


NP, VP → V + PP, PP → prep + NP, NP → Det + N

Based on the tree diagram above, the sentence (you open up

my heart) consists of Noun (you) plus VP, and VP consists of V

(open) plus PP. PP consists of prep (up) plus NP, and NP consists of

Det (my) plus Noun (heart).

Line 27: As I lay my love on you

S

NP VP

N V NP PP

Det N Prep NP

N

49



S → NP + VP






(on) plus N (you).

Line 28: I never knew that love could feel so good

Clause

S1 That S2

NP VP NP VP

Pro Adv V N M V Adv. P

I never knew that love could feel so good


Noun Clause → S1 + that + S2


1) S1 → NP + VP

2) S2 → NP + VP

50

Based on the tree diagram above, it can be seen that the clause

(I never knew that love could feel so good) consists of two sentences

with conjunction (that). The first sentence pattern consists of Pronoun

(I) plus VP. VP consists of Adv (never) plus Verb (knew) while the

second sentence pattern consists of Noun (love) plus VP. VP consists

of Modal (could) plus Verb (feel) and Adv P (so good).

Line 30: You change my world

S

NP VP

Pro V NP

Det N

You change my world


S → NP + VP


NP, VP → V + NP, NP → Det + N


the sentence is a simple sentence because that sentence only consists

of a subject and a verb. The sentence (You change my world) contains

of Pronoun (you) plus VP. VP consists of Verb (change) plus NP, and

NP consists of Det (my) plus Noun (world).

51


S

NP VP

N V NP PP

De N Prep NP

N



S → NP + VP






(on) plus N (you).

2. The analysis of My Love lyrics.

Line 1: An empty street

NP

Det Adj P

Adj N

An empty street

52

Based on the tree diagram above, the phrase (an empty street)

includes Noun Phrase. Determiner (an) plus adjective phrase, and adj P

consists of adjective (empty) plus noun (street).


NP → Det + Adj P

b. The pattern of the phrase is:

Det, Adj P → Adj + N

Line 2: An empty house

NP

Det Adj P

Adj N

An empty house

Based on the tree diagram above, the phrase (an empty house)

includes Noun Phrase. Determiner (an) plus adjective phrase, and adj P

consists of adjective (empty) plus noun (house).

c. The formula of the diagram is:

NP → Det + Adj P

d. The pattern of the phrase is:

Det, Adj P → Adj + N

Line 3: A hole inside my heart

NP

53

Det NP

N PP

Prep NP

Det N

A hole inside my heart


NP → Det + N + PP


Det + N, PP → Prep + NP, NP → Det + N


type of the phrase is a noun phrase. NP (A hole inside my heart)

consists of determiner (a) plus noun (hole) plus PP. PP consists of

prep (inside) plus NP, and NP consists of determiner (my) plus

noun (heart).

Line 4: I'm all alone

S

NP VP

Pro be NP

Pro Adj

I am all alone

54


S → NP + VP


NP → Pronoun, VP → be + NP, NP → Pron + Adj


the sentence is a simple sentence. In that sentence only consists of a

subject and a predicate. The sentence (I’m all alone) consists of

pronoun (I) as a subject and VP. VP consists of be (am) plus NP, and

NP consists of pronoun (all) plus adjective (alone).

Line 5: The rooms are getting smaller

S

NP VP

Det N V-ing Adj

The rooms are getting smaller


S → NP + VP


NP → Det + N, VP → V-ing + Adj

Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is a

simple sentence because there is only a subject and a predicate. The

sentence (The rooms are getting smaller) consists of NP and VP. NP

55

consists of Det (the) plus Noun (rooms) while VP consists of V-ing

(are getting) plus an adjective (smaller).

Line 12: I'm holding on forever

S

NP VP

Pro V-ing PP

Prep Adv

I am holding on forever


S → NP + VP


NP → Pronoun, VP → V-ing + PP, PP → Prep + Adv


simple sentence. There is only one subject and a predicate in the

sentence. The sentence (I am holding on forever) consists of NP plus

VP. NP consists of pronoun (I) and VP consists of to be ples V-ing

(am holding) plus PP. PP consists of preposition (on) and adverb

(forever).

Line 13: Reaching for the love

VP

V PP

56

Prep NP

Det N

Reaching for the love


VP → V + PP


V, PP → Prep + NP, NP → Det + N

Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the phrase is a verb

phrase. VP (Reaching for the love) consists of Verb (reaching) plus

PP. PP consists of prep (for) plus NP, and NP consists of Det (the)

plus Noun (love).

Line 14: I say a little prayer

S

NP VP

Pro V NP

Det Adj P

Adj N

I say a little prayer


S → NP + VP


57

NP → Pronoun, VP → V + NP, NP → Det + Adj P, Adj P → Adj

+ N


simple sentence because there is only one subject and a predicate. The

sentence (I say a little prayer) consists of NP → Pronoun (I) as a

subject plus VP. VP consists of Verb (say) plus NP, and NP consists

of Det (a) plus Adj P. Adj P consists of Adjective (little) plus Noun

(prayer).

Line 16: The skies are blue

S

NP VP

Det N be Adj

The skies are blue


S → NP + VP


NP → Det + N, VP → be + Adj


simple sentence. The sentence (The skies are blue) consists of NP as a

subject plus VP as a predicate. NP consists of Det (the) plus Noun

(skies) while VP consists of be (are) plus adjective (blue).

58

Line 17: To see you once again, my love

VP

Infin P NP

Pro Adv P

To see you once again


VP → Infin P + NP


Infin P → be + V, NP → Pro + Adv P

Based on the tree diagram above, the type of phrase is a verb

phrase. VP (To see you once again) consists of infinitive phrase (to

see) plus NP. NP consists of Pronoun (you) plus Adv P (once again).

NP

Det N

My love

Based on the tree diagram above, the type of phrase is a noun

phrase. NP (My love) consists of determiner (my) plus noun (love).

Line 20: The fields are green

S

NP VP

Det N be Adj

The fields are green

59


S → NP + VP


NP → Det + N, VP → be + Adj


simple sentence. The sentence (The fields are green) consists of NP as

a subject plus VP as a predicate. NP consists of Det (the) plus Noun

(fields) while VP consists of be (are) plus adjective (green).

Line 22: I tried to read

S

NP VP

Pro V Infin P

Infinitive V

I tried to read


S → NP + VP


NP → Pronoun, VP → V + Infin P, Infin P → Infinitive + V



sentence (I tried to read) consists of NP as a subject and VP. NP

60

consists of Pronoun (I) while VP consists of Verb (tried) plus Infin P

(to read).

Line 23: I go to work

S

NP VP

Pro V Infin P

Infinitive V

I go to work


S → NP + VP


NP → Pronoun, VP → V + Infin P, Infin P → Infinitive + V



sentence (I go to work) consists of NP as a subject and VP. NP

consists of Pronoun (I) while VP consists of Verb (go) plus Infin P (to

work).

61

Line 24: I'm laughing with my friends, but I can't stop

Compound

S1 Conj S2

NP VP NP VP

V-ing Conj P Pro aux neg V

Conj NP

Det N

I am laughing with my friends but I can not stop

Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is

compound sentence because that sentence has two subjects and two

predicates with a conjunction. The formula of the diagram is:

S → S1 + conj + S2

From the analysis above, the sentence (I am laughing with my

friends, but I can’t stop) can be divided into two parts, those are:

a. I am laughing with my friends.

b. I can’t stop.

62

Line 26: To hold you in my arms

VP

Infin P NP

Pro PP

Prep NP

Det N

To hold you in my arms


VP → Infin P + NP


Infin P → be + V, NP → Pro + PP, PP → Prep + NP, NP → Det +

N


phrase. VP (To hold you in my arms) consists of infinitive phrase (to

hold) plus NP. NP consists of Pronoun (you) plus PP. PP consists of

Prep (in) plus NP, and NP consists of Det (my) plus Noun (arms).

63

Line 28: To tell you from my heart

VP

Infin P NP

Pro PP

Prep NP

Det N

To tell you from my heart


VP → Infin P + NP


Infin P → be + V, NP → Pro + PP, PP → Prep + NP, NP → Det +

N


phrase. VP (To tell you from my heart) consists of infinitive phrase (to

tell) plus NP. NP consists of Pronoun (you) plus PP. PP consists of

Prep (from) plus NP, and NP consists of Det (my) plus Noun (heart).

64

CHAPTER V

CLOSURE

There are two major sections which are provided in this chapter,

namely conclusions and suggestions. In conclusions, the writer concludes the

data analysis of this study. In the suggestions, the writer gives some

suggestion to the teacher, the reader, and to the other researcher.

A. Conclusions

According to the data analysis and the discussion in the previous

chapter, the writer would like to convoy the conclusions of this paper as

follows:

1. From the result of the analysis data of the lyrics, the writer has found

five types of phrases that are used in Westlife’s song lyrics, those are:


No. Types Lyrics Line

1. Noun Phrase Just a smile and the rain is gone.

NP NP

1

An empty street 1

An empty house 2

A hole inside my heart 3


NP 17

My love 17

2. Verb Phrase I lay my love on you

VP 11

Reaching for the love 13

65

To see you once again 17

To hold you in my arms 26

To tell you from my heart 28

Holding on to yesterdays 19

3. Adjective

Phrase

There's an angel standing next to me

Adj P

3


Adj P

17

Far, too long 20

Empty street 1

Empty house 2

4. Adverb Phrase Can hardly believe it

Adv P

2


Adv P

19


Adv P

17

5. Prepositional

Phrase


PP

4


PP

11


PP

17


PP

19


PP

3

66

2. Based on the syntactical analysis of phrases in Westlife’s song lyrics

using tree diagram theory, there are five sentence patterns in the lyrics.

Those are:

a. Pattern1: S → NP + VP

b. Pattern2: NP → Det + N

NP → Pronoun or Noun

NP → NP + S

c. Pattern3: VP → V + NP

VP → V + Adv P

VP → M + V + NP

d. Pattern4: Compound → S1 + Conj + S2

e. Pattern5: PP → Prep + NP

B. Suggestions

At the end of the research, the writer would like to give some

suggestions based on the conclusions, as follow:

1. For the teacher

The teacher can use this paper to add their teaching materials

especially about phrases.

2. For the reader

This study can be useful to enrich the knowledge and

comprehension about phrases and their types by reading and

67

understanding many phrases. Mastering phrases would help to add the

vocabularies and the language variation.

3. For the other researchers

This study is based on the analysis of the phrases especially in

types and the patterns. Therefore, this study can be useful as a

reference to analyze the other research dealing with the phrases

materials.

68

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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69

Ma’rif, Alvina A & Pramudya. 2017. A Syntactic Analysis On Sentences Found In

The Song Lyrics Of One Direction’s Album “MADE IN THE A.M.

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Rosdakarya.

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Westlife’s Song Lyrics. Malang: Islamic State University.

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Forester’s Songs. Malang: Malik Ibrahim University.

Salim, Maulana A.N. 2016. A Syntatic Analysis on the English Translation of

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University.

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70

APPENDICES

71

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

1. Name : Zulia Fitroh

2. Place and Date of Birth : Kab. Semarang, December 16th

, 1996

3. Address : Ngipik, RT 04/08, Candi Bandungan

4. Sex : Female

5. Religion : Islam

6. E-mail : [email protected]

7. Phone : 08985558130

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

1. Kindergarten Dharma Wanita Candi 2001 - 2003

2. State Elementary School (SDN) Candi 03 2003 - 2009

3. Junior High School of Sumowono 2009 - 2012

4. Vocational High School of Ungaran 2012 - 2015

5. State Institute for Islamic Studies 2015 -2019

mailto:[email protected]

77

My Love

Westlife

An empty street

An empty house


I'm all alone

The rooms are getting smaller

I wonder how

I wonder why

I wonder where they are

The days we had

The songs we sang together

Oh yeah

And all my love

I'm holding on forever

Reaching for the love that seems so far

So I say a little prayer

And hope my dreams will take me there

Where the skies are blue

To see you once again, my love

Over seas from coast to coast

To find the place I love the most

Where the fields are green


I tried to read

I go to work

I'm laughing with my friends

But I can't stop

To keep myself from thinking

Oh no

78

I wonder how

I wonder why

I wonder where they are

The days we had

The songs we sang together

Oh yeah

And all my love

I'm holding on forever

Reaching for the love that seems so far

So I say a little prayer








To hold you in my arms

To promise you my love

To tell you from my heart

You're all I'm thinking of

And reaching for the love that seems so far

so I say a little prayer








See you in a prayer

79

My sweet dreams will take me there







80

I Lay My Love on You

Westlife

Just a smile and the rain is gone

Can hardly believe it (yeah)

There's an angel standing next to me


Just a smile and there's no way back

Can hardly believe it (yeah)

But there's an angel and she's calling me


I know, that I'll be ok now

This time it's real


It's all I want to do

Every time I breathe I feel brand new


Show me all your love, and walk right through

As I lay my love on you


Could hardly believe it (yeah)


Far, far too long

Now I believe it's okay cause

This time it's real


It's all I want to do

Every time I breathe I feel brand new


Show me all your love, and walk right through

As I lay my love on you

81

I never knew that love could feel so good

Like a once in a lifetime

You change my world

I lay my love on you'.

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