a synchrophasor, making grid smarter7
TRANSCRIPT
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 1/31
1
1
Synchrophasor, How They Making Grid Smarter
Kamin DaveBusiness Development Manager
[email protected] Engineering Laboratories, India
www.selinc.com
Smart Grid Seminar held on 13&14th April2012 at IIT(Kanpur)
2
Synchrophasor: Outline
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Back Ground Theory Application & Benefits TestingConcluding Observations
3
Smart Grid:
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Implementation technology will be different atdifferent areas
Transmission:Evolved over 100years periods to deliverpower at high voltage on longer distance(400kV line, 500MW power flow, 765kV line800MW power flow, 1200kV line 2000MW power flow)Complex grid network (interconnections)
with automatic controls, advance protectionssystem and real time monitoring & powerdynamicsEquipment cost is very highLess Feeders compare to Distribution system
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 2/31
2
4
Smart Grid:
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Implementation technology will be differentat different areasDistribution:Power distribution on low voltageShorter distanceMost of the places, Radial distribution Amount of power flow lessMore feedersProtection control is much simpler then
Transmission systemLess Monitoring & power dynamicsSmart meters can reduce distribution loss
5
Smart Grid:
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Implementation technology will be differentat different areasGeneration:Power generation on lower voltage buttransmission on high voltagePower dynamics and oscillations aredangerous for machine operation Automatic generator control Accurate monitoring of power dynamics,Metering & advance protection controlLoss of Synchronism
6
Synchrophasor: Motivation
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Motivation: After 2003 Blackout in North America
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 3/31
3
7
Phasor: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Definition: Pure sinusoidal
waveform V(t) = Vm*cos(wt + Theta)I(t) = Im*cos(wt + Theta)
VR
jVX
V = VR + jVX
V = Mag@ Ang
IR
jIX
I = IR + jIX
I = Mag@Ang
Definition: A complex equivalent of a simple cosine wave quantity such that the complex modulus is the cosine wave amplitude and thecomplex angle (in polar form) is the cosine wave phase angle.
8
Phasor: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Definition: Pure sinusoidal waveform
V(t) = Vm*cos(wt + Theta) V(t) = Vm*cos(2*pi*F*t + Theta)
0 deg.0 deg.0 deg.0 deg.
1 cycle1 cycle1 cycle1 cycle
0 deg.0 deg.0 deg.0 deg. 360 deg.360 deg.360 deg.360 deg.90 deg.90 deg.90 deg.90 deg. 90 deg.90 deg.90 deg.90 deg.
180 deg.180 deg.180 deg.180 deg.
270 deg.270 deg.270 deg.270 deg.
9
Theory: Phasor
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Definition: Pure sinusoidal waveform
V(t) = Vm*cos(wt + Theta) V(t) = Vm*cos(2*pi*F*t + Theta)
V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.
0 Deg.0 Deg.0 Deg.0 Deg.
Angle Rotation counter clockwiseAngle Rotation counter clockwiseAngle Rotation counter clockwiseAngle Rotation counter clockwise
§
V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.V@30 Deg.
0 Deg.0 Deg.0 Deg.0 Deg.
Angle Rotation clockwiseAngle Rotation clockwiseAngle Rotation clockwiseAngle Rotation clockwise
§
90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.
----90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.
180 Deg.180 Deg.180 Deg.180 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.
180 Deg.180 Deg.180 Deg.180 Deg.
----90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.90 Deg.
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 4/31
4
10
Phasor: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Water Flow is from Higher level to Lower level
High level TankHigh level TankHigh level TankHigh level Tank
Low level TankLow level TankLow level TankLow level Tank
Water Flows Power Flows
Terminology
11
Phasor: Theory
G1 G2
21
ZsZLZs
Vx <00
X Y
VY <-300
Ix Iy
Ix+Iy <-Ө
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Ix
Iy
Ix + Iy
Terminology: Power Flow
12
Phasor: Theory
G1 G2
21
ZsZLZs
Vx <00
X Y
VY <+300
Ix Iy
Ix+Iy <+Ө
Ix
IyIx + Iy
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Terminology: Power Flow
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 5/31
5
13
Phasor: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phase angle difference of various buses Vs Dadri400kV Station
Angle between buses playingmore important role inpower system
14
Phasor Estimation: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
S1
CB1 CB3
S2
CB2 CB4
R1 R2
R3 R4CB5
S3
CB6 R5
CB5
S3
CB6R6
Lag Lead
Lag Lead
Lead Lag
Can we guess!!! Which Load &Can we guess!!! Which Load &Can we guess!!! Which Load &Can we guess!!! Which Load &
Gen Bus in grid network???Gen Bus in grid network???Gen Bus in grid network???Gen Bus in grid network???
PhasorPhasorPhasorPhasor Estimation on Local time stampsEstimation on Local time stampsEstimation on Local time stampsEstimation on Local time stampswithout common referencewithout common referencewithout common referencewithout common reference
15
Synchrophasor: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor: Pure sinusoidal waveform
Instantaneous phase angle relative to a cosine function at
nominal frequency synchronized to universal time co-ordinated (UTC)Measurement should be tag with UTC timeMeasurement sent over high speed communication link
VR
jVX
V = VR + jVX = V{cos(theta) + sin(theta)}
Definition: A phasor calculated from data samples using a standard timesignal as the reference for the measurement.
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 6/31
6
16
Synchrophasor: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor: Sinusoidal waveform
Synchronized to UTC time with Higher accuracy1micro s Error corresponds Phase Angle Error is 0.018O
Magnitude and Phase Angles of voltages & currentsmeasured at different locations at same instant across thesystem
VR
jVX
V = VR + jVX = V{cos(theta) + sin(theta)}
Measurement Error
17
Synchrophasor: Basic Structure
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor System have major threecomponents:
PMU: Phase Measurement Unit Estimates multiple phasors (VR, VY, VB, IR, IY,IB and symmetrical components)Class M & P type PMUs
PDC: Phasor Data Concentrator It Receives data from PMU/s (One or multiple
PMUs)
High Precision Clock for Accurate TimeSynchronization to transmit real time data
18
Synchrophasor: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor: Sinusoidal waveform
Phasor Estimation Transmitted as a Data Frame at a Rate FSData Frame Includes “Multiple Channel of Phasor Estimate”,
Analogue words, Digital Words combined with Single Time Tag
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 7/31
7
19
Synchrophasor: Basic Structure
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
16 bits A/D or 32 bits A/D
20
Synchrophasor: Standards
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Time Synchronization:1 pulse per second (PPS): Signal consisting of
square pluses occurring at frequency of 1Hz.
Time stamp in IRIG-B format:Inter-Range instrumentation Group (IRIG)Most common used Version – B Transmits day of year, hour, minute and secondonce per second
The standard also defines a high precision IRIG-Bformat suitable for fiber optic links.
21
Synchrophasor: Standards
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
IEEE C37.118
Message Type:Command (Receive by PMU/PDC)Data (Transmit from PMU/PDC)Configuration (Transmit from PMU/PDC)Header (Transmit from PMU/PDC)
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 8/31
8
22
Synchrophasor: Basic Structure
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
PDC
23
Synchrophasor: Basic Structure
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
NRLDC (Northern Grid, India)
24
Synchrophasor: Basic Structure
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
NRLDC (Northern Grid, India)
PMU
Clock
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 9/31
9
25
Synchrophasor: Basic Structure
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
NRLDC (Northern Grid, India)
26
Synchrophasor: Theory
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
S1
CB1 CB3
S2
CB2 CB4
PMU1 PMU2
UTC
UTC
PMU3 PMU4CB5
S3
CB6 PMU5
CB5
S4
CB6PMU6
Lag Lead
Lag Lead
Lead Lag
27
Synchrophasor: Standards
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
IEEE standard for SYNCHROPHASORS forPower Systems
IEEE Std 1344-1995 Released in 1995IEEE Std ANSIC37.118C37.118.1 (Measurement)C37.118.2 (Communication)
IEC61850-9-5IEEE Std ANSIC37.238 (SGAC)
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 10/31
10
28
Synchrophasor: Standards
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
C37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118PublishedPublishedPublishedPublished
2005200520052005
IEEE requestIEEE requestIEEE requestIEEE requestIEC toIEC toIEC toIEC to
developdevelopdevelopdevelopIEC61850IEC61850IEC61850IEC61850----9999----5555
2009200920092009
IEEE Split inIEEE Split inIEEE Split inIEEE Split into C37.118to C37.118to C37.118to C37.118----1111& C37.118& C37.118& C37.118& C37.118----2222AndAndAndAndSGIPSGIPSGIPSGIP----PAP13PAP13PAP13PAP13
2010201020102010
IEEEIEEEIEEEIEEEC37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118----1 &1 &1 &1 &C37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118----2222AndAndAndAndC37.238C37.238C37.238C37.238Submitted toSubmitted toSubmitted toSubmitted toIEEE SAIEEE SAIEEE SAIEEE SA
2011201120112011
29
Synchrophasor: Standards
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
PDCPDCPDCPDC
MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement
StandardsStandardsStandardsStandardsC37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118----1111
TimingTimingTimingTiming
StandardsStandardsStandardsStandardsC37.238C37.238C37.238C37.238----2011201120112011
CommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunication
StandardsStandardsStandardsStandardsC37.118C37.118C37.118C37.118----2222
IEC61850IEC61850IEC61850IEC61850----9999----5555
Data storageData storageData storageData storageStandards C37.111Standards C37.111Standards C37.111Standards C37.111
(COMTRADE)(COMTRADE)(COMTRADE)(COMTRADE)
PDC GuidePDC GuidePDC GuidePDC Guide ––––
Requirements, systemRequirements, systemRequirements, systemRequirements, systemcommunication & testingcommunication & testingcommunication & testingcommunication & testing
C37.244C37.244C37.244C37.244
Real TimeReal TimeReal TimeReal Time----
MonitoringMonitoringMonitoringMonitoring& Alarming& Alarming& Alarming& Alarming
devicedevicedevicedevice
Offline dynamicOffline dynamicOffline dynamicOffline dynamic
analysisanalysisanalysisanalysis
Data StorageData StorageData StorageData Storage
Real Time ControlReal Time ControlReal Time ControlReal Time Control
30
Synchrophasor: Standards
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
IEC61850-9-5: Edition2 includedSynchrophasor over IEC61850-9-5
TC57-WG10 group is working on Draft report Draft report is under preparationIEC61850-9-5 will support event driven (GOOSE) & SV communicationsRemote PDC control will be achieved (LN: PDC1name,PDC2name……PDCNnameStandard Name of Voltage, Current, Sequence Voltage& Current will be achieved
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 11/31
11
31
Synchrophasor: Why
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Measurement under operationalconditionsNot faults or failed equipments
High Speed & High AccuratemeasurementsSystem wide & long record measurementOperational analysis WAMPC
32
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information Applications Analysis & ControlSituational Awareness continuouslyIncreasing visibility of SAG & SWELL in voltageReal time Angle checkLoad duration plotMW/MVAR Oscillation viewing & detectionReal time Load flow study
Determine dynamic ratings of equipments (Lines& Generator)Online continuously thermal over loadprotection
33
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
NRLDC (Northern Grid, India)Situational Awareness Continuously
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 12/31
12
34
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
35
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
PMUs Installation400kV North Bus of Vindhyachal HVDC back to backstation
Proximity to major pithead thermal generationcomplex Proximity to HVDC rihand terminal of +/-500kV rihand-dadri bipole
400kV Kanpur stationConnectivity with generation complex
Connectivity with major load centre400kV Bus of HVDC Dadri station
+/-500kV rihand-dadri HVDC bipoleClose proximity to major load centre and power stations
36
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
PMUs Installation
400kV Moga stationPooling station for present & future haydro power stations Will be upgraded to 765kV levelProximity to Bhiwadi terminal of +/-500kV HVDC
baliya-bhiwadi bipole
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 13/31
13
37
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Other critical locations
38
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
39
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 14/31
14
40
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Oscillation in volta ge observed at various location
41
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
42
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Case Study1
Loss of 2000MW at Rihand STPS on dated 1
st
June2010 All four running units trippedUnit 1 & 2 Tripped on Pole slipping due to fault insystem at far endUnit 3 & 4 Tripped on Auxiliary supply failure
Analysis of Tripping with synchrophasor data Phase VoltagesFrequencies
Rate of Change of Frequency Angles
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 15/31
15
43
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Oscillation in voltage observed at various location
400kV Dadri voltage Angular separation betweenfew locations
44
Synchronism: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
All the trucks & loaders have Same speedsSame speedsSame speedsSame speeds
Pulling load on almost at same angles!!!same angles!!!same angles!!!same angles!!!
SpeedSpeedSpeedSpeed
Trucks/LoadersTrucks/LoadersTrucks/LoadersTrucks/Loaders
LoadsLoadsLoadsLoadsSpeedSpeedSpeedSpeed
ForceForceForceForce
GeneratorsGeneratorsGeneratorsGenerators
Electrical LoadsElectrical LoadsElectrical LoadsElectrical LoadsFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency
Power FlowsPower FlowsPower FlowsPower Flows
45
Synchronism: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
§1111
§2222
Pullout
SpeedSpeedSpeedSpeed
All the trucks & loaders have different speedsdifferent speedsdifferent speedsdifferent speeds
Pulling load on different anglesdifferent anglesdifferent anglesdifferent angles!!!
§3333
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 16/31
16
46
Synchronism: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
All the trucks & loaders have different speedsdifferent speedsdifferent speedsdifferent speedsPulling load on different anglesdifferent anglesdifferent anglesdifferent angles!!!
Isolated and Accelerating Speed
Decreasing Speed
§1111
§2222§3333
47
Synchrophasor: Electrical center
§: Load Angle: Load Angle: Load Angle: Load Angle
§ = 90= 90= 90= 90OOOO
RRRR---- RRRR
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX””””dddd
ZZZZTTTT
ZZZZTLTLTLTL
Z ZZ Z T TT T
+
Z
+
Z
+
Z
+
Z T L
T L T L
T L
XXXX””””dddd: Generator Impedance: Generator Impedance: Generator Impedance: Generator Impedance
ZZZZTTTT: GT Impedance: GT Impedance: GT Impedance: GT Impedance
ZZZZTLTLTLTL : Transmission line: Transmission line: Transmission line: Transmission lineImpedanceImpedanceImpedanceImpedance
GGGG DDDD YYYY
SysSysSysSys
GTGTGTGT
TLTLTLTL
Electrical CentreElectrical CentreElectrical CentreElectrical Centre
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
48
Synchrophasor: Pole Slipping
§ = 90= 90= 90= 90OOOO
RRRR---- RRRR
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX””””dddd
ZZZZTTTT
ZZZZTLTLTLTL
Z ZZ Z T TT T
+
Z
+
Z
+
Z
+
Z T L
T L T L
T L
GGGG DDDD YYYY
SysSysSysSys
GTGTGTGT
TLTLTLTLElectrical CentreElectrical CentreElectrical CentreElectrical Centre
Electrical Centre movesElectrical Centre movesElectrical Centre movesElectrical Centre moves
towards machine createtowards machine createtowards machine createtowards machine createswing on generatorswing on generatorswing on generatorswing on generatorterminalterminalterminalterminal
Swing locusSwing locusSwing locusSwing locus
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 17/31
17
49
Power Swing in Transmission Lines
• Power Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to B
– EEEEAAAA leads Eleads Eleads Eleads EBBBB by angleby angleby angleby angle δ
• Total impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZSASASASA +Z+Z+Z+ZLLLL+Z+Z+Z+ZSBSBSBSB
• Current I = (ECurrent I = (ECurrent I = (ECurrent I = (EAAAA----EEEEBBBB)/Z)/Z)/Z)/Z
• Voltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EA----I*ZI*ZI*ZI*ZSASASASA
• Power Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to BPower Flow from A to B
– EEEEAAAA leads Eleads Eleads Eleads EBBBB by angleby angleby angleby angle δ
• Total impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZTotal impedance : Z=ZSASASASA +Z+Z+Z+ZLLLL+Z+Z+Z+ZSBSBSBSB
• Current I = (ECurrent I = (ECurrent I = (ECurrent I = (EAAAA----EEEEBBBB)/Z)/Z)/Z)/Z
• Voltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EAVoltage E at the Relay = EA----I*ZI*ZI*ZI*ZSASASASA
A B
EA EB
21
ZsBZL
ZsA
E
I
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor: Power Swing
50
Power Swing in Transmission LinesA B
EA EB
21
ZsBZL
ZsA
E
I
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor: Power Swing
EB
I I*ZSA
EA
δ
E
EA -EB
EA - EB
ZR=E / I
51
Power Swing in Transmission LinesA
BEA EB
21
ZsBZLZsA
E
I
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor: Power Swing
ZR=E / I
• ZRZRZRZR’’’’ is much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZR
– EEEE’’’’ is smallis smallis smallis small
– EEEEAAAA----EEEEBBBB is large due largeis large due largeis large due largeis large due large δδδδ
• ZRZRZRZR’’’’ is much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZRis much smaller then ZR
– EEEE’’’’ is smallis smallis smallis small
– EEEEAAAA----EEEEBBBB is large due largeis large due largeis large due largeis large due large δδδδ
EB
I*ZSAEA
δE’ EA -EB
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 18/31
18
52
Synchrophasor: Power Swing
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
P.S. LOCUS
LOAD
R
ZSB
Z L
ZSA
X
53
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Frequency Measurement at all four locations
Absolute Frequency Rate of change of Frequency
54
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Case Study2
Over excitation study V is high
F is Low V is Low
F is high
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 19/31
19
55
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Transient response of Instrument Transformerscan easily observed
Transient response of Current Transformer Frequency response during varioustransient condition (Time constant effect)Step response during fault condition(Normal to Fault)Step response during switchingcondition (Breaker Open to Close)CT Saturation phenomena
Transient response of Voltage Transformer CVT Transient Phenomena
56
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information Applications Analysis & Control Voltage stability supervisionDetection & Assessment of Power Swing or Outof Step condition in entire networkCentralize control of Tap ChangersSelective & Remote back up ProtectionFACT device control (i.e. HVDC)
Multi wind farm co-ordinationPost event analysis is very much precise (microaccuracy)
57
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information Applications
Real time congestion managementDefinition: Adjust Generator dispatch to managereal time flow across transmission line with inreliable transfer capabilityRationale: Synchrophasor can provide improvedcalculation of path limits and flows allowinghigher transfer and reduced congestion paymentBenefits: Potential cost saving
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 20/31
20
58
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information ApplicationsPost disturbance analysisDescription: Reconstruction of sequence of eventafter wide area power disturbance (i.e. Blackout)has occurred to determine the causes and corrctthemRationale: The availability, higher accuracy of time synchronization of synchrophasor data canreduce effort to analyze complex wide area cascadingBenefits: Much quicker identification of contributory factor and development of correctivemeasure and reduced possibility of future blackout
59
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information ApplicationsModel Vs RealityDescription: Theoretically simulated data (PowerDynamics) on software Vs Actual real time powerdynamics recordedRationale: Synchrophasor is offering to recordreal time power dynamics during on loadconditions and fault conditions
Benefits: Much easier to understand
60
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information Applications
Model Vs Reality
Actual Plot
ModelSimulation
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 21/31
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 22/31
22
64
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
AmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitude
ModulationModulationModulationModulation
FundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFundamental
AmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitude
FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyModulationModulationModulationModulation
FundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency
Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (MVarMVarMVarMVar))))
Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)
MultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicative
MultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicative
Excitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedControlControlControlControl
65
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
LowLowLowLowFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency
ResonanceResonanceResonanceResonance
TL Swing &TL Swing &TL Swing &TL Swing & MVArMVArMVArMVAr Control)Control)Control)Control)
OutputOutputOutputOutput
Series or Shunt LC circuit or seriesSeries or Shunt LC circuit or seriesSeries or Shunt LC circuit or seriesSeries or Shunt LC circuit or seriescompensated linecompensated linecompensated linecompensated line
S1S1S1S1 S2S2S2S2
PMUPMUPMUPMUPMUPMUPMUPMU
66
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
AmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeModulationModulationModulationModulation
FundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFundamentalAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitudeAmplitude
FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency
ModulationModulationModulationModulation
FundamentalFundamentalFundamentalFundamental
FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency
Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (Gen Swing & AVR Control (MVarMVarMVarMVar))))
Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)Gen Swing & Governor Control (MW)
MultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicative
MultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicativeMultiplicative
Excitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedExcitation & SpeedControlControlControlControl
LowLowLowLowFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency
ResonanceResonanceResonanceResonance
Series & Shunt LCSeries & Shunt LCSeries & Shunt LCSeries & Shunt LC
circuit (TL lines)circuit (TL lines)circuit (TL lines)circuit (TL lines)
HarmonicsHarmonicsHarmonicsHarmonics
HVDC linkHVDC linkHVDC linkHVDC link
MVarMVarMVarMVar controlcontrolcontrolcontrol
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 23/31
23
67
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information Applications Adaptive Protection schemeDescription: Protection system design thatprovides for adjustments in protection settingsautomatically as system condition changeRationale: At present condition, the protectionsare set based on normal condition all lines andgenerators are in service. Existing numericalrelays capable of adapting to system changes giventhe real time data Benefits: Adaptive protection can automaticallyperform the number of adjustment, resulting would be greater system reliability and security
68
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information Applications Adaptive Protection schemeRelay back up zone supervision: Avoidundesirable and unnecessary Zone3 back up relayoperationIntelligent load shedding: Supervision of loaddropping scheme in emergencies to avoid theformation of “Islands” in grid and to keep the
system frequency stable on 50Hz/60Hz Adaptive loss of field relaying: Online adjustmentof LOF relay to ensure proper relay operation atsystem condition change over time Adaptive reclosingFault location
69
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Phasor Information Applications
Adaptive Protection scheme Adaptive reclosing: More accurate monitoring of phase angles and voltage amplitude to minimizethe transient switching surge during systemrestoration (Autoreclosing with synchrocheck)Fault location: Precise and quick location of point where a fault occurs
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 24/31
24
70
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Remote Backup Protection SchemeZone3 based remote back up protection schemesare dependable but not secure A relay Mal-operation or wrong operation can actas a system collapse situationIncorrect Zone 3 operation may be consequenceof eitherLoad Encroachment, Over load or Under Voltage….Electromechanical Oscillations like PowerSwings or Out of Step condition
71
Zone 3 : Load Encroachment
Load
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
72
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
S1
CB1 CB3
S2
CB2 CB4
PMU1 PMU2
UTC
UTC
PMU3 PMU4
Lag
Lag
Lead
Lead
Substation1Substation1Substation1Substation1 Substation2Substation2Substation2Substation2
R5R5R5R5
R6R6R6R6
R7R7R7R7
R8R8R8R8
ControllerControllerControllerController
Supervisory Back protection of a parallel lines with aSupervisory Back protection of a parallel lines with aSupervisory Back protection of a parallel lines with aSupervisory Back protection of a parallel lines with a PMUsPMUsPMUsPMUs at both endsat both endsat both endsat both ends
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 25/31
25
73
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Remote Synchronization Applied
74
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Remote Synchronization Applied
75
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 26/31
26
76
Synchrophasor: Application
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
WAMPCS installed at MEXICO
77
Synchrophasor: Projects
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Implementation of System will be done on Stage wise;
Stage1:- Require to Install PMU & PDC at Major locations or Bays (Generating stations, Loaddespatch centers & Critical & Semi-critical baysof 220kV, 400kV, 765kV) and starts to do realtime monitoring of voltage & current amplitude,frequency & Phase angle parameters (Dynamic
behaviors of power system). Wide area monitoringimplementation has to be done first.
Stage2:- Wide area Protections (SPS) should beadopted
78
Synchrophasor: Projects
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Implementation of System will be done on Stage
wise;Stage3:- Wide area control based on monitoring& protection functions
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 27/31
27
79
Synchrophasor: ccuracy asper C37.118
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
80
Synchrophasor: Accuracy
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
PMU1
PDC1
SPDC
PMU2 PMU3 PMU4
PDC2 Level 1Level 1
Level 0 (Regional Level)
Local level Local level
81
Synchrophasor: ccuracy (PMU Class as per C37.118-1)
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 28/31
28
82
Synchrophasor: ccuracy (PMU Class as per C37.118-1)
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
83
Synchrophasor: ccuracy (PMU class as per C37.118-1)
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
84
Synchrophasor: PMU Testing
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Steady State Testing
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 29/31
29
85
Synchrophasor: PMU Testing
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
1% PMU Requirement according to IEEEC37.118
0.25% CalibrationDevice Requirement according to IEEEC37.118
0.05% Reference Gradetest set Requirement
E
86
Synchrophasor: PMU Testing
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Transient Testing
87
Synchrophasor: PMU Testing
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Test Set
PMU1
PMU2
PMU3
V&I Signals
GPSPDC
I E E E
C 3 7 . 1
1 8
Interoperability of Multiple PMU’s
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 30/31
30
88
Synchrophasor: PMU Testing
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
89
Synchrophasor: PMU Testing
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
90
Synchrophasor: Conclusion
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor have rapidly moved from R&Denvironment into the real time application of Grid
Existing SCADA technology offer the steady state view of Electrical gridIEEE COMTRADE tool provide the offline analysis of fault recordSynchrophasor data can provide enhanced real timesituational awareness (Online & Offline) to enhanceoperator efficiency and performance.PMU shall be design for the future IEC61850advancements and upcoming dynamic synchrophasor standards for better interoperability with other vendor devices
7/28/2019 A Synchrophasor, Making Grid Smarter7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-synchrophasor-making-grid-smarter7 31/31
91
Synchrophasor: Conclusion
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
Synchrophasor system can work as modern power management system which can provides proactiveand reactive power control in transmission systemSynchrophasor data provide real time analysis for post disturbance recordsDynamic performance of synchrophasor system doesnot define in standardsPMUs connected to Metering core of Cts or Protection core of Cts are question to user Out of step protection scheme will be improvedEntire grid stability and reliability will be increased
92
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER BUT IMMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN KNOWLEDGE
•Ask Q???Ask Q???Ask Q???Ask [email protected][email protected][email protected][email protected]