a synopsis of the pin-hole borers of thailand (coleoptera: curculionidae: platypodinae)

TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited.

ZOOTAXAISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press

Zootaxa 3646 (4): 447–486 www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article

http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.7http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9182F680-D613-4822-AF02-3F20D2BE4A41

A synopsis of the pin-hole borers of Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae)

R.A. BEAVER1, 3 & L-Y. LIU2

1161/2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, Thailand.2No. 750, Sec. 3, Qingyun Rd., Toucheng Township, Yilan County 261, Taiwan.3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The present state of knowledge of the pin-hole borers of Thailand is summarised to provide a basis for future studies of the fauna and its economic importance in forestry and timber production. A checklist of the fauna is provided with infor-mation on local and world distribution, host trees, biology and taxonomy. Six faunal elements based on geographical dis-tribution, and the host preferences of species are discussed. Ninety-two species have now been recorded in Thailand, of which forty-three are recorded here for the first time. Three species are endemic to Thailand. The following new combi-nations are given: Dinoplatypus piniperda (Schedl), Treptoplatypus fulgens (Schedl), both transferred from Platypus.

Key words: ambrosia beetles, biogeography, faunal synopsis, host preferences, new combinations, new records

Introduction

The Platypodinae is considered here to be a subfamily (Kuschel 1995, Lawrence & Newton 1995, Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal 2009, Haran et al. 2013) rather than a family (Wood & Bright 1992, Wood 1993) of wood-boring weevils, including about 1500 described species (Wood & Bright 1992). They are of considerable economic importance in tropical and subtropical countries because their gallery systems often penetrate deeply into recently felled timber, and their associated symbiotic ambrosia fungi cause staining of the wood around the galleries, resulting in a downgrading of timber quality (Browne 1961, 1968). A few species may attack and breed in healthy living trees (Faulds 1977, Kent & Simpson 1992, Kirkendall et al. 1997), but more usually attack on a living tree indicates that the tree is stressed or unhealthy (e.g. Browne 1961, Roberts 1969, Beaver 1977). Such attacks may often be unsuccessful in that the beetle is unable to breed, but pathogenic fungi may be introduced into the tree by the attacking beetles (Hulcr & Dunn 2011), and the value of the timber may be adversely affected by the holes and the staining (Browne 1968, Roberts 1977). However, the majority of species breed in recently fallen or cut trees or branches in the forest, or in logs and lumber stored at sawmills for processing (e.g. Browne 1961, Sittichaya & Beaver 2009, Kangkamanee et al. 2011).

Browne (1961) and Schedl (1972) provide reviews of the biology of the subfamily, and Beaver (1989) reviews their association with fungi. All of the species are ambrosia beetles, living in an obligatory symbiotic relationship with various fungi which form the food of both larvae and adults. The ambrosia fungus is carried by the adults in glandular mycangia which are usually found on the dorsum of the prothorax in one or both sexes (Beaver 1989), but can occur in other parts of the body (Nakashima 1971, 1972, 1975). The great majority of species are not host-specific, but will breed in any host tree which is of suitable size and in suitable condition (Browne 1961, Beaver 1977, Hulcr et al. 2007). However some are associated with particular families of trees (see below). The gallery system is started by the male. It is likely that males of all species produce pheromones which attract the female and other males, although very few species have been investigated (e.g. Renwick 1977, Milligan & Ytsma 1988, Gonzalez Audino et al. 2005, Kamata et al. 2008, Gatti et al. 2011). The attracted female then has to induce the male to temporarily leave the gallery. This requires a period of courtship, which can involve stridulation, as well as

Accepted by L. Kirkendall: 19 Mar. 2013; published: 6 May 2013 447


chemical and mechanical stimulation (Browne 1962c, Madrid et al. 1972, Ytsma 1988, Roberts 1993, Ohya & Kinuura 2001, Kobayashi & Ueda 2002). The female then enters the gallery followed by the male. Mating occurs at the entrance to the gallery, as both back out until the female’s abdomen is exposed (Kobayashi & Ueda 2002). Gallery construction is then continued by the female alone. The male remains in or near the gallery entrance, blocking the entry of possible predators or parasites, and removing the frass created by the boring activity of the female (Browne 1961, Schedl 1972). The gallery system is branched, and may penetrate deeply into the wood. It may lie largely in one transverse plane (e.g. Diapus, Genyocerus, Platypus species) or the branches may extend longitudinally (Crossotarsus species) (Browne 1961, Schedl 1965, 1972). In the latter case, the larvae assist in boring the longitudinal galleries (Browne 1961). The mature larvae cut individual pupal cells at the end of the branch galleries (Browne 1961, Schedl 1965, 1972). The young adults of the new generation leave the gallery through the original entrance hole.

The first checklist of the Platypodinae of Thailand was that of Beaver and Browne (1975), which listed 26 species, the majority collected in the north of the country. Further species have been added by Beaver (1990, 1998, 1999), Hutacharern et al. (2007) and Beaver et al. (2008). However, as a result of recent collecting activity in different parts of the country, a considerable number of species have been discovered that are new to the Thai fauna. This paper attempts to summarise current knowledge of the Thai fauna of Platypodinae as a baseline for future studies, with a checklist including information on distribution both within and outside Thailand, host trees, biology and taxonomy. Six faunal elements based on geographical distribution are discussed.

FIGURE 1. Map of Thailand showing the regions and provinces (redrawn after FAO 2008).

BEAVER & LIU 448 · Zootaxa 3646 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press


Material and methods

This review is based on several main sources. In addition to the senior author’s collections in the north and south of Thailand, we have examined numerous specimens collected by W.Puranasakul (then at Chiangmai University) primarily in the Doi Sutep/Doi Pui National Park, Chiangmai in 2004–2006; by A. Cognato, J. Hulcr and S. Dole (Stephens) (all then at Texas A&M University) in various parts of the country in 2005–2006; and by W. Sittichaya (Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla) primarily in the south of the country in 2008–2011. We have also examined the numerous specimens collected by the TIGER (Thailand Inventory Group for Entomological Research) project in twenty-four of the National Parks of Thailand from 2006–2009. Further records have come from specimens sent to the senior author for identification by various museums including the Natural History Museum, London, the Natural History Museum, Basel, and the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. Whenever possible, specimens have been checked against type material, particularly in the Schedl collection (Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna), and in the Natural History Museum, London.

Checklist Format. The classification used here follows the catalogue of Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal (2009), and the genera are listed in the order of that catalogue. Species are listed alphabetically within genus. For each species, we give the currently accepted name, the original generic and specific names, and a reference to the original description. Species new to Thailand are indicated by an asterisk (*). Four species which have been recorded from Thailand without details or reference to specimens are indicated by a dagger sign (†). Their occurrence in the country needs to be confirmed. Synonyms are not listed unless the original species name has changed because of homonymy, or the synonymy postdates the catalogue of Wood and Bright (1992), and its supplements (Bright & Skidmore 1997, 2002). The Thai provinces in which the species is known to occur are listed. The provinces are divided into four regions: Central (C), Northern (N), North-Eastern (N-E) and Southern (S) (Fig. 1). This is followed by detailed new records for: 1) species which are recorded as new to Thailand; 2) uncommon or rare species, and those not previously recorded from any specific province. If more than 50 specimens were collected, and the species occurred in a large number of provinces, only the provinces are listed. National Park is abbreviated as NP, Wildlife Sanctuary as WS, and Malaise trap as MT. Altitudes are given in meters above sea level. Figures in parentheses are the number of specimens examined. The distribution of the species outside Thailand is then given, based on published records, with additions from other sources if available. The faunal element to which the species is considered to belong is added in parentheses. This is followed by notes on taxonomy (where necessary), and a summary of information on the biology of the species. There is a large literature pertaining to some of the economically important species, and only a selection of references is given for these. Further references and taxonomic information for each species can be obtained from Wood and Bright (1987, 1992), and Bright & Skidmore (1997, 2002). Because these works provide information on the primary type and type locality of each species, this information is omitted here.

Results

Based on the material studied, two of the four tribes of Platypodinae, 12 of 37 currently recognised genera, and 92 species occur in Thailand. Forty-three species are recorded for the first time from Thailand, illustrating the previous poor knowledge of the fauna. On the basis of available records, three species are endemic to the country: Diapus unispinosus Beaver & Puranasakul, Peroplatypus truncatellus (Browne) and Platypus exsuperans Beaver. However, it is likely that they will eventually be recorded from neighbouring countries. Beaver and Browne (1975) included six species of Platypodinae as endemic, but five of these have since been found elsewhere in Southeast Asia (see checklist). The majority of species are distributed fairly widely within the Oriental region, and sometimes beyond. Euplatypus parallelus (F.), an invasive species of neotropical origin has become circumtropical in its distribution. It may be noted here that 52 species found in Thailand have been intercepted in Japan and elsewhere in timber originating in the Oriental region. Whilst the number of records from timber originating in Thailand is low, this illustrates the potential ability of platypodine species to spread to other countries as a result of human activity. The occurrence of four species in Thailand needs to be confirmed: Dinoplatypus lepidus (Chapuis), D. uncinatus (Blandford), Platypus lewisi Blandford, P. pasaniae Schedl. These species are listed only in the checklist of insects and mites in Thailand (Hutacharern et al. 2007), without supporting data, and we have seen no specimens.

Zootaxa 3646 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 449SYNOPSIS OF THAI PLATYPODINAE


FIGURE 2. Forest classification map of Thailand (modified from UNEP 1997).

Faunal elementsThe species found in Thailand can be divided zoogeographically into six faunal elements, as outlined by

Beaver & Browne (1975) in their analysis of the Scolytinae of Thailand. The four species mentioned in the previous paragraph which are not confirmed to occur in Thailand have been excluded from this analysis.

1. Palaearctic element (2 species). This element comprises species distributed more widely in the Palaearctic region (sensu Löbl & Smetana 2003–2011), which reach their southern limit in Thailand. The small number of species included in this element is not surprising because the Platypodinae are poorly represented in most of the Palaearctic region (Knížek 2011).

2. Southeast Asian element (19 species). This element was termed ‘Indian’ by Beaver & Browne (1975), but the majority of the species included here have their range centred in Southeast Asia (considered here to include Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam), and only ten occur in India. The range of several species extends further north to China, Japan and Taiwan, but they are absent from the Malaysian-Indonesian region, with two exceptions, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), which is recorded in the mountains of Java, and Treptoplatypus biflexuosus (Schedl), recorded from West Malaysia. Within Thailand, only three species included in this faunal element are recorded from the Southern Region. The majority are restricted to the Northern and North-Eastern Regions.



3. Malaysian element (38 species). This element consists of species known from Malaysia and western Indonesia, extending north to Thailand, where many are found only in the southern provinces. Only five species occur east of Wallace’s line (Crossotarsus schedli Browne, Diapus minutissimus Schedl, Genyocerus exilis(Schedl), Platypus balanocarpus Schedl, P.hirtellus Schedl). The majority of records for this element are from the Malaysian-Indonesian area, and it seems likely that they have spread northwards into Thailand from this area rather than the reverse.

4. Indo-Malaysian element (23 species). This element includes species whose distribution includes both the Indian-Southeast Asian and Malaysian-Indonesian areas. The area of origin of these species is not clear. All except four species (Genyocerus diaphanus (Schedl), G.pendleburyi (Schedl), G.talurae (Stebbing), Treptoplatypus biflexuosus (Schedl) have a range which extends east of Wallace’s line to New Guinea, and sometimes further east to the Solomon Islands.

5. Circumtropical element (3 species). This element includes species which occur outside the Oriental region in tropical Africa or America. Two of the species, Crossotarsus externedentatus (Fairmaire) and Diapus quinquespinatus Chapuis, are of Oriental origin, and have spread, probably through human agency, to the Afrotropical region. The third, Euplatypus parallelus, originated in the Neotropical region, but is also widespread in the Afrotropical region, and has invaded much of the Oriental region during the last 50 years. It is assumed that it was brought into the latter region by man, probably in imported timber. All of them are potentially of economic importance in Thailand due to their abundance and wide distribution within the country.

6. Endemic element (3 species). As noted above, it is likely that these species will eventually be found in other countries of Southeast Asia.

Distribution within Thailand. If the six species without a defined location in Thailand are omitted, then 10 of 86 species occur in all four regions, 15 occur in three regions, 19 in two regions and 41 species in only a single region. Further collecting will, of course, extend the known distributions of many species, but based on currently available data, 48% of the species are restricted to a single region. Of these species, 21 occur only in the Northern Region, and 18 only in the Southern Region, with one currently known only from the North-Eastern Region, and two only from the Central Region. Relatively few species have been recorded from the Central and North-Eastern Regions compared to the Northern and Southern Regions (Table 1). To some extent this reflects the concentration of collecting effort in the north and south of the country, but it also reflects the topography and forest cover of the areas. The central provinces include the main rice-growing plain, and little forest remains in most parts of the region except near the borders with Cambodia and Myanmar (Fig. 2). Forest cover has also been greatly reduced in the North-Eastern Region, but more forest remains in the mountains of the Northern Region (Fig. 2). In the Southern Region, much natural forest has been replaced by palm oil and rubber plantations, but the platypodine fauna of Malaysia, with which the fauna of the South has much in common, is rich in species (Browne 1961, Beaver & Browne 1979), and this is reflected in the more diverse platypodine fauna of the natural forests that remain.

TABLE 1. The number of species in each faunal element (F.E.) and distribution area* (D.A.)

*One species of each of the Malaysian and Indo-Malaysian elements excluded from the distribution analysis because their distributions within Thailand are unspecified.

There is an important biogeographical transition zone for some groups of animals at the Isthmus of Kra on the

Thai–Malay peninsula (latitude 11–13o) (Hughes, J.B. et al. 2003, Woodruff 2003a, b, De Bruyn et al. 2005, Hughes, A.C. et al. 2011). The Thai platypodines appear to confirm the presence of this transition zone. Of the 86 species with specified distributions, 18 occur only south of the Isthmus of Kra, and 31 species occur only to the

F.E. D.A.

1. Palaearctic 2. Southeast Asian

3. Malaysian 4. Indo-Malaysian

5. Circum-tropical

6. Endemic Total Species

2 19 38 23 3 3 88

C 1 3 10 10 3 – 27

N 2 17 18 16 3 2 58

N-E 1 6 1 11 3 1 23

S – 4 29 19 3 – 55



north of it. Thus almost 56% of the fauna (49 species) is restricted to one side or the other of the transition zone. All of the species which occur only in the Southern Region have a Malaysian or Indo-Malaysian distribution.

Host preferences. For most species of Platypodinae, as for other ambrosia beetles, the size and suitability of the host for the growth of the symbiotic ambrosia fungi, on which the larvae depend for their food and development, are more important than its taxonomic affinity (Beaver 1989, Hulcr et al. 2007). Most species are polyphagous attacking a wide range of hosts. When host preferences do occur, they are usually for hosts that are either common, and/or produce volatiles that make the trees easier to locate (Beaver 1979). Host preferences within Thailand are poorly known, because much of the collecting has been done using traps of various kinds. However, by making use of the information available from other countries, it is possible to assess the host preferences of many species. Much of Thailand’s forest is dominated by the resiniferous family Dipterocarpaceae (Whitmore 1984), so it is not surprising that the majority of oligophagous platypodines specialise on this family. The following sixteen species appear to specialise on Dipterocarpaceae: Crossotarsus nitens,Genyocerus (all eight species found in Thailand), Platypus balanocarpus, P.curtus, P.pseudocurtus, P.shoreanus, Platytarsulus declivis, Treptoplatypus artesolidus, T.franciai. The hill evergreen forests of the Northern Region are often dominated by Fagaceae rather than Dipterocarpaceae (Gardner et al. 2000), and five species found only in the Northern and North-Eastern Regions are specialised on this family: Crossotarsus fagacearum, C.longicollis, Platypus levannongi, P.quercivorus, Diapus aculeatus. Platypus convexicauda may also be a specialist on Fagaceae (Browne 1961), but more records are needed to confirm this. Three further oligophagous species occur. Platypus piniperda attacks only Pinaceae (resiniferous Pinus spp.) in the north, where pines are often common in drier sites on the mountains (Gardner et al. 2000). Platypus hirtellus seems to be specialised on trees of the laticiferous family Sapotaceae in the south. Platypus hybridus has a preference for trees of the family Ebenaceae in Malaysia (Browne 1961), but its host preferences in Thailand are not known. The remaining species are either polyphagous (44 species), or their host associations are too poorly known to draw conclusions (21 species).

Altitude. The type of forest, and its taxonomic composition, change with altitude, and there are further differences within a particular altitudinal range depending primarily on water availability and soil type (Whitmore 1984, Gardner et al. 2000). The local climate also varies with altitude, with high mountains tending to be cooler and wetter than areas at a lower altitude. There is some evidence that these altitude-related variations are reflected in the composition of the Thai platypodine fauna at a local scale. Certain species are confined to altitudes above about 1000 m, and hence to the more mountainous areas of the country. This may be the result of either climatic and/or host preferences. Diapus quadrispinatus Chapuis and D.molossus Chapuis have been collected only on Doi Inthanon, the highest mountain (2565 m) in Thailand, at altitudes of 1800 m and above. This probably reflects climatic rather than host preferences. Both species are polyphagous (see checklist below), but are found outside Thailand only in the mountains of Myanmar and northern India. On the other hand, species with a preference for Fagaceae (e.g. Crossotarsus fagacearum, Platypus quercivorus) may be restricted to higher altitudes largely because of their host preference. It is only in the hill evergreen forests (c.1000–2000 m) that Fagaceae dominate the tree flora. A similar argument applies to Platypus piniperda with its preference for Pinus spp., which are found naturally only at altitudes above about 800 m in Thailand. Conversely, there are likely to be some platypodines which are confined to lower altitudes because of climatic and/or host preferences. However, further sampling at a range of altitudes will be required to confirm this.

Checklist of Platypodinae of Thailand

Tribe Platypodini

1. Baiocis pernanulus (Schedl)

Crossotarsus pernanulus Schedl, 1935b: 482.

Thai distribution: C: Nakhon Nayok; N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975), Phetchabun, Phitsanulok; N-E:Nakhon Ratchasima, Phetchaburi; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani.

New records: More than 50 specimens from the provinces listed above in all regions of the country.



Other distribution: From India through Southeast Asia and Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia. Intercepted in Japan from timber imported from the region. (4)

Biology: A polyphagous species recorded from both angiosperms and conifers (Schedl 1939b, Beeson 1961 as Platypus bacillus [n.nud.], Browne 1961, Ohno et al. 1987a, b).

2. Carchesiopygus assamensis (Beeson) *

Crossotarsus assamensis Beeson, 1937: 59.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai, Phitsanulok. New to Thailand. New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, Pha Tang unit, 19°24.978' N, 98°54.886' E, 526 m, MT, 14–

21.x.2007 (Songkran & Apichart) (1); Doi Inthanon NP, campground pond, 18°32.657' N, 98°31.482' E, 1200 m, MT, 6–13.ix.2006 (Y. Areeluck) (1); Doi Pui, mixed evergreen forest, 1410 m, 27.ix.–1.x.2004,10–14.v.2005 (W. Puranasakul) (2); Queen Sirikit Botanic Gardens, 18o53.306' N, 98o51.432' E, 300–700 m, MT, vii.2006 (H. Mendel & M. V. L. Barclay) (6); Phitsanulok, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, 16°50.277' N, 100°52.917' E, dry evergreen forest, MT, 25.ix.–2.x.2006 (Pongpitak, Pranee) (1); as previous except: 16°50.699' N, 100°51.266' E, deciduous forest, 501 m, 1–15.iv.2007 (4); as previous except: Viewpoint at Khla stream, 16°39.12' N, 101°7.81' E, 246 m, pan trap, 8–11.iii.2007 (S. Chachumnan & S. Singtong) (4).

Other distribution: India (Assam). (2)Taxonomy: This species was transferred by Browne (1962a) from Crossotarsus Chapuis to Carchesiopygus

Schedl, and is included by Wood and Bright (1992) in the latter genus. However, Wood and Bright (1992) note that ‘the genus appears to be a conglomeration of unrelated species, most of which belong elsewhere’, and further revisionary studies are needed.

Biology: The only recorded host is Vatica lanceaefolia Blume (Dipterocarpaceae).

3. Carchesiopygus wollastoni (Chapuis) *

Crossotarsus wollastoni Chapuis, 1865: 74.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand. New Records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang N.P., EtOH trap, 1.ii.2010 (W. Sittichaya).Other distribution: Laos, Malaysia (E. & W.), Vietnam. The species also occurs in Brunei Darussalam (R. A.

Beaver, unpublished record). (3)Taxonomy: This species was transferred to his new genus Carchesiopygus by Schedl (1939a), as the type

species of the genus. As noted under the previous species, the genus requires revision.Biology: Recorded only from Dyera costulata Hook. f. (Apocyanaceae), and unidentified species of Lauraceae

and Sapotaceae (Browne 1961). The gallery system and other habits are unknown.

4. Crossotarsus bonvouloiri Chapuis

Crossotarsus bonvouloiri Chapuis, 1865: 55.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Beeson 1961); C: Chanthaburi, Phetchaburi, Sa Kaeo; N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975); S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat.

New records: Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, 50 m NE Prabaht Unit, 12°48.779' N, 102°9.181' E, 107 m, MT, 1–7.vii.2008, 11.viii.–18.viii.2008 (Suthida & Charoenchai) (2); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiangdao NP, Pha Tang substation, 19°24.978' N, 98°54.886' E, 526 m, MT 28.viii.–4.ix.2007 (S. Jugsu & A. Watwanich) (1); Doi Inthanon NP, summit forest, 18°35.361' N, 98°29.157' E, 2500 m, MT, 12–19.x.2006 (Y. Areeluck) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.vi.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Pa-La-U/bus parking, 12°32.125' N, 99°28.283' E, MT, 28.vi.–4.vii.2008 (Akaradate & Thongbai) (1); Sa Kaeo, Pang Sida NP, 300 m, 23.vi.2005 (A. Cognato et al.) (2).



Other distribution: From India through Southeast Asia to Indonesia and the Philippines. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from Indonesia (Sumatra, Maluku). (4)

Biology: A polyphagous species (Beeson 1961). The frons of the female is deeply excavated, and Beeson (1961) notes that eggs are carried in the cavity (see also below, Crossotarsus wallacei). The gallery system, as in other species of Crossotarsus, has a more or less radial or curved main gallery in the transverse plane, with a number of longitudinal branches which end in groups of pupal cells (Beaver & Browne 1975).

5. Crossotarsus brevidens Browne

Crossotarsus brevidens Browne in Beaver & Browne, 1975: 302.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975). Other distribution: The species also occurs in Laos (R. A. Beaver unpublished). (2)Biology: Beaver and Browne (1975) note that the type series was taken from an unidentified recently fallen

tree, 15–30 cm in diameter where attacked.

6. Crossotarsus decliviornatus (Schedl) *

Platypus decliviornatus Schedl, 1942, 205.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New record: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap,1.iv.2010 (W. Sittichaya).Other distribution: Malaysia (W.). (3)Biology: Recorded from Castanopsis sumatrana A. DC. (Fagaceae) and Rubiaceae sp. (Browne 1961).

7. Crossotarsus emorsus Beeson *

Crossotarsus emorsus Beeson, 1937: 87.

Thai distribution: N: Mae Hong Son, Nan, Petchabun; S: Chumphon,Surat Thani. New to Thailand. New records: Chumphon, durian plantation, EtOH trap, 1.xii.2009 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Mae Hong Son,

Namtok Mae Surin NP, E/Huai Fai Kor reservoir, 19°20.616' N, 97°59.3' E, MT, 10–17.ii.2008 (Kamkoon A.) (1); Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, Office 13, 19°12.605' N, 101°5.074' E, 1371 m, MT, 1–8.xii.2007 (Charoen & Nikom) (1), as previous except: Office 15, 19°12.133' N, 101°4.756' E, 1310 m (1); Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, 16°44.371' N, 101°34.549' E, evergreen forest, 834 m, MT, 4–12.xii.2006 (Leng Jantiep) (1); Surat Thani, Khlong Phanom NP, ex ‘prung truek’, 24.iii.2006 (S. Stevens et al.) (2).

Other distribution: Myanmar. Wood and Bright (1992) include Indonesia (Borneo) [sic] in the distribution, but we know of no published records from that island. (2)

Taxonomy: Schedl (1972) listed the species as a subspecies of Crossotarsus terminatus Chapuis. However, Wood and Bright (1992) reinstated it as a distinct species, and we agree with their assessment.

Biology: Beeson (1937) lists four genera and species of hosts in three different families, suggesting that the species is polyphagous.

8. Crossotarsus externedentatus (Fairmaire)

Platypus externedentatus Fairmaire, 1849: 78.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975), Lampang, Mae Hong Son, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok; N-E: Chaiyaphum, Loei; C: Chanthaburi, Kanchanaburi, Sakhon Nakhon, Suphanburi, Ubon Ratchathani; S:Chumphon, Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Songkhla, Surat Thani, Trang.



New records: Numerous (over 80) specimens collected in all parts of the country, the majority by the participants in the TIGER project, in the provinces listed above.

Other distribution: Tropical east and south Africa, Madagascar, Indian ocean islands, Japan, Taiwan, Oriental region to New Guinea and Australia, Pacific islands. Intercepted in Japan in imported timber from the Oriental region, and in China from wood of Pometia pinnata Forst. (Sapindaceae), and wooden boards imported from Thailand. (5)

Biology: Strongly polyphagous (e.g. Beeson 1961, Browne 1961, Schedl 1965, Wood & Bright 1992). The species can be of economic importance in plantations, because it sometimes attacks living trees (Browne 1968, Beaver 2000a). In Thailand, it is one of the platypodines attacking rubberwood logs and sawn timber in the south of the country (Sittichaya & Beaver 2009, Kangkamanee et al. 2011). It has also been recorded from ‘chestnut’ (probably Castanopsis sp.) (Fagaceae) in Chiang Mai (Puranasakul 2006), and from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) (Anacardiaceae) in Songkhla (Sittichaya 2012).

9. Crossotarsus fagacearum Browne

Crossotarsus fagacearum Browne in Beaver & Browne, 1975: 303.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975), Phetchabun; N-E: Chaiyaphum New records: Chaiyaphum, Phu Khieo Wildl. Res., 18.vii.2005 (J. Hulcr et al.) (6); Phetchabun, Nam Nao

NP, ex Castanopsis, 16–17.vii.2005 (A. Cognato et al.) (8).Other distribution: The species also occurs in the mountains of Laos (R. A. Beaver, unpublished records). (2)Biology: Apparently host-specific to the family Fagaceae, and recorded only from species of Quercus and

Castanopsis (Beaver & Browne 1975, Puranasakul 2006). The species is probably restricted to hill evergreen forests at altitudes between c. 1000–1800 m, where trees of the family Fagaceae dominate the forests (Gardner et al. 2000).

10. Crossotarsus fractus Sampson *

Crossotarsus fractus Sampson, 1912: 250.

Thai distribution: C: Trat. New to Thailand. New record: Trat, Ko Chang isl., 28.xi.1998 (S. P. Quek).Other distribution: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, New Guinea. Intercepted in Japan in

timber imported from the region. (4)Taxonomy: The species has been treated as a synonym (Sampson 1928), or a subspecies of Crossotarsus

squamulatus Chapuis (Browne 1961, Schedl 1969a, 1972), but is reinstated as a distinct species by Wood and Bright (1992).

Biology: The species is evidently polyphagous (Browne 1961, Wood & Bright 1992). Browne (1961) gives some details of the gallery system, and Kalshoven (1960) of brood sizes in Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Leguminosae).

11. Crossotarsus inermis Schedl

Crossotarsus inermis Schedl, 1937: 33.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Browne 1961 as Crossotarsus foederatus Beeson). Other distribution: ‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Mentawei Is., Sumatra), Malaysia (E. & W.). The species also occurs

in Myanmar (R. A. Beaver, unpublished record). (3)Biology: Browne (1961) lists host trees in 8 families, and notes that it usually attacks large logs, but has been

found in smaller stems of 10 cm diameter. The gallery system resembles that of Crossotarsus wallacei Chapuis (see below) (Browne 1961).



12. Crossotarsus longicollis Browne *

Crossotarsus longicollis Browne, 1950: 649.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai, Phetchabun. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1400 m, ex Castanopsis sp., 29.xi.2004 (W. Puranasakul) (1); as previous

except: ex chestnut, ii.2005 (1); Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, ex Castanopsis sp., 16.vii.2005 (J. Hulcr et al.) (4).Other distribution: Malaysia (W.). (3)Biology: Like Crossotarsus fagacearum, this species seems to be associated only with trees of the family

Fagaceae (Browne 1961, Beaver & Browne 1979), and all recorded hosts are from that family.

13. Crossotarsus nitens Chapuis *

Crossotarsus nitens Chapuis, 1865: 77.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New record: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.ii.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1).Other distribution: ‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Maluku), Malaysia (E. & W.). Intercepted in timber imported to Japan

and Korea in timber from the region. (3)Biology: Almost all recorded hosts (Schedl 1966a, Browne 1984, Ohno 1990) are in the family

Dipterocarpaceae, suggesting a preference for this family, but also recorded from Pithecellobium sp. (Leguminosae) (Browne 1961).

14. Crossotarsus schedli Browne

Crossotarsus schedli Browne, 1962b: 215.

Thai distribution: C: Trang (Beaver 1999).Other distribution: ‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (W.), New Guinea, Philippines. Intercepted in

timber imported to Japan from New Guinea. (3)Biology: A polyphagous species, with a similar gallery system to Crossotarsus wallacei. Fully grown larvae

have been found 25 days after the initial attacks, and adults emerge after 6–7 weeks (Browne 1961). Browne (1961) considers it to be a species of potential economic importance.

15. Crossotarsus squamulatus Chapuis

Crossotarsus squamulatus Chapuis, 1865: 87

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975), Tak; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Phangnga.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Phahompok NP, Headquarters, 19°57.961' N, 99°9.355' E, 569 m, MT, 14–

21.ii.2008 (Seesom K.) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat,[no further details], ii.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Phangnga,

Sri Phangnga NP, 25.iii.2006 (S. Stephens et al.) (2); Tak, Umphang riv., 16o07' N, 99o00' E, 1000 m, 28.iv.–6.v.1991 (V. Kubán) (1).

Other distribution: From northeastern India through Southeast Asia and Indonesia to the Bismarck Islands. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region, and in China in wooden crates imported from Thailand. (4)

Taxonomy: This species forms part of a complex of closely related and sometimes intergrading species, which have sometimes been considered as synonyms or subspecies (e.g. Beeson 1937, Schedl 1969a, 1972). Of the forms that occur in Thailand, we consider Crossotarsus emorsus, C.fractus, C.squamulatus,and C.terminatus to be distinct species. The complex needs further investigation using molecular methods.



Biology: A strongly polyphagous species (Beeson 1937, 1961, Browne 1961, Kalshoven 1960). These authors give details of the gallery system, brood sizes and approximate rates of development. Kalshoven (1960) notes that it may attack apparently healthy trees, and Browne (1961) considers it to be of possible economic importance due to its abundance.

16. Crossotarsus terminatus Chapuis *

Crossotarsus terminatus Chapuis, 1865: 83.

Thai distribution: C: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Nayok; N: Chiang Mai, Phetchabun; N-E: Nakhon Ratchasima, Sakhon Nakhon; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Phangnga, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.

New records: Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, Campground/Prabaht Unit, 12°48.852' N, 102°9.204' E, 99 m, MT, 1–7.vii.2008 (Suthida & Chareonchai) (1); as previous except: Tung Pane unit/150 m into nature trail, 12°50.88' N, 102°12.26' E, 122 m, 13–20.xii.2008 (1); as previous except: Khao Prabaht peak/150 m S of forest base, 12°50.45' N, 102°9.81' E, 875 m, 27.ii.–6.iii.2009 (1); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, Nature Trail, 19°24.278' N, 98°55.311' E, 491 m, MT, 17–24.iii.2008 (Songkran & Apichart) (1); Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai NP, Nature trail, 14°24.515' N, 101°22.432' E, 750 m, secondary moist evergreen forest, MT, 5.vii.–12.viii.2006 (P. Sandao) (1); as previous except: Khao Keow spirit house, 14°22.96' N, 101°23.253' E, 750 m, 5–12.ix.2006 (1); as previous except: nr Training Centre 2, 14°24.515' N, 101°22.432' E, 12.ii.–19.ii.2007 (W. Sukho) (2); Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai NP, Dong Suer Paan, 14°27.511' N, 101°22.408' E, moist evergreen forest, 760 m, MT, 5–19.xii.2007 (P. Sandao) (4); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.xi.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (2); Phangnga, Sri Phangnga NP, 25.iii.2006 (S. Stephens et al.) (4); Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Kaeng Wang Nam Yen, 16°36.587' N, 100°53.395' E, MT, 22–29.ix.2006 (no collector) (1); as previous except: 16°37.531' N, 100°53.745' E, 6–13.xii.2006 (1); Sakhon Nakhon, Phu Phan NP, near house at 1567 station, 16°48.627' N, 103°53.511' E, 512 m, dry evergreen forest, MT, 3–9.xii.2006 (S. Kongnara) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, ex rambutan branch, 22–24.iii.2006 (S. Stephens et al.) (6); Khlong Phanom NP, 24.iii.2006 (S. Stephens et al.) (1).

Other distribution: India, Malaysia (E. & W.), Indonesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Wood and Bright (1992) include Taiwan in the distribution, but the supposed record (Murayama 1928) was corrected by Murayama (1934) to Crossotarsus emancipatus Murayama. Intercepted in timber imported to Japan from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. (4)

Biology: Polyphagous (Beeson 1961, Browne 1961, Wood & Bright 1992). Browne (1961) notes that it tends to attack stems of smaller size (8–25 cm diameter) than many platypodines, and has not been found in very large logs or sawn timber. Like C.squamulatus, Browne (1961) considers it to be of possible economic importance due to its abundance.

17. Crossotarsus wallacei (Thomson)

Platypus wallacei Thomson, 1857: 343.

Thai distribution: C: Sa Kaeo; S: Yala (Browne 1972), Chumphon.New records: Chumphon, durian plantation, EtOH trap,1.ii.2010 (W. Sittichaya); Sa Kaeo, Pang Sida N.P.,

300 m, hill evergreen forest, 23.vi.2005 (A. Cognato et al.) (5).Other distribution: From Sri Lanka and India through Southeast Asia, Taiwan and Indonesia to New Guinea.

Intercepted in wooden boards imported to China from Thailand, and in timber imported to Japan from East Malaysia and Sumatra. (4)

Biology: This is one of the largest platypodines. It commonly occurs as a secondary or wound parasite of rubber trees (Browne 1968), and may cause severe damage to felled timber since it makes large holes over 3 mm diameter. The species is polyphagous (Browne 1961, Wood & Bright 1992), usually attacking stems of more than 15 cm diameter (Browne 1961). The gallery system has a more or less radial or curved main gallery in the transverse plane penetrating deeply into the wood. From it arise a number of longitudinal branches. When mature,



the larvae make candelabra-like groups of pupal cells at the end of these branches (Browne 1961). The female frons is deeply excavate, and the antennal scapes are enlarged and compressed. Browne (1961) notes that the scapes can be used like forceps to pick up the eggs as they are laid, and place them in the cavity, where they adhere to hairs. This may protect them from damage as the female moves around the gallery.

18. Dinoplatypus agathis (Browne) *

Platypus agathis Browne, 1986: 335.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1410 m, mixed evergreen forest, alcohol trap, various dates from 18.x.–

12.xi.2004, 14.iii.–29.iv.2005, 2.i.–21.iv.2006 (W. Puranasakul) (10).Other distribution: East Malaysia (Sabah). (3)Biology: The species was described from specimens intercepted in Japan in Agathis sp. (Pinaceae). No hosts

are known in Thailand.

19. Dinoplatypus biuncus (Blandford)

Platypus biuncus Blandford, 1896: 194.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai; N-E: Chaiyaphum; S: Ranong (Murphy & Meepol 1990), Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Songkhla.

New records: Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, Chaiyaphum forest fire station, 16°0.793'N, 102°1.257'E, 195 m, MT, 26.xii.2006–2.i.2007 (T. Jaruphan & O. Budsawong) (1); Chiang Mai, Doi Phahompok NP, Headquarters, 19°57.961' N, 99°9.355' E, 569 m, malaise.trap, 14–21.ii.2008 (Seesom, K.) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, TV aerial, 8°14.262' N, 99°48.289' E, 952 m, MT, 19–26.ii.2009 (Paiboon) (1); Songkhla, ex stressed mango tree, 18.vi.2008 (W. Sittichaya) (1).

Other distribution: India, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (E. & W.), Philippines, Solomon Is. Intercepted in Japan and South Korea in timber imported from the region. The species also occurs in Vietnam (R. A. Beaver, unpublished records). (4)

Biology: A polyphagous species (e.g. Browne 1961, Ohno 1990). Recorded in Thailand from a mangrove tree, Xylocarpus sp. (Meliaceae) (Murphy & Meepol 1990), and from mango (Mangifera indica) (Sittichaya 2012).

20. Dinoplatypus brevis (Browne)

Platypus brevis Browne in Beaver & Browne, 1975: 306.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai; N-E: Nakhon Ratchasima (Beaver & Browne 1975), Chaiyaphum.New records: Chaiyaphum, Phu Khieo Wildl. Res., 18.vii.2005 (J. Hulcr et al.) (9); Chiang Mai, Doi Pui,

1410 m, mixed evergreen forest, ethanol trap, 18–22.x.2004, 21–25.ii.2005 (W. Puranasakul) (2); as previous except: ex ‘chestnut’,10–14.i.2005, ii.2005 (8); Khun Khan NP, vii.2005 (J. Hulcr et al.) (2).

Other distribution: The species also occurs in China (Yunnan) (R. A. Beaver, unpublished record). (2)Biology: The species has been collected from ‘chestnut’ (probably Castanopsis sp.) (Fagaceae) in Chiang Mai

(Puranasakul 2006).

21. Dinoplatypus cavus (Strohmeyer)

Platypus cavus Strohmeyer, 1913:162.



Thai distribution: C: Chanthaburi, Phetchaburi; N: Chiang Mai (Nunberg & Chujo 1961, Schedl 1971a, Beaver & Browne 1975), Lampang (Beaver & Browne 1975), Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phetchabun; N-E: Loei; Sa Kaeo, Sakhon Nakhon; S: Chumphon, Nakhon Sri Thammarat.

New records: Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, 100 m N/Prabaht unit, 12°48.842' N, 102°9.144' E, 203 m, MT, 7–14.vii.2008 (Suthida & Charoenchai) (3); as previous except: campground, 12°48.852' N, 102°9.204' E, 99

m (1); Chumphon: Phato, 9o48' N, 98o48' E, 200 m, 18–23.iv.1997 (J. Kolibač) (1); Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, Forest protection unit 5, 16°50.54' N, 101°41.663' E, 406 m, MT, 19–25.ii.2007 (N. Kerdlom) (1); Mae Hong Son, Namtok Mae Surin NP, nature trail, 19°20.616' N, 97°59.3' E, 334 m, MT, 16–23.ix.2007 (A. Kamkhun) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80 m, MT, 22–29.x.2008 (U-prai K.) (1); Nan: Bo Klua, 19o08' N, 101o10' E, 22–26.4.1999 (D. Hauck) (3); Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, 16–17.vii.2005 (J. Hulcr et al.) (3); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km27, 12°49.302' N, 99°22.263' E, 950 m, MT, 18–25.v.2009 (Sirichai) (1); Sa Kaeo, Pang Sida NP, 140 m, 23.vi.05 (A. Cognato et al.) (6); Sakhon Nakhon, Phu Phan NP, Huay Wien Prai, Forest protection unit, 17°6.81' N, 104°0.318' E, 318 m, MT, 10–17.ii.2007 (W. Kongnara) (1).

Other distribution: From India and Pakistan through Southeast Asia and Indonesia (from Sumatra to Sulawesi) to the Philippines. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)

Biology: A polyphagous species (e.g. Browne 1961, Kalshoven 1960, Ohno 1990). The gallery system is the same as in Platypus species, with branched tunnels, more or less in one transverse plane. Short secondary branches end in groups of pupal cells above and below the tunnel. Kalshoven (1960) notes that the species may attempt to attack healthy trees, but such attacks are unsuccesful due to the defense mechanisms of the tree.

22. Dinoplatypus cupulatus (Chapuis)

Platypus cupulatus Chapuis, 1865: 278.

Thai distribution: C: Bangkok (Schedl 1962a); N: Tak; N-E: Nakhon Ratchasima (Schedl 1975); S: Songkhla, Trang.

New records: Songkhla, ex rubber wood, 27.xi.2007 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Tak, Khlong Lan, alle luci, 13–14.ix.1990 (H. E. Bomans) (3); Umphang, all luce, 17–21.ix.1990 (H. E. Bomans) (2); Umphang distr., Thung Yai WS, Mae Chan–Mae Kong confluence, 15o30' N, 98o48' E, 27.iv.–6.v.1988 (M. J. D. Brendell) (2); Trang, ex Hevea wood, 22.xi.2007 (W.Sittichaya) (1).

Other distribution: From India through Southeast Asia to Indonesia and New Guinea. Frequently intercepted in Japan in timber from the region, and in China from timber imported from Thailand. (4)

Biology: The gallery system and habits resemble those of D. cavus (see above). Browne (1961) notes that the adults fly at night and are attracted to light. The species is most common in large logs, but also attacks smaller branches. Attacks may sometimes be very heavy. Development takes about a month in West Malaysia (Browne 1961). It is one of the species which attack rubberwood sawn timber in the south of Thailand (Kangkamanee et al.2011), and has also been recorded from stressed mango and cashew trees in Songkhla (Sittichaya 2012) .

23. Dinoplatypus flectus (Niijima & Murayama)

Platypus lepidus ssp. flectus Niijima & Murayama in Murayama, 1931: 197.Platypus triplurus Browne, 1980a: 388. Synonymy: Beaver, 2013: 23.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Browne 1980a as Platypus triplurus Browne). C: Chanthaburi; N: Chiang Mai (Beaver 1999 as Dinoplatypus triplurus). N-E: Loei, Nakhon Ratchasima.

New records: Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, 100 m N/Prabaht unit, 12°48.842' N, 102°9.144' E, 203 m, MT, 1–7.vii.2008 (Suthida & Charoenchai) (1); as previous except: campground/Prabaht unit, 12°48.852' N, 102°9.204' E, 99 m, 18–25.viii.2008 (1); Loei, Phu Ruea NP, Pah Lo Noy, 17°30.502' N, 101°20.868' E, 1343 m, MT, 12–19.ix.2006 (N. Jaroenchai) (1); Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai NP, Dan Chang, moist evergreen forest, 14°28.285' N, 101°22.57' E, 751 m, MT, 12–19.xii.2006 (W. Sook-kho) (1).



Other distribution: China (Fujian), Japan, Taiwan. (1)Taxonomy. The rather confused history and synonymy of this species is discussed by Beaver (2005).

Dinoplatypus triplurus (Browne) is synonymised with D. flectus by Beaver (2013).Biology: A polyphagous species recorded from seven different families of trees in Japan and Taiwan (Beaver

& Shih 2003).

24. Dinoplatypus forficula (Chapuis)

Platypus forficula Chapuis, 1865: 283.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975); N-E: Nakhon Ratchasima (Browne 1972); S:Chumphon, Nakhon Sri Thammarat.

New records: Chumphon: env. Pha Tho, 9o48' N, 98o47' E, 1–21.iii.1996 (K Majer) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, xii.2009 [no further details] (W. Sittichaya) (1).

Other distribution: From India through Southeast Asia and Indonesia to New Guinea, Australia and Solomon Islands. Frequently intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)

Biology: The gallery system and habits resemble those of D. cavus (see above). Nakashima (1975) describes the structure of the pronotal mycangia.

25. Dinoplatypus javanus (Browne)

Platypus javanus Browne, 1964: 755.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver 1999).Other distribution: Indonesia (Java). (3)Biology: Unknown, but presumably similar to D.cavus (see above).

26. Dinoplatypus lepidus (Chapuis) †

Platypus lepidus Chapuis, 1865: 282.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Hutacharern et al. 2007).Other distribution: From Seychelles, India and Sri Lanka through southeast Asia and Indonesia to New

Guinea, Australia and Solomon Islands. Intercepted in Japan and South Korea in timber from the region. (4)Taxonomy: This species has frequently been misidentified (Kalshoven 1960, Browne 1961, Schedl 1966b,

Beaver 2005). We have seen no specimens from Thailand, and its occurrence in the country needs to be confirmed.Biology: A polyphagous species. Beeson (1961) briefly describes the gallery system, which evidently

resembles that of D. cavus.

27. Dinoplatypus luniger (Motschulsky)

Platypus luniger Motschulsky, 1863: 510.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Chapuis 1865 as Platypus caliculus Chapuis). N: Phrae (Schedl 1971b as P. caliculus).

Other distribution: From India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia and Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)

Biology: A polyphagous species (e.g. Browne 1980c, Ohno et al. 1987a, b, Schedl 1966b, as P. caliculus). Nakashima (1975) describes the pronotal mycangia.



28. Dinoplatypus piniperda (Schedl) n. comb.

Platypus piniperda Schedl, 1969a: 65.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver 1990 as Platypus piniperda), Chiang Rai.New record: Chiang Mai, Khun Khan NP, ex Pinus sp., vii.2005 (J. Hulcr et al.) (3); as previous except: Pong

Yaeng, ex Pinus trunk (1); Chiang Rai, Mae Khajant, 19o05' N, 99o27' E, 940 m, ex Pinus kesiya, 25.xi.2008 (M. Konkarn) (1).

Other distribution: Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam. Intercepted in Japan in imported timber. (2)Taxonomy: The species is clearly related morphologically to other species in the genus Dinoplatypus Wood,

and is here transferred to that genus.Biology: The only host records are from species of Pinus (Pinaceae). Unusually for a platypodine, the species

appears to have a strong preference for pines.

29. Dinoplatypus pseudocupulatus (Schedl)

Platypus pseudocupulatus Schedl, 1941a: 421.

Thai distribution: S: Trang (Browne 1972), Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Phangnga, Songkhla, Surat Thani.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80

m, MT, 29.vii.–9.ix.2008 (U-prai K.) (33); as previous except: pan trap, 11.vii.–28.vii.2008, 5–6.ix.2008 (15);

Phangnga: c.8 km S. Khao Lak Merlin resort, 8o36'36'' N, 98o14'61'' E, 30.vii.–1.viii.2007 (A. Skale) (1); Songkhla, ex rubber wood, 10.ii.2008 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, ex jackfruit trunk, 24.iii.2006 (S. Stephens et al.) (1); as previous except: Khlong Phanom NP (5).

Other distribution: India through Southeast Asia and Indonesia to New Guinea, Australia and Solomon Is. Frequently intercepted in Japan in timber from the region. (4)

Biology: A polyphagous species (e.g. Browne 1961, Ohno 1990, Wood & Bright 1992), attacking large logs and smaller branches. Recorded attacking rubberwood in the south of Thailand (Kangkamanee et al. 2011), as well as mango and cashew trees (Sittichaya 2012). As in some other species of Dinoplatypus, the dispersing adults fly at night and are attracted to light. The gallery system resembles that of other Dinoplatypus. Development can be rapid, and Browne (1961) records final instar larvae present 21 days after the initial attacks. Nakashima (1975) describes the pronotal mycangia.

30. Dinoplatypus uncinatus (Blandford) †

Platypus uncinatus Blandford, 1895: 327.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Hutacharern et al. 2007 as Platypus rectangulatus Sampson). Other distribution: India and Sri Lanka to Malaysia and Indonesia, but not recorded east of Wallace’s line.

Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)Taxonomy: We have seen no specimens of this species from Thailand, and are unable to confirm the record.

The species has possibly been confused with the similar Dinoplatypus biuncus (see above). Biology: Polyphagous (Beeson 1961). Habits presumably resembling other species of Dinoplatypus (Stebbing

1914 as Platypus rectangulatus).31. Euplatypus parallelus (F.)

Bostrichus parallelus (F.), 1801: 384.

Thai distribution: C: Chanthaburi, Chonburi, Samut Songkram (Sittichaya & Beaver 2009), Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Suphanburi, Trat (Beaver 1999); N: Chiang Mai (Beaver 1999), Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Lampang, Mae Hong Son, Nakhon Sawan, Nan, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok; N-E: Chaiyaphum, Khon Kaen, Loei,



Sakhon Nakhon, Ubon Ratchatani; S: Ranong (Murphy & Meepol 1990 as Platypus linearis Stephens), Chumphon, Rayong (Sittichaya & Beaver 2009), Songkhla (Bumrungsri et al. 2008), Trang (Beaver 1999), Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Prachuab Khiri Khan.

New records: More than 650 specimens of this invasive species have been collected in all regions of the country, primarily in the National Parks investigated by the TIGER project.

Other distribution: USA (Southern states), Caribbean Islands, Mexico through Central and South America to Argentina. Introduced to and widespread in the Afrotropical region, Indian Ocean islands and Madagascar. In Asia, recorded from Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia (E. & W.), Indonesia (Sumatra); known to be present throughout Southeast Asia, eastwards to New Guinea and northwards to Taiwan (R. A. Beaver and L-Y. Liu, unpublished records); Australia. Intercepted in imported timber in Europe, Japan, China and elsewhere. (5)

The species appears to have been relatively recently introduced to the Oriental region. The first records are from West Malaysia (Browne 1980c) and Sri Lanka (Krombein 1981), and the species is absent from the collections made by F. G. Browne in East and West Malaysia in the 1950’s, and the collections of the Bishop Museum made in the 1950’s and 1960’s in Borneo, Java and Sumatra (Beaver 1999). It has spread rapidly, probably largely through commerce, and is now the most abundant species of platypodine in some of the national parks in Thailand (R. A. Beaver, unpublished).

Biology: Strongly polyphagous (e.g. Schedl 1965, Ohno 1990, Wood & Bright 1992). Wood and Bright (1992) consider it to be the most destructive and most widely distributed platypodine in the world. Despite its abundance, there appear to have been no detailed studies of the biology of the species. The gallery system resembles that of species of Dinoplatypus and Platypus, with branching galleries in one transverse plane, the branches ending in groups of pupal cells above and below the gallery (Schedl 1965). It preferentially attacks large logs and trees, but can also breed in smaller stems down to about 10 cm diameter (Schedl 1965 as Platypus linearis). Abreu (1992) and Abreu and Bandeira (1992) compare the density of attacks on different species of host tree in Brazil. Abreu et al. (2002) note that E.parallelus, together with the scolytine, Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, were responsible for most of the damage caused to timber of 18 tree species. Perez de la Cruz et al. (2011) note the numbers captured by different types of trap in four locations in Mexico, and seasonal changes, but their results are based on less than 50 specimens.

Schedl (1972 as Platypus linearis) notes that the species is more common in disturbed areas than in primary forest, and this is also true in Thailand. In Eastern and Gulf areas of Thailand, E.parallelus was the dominant species attacking rubberwood (Hevea) logs in piles but attacks on sawn rubberwood timber were infrequent (Sittichaya & Beaver 2009). In Singapore (Sanderson et al.1997), the south of Thailand (Bumrungsri et al. 2008), and also in the Seychelles (L. R. Kirkendall pers. comm. 2013), the species has acted as a vector of Fusarium wilt leading to the death of the attacked trees. It is also recorded attacking stressed mango and cashew trees in Songkhla (Sittichaya 2012). In Chiang Mai, the species has been collected from ‘chestnut’ (probably Castanopsis sp.) (Fagaceae) and Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Pinaceae) (Puranasakul 2006), and in Trat from Mangifera indicaL. (Anacardiaceae) and jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae) branches (Beaver 1999).

32. Peroplatypus truncatellus (Browne)

Platypus truncatellus Browne in Beaver & Browne, 1975:309.

Thai distribution: N-E: Nakhon Ratchasima (Beaver & Browne 1975). Endemic to Thailand. (6)Taxonomy: Known only from the holotype and one other specimen. The species was transferred to

Peroplatypus Wood by Beaver (1998a)Biology: Unknown.

33. Platypus afzeliae Browne

Platypus afzeliae Browne, 1972: 29.Thai distribution: N-E: Khon Kaen (?) (Beaver & Browne 1975); N: Chiang Mai, Phetchabun.



New record: Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao, ex EtOH trap on dead tree, 12–13.vii.2002 (A. Cognato) (1); Doi Phahompok NP, Headquarters, 19°57.961' N, 99°9.355' E, 959 m, MT, 14.ii.–7.iii.2008 (Seesom K.) (2); Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, 16°44.402' N ,101°34.56' E, 883 m, hill evergreen forest, MT, 27.xi.–4.xii.2006 (N. Hongyothee) (1).

Other distribution: The species also occurs in Laos (R.A.Beaver, unpublished record). (2)Biology: Recorded only from Afzelia xylocarpa Craib (Leguminosae) (Browne 1972).

34. Platypus apicaloides Schedl *

Platypus apicaloides Schedl, 1964: 251.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong, NP, TV aerial, 8°14.262' N, 99°48.289' E, 966 m, MT,

15–22.ix.2008 (Paiboon) (2).Other distribution: Malaysia (E. & W.). (3)Biology: Recorded only from Garcinia sp. (Guttiferae) (Browne 1961).

35. Platypus artecostatus Schedl *

Platypus artecostatus Schedl, 1941b: 363.

Thai distribution: C: Kanchanaburi; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New record: Kanchanaburi, 14o57' N, 98o40' E, 16.vii.2002 (A. Cognato) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat,

Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80 m, MT, 23.vii.–12.viii.2008 (U-prai, K.) (2); as previous except: 95 m, 23.ii.–2.iii.2009 (1).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Java), Malaysia (E. & W.). (3)Biology: Recorded only from Leguminosae sp. (Schedl 1958a) and Annonaceae sp. (Browne 1961).

36. Platypus balanocarpus Schedl *

Platypus balanocarpus Schedl, 1936a: 15.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80

m, MT, 15.vii.–22.vii., 12.viii.–26.viii., 16.ix.–23.ix.2008 (U-prai, K.) (4); as previous except: Road to Khao Mhen,150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959' N, 99°39.149' E, 499 m, MT, 19–26.xi.2008 (Samnaokan, S.) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 123 m, MT, 17–24.vii., 14.x.–21.x., 11.xi.–18.xi., 9.xii.–16.xii.2008, 13.i.–20.1.2009 (Pongphan) (5).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sulawesi), Malaysia (E. & W.), Philippines. Intercepted in Japan from timber imported from the region. (3)

Biology: This species is strongly associated with trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae (Anisoptera,Balanocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Shorea, Vatica). All records except one (from Diopsyros sp.) (Ebenaceae) are from this family. Browne (1961) notes that it attacks cut and fallen trees of moderate to large size, and that the entrance tunnel of the gallery is usually short, the first branch sometimes running on the surface of the wood in the cambial layer.

37. Platypus convexicauda Schedl *

Platypus convexicauda Schedl, 1935c: 636.



Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New record: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.vii.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1).Other distribution: Indonesia (Java), Malaysia (W.). (3)Biology: The only host records are from trees of the family Fagaceae (Pasania, Quercus). It may have a fixed

host relationship with this family (Browne 1961).

38. Platypus curtus Chapuis *

Platypus curtus Chapuis, 1865: 261.

Thai distribution: C: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Nayok; N: Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok; N-E: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Sakhon Nakon; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.

New records: More than 150 specimens have been collected in all regions of the country.Other distribution: India through Southeast Asia and China (Fujian) to Indonesia (Maluku) and the

Philippines. Recorded from Taiwan, but possibly not established there (Beaver & Shih 2003). Intercepted in imported timber from the region in Australia, Israel, Japan and South Korea. (4)

Biology: The species, although polyphagous, is usually associated with trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae, and seems to have a strong preference for this family (Browne 1961). Browne (1961) describes the gallery system, and suggests that the life cycle can be completed in little over four weeks. Kishi et al. (1973) found it was the dominant platypodine species attacking Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) logs in Borneo, and Browne (1961) considers it of potential economic importance due to its abundance. Nakashima (1975) describes the mycangia of male and female.

39. Platypus deflectus Schedl *

Platypus deflectus Schedl, 1941b: 355.

Thai distribution: C: Phetchaburi; N: Chiang Mai; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Fang, Doi Phahompok NP, 2000 m, swept, 23.xi.2003 (Földvári) (1); Nakhon Sri

Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80 m, MT, 26.viii.–2.ix.2008 (U-prai, K.) (1); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km 27, 12°49.302' N, 99°22.263' E, 950 m, MT, 4–11.v.2009 (Sirichai) (1).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Java), Malaysia (E.), Philippines. Intercepted in timber imported to Japan from East Malaysia. (3)

Biology: Recorded from Canarium sp. (Burseraceae) (Ohno 1990), and Burseraceae sp. (Browne 1986). There are too few records to know whether the species is especially attracted to Burseraceae.

40. Platypus dividuus Beaver *

Platypus dividuus Beaver, 2001:10.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New record: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.vi.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1).Other distribution: Brunei Darussalam. (3)Biology: Unknown.

41. Platypus errans Sampson *

Platypus errans Sampson, 1922: 145.



Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai; C: Phetchaburi. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, Checkpoint 2, 18°31.554' N, 98°29.94' E, 1700 m, 15.iv.–22.iv.,

8–15.v.2007 (Y. Areeluck) (8); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km 27, 12°49.302' N, 99°22.263' E, MT, 4–11.ii.2009 (Sirichai) (1).

Other distribution: India ( N. & N-E.), Myanmar. (2)Taxonomy: This species has sometimes been considered a subspecies of Platypus indicus Strohmeyer (Schedl

1969a, 1972) (see below). However, the distributions of the two species overlap. We consider it, and the closely related Platypus afzeliae (see above) as distinct species (see also Wood & Bright 1992).

Biology: A polyphagous species (Beeson 1961, Schedl 1969a).

42. Platypus exsuperans Beaver

Platypus exsuperans Beaver, 1990: 283.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver 1990). Known only from the holotype. (6)Biology: Recorded from Quercus sp. (Fagaceae).

43. Platypus fraterculus Schedl *

Platypus fraterculus Schedl, 1941b: 361.

Thai distribution: C: Chanthaburi, Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi,; N: Kampaeng Phet, Nan; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.

New records: More than 70 specimens collected in the Northern, Central and Southern regions of the country.Other distribution: ‘Borneo’, India (Nicobar Is.), Indonesia (Java), Malaysia (E. & W.). The species also

occurs in Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos and the Philippines (R. A. Beaver, unpublished records). (3)Biology: Polyphagous, recorded from five families of host trees (Kalshoven 1960, Browne 1961).

44. Platypus hirtellus Schedl

Platypus hirtellus Schedl, 1936c: 55.

Thai distribution: S: Trang (Beaver 1999), Nakhon Sri Thammarat.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80

m, MT, various dates from 5.viii.2008–29.xii.2008 (U-Prai K.) (8).Other distribution: Indonesia (Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (E &.W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported

from the region. (3)Biology: This species is unusual in breeding only in trees of the family Sapotaceae (Ganua, Palaquium)

(Browne 1961).

45. Platypus hybridus Schedl

Platypus hybridus Schedl, 1935a: 395.

Thai distribution: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975).Other distribution: From India through Southeast Asia to Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia. Intercepted in

Japan in timber imported from Borneo. (4)Biology: Polyphagous, but with a strong preference for Diospyros spp. (Ebenaceae) (Browne 1961, Schedl

1972).



46. Platypus indicus Strohmeyer

Platypus indicus Strohmeyer, 1910: 131.

Thai distribution: (unspecified–intercepted in timber imported to Japan from Thailand (Browne 1980a). N: Nan; S:Prachuab Khiri Khan.

New records: Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, Office 15, 19°12.133' N, 101°4.756 'E, 1310 m, MT, 1–8.xii.2007 (Charoen & Nikom) (1); Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP, 100 m W of Tham-Namthip, 12°12.851' N, 99°56.276' E, MT, 19–26.x.2008 (Sorat, Yai, Amnat) (1). The new records confirm the occurrence of the species in Thailand.

Other distribution: India, Myanmar, Taiwan, Vietnam. Schedl (1972) and Wood and Bright (1992) add ‘Borneo’, but we have seen no actual records from the island. (2)

Biology: A polyphagous species, with a gallery system typical of the genus (Beeson 1961).

47. Platypus insulindicus Schedl *

Platypus bicornis Schedl, 1939b: 360.Platypus insulindicus Schedl, 1952: 164. Nom.nov. because of homonymy with P.bicornis Nunberg.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, C.M.Univ., 300 m, EtOH trap, 31.i.–4.ii.2005; Flight intercept trap, 13.ii.–

6.iii.2005 (W. Puranasakul) (2); Doi Pui, 1410 m, EtOH trap, 10–14.i.2005 (W. Puranasakul) (2); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, Klong Jang waterfall, 8°16.283' N, 99°38.702' E, 154 m, MT, 26.i.–2.ii.2009 (Samnaokan S.) (1); Surat Thani, [no further details], ii.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Java), Malaysia (E. & W.), Myanmar. The species also occurs in Laos (R. A. Beaver, unpublished record). (3)

Biology: A polyphagous species (Browne 1961, Wood & Bright 1992).

48. Platypus levannongi Schedl

Platypus levannongi Schedl, 1974: 265.Platypus beaveri Browne in Beaver & Browne, 1975: 306. Synonymy: Beaver, 2011: 286.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975 as Platypus beaveri Browne), Phetchabun.New record: Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, 16–17.vii.2005, ex Castanopsis sp. (A. Cognato et al.)

Other distribution: Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam. (1)Biology: Most host records are from trees of the family Fagaceae (Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus)

(Murayama 1925 as Diapus formosanus Niijima & Murayama, Beaver & Browne 1975 as Platypus beaveriBrowne, Browne 1985 as Platypus keelungensis Browne), and the species clearly has a strong preference for this family (Beaver & Shih 2003). The only other host record is from Psidium guajacum [sic] (presumably an error for Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) (Murayama 1931).

49. Platypus lewisi Blandford †

Platypus lewisi Blandford, 1894: 134.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Hutacharern et al. 2007)Other distribution: India (N.), China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan. (1)Taxonomy: We have seen no specimens from Thailand, and its occurrence in the country needs to be

confirmed.



Biology: This species is polyphagous, but has a distinct preference for hosts in the family Fagaceae (Beaver & Shih 2003).

50. Platypus loricatus (Sampson) *

Crossotarsus loricatus Sampson, 1923: 71.

Thai distribution: C: Kanchanaburi; N: Mae Hong Son; S: Surat Thani. New to Thailand.New records: Kanchanaburi, 14.70 N, 98.87 E, 17.vii.2002 (A. Cognato) (1); Mae Hong Son, Ban Si Lang,

19.19 N, 97.59 E, 1200 m, 23–31.v.1991 (L. Dombický) (1); Ban Huai Po, 1800 m, 30.iv.–14.v.1991 (J. Farkač) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Headquarters, 8°54.896' N, 98°31.81' E, 155 m, 9–16.vi.2009 (Pongphan) (1).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (E. & W.), Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. The species also occurs in Laos (R. A. Beaver, unpublished records). (3)

Biology: A polyphagous species (Browne 1961, Ohno 1990).

51. Platypus lunifer Schedl

Crossotarsus emarginatus Schedl, 1937: 34Platypus lunifer Schedl, 1960: 111. Nom.nov. because of homonymy with Platypus emarginatus Chapuis 1865.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai; S: Trang (Beaver 1999), Nakhon Sri Thammarat.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep-Pui, 1300–1580 m, 18–23.iv.1991 (L. Pacholátko) (1), Nakhon Sri

Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.xii.2009 (W. Sitttichaya) (1).Other distribution: India through Southeast Asia to Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra). Intercepted in Japan

in timber imported from the region. (4)Biology: A polyphagous species (Browne 1961 as Platypus emarginatus, Ohno 1990).

52. Platypus ovatus Strohmeyer *

Platypus ovatus Strohmeyer, 1914: 3.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, Road to Khao Mhen,150 m from Nern 499,

8°16.959' N, 99°39.149' E, 499 m, MT,12–19.xi.2008 (Samnaokan S.) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Headquarters, 8°54.896' N, 98°31.81' E, 115 m, MT, 28.x.–4.xi.2008 (Pongphan) (1); as previous except: Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 122 m, MT, 9–16.xii.2008 (1).

Other distribution: ‘Borneo’, Malaysia (E. & W.), Myanmar. (3)Biology: A polyphagous species (Browne 1961, Ohno 1990). It is recorded from stressed mango trees in the

south of Thailand by Sittichaya (2012).

53. Platypus pahangensis Schedl *

Platypus pahangensis Schedl, 1936b: 34.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1410 m, Ethanol trap, vi.2005 (W. Puranasakul) (1).Other distribution: Malaysia (W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber from Indonesia. (3)Biology: The only recorded host is ‘meranti’ (Shorea sp.) (Dipterocarpaceae) (Schedl 1970).



54. Platypus partitus Schedl *

Platypus partitus Schedl, 1935c: 639.Thai distribution: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.

New record: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80 m, MT, 23–30.ix.2008 (U-prai K.) (1).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from Kalimantan. (3)

Biology: Polyphagous. Recorded from both conifer (Pinaceae) and angiosperm (Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Myristicaceae) hosts (Schedl 1935c, Browne 1961, 1984, Schedl 1970).

55. Platypus pasaniae Schedl †

Platypus pasaniae Schedl, 1958b:105

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Hutacharern et al. 2007).Other distribution: Malaysia (W.). There is only one previous record of this species (Browne 1961), and the

occurrence of the species in Thailand needs to be confirmed. (3)Biology: The only host record is from Pasania sundaica Oerst. (Fagaceae) (Schedl 1958b).

56. Platypus pseudocurtus Schedl *

Platypus pseudocurtus Schedl, 1935c: 635.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand. New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, Checkpoint 2, 18°31.559' N, 98°29.941' E, 1700 m, malaise trap,

22.vii.–2.viii.2006 (Y. Areeluck) (1); as previous except: 19.x.–26.x.2006 (1); as previous except: Summit marsh, 18°35.361' N, 98°29.157' E, 2500 m, pan trap, 14.viii.2006 (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, Road to Khao Mhen, 150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959' N, 99°39.149' E, 499 m, 22.vii.–13.viii.2008 (Samnaokan, S. & Charnarwut, C.) (3); Surat Thani: Khlong Phanom NP, ex fallen tree, 23.ii.2012 (R. A. Beaver) (6).

Other distribution: ‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (W.), Vietnam. The species also occurs in Laos (R. A. Beaver, unpublished record). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from Borneo and Sumatra. (3)

Biology: This species is associated primarily with Dipterocarpaceae, although trees in other families may sometimes be attacked (Browne 1961, Ohno 1990).

57. Platypus puerulus (Schedl) *

Crossotarsus puerulus Schedl, 1939b: 357.

Thai distribution: C: Phetchaburi; N: Chiang Mai; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1410 m, mixed evergreen forest, ethanol trap, 14.iii.–4.iv.2005 (W.

Puranasakul) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.vi.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, km 33, helipad, 12°50.177' N, 99°20.688' E, 735 m, MT, 4–11.xii.2008 (Sirichai) (1); as previous except: km 27, Panernthung, 12°49.302' N, 99°22.263' E, 950 m, MT, 4–11.ii.2009 (2); as previous except: 11–18.v.2009 (2).

Other distribution: Malaysia (E. & W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from East Malaysia. (3)Biology: A polyphagous species (Browne 1961).



58. Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) *

Crossotarsus quercivorus Murayama, 1925: 229.

Thai distribution: C: Phetchaburi; N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Univ[ersity], 300 m, Ethanol trap, 10–14.i.2005, (W. Puranasakul) (1);

Doi Pui, 1410 m, ethanol trap, 16.viii.–29.xi.2004, 31.i.–25.iv., 31.x.–4.xi.2005, 6–10.iii.2006 (W. Puranasakul) (89); as previous except: flight intercept trap, 27.ix.–1.x.2004, 16–20.v., 31.x.–4.xi.2005 (11); Doi Inthanon NP, campground, 18°32.657' N, 98°31.482' E, 1200 m, MT, 21–27.ix., 26.x.–2.xi.2006 (Y. Areeluck) (2); as previous except: checkpoint 2, 18°31.559' N, 98°29.941' E, 1700 m, 2–8.vii.,12.x.–19.x.2006 (2); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, km 33/helipad, 12°50.177' N, 99°20.688' E, 735 m, MT, 4–11.xii.2008 (Sirichai) (1).

Other distribution: India, Indonesia (Java), Japan, Taiwan. Schedl (1972) and Wood and Bright (1992) include New Guinea in the distribution, but we have seen no actual record from that island, and consider it likely to be in error. (2)

Biology: This species has been the subject of much recent research in Japan, where it is an economically important pest of Quercus and Pasania (Fagaceae)(e.g. Hijii et al. 1991, Davis et al. 2005). Other hosts may also be attacked, but the beetle has a strong preference for the Fagaceae. It has been collected from ‘chestnut’ (probably Castanopsis sp.) (Fagaceae) in Chiang Mai (Puranasakul 2006).

In Japan, the beetle attacks healthy trees, and vectors a pathogenic ambrosia fungus (Raffalea quercivora) in the mycangia, and on the body surface (Kubono & Ito 2002). The fungus blocks the flow of sap in the xylem (Kuroda & Yamada 1996) and thus kills the tree. Depending on the rate at which the tree dies, the beetle may be able to breed for more than one generation within the same tree (Kinuura 1995, Soné et al. 1998, Kamata et al.2002). The male produces an aggregative pheromone (querciverol) which attracts females (and other males) (Tokoro et al. 2007, Kamata et al. 2008). Courtship involves communication by stridulation by both male and female (Ohya & Kinuura 2001). Mating behaviour is described by Kobayashi and Ueda (2002).

In Thailand, the species occurs in the highland evergreen forests which are dominated by Fagaceae, but appears not to attack healthy trees, and is not known to be of economic importance.

59. Platypus secretus Sampson

Platypus secretus Sampson, 1921: 25.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai, (Beaver & Browne 1975), Lampang, Mae Hong Son, Phetchabun, Tak; N-E: Khon Kaen (?) (Beaver & Browne 1975).

New records: Lampang, rly [?], 16o07' N, 99o00' E, 1000 m, 28.iv.–6.v.1991 (V. Kubán) (2); Mae Hong Son, Ban Si Lang, 1000 m, 1–7.v.1992 (S. Bily) (1); Namtok Mae Surin NP, E/Huai Fai Kor reservoir, 19°20.616' N, 97°59.3' E, MT, 17–24.ii.2008 (Kamkoon A.) (1); Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, 16–17.vii.2005 (A. Cognato et al.);

Tak, Lansang NP, 16o48' N, 98o57' E, 500 m, 18–24.iv.1991 (D. Král) (1); Umphang Distr., Mae Chan/Mae Klong confluence, 15o30' N, 98o48' E, 300 m, 27.iv.–6.v.1988 (M. J. D. Brendell) (1); as previous except: Thung Yai Wildlife Sanctuary, Song Bae stream, 15o28' N, 98o48' E, evergreen rain forest, 18–27.iv.1988 (1).

Other distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. Schedl (1972) and Wood and Bright (1992) include West Malaysia in the distribution, but Browne (1970) notes that it has not been found there. (2)

Biology: A polyphagous species (Beeson 1961).60. Platypus semiermis Schedl

Platypus semiermis Schedl, 1941b: 362.

Thai distribution: N: Mae Hong Son (Beaver 1999), Phetchabun.New record: Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, Sambon 3, 16°42.41' N, 101°35.3' E, 868 m, Pine forest, MT, 25.ix.–

2.x.2006 (Leng Janteab) (1). Other distribution: Indonesia (Java), Malaysia (E. & W.). (3)



Biology: According to Kalshoven (1960), it is associated with Fagaceae, but it has also been recorded from Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (Browne 1961, Schedl 1971a).

61. Platypus setaceus Chapuis *

Platypus setaceus Chapuis, 1865: 234.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80

m, MT, 12–19.viii.2008 (U-prai, K) (1); as previous except: Road to Khao Mhen,150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959' N, 99°39.149' E, 499 m, 8–15.vii.2008 (Samnaokan, S.) (1).

Other distribution: Philippines. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the Philippines. Schedl (1972) and Wood and Bright (1992) include New Guinea in the distribution, but no actual records from that island have been seen. (3)

Biology: A polyphagous species (Ohno et al. 1987a).

62. Platypus shillongensis Schedl *

Platypus shillongensis Schedl, 1969a: 66.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, Checkpoint 2, 18°31.554' N, 98°29.94' E, 1700 m, MT, 6.ix.–

13.ix.2006, 12.x.–26.x.2006, 15.iv–22.iv.2007 (7); as previous except: Kew Maepan trail, 18°33.162' N, 98°28.81' E, various dates from 9.ii.– 15.v.2007 (9); as previous except: summit forest, 18°35.361' N, 98°29.157' E, 2500 m, 5–12.x.2006 (1) (all Y. Areeluck); Doi Inthanon, c.1600 m, lowland tropical rain forest, 11.iv.1996 (R. A. Beaver) (6).

Other distribution: India (Assam). Schedl (1972) and Wood and Bright (1992) add West Malaysia but no records are known from that country. (2)

Biology: Recorded from Acer campbellii Hook. f. & Thomson ex Brand. (Sapindaceae), and Livistona jenkinsiana Griff. (Palmae) (Schedl 1969a). It is unusual for platypodines to attack palms of any kind, and there are few records from the Palmae (Wood & Bright 1992).

63. Platypus shoreanus (Beeson) *

Crossotarsus shoreanus Beeson, 1937: 98.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 810.434' N, 9944.508' E, 80

m, MT, various dates from 8.vii.–30.ix.2008 (U-prai, K.) (39).Other distribution: India and Sri Lanka, through Southeast Asia to Indonesia and New Guinea. Intercepted in

Australia and Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)Taxonomy: This is a very variable species, and several subspecies have been described (listed by Schedl 1972)

based largely on size differences. These have sometimes been treated as good species, but we follow Wood and Bright (1992) in considering them as synonyms of P. shoreanus.

Biology: Most host records are from genera (Anisoptera, Balanocarpus, Doona, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea, Vatica) in the family Dipterocarpaceae (e.g. Browne 1961, as Platypus bifurcus Schedl, Ohno 1990 as Platypus mutilus Schedl). The species has a clear preference for this family, although trees in other families are sometimes attacked. Browne (1961) considers it a species of economic importance because of its abundance, deeply penetrating galleries, and association with valuable timber trees.



64. Platypus signatus Chapuis *

Platypus signatus Chapuis, 1865: 235.Thai distribution: N: Tak; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.

New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, Road to Khao Mhen.150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959' N, 99°39.149' E, 499 m, MT, 8–15.vii.2008 (Samnaokan, S.) (1); Tak, Umphang, Thung Yai WS, Song Bae stream, 15o28' N, 98o48' E, evergreen rain forest, 18–27.iv.1988 (M. J. D. Brendell) (1).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Java, Mentawei Is.), Malaysia (E. & W.), Myanmar. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (3)

Biology: A polyphagous species with a gallery system of typical Platypus form (Beeson 1961, Browne 1961). Browne (1961) comments on the absence of Dipterocarpaceae (the dominant family of trees in Malaysian forests) in the host list, but attacks on this family do occur (e.g. Parsons 1963). The species is primarily a borer of large logs, and due to its large size and large diameter tunnels may cause damage to newly felled timber (Browne 1961).

65. Platypus squameus Schedl

Platypus squameus Schedl, 1942: 200.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai; S: Trang (Beaver & Browne 1975).Other distribution: Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar. The species also occurs in Brunei Darussalam, East

Malaysia and Laos (R. A. Beaver, unpublished records). (3)Biology: Unknown.

66. Platypus suffodiens Sampson *

Platypus suffodiens Sampson, 1913: 447.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat. New to Thailand.New record: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.v.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1).Other distribution: India through Southeast Asia to Indonesia and New Guinea. Intercepted in Japan in timber

imported from the region. (4)Biology: A polyphagous species (Beeson 1961, Browne 1961, Ohno 1990).

67. Platypus vetulus Schedl

Platypus vetulus Schedl, 1935c: 638.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Hutacharern et al. 2007). C: Phetchaburi; N: Chiang Mai, Nan, Phetchabun; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani.

New records: Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Univ[ersity], 300 m, ethanol trap, 8–11.viii.2005 (W. Puranasakul) (2); Doi Pui, 1410 m, ethanol trap, various dates from16.viii.–22.x.2004, 4.iv.–20.v.2005, 27.iii.–29.v.2006 (W. Puranasakul) (40); as previous except: flight intercept trap, 18–22.iv.2004, 25.iv.–20.v.2005, 23.i.–13.ii., 8.v.–2.vi.2006 (27); Doi Suthep-Pui, 1300–1500 m, 18–23.iv.1991 (P. Pacholátko) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, TV aerial, 8°14.262' N, 99°48.289' E, 966 m, MT, 7–14.vii.2008 (Paiboon) (1); as previous except: Road to Khao Mhen,150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959' N, 99°39.149' E, 499 m, MT, 27.viii.–3.ix.2008 (Samnaokan, S.) (1); Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, Office 3, 19°12.326' N, 101°4.765' E, 1332 m, MT, 15–22.viii.2007 (Charoen & Nikhom) (1); as previous except: Office 14, 19°12.488' N, 101°4.907' E, 1375 m, pan trap, 3–4.xii.2007 (1); Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Kaeng Wang Nam Yen, 16°37.531' N, 100°53.745' E, MT, 16–22.xi., 6–13.xii.2006 [no collector] (2); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, km 33/helipad, 12°50.177' N, 99°20.688' E, 735 m, MT, 4–11.xii.2008 (Sirichai) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Headquarters, 8°54.896' N, 98°31.81' E, 155 m, MT, 9–16.vi.2009 (Pongphan) (1).



Other distribution: Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (E. & W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (3)

Biology: A polyphagous species (Schedl 1935c, Ohno 1990).

68. Platypus westwoodi Chapuis

Platypus westwoodi Chapuis, 1865: 236.

Thai distribution: S: Trang (Browne 1972), Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani, Yala.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, TV aerial, 8°14.262' N, 99°48.289' E, 966 m, MT,

7.14.vii.,18–25.viii., 15.–22.x.2008 (Paiboon) (3); as previous except: Klong Jang waterfall, 8°16.283' N, 99°38.702' E, 154 m, MT, 26.i.–2.ii.2009 (Samnaokan, S.) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Headquarters, 8°54.896' N, 98°31.81' E, 155 m, MT, 24–31.viii., 14–21.x., 23–30.xii.2008, 26.v.–2.vi.2009 (Buathong, S., Pongphan) (7); as previous except: Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 122 m, 10–17.viii.2008 (1); Yala, Betong, 25.iv.1992 (S. Bilý) (1).

Other distribution: ‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (E. & W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (3)

Biology: A polyphagous species (e.g. Browne 1961, Ohno 1990). Browne (1961) suggests that it avoids the families Dipterocarpaceae and Fagaceae, even though they are abundant in the forests. However, it has since been recorded in timber of several genera of Dipterocarpaceae (Ohno 1990).

69. Treptoplatypus artesolidus (Schedl) *

Platypus artesolidus Schedl, 1942: 201.

Thai distribution: S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, 1.vii.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Surat Thani, Khao

Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 122 m, MT, 14–21.x.2008, 21–28.iv.2009 (Pongphan) (2). Other distribution: Cambodia, Malaysia (E. & W.), Philippines. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from

the region. (3)Biology: All host records are from genera (Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Shorea, Vatica) in the family

Dipterocarpaceae (Browne 1961, 1980c, Ohno 1990).

70. Treptoplatypus biflexuosus (Schedl)

Platypus biflexuosus Schedl, 1962b: 163.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975); N-E: Loei (Browne 1972); S: Ranong (Browne 1965).Other distribution: India, Malaysia (W.), Vietnam. Intercepted in Japan in timber from West Malaysia. (2)Biology: Recorded from Dipterocarpus spp. (Dipterocarpaceae), and Pinus merkusii Jungh. & De Vriese

(Pinaceae) (Schedl 1962b, Browne 1972, Beaver & Browne 1975).

71. Treptoplatypus franciai (Browne) *

Platypus franciae Browne, 1962b: 212.Platypus franciai Browne, 1964: 752. Justified emendation.

Thai distribution: N: Phetchabun. New to Thailand.



New record: Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Gang Wang Nam Yen, 16°35.789' N, 100°52.286' E, 769 m, Pine forest, 4–11.i.2007 (Pongpitak & Sathit) (1).

Other distribution: Malaysia (E.), Philippines. Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from East Malaysia. (3)Biology: Recorded from Shorea sp. (Browne 1985) and Vatica sp. (Ohno 1990) (Dipterocarpaceae), and

probably particularly associated with this family.

72. Treptoplatypus fulgens (Schedl) n. comb. *

Platypus fulgens Schedl, 1951: 97.

Thai distribution: N: Mae Hong Son, Tak. New to Thailand.New records: Mae Hong Son, Ban Huai Po, 1600 m, 8–17.v.1992 (S. Bilý) (1); Tak, Umphang, 16o04' N,

98o53' E, 26.iv.–6.v.1991 (V. Kubáň) (1). Other distribution: Vietnam. The species also occurs in Cambodia and Laos (R. A. Beaver, unpublished

records). (2)Taxonomy: The species is clearly related to Treptoplatypus solidus (Walker) and other species now placed in

Treptoplatypus Schedl, and is here transferred to the genus.Biology: Unknown. No hosts have been recorded.

73. Treptoplatypus solidus (Walker)

Platypus solidus Walker, 1858: 286.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Schedl 1972). C: Chanthaburi, Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Suphanburi; N: Chiang Mai, Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phetchabun; N-E: Chaiyaphum, Loei, Nakhon Ratchasima, Rayong; S: Surat Thani.

New records: Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam NP, Thepana waterfall, 15°38.948' N, 101°25.625' E, 604 m, savannah, MT, 1–7.x.2006 (K. Sa-nog & B. Adnafai) (1); as previous except: 15°38.1' N, 101°23.857' E, 700 m, ecotone between mixed deciduous and dipterocarp forest,13–19.ii.2007 (1); Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, 50 m NE/Prabaht unit, 12°48.779' N, 102°9.181' E, 107 m, MT, 1–28.vii., 18–25.viii.2008 (Suthida & Charoenchai) (9); as previous except: campground, 12°48.852' N, 102°9.204' E, 99 m, 1–7.vii.2008 (1); as previous except: 500 m N/Prabaht unit, 12°48.98' N, 102°9.14' E, 12 m, 15–22.ix.2008 (2); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, nature trail, 19°24.278' N, 98°55.311' E, 491 m, MT, 3–10.iii.2008 (Songkran & Apichart) (1); Doi Inthanon NP, checkpoint 2, 18°31.554' N, 98°29.94' E, 1700 m, MT, 15–22.iv.2007 (Y. Areeluck) (1); Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Wong NP, E of checkpoint 65, 16°2.093' N, 99°14.144' E, 315 m, pan trap, 14–15.viii.2007 (Srilopien W. & Khaengkaan T.) (1); Kanchanaburi, Khuean Srinagarindra NP, Huay Mae Kamint, Tourist center, 14°38.312' N, 98°59.643' E, 210 m, MT, 16–23.iv.2009 (Somboon & Daorueng) (1); as previous except: Tha Thung-na/ Chong Kraborg, 14°29.972' N, 98°53.035' E, 5–12.ii.2009 (Boonnam & Phumarin) (1); Loei, Phu Ruea NP, office, 17°28.826' N, 101°21.33' E, 860 m, pan trap, 6–7.vii.2006 (P. Tamtip) (1); as previous except: MT, 26.vii.–2.viii.2006 (N. Jaroenchai) (1); as previous except: 17°28.805' N, 101°21.242' E, 870 m, MT, 12–19.vii.2006 (P. Tamtip)(3); as previous except: Subhnonghin, 17°28.772' N, 101°21.308' E (1); Mae Hong Son, Namtok Mae Surin NP, nature trail, 19°20.616' N, 97°59.3' E, 334 m, MT, 16–23.ix.2007 (A. Kamkhun) (1); Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai NP, Dong Ngu How area, 14°28.524' N, 101°22.928' E, 757 m, MT, 26.xii.2006–2.i.2007 (W. Sook-kho) (2); Nan, Doi Phu Kha NP, office 14, 19°12.488' N, 101°4.907' E, 1375 m, pan trap, 4–5.xii.2007 (Charoen & Nikom) (1); Phetchabun, Khao Kho NP, viewpoint at Khia stream, 16°39.12' N, 101°7.81' E, 246 m, MT, 19–26.iii.2007 (S. Chachumnan & S. Singtong) (1); Nam Nao NP, 16–17.vii.2005 (J. Hulcr et al.) (2); Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Kaeng Wang Nam Yen, 16°37.531' N, 100°53.745' E, MT, 16–22.xi.2007 [no collector] (1); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Ban Grang stream, 12°47.928' N, 99°27.203' E, 320 m, MT, 4–11.vii.2008 (Chusak, Sirichai & Arkom) (4); as previous except: Panernthung/km 27, 12°49.302' N, 99°22.263' E, 950 m, MT, 11–18.v.2009 (Sirichai) (2); Rayong: Pattaya [sic], Koh Samet, 1.xii.1979 (T. Palm) (3); Suphanburi,



Phu Toei NP, Huai Mongpae, 14°56.985' N, 99°26.78' E, 300 m, MT, 16–23.vii.2008 (Saunbua L.) (1); as previous except: 14°56.981' N, 99°26.733' E, 1–8.viii.2008 (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 122 m, 9–16.xii.2008 (Pongphan) (1); as previous except: Klong Morg unit, 8°53.725' N, 98°39.025' E, 87 m, 8–15.ix.2008 (1).

Other distribution: Throughout the Oriental region from India and Sri Lanka to Japan, Korea and Taiwan, and to New Guinea, Australia and the Pacific islands. Frequently intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)

Biology: A strongly polyphagous species (e.g. Beeson 1961, Browne 1961, Ohno 1990), which is sometimes of economic importance. Attacks on living trees have been noted in India, Java, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea (Beeson 1961, Browne 1961, Gray & Wylie 1974). Chey (2002) considers it a major pest of forest plantations in Sabah. The gallery system, development and emergence is described by Beeson (1961). The species has been collected from ‘chestnut’ (probably Castanopsis sp.) (Fagaceae) in Chiang Mai (Puranasakul 2006).

Tribe Tesserocerini

74. Diapus aculeatus Blandford

Diapus aculeatus Blandford, 1894: 139.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Hutacharern et al. 2007). N: Chiang Mai.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, checkpoint 2, 18°31.559' N, 98°29.941' E, 1700 m, MT, 29.vi.–

2.vii., 9–16.viii.2006, 2–9.ii.2007 (Y. Areeluck) (4); Doi Pui, 1410 m, ethanol trap, various dates from 14.iii.– 2.ix.2005 (W. Puranasakul) (19); as previous except: flight intercept trap, 14–18.iii.2005 (1).

Other distribution: Bhutan, India, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam. The species also occurs in Laos (R. A. Beaver, unpublished record). (2)

Taxonomy: The Oriental species of Diapus Chapuis have been reviewed by Beaver (2000b, 2002) and keys to males and females are given by Beaver (2002), revised by Beaver et al. (2008) to include new species.

Biology: This species is normally restricted to hosts in the Fagaceae (Castanea, Castanopsis, Quercus), although there is one record from Alnus (Betulaceae) in northern India (Beaver & Shih 2003). In Thailand, it is known only from the highland evergreen forests above 1000 m, where Fagaceae are dominant (Gardner et al.2000).

75. Diapus minor Schedl *

Diapus minor Schedl, 1954: 158.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Phahompok NP, Headquarters, 19°57.961' N, 99°9.355' E, 569 m, litter

sample, 1–4.viii.2007 (Wongchai P.) (1); as previous except: Kewlom 2, 20°3.426' N, 99°8.553' E, 2112 m, montane forest, MT, 18–25.vii.2007 (1).

Other distribution: India, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan), Malaysia (E.). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (3)

Biology: Recorded hosts are in the genera Castanea, Castanopsis and Quercus (Fagaceae), Dryobalanops (Dipterocarpaceae) and Cinnamomum and Lindera (Lauraceae) (Beeson 1961, Ohno 1990, Wood & Bright 1992). Browne (1977) notes that it is a montane and submontane species. This is also true in Thailand.

76. Diapus minutissimus Schedl *

Diapus minutissimus Schedl, 1969b: 219.



Thai distribution: C: Chanthaburi, Phetchaburi; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.New records: Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, Khao Prabaht peak,150 m S of forest base, 12°50.45' N,

102°9.81' E, 875 m, MT, 27.ii.–6.iii.2009 (Charoenchai & Suthida) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.v.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80 m, MT, 15–22.vii., 5–19.viii., 26.viii.–2.ix., 16–23.ix.2008 (U-prai, K.) (5); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km 27,12°49.151' N, 99°22.483' E, 970 m, MT, 5–12.ix.2008 (Sirichai & Chusak) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, EtOH trap on trail, 22–24.iii.2006 (S. Stephens et al.) (1); as previous except: Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 123 m, 10–17.vii., 23–30.xii.2008 (Pongphan) (2).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (E. &W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (3)

Biology: Polyphagous, but perhaps with a preference for Dipterocarpaceae. Recorded from an unidentified genus of Annonaceae (Schedl 1971a), Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Shorea, Vatica (Dipterocarpaceae) (Ohno 1990), Diospyros (Ebenaceae) (Browne 1980b) and Calophyllum (Guttiferae) (Beaver & Browne 1979, Ohno 1990).

77. Diapus molossus Chapuis *

Diapus molossus Chapuis, 1865: 333.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand. New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, Kew Mae Pan, 18°33.163' N, 98°28.8' E, 2200 m, MT, 21.ix.–

12.x.2006 (Y. Areeluck) (4); as previous except: summit marsh, 18°35.361' N, 98°29.157' E, 2500 m, 15–22.vii., 27.ix.–5.x.2006 (2).

Other distribution: India (Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal). It also occurs in Nepal (R. A. Beaver, unpublished records). (2)

Biology: A montane species recorded in Thailand only at 2200–2500 m. Recorded hosts are in the genera Castanopsis, Quercus (Fagaceae), Lindera (Lauraceae), and Symplocos (Theaceae) (Browne 1977).

78. Diapus pusillimus Chapuis

Diapus pusillimus Chapuis, 1865: 335.

Thai distribution: C: Phetchaburi; N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975); S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani.

New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80 m, MT, 8–15.vii.2008 (U-prai K.) (1); as previous except: pan trap, 10–11.ix.2008 (1); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km27,12°49.151' N, 99°22.483' E, 950 m, MT, 4–7.xi.2008 (Chusak, Sirichai & Arkom) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 123 m, MT, 10–17.vii.2008 (Pongphan) (1).

Other distribution: From India through Southeast Asia and Indonesia to New Guinea, Australia and some Pacific islands. Wood and Bright (1992) include Madagascar in the distribution, but we know of no records from that island, and Schedl (1977) does not include the species in his account of the platypodines of Madagascar. Frequently intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)

Biology: A polyphagous species recorded from a wide variety of host trees (e.g. Beeson 1961, Browne 1961, Ohno et al. 1988, 1989, Wood & Bright 1992). It attacks unhealthy or felled trees, usually of large size, often together with Diapus quinquespinatus (Browne 1961). The courtship and mating behaviour have been described by Smith (1935). The female uses her mandibular appendages to pull the male from the gallery which he has initiated. Mating occurs on the log surface, and the female then takes over the extension of the gallery, whilst the male remains near the entrance pushing out the frass, and preventing the ingress of predators and parasites. The gallery system lies largely in one transverse plane, and may penetrate deeply into the wood. Pupal cells are constructed in



groups at the end of short branch galleries. The species can be a pest of cabinet-wood logs (Smith 1935), and attack otherwise healthy trees through bark injuries (Browne 1968).

79. Diapus quadrispinatus Chapuis *

Diapus quadrispinatus Chapuis, 1865: 332.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand.New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon NP, Kew Mae Pan, 18°33.163' N, 98°28.8' E, 2200 m, MT, 5–

12.x.2006 (Y. Areeluck) (1); as previous except: summit forest, 18°35.361' N, 98°29.157' E, 2500 m, various dates from 29.vi.–15.xii.2006, 29.iv.–6.v.2007 (41).

Other distribution: Bhutan, India (Uttar Pradesh), Myanmar. The species also occurs in Nepal (R. A. Beaver, unpublished record). (2)

Biology: This is a montane species known only from the Himalayas, the mountains of the Myanmar–China border, and Doi Inthanon in Thailand. It has been recorded at altitudes from 1800–2500 m only. Recorded hosts (Beeson 1961, Wood & Bright 1992) are in five different families (Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae) suggesting a polyphagous species.

80. Diapus quinquespinatus Chapuis

Diapus quinquespinatus Chapuis, 1865: 334

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975), Nan, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok; N–E: Chaiyaphum, Loei, Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchatani; C: Chantaburi, Nakhon Nayok, Sakhon Nakhon, Suphanburi; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat.

New records: More than 450 specimens collected in all parts of the country, the majority by the participants in the TIGER project.

Other distribution: Tropical Africa; throughout the Oriental region to Japan, New Gunea, Australia and Pacific islands. Frequently intercepted in Japan in timber from the Oriental region. (5)

Biology: It attacks a similar wide range of hosts to D. pusillimus and has similar habits (Browne 1961, Schedl 1965, Wood & Bright 1992). Its deeply penetrating galleries can cause damage and downgrading of timber (Browne 1968). It is both widespread and abundant in Thailand, and thus of possible economic importance.

81. Diapus truncatus Niijima & Murayama *

Diapus truncatus Niijima & Murayama in Murayama, 1934: 143.Diapus spatulifer Browne, 1977: 101. Synonymy: Beaver, 2000b: 255.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand.New record: Chiang Mai, Doi Phahompok NP, Headquarters, 19°57.961' N, 99°9.355' E, 569 m, litter sample,

1–4.viii.2007 (Wongchai P.) (1).Other distribution: India (N-E.), Taiwan. The new record helps to fill a surprising gap in the previously known

distribution. (2)Bioloy: A polyphagous species (Browne 1977).

82. Diapus unispinosus Beaver & Puranasakul

Diapus unispinosus Beaver & Puranasakul in Beaver et al., 2008: 114.



Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver et al. 2008). (6)Biology: This endemic species is known only from the type series collected on Doi Pui, Chiang Mai province.

83. Genyocerus biporus (Schedl) *

Diacavus biporus Schedl, 1942: 217.

Thai distribution: N: Phetchabun; N-E: Loei, S: Chumphon, Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.

New records: Chumphon, durian plantation, EtOH trap, 1.xii.2009 (W. Sittichaya) (1); Loei, Phu Kradueng NP, 16°56.569' N, 101°49.045' E, 274 m, deciduous forest, MT,18.ix.–2.x.2006 (S. Glong-Iasae) (6); as previous except: Loei forest unit 2, Lam Huay Taad, 16°56.565' N, 101°48.896' E, bamboo forest, 2–10.x.2006 (2); Mae Hong Son, Namtok Mae Surin NP, E/Huai Fai Kor reservoir, 19°20.616' N, 97°59.3' E, MT, 3–10.ii.2008 (Kamkoon A.) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80 m, MT, 9–16.ix.2008 (U-prai K.) (1); as previous except: Road to Khao Mhen,150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959' N, 99°39.149' E, 499 m, 29.ix.–5.x.2008 (Samnaokan S.) (1); Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Gang Wang Nam Yen, 16°35.789' N,100°52.286' E, 769 m, Pine forest, MT, 4–11.i.2007 (Pongpitak & Sathit) (2); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaread, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 123 m, MT, 17–24.vii.2008, 26.v.–2.vi.2009 (Pongphan) (2).

Other distribution: Cambodia, India (Assam), Indonesia (Mentawei Is., Maluku), Malaysia (E. & W.), Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam. Frequently intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)

Taxonomy: The species of Genyocerus Motschulsky were reviewed by Beaver and Liu (2007), and new synonyms, and keys to males and females are given in that paper.

Biology: Like the majority of species of Genyocerus, it has been recorded only from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae (Beaver & Liu 2007). It usually attacks freshly cut logs (Browne 1961).

84. Genyocerus diaphanus (Schedl)

Diacavus diaphanus Schedl, 1939b: 364.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Liu 2007), Mae Hong Son, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok; N-E: Chaiyaphum, Loei, Ubon Ratchatani; C: Chonburi, Sakhon Nakhon; S: Chumphon, Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani.

New records: More than 90 specimens collected from all regions of the country.Other distribution: India through Southeast Asia to Borneo and Philippines. Frequently intercepted in Japan

and South Korea in timber from the region (Beaver & Liu 2007). (4)Biology: This species breeds primarily in trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae, but has also been recorded in

small numbers from five other families (Beaver & Liu 2007).

85. Genyocerus exilis (Schedl) *

Diacavus exilis Schedl, 1942: 218.

Thai distribution: C: Phetchaburi; N: Phetchabun; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani. New to Thailand.New records: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Khao Luang NP, EtOH trap, 1.ii.2010 (W. Sittichaya) (3); Namtok

Yong NP, Road to Khao Mhen, 150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959' N, 99°39.149' E, 499 m, MT, 15–22.vii., 13–20.viii., 29.x.–5.xi.2008 (Samnaokan S.) (3); as previous except: behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 80 m, 23–30.ix.2008 (U-prai K.) (1); as previous except: Klong Jang waterfall, 8°16.283' N, 99°38.702' E, 154 m, 2–9.ii.2009 (Samnaokan S.) (1); Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Kaeng Wang Nam Yen, 16°37.178' N, 100°53.504' E, MT, 29.xi.–13.xii.2006 [no collector] (2); as previous except: 16°35.789' N, 100°52.286' E, 769 m,



pine forest, 16–28.xii.2006, 4.–11.i.2007 (Pongpithak & Sathit) (10); 16°34.569' N, 100°53.155' E, 750 m, 16–22.i 2007 (2); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km 27, 12°49.302' N, 99°22.263' E, 950 m, MT, 11–18.v.2009 (Sirichai) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 122 m, MT, 28.x.–4.xi.2008, 7–14.iv.2009 (Pongphan) (2).

Other distribution: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (Maluku, Bacan Is.), Malaysia (E. & W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber from Borneo and Maluku (Beaver & Liu 2007). (3)

Biology: Recorded from six genera of Dipterocarpaceae (Beaver & Liu 2007).

86. Genyocerus multiporus (Schedl) *

Diapus multiporus Schedl, 1936d: 67.

Thai distribution: S: Surat Thani. New to Thailand.New record: Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, EtOH trap along trail, 22–24.iii.2006 (S. Stephens et al.) (1).Other distribution: Malaysia (E. & W.), Philippines, Vietnam(?). (3)Biology: Recorded from three genera of Dipterocarpaceae (Beaver & Liu 2007).

87. Genyocerus pendleburyi (Schedl)

Diapus pendleburyi Schedl, 1936a: 18.

Thai distribution: N-E: Nakhon Ratchasima; S: Ranong (Browne 1977).New record: Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai NP, Dong Suer Paan, 14°27.511' N, 101°22.408' E, 760 m, moist

evergreen forest, 5–12.xii.2006 (P. Sandow) (1).Other distribution: India (Assam) through Southeast Asia to Indonesia west of Wallace’s line, and Philippines.

The species has frequently been intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)Biology: Usually breeding in Dipterocarpaceae, but also recorded from Fagaceae (Beaver & Liu 2007).

Browne (1961) notes that the record from Fagaceae was from a montane area where dipterocarps are scarce.

88. Genyocerus plumatus (Schedl)

Diapus plumatus Schedl, 1936d: 66.Diapus spinatus Browne, 1980c: 499. Synonymy: Beaver, 2013: 24

Thai distribution: S: Surat Thani (Beaver 2013).Other distribution: ‘Borneo’, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (E.), Philippines. Intercepted in Japan in timber

imported from the region. (3)Taxonomy: The species was described from the female. Genyocerus spinatus (Browne) was recently shown to

be the male of the species (Beaver 2013).Biology: Recorded from four genera of Dipterocarpaceae (Beaver & Liu 2007 as G. spinatus). Single

specimens have been obtained from two other families (Apocyanaceae, Sterculiaceae) (Ohno 1990).

89. Genyocerus quadriporus (Schedl)

Diacavus quadriporus Schedl, 1942: 217.

Thai distribution: (unspecified) (Beaver & Liu 2007). N: Chiang Mai, Phetchabun; N-E: Phetchaburi; S: Surat Thani.



New records: Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, nature trail, 19°24.278' N, 98°55.311' E, 491 m, MT, 10–

17.iii.2008 (Songkran & Apichart) (1); Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden, 18o52'58.1'' N, 98o51'55.9'' E, 868 m, semi-evergreen forest, flight intercept trap, 20–21.x.2006 (J. Phasuk) (2); as previous except: 18o53'68.5'' N, 98o51'63.4'' E, 675 m, MT, 22–31.i.2007 (J. Phasuk et al.) (2); Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Kaeng Wang Nam Yen, 16°36.587' N, 100°53.395' E, MT, 22–29.xi., 6.xii.–13.xii.2006 [no collector] (2); as previous except: 16°36.284' N, 100°53.128' E, 749 m, pine forest, pan trap, 23–24.xii.2006 (Pongpitak & Sathit) (1); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, Panernthung/km 27, 12°49.151' N, 99°22.483' E, 950 m, MT, 4–11.vii.2008 (Chusak, Sirichai & Arkom) (2); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 122 m, MT, 30.xii.2008–6.i.2009 (Pongphan) (1).

Other distribution: Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (E. & W.), Philippines. Intercepted in Japan and South Korea in timber imported from the region. (3)

Biology: Recorded only from four genera of Dipterocarpaceae (Beaver & Liu 2007).

90. Genyocerus talurae (Stebbing)

Diapus talurae Stebbing, 1906: 418.

Thai distribution: C: Nakhon Nayok; N: Chiang Mai (Beaver & Browne 1975, as Diacavus furtivus Sampson), Petchabun, Phitsanulok; N-E: Chaiyaphum; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Surat Thani.

New records: Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, watershed station 2, 15°57.243' N, 101°54.079' E, 271 m, MT, 19–26.x.2006 (T. Jaruphan) (2): Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai NP, Lum Tha Kong viewpoint, 14°25.82' N, 101°23.754' E, 744 m, MT, 12–19.iv.2007 (W. Sukho) (1); Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground, 8°10.434' N, 99°44.508' E, 95 m, MT, 5–12.i.2009 (U-prai K.) (1); Petchabun, Nam Nao NP, 16°44.387' N, 101°34.531' E, 844 m, hill evergreen forest, pan trap, 28–29.v.2007 (N. Hongyothi & L. Janteab) (1); as previous except: 16°44.402' N, 101°34.56' E, 883 m, MT, 2–9.vi.2007 (L. Janteab) (1); Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Gang Wang Nam Yen, 16°36.284' N, 100°53.128' E, 749 m, pine forest, pan trap, 19–20.xii.2006 (Pongpitak & Sathit) (1); as previous except: 16°35.789' N, 100°52.286' E, 769 m, MT, 4–11.i.2007 (3); as previous except: 16°35.805' N, 100°52.286' E, 726 m, 4–11.i.2007 (1); Phitsanulok, Thung Salaeng Luang NP, 16°50.563' N, 100°51.757' E, 481 m, deciduous forest, MT, 8–15.iv.2007 (Pongpitak, Pranee & Sathit) (1); Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP, Bang Huaraed, 8°54.555' N, 98°30.522' E, 123 m, MT,10–17.vii., 4–11.xi., 23–30.xii.2008, 17–24.iii.2009 (Pongphan) (4).

Other distribution: India and Pakistan through Southeast Asia, and probably East Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra) (Beaver & Liu 2007). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from the region. (4)

Biology: Recorded from five genera of Dipterocarpaceae, and species in three other families, but it is unlikely that the latter are regular hosts (Beaver & Liu 2007). The life history, gallery system and economic importance of the species are described by Beeson (1917, 1961 as Diacavus furtivus).

91. Platytarsulus declivis Schedl *

Platytarsulus declivis Schedl, 1942: 215.

Thai distribution: N: Chiang Mai. New to Thailand.New record: Chiang Mai, San Pakla village, 19o19' N, 98o50' E, 1400 m, 1–15.v.1998 (V. Kubáň) (1).Other distribution: Malaysia (E. & W.). Intercepted in Japan in timber imported from East Malaysia. (3)Biology: Recorded from the genera Dryobalanops and Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) (Beaver 1998c). It is likely

that there is a fixed relationship to this family, but the biology of Platytarsulus species is nearly unknown (Beaver 1998c).

92. Spathidicerus brownei Beaver



Spathidicerus brownei Beaver, 1998b: 288.

Thai distribution: C: Chanthaburi; S: Nakhon Sri Thammarat (Beaver 1998b). New record: Chanthaburi, Khao Soi Dao, 5–13.v.1998 (M. Knížek) (2).Other distribution: Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (W.). (3)Biology: Unknown.

Acknowledgements

We thank M. Sharkey (University of Kansas) and W.Srisuk (Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden) for access to the specimens collected by the TIGER project, and the staff of the Thai National Parks who collected the specimens. We are most grateful to W. Puranasakul (Chiang Mai University), W. Sittichaya (Prince of Songkla University), A. I. Cognato (Michigan State University), J. Hulcr (University of Florida) and S. Dole (then at Texas A&M University) for allowing us to examine specimens collected by them in Thailand. We are indebted to M. Barclay (Natural History Museum, London), L. Bartolozzi (Museo di Storia Naturale, Firenze), M. Hartmann (Naturkundemuseum, Erfurt), O. Merkl (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest), H. Schönmann (Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien), V. Švihla (Museum of Natural History, Prague), and the late M. Brancucci (Natural History Museum, Basel) for access to their collections, and the loan of specimens.

References

Abreu, R.L.S. de (1992) Estudo da ocorrência de Scolytidae e Platypodidae em madeiras da Amazônia. Acta Amazonica, 22, 413–420.

Abreu, R.L.S. de & Bandeira, A.G. (1992) Besouros xilomicetófagos economicamente importantes da região de Balbina, Estado do Amazonas. Revista de Árvore, 16, 346–356.

Abreu, R.L.S. de, Sales-Campos, C., Hanada, R.E., Vasconcellos, F.J. de & Freitas, J.A. de (2002) Avaliação de danos por insetos em toras estocadas em indústrias madeireiras de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Revista de Árvore, 26, 789–796.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622002000600015

Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. & Lyal, C.H.C. (2009) A catalogue of family and genus group names in Scolytinae and Platypodinae with nomenclatural remarks (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 2258, 1–134.

Beaver, R.A. (1977) Bark and ambrosia beetles in tropical forests. BIOTROP Special Publication, 2, 133–147.Beaver, R.A. (1979) Host specificity of temperate and tropical animals. Nature, 281, 139–141.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/281139a0Beaver, R.A. (1989) Insect–fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. In: Wilding, N., Collins, N.M., Hammond,

P.M. & Webber, J.F. (Eds.), Insect–fungus interactions. Academic Press, London, pp. 121–143.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-751800-8.50011-2

Beaver, R.A. (1990) New records and new species of bark and ambrosia beetles from Thailand (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 37, 279–284.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19900370408

Beaver, R.A. (1998a) New synonymy, new combinations and taxonomic notes on Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Serie B, Botanik und Zoologie, 100B, 179–192.

Beaver, R.A. (1998b) Three new Spathidicerus Chapuis (Col., Platypodidae) with a key to species. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 134, 285–292.

Beaver, R.A. (1998c) The genus Platytarsulus Schedl (Coleoptera, Platypodidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 45, 65–71.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19980450108

Beaver, R.A. (1999) New records of ambrosia beetles from Thailand (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Serangga, 4, 29–34.Beaver, R.A. (2000a) Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) of the South Pacific. Canadian Entomologist, 132, 755–

763.http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/Ent132755-6

Beaver, R.A. (2000b) Studies on the genus Diapus Chapuis (Coleoptera: Platypodidae): new species and new synonymy. Serangga, 5, 247–260.

Beaver, R.A. (2001) Two new species of the Platypus candezei Chapuis species–group (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) from Brunei Darussalam. Serangga, 6, 7–15.

Beaver, R.A. (2002) Studies on the genus Diapus Chapuis (Coleoptera: Platypodidae): keys to males and females, a new species, and a new synonym. Serangga, 7, 245–260.



Beaver, R.A. (2005) New synonymy in Taiwanese ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae). Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan, 47, 195–200.

Beaver, R.A. (2011) New synonymy and taxonomic changes in bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae, Platypodinae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 81, 277–289.

Beaver, R.A. (2013) New synonymy and new records of Oriental pin-hole borers (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 149, 23–28.

Beaver, R.A. & Browne, F.G. (1975) The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand. Oriental Insects, 9, 283–311.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1975.10434499

Beaver, R.A. & Browne, F.G. (1979) The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) of Penang, Malaysia. Oriental Insects, 12, 575–624.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1978.10432538

Beaver, R.A. & Liu, L.-Y. (2007) A review of the genus Genyocerus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae), with new synonymy and keys to species. Zootaxa, 1576, 25–56.

Beaver, R.A., Liu, L.-Y. & Puranasakul, W. (2008) Two new species of Diapus Chapuis (Col., Curculionidae: Platypodinae) from Taiwan and Thailand, with a note on the female of Diapus aculeatus Blandford. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 144, 111–120.

Beaver, R.A. & Shih, H.-T. (2003) Checklist of Platypodidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from Taiwan. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan, 45, 75–90.

Beeson, C.F.C. (1917) The life history of Diapus furtivus Sampson (Platypodidae). Indian Forest Records, 6(1), 1–29.Beeson, C.F.C. (1937) New Crossotarsus (Platypodidae, Col.). Indian Forest Records, (New Series) Entomology, 3, 49–103.Beeson, C.F.C. (1961) The ecology and control of the forest insects of India and the neighbouring countries. Government of

India, New Delhi, 1007 pp. + 36 pl.Blandford, W.F.H. (1894) The rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. Part III. Scolytidae. Transactions of the Entomological

Society of London, 1894, 53–141.Blandford, W.F.H. (1895) A list of the Scolytidae collected in Ceylon by Mr. George Lewis, with descriptions of new species.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, 15, 315–328.Blandford, W.F.H. (1896) Descriptions of new Scolytidae from the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan regions. Transactions of

the Entomological Society of London, 1896, 191–228.Bright, D.E., Jr. & Skidmore, R.E. (1997) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 1 (1990–1994).

NRC Research Press, Ottawa, vii + 368 pp. Bright, D.E., Jr. & Skidmore, R.E. (2002) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 2 (1995–1999).

NRC Research Press, Ottawa, viii + 523 pp. Browne, F.G. (1950) New Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from Malaya. Annals and Magazine of Natural History,

ser. 12, 3, 641–650.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222935008654090

Browne, F.G. (1961) The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Records, 22, 1–255.Browne, F.G. (1962a) Taxonomic notes on Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 13,

4(1961), 641–656.Browne, F.G. (1962b) Some Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from the Oriental region. Philippine Journal of Science,

89(1960), 201–220.Browne, F.G. (1962c) The emergence, flight and mating behaviour of Doliopygus conradti (Strohm.) (Coleoptera,

Platypodidae). West African Timber Borer Research Unit Report, 5, 21–27.Browne, F.G. (1964) On some Platypodidae (Coleoptera) in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of

Natural History, ser. 13, 6 (1963), 753–760.Browne, F.G. (1965) On some Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), mainly from Africa and the Oriental region.

Zoologische Mededelingen, 40, 187–209.Browne, F.G. (1968) Pests and diseases of forest plantation trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1330 pp.Browne, F.G. (1970) Some Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) in the collection of the British Museum. Journal of

Natural History, 4, 539–583.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222937000770511

Browne, F.G. (1972) Some Oriental Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Oriental Insects, 6, 19–31.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1972.10434049

Browne, F.G. (1977) Beeson’s undescribed Diapodinae and some other species (Col., Platypodidae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 112, 97–103.

Browne, F.G. (1980a) Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted at Japanese ports, with descriptions of new species. II. Kontyû, 48, 380–389.

Browne, F.G. (1980b) Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted at Japanese ports, with descriptions of new species. III. Kontyû, 48, 482–489.

Browne, F.G. (1980c) Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted at Japanese ports, with descriptions of new species. IV. Kontyû, 48, 490–500.

Browne, F.G. (1984) Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted at Japanese ports, with descriptions of new species. X. Kontyû, 52, 448–457.



Browne, F.G. (1985) Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted at Japanese ports, with descriptions of new species. XI. Kontyû, 53, 190–198.

Browne, F.G. (1986) Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted at Japanese ports, with descriptions of new species. XIV. Kontyû,54, 333–343.

Bumrungsri, S., Beaver, R., Phongpaichit, S. & Sittichaya, W. (2008) The infestation by an exotic ambrosia beetle, Euplatypus parallelus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae) of Angsana trees (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) in southern Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 30, 579–582.

Chapuis, F. (1865) Monographie des Platypides. H.Dessain, Liège, 344 pp.http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9204

Chey, V.K. (2002) Major insect pests and their management in forest plantations in Sabah, Malaysia. FORSPA Publication, 30, 19–23.

Davis, E.E., French, S. & Venette, R.C. (2005) Mini Risk Assessment. Ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus Murayama (Coleoptera: Platypodidae), 29 pp. Available from http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pest_detection/downloads/pra/pquercivoruspra.pdf (Accessed 11 February 2013)

de Bruyn, M., Nugroho, E., Mokarrom Hossain, M., Wilson, J.C. & Mather, P.B. (2005) Phylogeographic evidence for the existence of an ancient biogeographic barrier: the Isthmus of Kra Seaway. Heredity, 94, 370–378.http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800613

Fabricius, J.C. (1801) Systema eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species: adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol.2. Bibliopoli Academici Novi, Kiliae, 687 pp.

Fairmaire, L. (1849) Essai sur les Coléoptères de la Polynésie. Preprint from Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée,sér. 2, 2(1850), 102 pp.

FAO (2008) Map and list of provinces of Thailand. Available from http://www.faorap-apcas.org/thailand.html (Accessed 15 February 2013)

Faulds, W. (1977) A pathogenic fungus associated with Platypus attacks on New Zealand Nothofagus species. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science, 7, 384–396.

Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P. & Anusarnsunthorn, V. (2000) A Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. Kobfai Publishing Project, Bangkok, 545 pp.

Gatti, P., Zerba, E. & Gonzalez Audino, P. (2011) Anatomical site of pheromone accumulation and temporal pattern of pheromone emission in the ambrosia beetle Megaplatypus mutatus. Physiological Entomology, 36, 207–211.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2011.00779.x

Gonzalez Audino, P., Villaverde, R., Alfaro, R. & Zerba, E. (2005) Identification of volatile emissions from Platypus mutatus (= sulcatus) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) and their behavioral activity. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98, 1506–1509.http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.5.1506

Gray, B. & Wylie, F.R. (1974) Forest tree and timber insect pests in Papua New Guinea. II. Pacific Insects, 16, 67–115.Haran, J., Timmermans, M.J.T.N. & Vogler, A.P. (2013) Mitogenome sequences stabilize the phylogenetics of weevils

(Curculionoidea) and establish the monophyly of larval ectophagy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, 156–166.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.022

Hijii, Y., Kajimura, H., Urano, T., Kinuura, H. & Itami, H. (1991) The mass mortality of oak trees induced by Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) and Platypus calamus Blandford (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). The density and spatial distribution of attack by the beetles. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society, 73, 471–476.

Hughes, A.C., Satasook, C., Bates, P.J.J., Bumrungsri, S. & Jones, G. (2011) Explaining the causes of the zoogeographic transition around the Isthmus of Kra: using bats as a case study. Journal of Biogeography, 38, 2362–2372.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02568.x

Hughes, J.B., Round, P.D. & Woodruff, D.S. (2003) The Indochinese-Sundaic faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 569–580.http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00847.x

Hulcr, J. & Dunn, R.R. (2011) The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect–fungus symbioses threatens native forest ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences, 278, 2866–2873.

Hulcr, J., Mogia, M., Isua, B. & Novotny, V. (2007) Host specificity of ambrosia and bark beetles (Col., Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in a New Guinea rainforest. Ecological Entomology, 32, 762–772.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00939.x

Hutacharern, C.,Tubtim, N. & Dokmai, C. (2007) Checklist of Insects and Mites in Thailand. Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, 319 pp.

Kalshoven, L.G.E. (1960) Studies on the biology of Indonesian Scolytoidea. 7. Data on the habits of Platypodidae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,103, 31–50.

Kamata, N., Esaki, K., Kato. K., Igeta, Y. & Wada, K. (2002) Potential impact of global warming on deciduous oak dieback caused by ambrosia fungus Raffaelea sp. carried by ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) in Japan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 92,119–126.http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BER2002158

Kamata, N., Esaki, K., Mori, K., Takemoto, H., Mitsunaga, T. & Honda, H. (2008) Field trap test for bioassay of synthetic (1S,4R)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol as an aggregation pheromone of Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Journal of Forest Research, 13, 122–126.



http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-007-0053-5Kangkamanee, T., Sittichaya, W., Ngampongsai, A., Permkam, S. & Beaver, R.A. (2011) Wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera:

Bostrichidae, Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae) infesting rubberwood sawn timber in Southern Thailand. Journal of Forest Research, 16, 302–308.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-010-0224-7

Kent, D.S. & Simpson, J.A. (1992) Eusociality in the beetle Austroplatypus incompertus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Naturwissenschaften, 79, 86–87.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01131810

Kinuura, H. (1995) Life history of Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). In: Hain, F. P., Salom, S. P., Ravlin, W.F., Payne, T.L. & Raffa, K.F. (Eds.), Behavior, Population Dynamics and Control of Forest Insects. Proceedings Joint IUFRO Working Party Conference, Maui, Hawaii, February 6–11, 1994, pp. 373–383.

Kirkendall, L.R., Kent, D.S. & Raffa, K.F. (1997) Interactions among males, females and offspring in bark and ambrosia beetles: the significance of living in tunnels for the evolution of social behavior. In: Choe, J.C. & Crespi, B.J. (Eds.), The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 181–215.

Kishi, Y., Ido, N. & Murakami, T. (1973) Attack to Shorea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae) by ambrosia beetles and wood borers, and its preventive treatment by insecticides. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society, 55, 301–306.

Knížek, M. (2011) Platypodinae. In: Löbl I. & Smetana A. (Eds), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol.7. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 201–204.

Kobayashi, M. & Ueda, A. (2002) Preliminary study of mate choice in Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 37, 451–457.http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.2002.451

Krombein, K.V. (1981) The Smithsonian insect project in Sri Lanka. Spolia Zeylanica, 35, 119–135.Kubono, T. & Ito, S. (2002) Raffaelea quercivora sp. nov. associated with mass mortality of Japanese oak, and the ambrosia

beetle (Platypus quercivorus). Mycoscience, 43, 255–260.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s102670200037

Kuroda, K. & Yamada, T. (1996) Discoloration of sapwood and blockage of xylem sap ascent in trunks of wilting Quercus spp. following attack by Platyypus quercivorus. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society, 78, 84–88.

Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5–33.

Lawrence, J.F. & Newton, A.F., Jr. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). In: J. Pakaluk & S.A. Slipinski (Eds.), Biology, Phylogeny and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Polska Academia Nauk, Warsaw, pp. 779–1006.

Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (2003–2011) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vols 1–7. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Madrid, F., Vité, J.P. & Renwick, J.A.A. (1972) Evidence of aggregation pheromones in the ambrosia beetle Platypus

flavicornis (F.). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 72, 73–79.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1972.tb02220.x

Milligan, R.H. & Ytsma, G. (1988) Pheromone dissemination by male Platypus apicalis White and P.gracilis Broun (Col. Platypodidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 106, 113–118.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1988.tb00573.x

Motschulsky, V. de (1863) Essai d’un catalogue des insectes de l’Île Ceylan. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 36, 421–532.

Murayama, J. (1925) Supplementary notes on the Platypodidae of Formosa. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 15, 229–235.

Murayama, J. (1928) Supplementary notes on the Platypodidae of Formosa II. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 19, 283–290.

Murayama, J. (1931) Supplementary notes on the Platypodidae of Formosa III. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 30, 195–203.

Murayama, J. (1934) Supplementary notes on the Platypodidae of Formosa IV. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 35, 133–149.

Murphy, D.H. & Meepol, W. (1990) Timber beetles of the Ranong mangrove forests. Mangrove Ecosystems Occasional Paper, 7, 5–8.

Nakashima, T. (1971) Notes on the associated fungi and the mycetangia of the ambrosia beetle, Crossotarsus niponicusBlandford (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 6, 131–137.

Nakashima, T. (1972) Notes on the mycetangia of the ambrosia beetles, Platypus severini Blandford and P. calamus Blandford (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 7, 217–225.

Nakashima, T. (1975) Several types of the mycetangia found in platypodid ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Insecta Matsumurana, new series, 7, 1–69.

Nunberg, M. & Chujo, M. (1961) Coleoptera from Southeast Asia. 26. Family Platypodidae. Nature and Life in South-East Asia, 1, 358.

Ohno, S. (1990) The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from Borneo found in logs at Nagoya port. 2. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, 26, 95–103.



Ohno, S., Yoneyama, K. & Nakazawa, H. (1987a) The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from Philippines, found in logs at Nagoya port. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, 23, 87–91.

Ohno, S., Yoneyama, K. & Nakazawa, H. (1987b) The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from Moluccas Islands, found in logs at Nagoya port. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, 23, 093–97.

Ohno, S., Yoshioka, K., Yoneyama, K. & Nakazawa, H. (1988) The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from Solomon Islands, found in logs at Nagoya port, II. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, 24, 97–99.

Ohno, S., Yoshioka, K., Uchida, N., Yoneyama, K. & Tsukamoto, K. (1989) The Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from Bismarck Archipelago found in logs at Nagoya port. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, 25, 59–69.

Ohya, E. & Kinuura, H. (2001) Close range sound communications of the oak platypodid beetle. Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 36, 317–321.http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.2001.317

Parsons, A.D. (1963) Ambrosia beetles and their importance in the Sarawak peat swamp forests. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 42, 347–354.

Pérez de la Cruz, M., Valdéz Carrasco, J.M., Romero Nápoles, J., Equihua Martínez, A., Sánchez Soto, S. & de la Cruz Pérez, A. (2011) Fluctuación poblacional, plantas huéspedes, distribución y clave para la identificación de Platypodinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) asociados al agroecosistema cacao en Tabasco, México. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, (nueva serie), 27, 129–143.

Puranasakul, W. (2006) Diversity of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae in mixed evergreen and deciduous dipterocarp forests in Northern Thailand. MSc Thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 134 pp.

Renwick, J.A.A. (1977) Aggregation pheromone in the ambrosia beetle. Platypus flavicornis. Naturwissenschaften, 64, 226.Roberts, H. (1969) Forest insects of Nigeria with notes on their biology and distribution. Commonwealth Forestry Institute

Papers, 44, 206 pp.Roberts, H. (1977) When ambrosia beetles attack mahogany trees in Fiji. Unasylva, 29, 25–28.Roberts, H. (1993) The tribe Diapodini (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) of Papua New Guinea. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers,

35, 1–39.Sampson, F.W. (1912) Some new species of Ipidae and Platypodidae in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural

History, ser. 8, 10, 245–250.Sampson, F.W. (1913) Some hitherto undescribed Ipidae and Platypodidae from India and Burma. Annals and Magazine of

Natural History, ser. 8, 12, 443–452.Sampson, F.W. (1921) Further notes on Platypodidae and Scolytidae collected by Mr. G. E. Bryant and others. Annals and

Magazine of Natural History, ser. 9, 7, 25–37.Sampson, F.W. (1922) Previously undescribed Scolytidae and Platypodidae from the Indian area. Annals and Magazine of

Natural History, ser. 9, 10, 145–152.Sampson, F.W. (1923) Some new Burmese Platypodidae. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 51, 71–75.Sampson, F.W. (1928) Platypodidae from Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 3, 389–394.Sanderson, F.R., Fong, Y.K., Yik, C.P., Ong, K.H. & Anuar, S. (1997) A Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) of angsana

(Pterocarpus indicus) in Singapore. I. Epidemiology and identification of the causal organism. Arboricultral Journal, 21, 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1997.9747165

Schedl, K.E. (1935a) Fauna Philippinensis (Platypodidae et Scolytidae). III. Philippine Journal of Science, 56, 395–403.Schedl, K.E. (1935b) Scolytidae and Platypodidae: new species from the Philippines and Formosa. Philippine Journal of

Science, 57, 479–489.Schedl, K.E. (1935c) Some new Platypodidae from Borneo and Malaya. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 17,

632–642.Schedl, K.E. (1936a) Notes on Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 18, 1–

18.Schedl, K.E. (1936b) Some new Scolytidae and Platypodidae from the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Federated Malay States

Museum, 18, 19–35.Schedl, K.E. (1936c) Platypodidae des Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale

di Genova, 59, 43–62.Schedl, K.E. (1936d) Scolytidae und Platypodidae. Fauna Philippinensis, IV. Philippine Journal of Science, 60, 59–69.Schedl, K.E. (1937) Platypodiden des Berliner Zoologisches Museums. Entomologische Blätter, 33, 33–44.Schedl, K.E. (1939a) Die Einteilung und geographische Verbreitung der Platypodidae. Verhandlungen, VII Internationale

Kongresse fur Entomologie, Berlin 1938, 1, 377–410.Schedl, K.E. (1939b) Malaysian Scolytidae and Platypodidae (IV). Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 18, 327–

364.Schedl, K.E. (1941a) Die Variations-Breite in den Platypi cupulati Chap. Archiven für Naturgeschichte, Neue Folge, 10, 416–

426.Schedl, K.E. (1941b) Javanische Platypodiden. Entomologische Berichten, 10, 354–366.Schedl, K.E. (1942) Zur Scolytoiden-Fauna der Malayischen Halbinsel. V. Kolonialforstliche Mitteilungen, 5, 169–218.



Schedl, K.E. (1951) Fauna Indomalayensis I. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 93(1950), 41–98.Schedl, K.E. (1952) Zur Synonymie der Borkenkäfer. I. Entomologische Blätter, 47/48, 158–164.Schedl, K.E. (1954) Fauna Indomalayensis IV. Philippine Journal of Science, 83, 137–159.Schedl, K.E. (1958a) Scolytidea [sic] from Borneo. II. Sarawak Museum Journal, 8, 498–499.Schedl, K.E. (1958b) Bark and timber beetles from Malaya. Malayan Forester, 21, 99–105.Schedl, K.E. (1960) Zur Synonymie der Borkenkäfer, V. Entomologische Blätter, 56, 103–112.Schedl, K.E. (1962a) Borken- und Ambrosia-Kafer aus Hinterindien. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in

Basel, 73, 184–193.Schedl, K.E. (1962b) Indian bark and timber beetles. IV. Indian Forest Records, new series, 10, 163–169.Schedl, K.E. (1964) Scolytoidea from Borneo III. Reichenbachia, 4, 241–254.Schedl, K. E. (1965) Scolytidae und Platypodidae Afrikas. Band 3. Platypodidae. Revista de Entomologia de Moçambique, 5,

595–1352. Schedl, K.E. (1966a) Pinhole borers and bark beetles (Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted from imported logs in Japanese

ports. I. Kontyû, 34, 29–43.Schedl, K.E. (1966b) Check list of the Scolytidae and Platypodidae from the Philippine Islands. Entomologische Abhandlungen

aus dem Staatlichen Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden, 35, 1–122.Schedl, K.E. (1969a) Indian bark and timber beetles. V. Oriental Insects, 3, 47–70.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1969.10433895Schedl, K.E. (1969b) Bark beetles and pinhole borers (Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted from imported logs in

Japanese ports. III. Kontyû, 37, 202–219.Schedl, K.E. (1970) Bark beetles and pin-hole borers (Scolytidae and Platypodidae) intercepted from imported logs in Japanese

ports. IV. Kontyû, 38, 353–370.Schedl, K.E. (1971a) Indomalayan bark and timber beetles. Oriental Insects, 5, 361–399.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1971.10434023Schedl, K.E. (1971b) Scolytidae und Platypodidae aus dem Zoologischen Museum der Universität in Kopenhagen (Insecta,

Coleoptera). Steenstrupia, 1, 145–156.Schedl, K.E. (1972) Monographie der Familie Platypodidae Coleoptera. W. Junk, Den Haag, 322 pp.Schedl, K.E. (1974) Borken- und Ambrosiakäfer aus Vietnam (IV). Travaux du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle “Gr. Antipa”, 14,

261–266.Schedl, K.E. (1975) Bark and timber beetles of the Oriental region. Oriental Insects, 9, 451–460.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1975.10434514Schedl, K.E. (1977) Die Scolytidae und Platypodidae Madagaskars und einiger naheliegender Inselgruppen. Mitteilungen der

Fortslichen Bundes-Versuchsanstalt Wien, 119, 1–326.Sittichaya, W. (2012) Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) infesting mango

trees (Mangifera indica L.) in Southern Thailand, with two new species recorded for Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 34, 153–155.

Sittichaya, W. & Beaver, R.A. (2009) Rubberwood-destroying beetles in the eastern and gulf areas of Thailand (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae, Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 31, 381–387.

Smith, J.H. (1935) The pinhole borer of north Queensland cabinet woods. Queensland Division of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Bulletin, New Series, 12, 38 pp.

Soné, K., Mori, T. & Ide, M. (1998) Life history of the oak borer, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 33, 67–75.

Stebbing, E.P. (1906) Departmental notes on insects that affect forestry. No. 3. Office of Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, pp. 335–469.

Stebbing, E.P. (1914) Indian Forest Insects. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 648 pp.Strohmeyer, H. (1910) Neue Borkenkäfer aus Abessynien, Madagaskar, Indien und Tasmania. Entomologische Blätter, 6, 126–

132.Strohmeyer, H. (1913) Neue Platypodiden. Entomologische Blätter, 9, 161–165.Strohmeyer, H. (1914) Neue Platypodiden aus der Stettiner Museum. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 75, 3–8.Thomson, J. (1857) Description de trois espèces de coléoptères. Archives Entomologiques, 1, 341–344.Tokoro, M., Kobayashi, M., Saito, S., Kinuura, H., Nakashima, T., Shoda-Kagaya, E., Kashiwagi, T., Tebayashi, S., Kim, C-S.

& Mori, K. (2007) Novel aggregation pheromone, (1S,4R)-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, of the ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Bulletin of the Forest and Forest Products Research Institute, 6, 49–57.

UNEP (1997) Environmental Assessment Program for Asia and the Pacific. Thailand. Available from http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/lc/cd/html/thailand.html (Accessed 11 February 2013)

Walker, F. (1858) Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3, 2, 280–286.

Whitmore, T.C. (1984) Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 352 pp.Wood, S. L. 1993. Revision of the genera of Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist, 53, 259–281.Wood, S.L. & Bright, D.E. (1987) A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 1: Bibliography. Great Basin



Naturalist Memoirs, 11, 1–685.Wood, S.L. & Bright, D.E. (1992) A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index. Great

Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13, 1–1553.Woodruff, D.S. (2003a) Neogene marine transgressions, palaeogeography and biogeographic transitions on the Thai-Malay

Peninsula. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 551–567.http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00846.x

Woodruff, D.S. (2003b) The location of the Indochinese-Sundaic biogeographic transition in plants and birds. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 51, 97–108.

Ytsma, G. (1988) Stridulation in Platypus apicalis, P. caviceps and P. gracilis (Col., Platypodidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 105, 256–261.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1988.tb00184.x


a synopsis of the pin-hole borers of thailand (coleoptera: curculionidae: platypodinae)

Documents

host preferences of

described species wood

majority of species

staining browne

host trees

ambrosia beetles

family wood bright

felled timber