TN-31

A Survey of Hawaiifor Balloon Launch Sites

JACK M. ANGEVINE

August 1967

L RLARY,OCT 1938

NCAR Technical NotesNATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH

Boulder, Colorado

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F > c I\ | NCAR Library

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TN-31 4-o/

A Survey of Hawaii i /for Balloon Launch Sites

JACK M. ANGEVINE 2 o/-

August 1967 I'- ",--S; 60 'r

7.

.. •i ..e..-' r.. d .. e ..I,,.. /

NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH J4 o ABoulder, Colorado

G,

iii

PREFACE

A group under Dr. Luis Alvarez at the Space Sciences Laboratory,

University of California, is preparing a balloon-borne particle physics

experiment, designed for recovery at sea. Winter flights in westerly

winds require a launch site with water to the east, preferably near

California. At the request of Dr. Alvarez' group, NCAR carried out the

following survey of potential launch sites in the Hawaiian Islands.

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

v

CONTENTS

Preface .. . ................... . iii

List of Figures ..................... vii

Purpose of Survey .................... 1

Project Requirements ............ ...... 1

Persons Contacted .. ............. .... 2

Possible Sites . .................. 3

Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands . . . . . . 6

Wheeler Air Force Base ................. 30

Appendix ................ 42

I

vii

FIGURES

1. Organizational diagram, Pacific Missile Range ......... 7

2. Map of Hawaiian Islands .. ................. 11

3. Island of Kauai ........................ 12

4. Island of Kauai showing location of Barking Sands (Bonham AFB). 13

5. PMRF Barking Sands runway layout ........ ...... 16

6. Aerial view of runway 19 ............ .. ..17

7. PMRF Barking Sands runway 19 and ramp area .......... 18

8. Ramp looking south ...................... 19

9. Ramp looking north ...................... 20

10. Ramp looking east ....................... 21

11. Ramp looking west ....................... 22

12. Possible locations of 500-ft radius winch circles .... .. 24

13. Wheeler AFB runway layout ................... 33

14. Wheeler AFB partial layout .................. 34

15. Wheeler AFB runway photograph ... ....... ...... 35

16. Wheeler AFB runway photograph ... .......... .. 36

17. Wheeler AFB runway photograph ................. 37

18. Wheeler AFB partial layout .................. 39

I

1

PURPOSE OF SURVEY

The survey trip reported here was undertaken, 23 April through

5 May 1967, at the request of Dr. Luis Alvarez' group, of the Space

Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. This group

is preparing a balloon-borne particle physics experiment, designed for

recovery at sea. Summer flights may be made from California, but winter

flights in westerly winds require a site with water to the east, prefer-

ably near California. Hawaii is an attractive area for such flights.

It meets these requirements and avoids complications of customs clear-

ances, immunizations and international cooperation that would be neces-

sary for flights from a foreign country.

On the survey we considered available facilities, weather conditions,

logistics problems and living accommodations, and made initial contacts

with governmental agencies, such as FAA, which would be involved in any

plans for actual launches. We made no commitments relating to any pro-

posed flight program.

PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

Primary emphasis was on finding locations to launch a cable-restrained

tandem balloon system initially laid out on the ground to a distance of

450 ft from the payload, then raised to a height of 600 ft before being

released. The payload would be handled by the double-anchor-line tech-

nique, requiring installation of ground anchors in a circle of 90-ft

radius about the payload. An assembly building 35 ft sq and 50 ft high

would be needed near the launch area. Projected payloads of 10,000 lb

and gross inflations of 17,000 lb would require large heavy equipment,

including winch trucks and helium trailers.

The need to concentrate on these heavy-payload requirements kept us

from evaluating sites for launching moderate-size payloads by the dynamic

2

method. More specifically, the need to consider launches from a fixed

point away from active runways made it impractical to investigate run-

ways for launching balloons dynamically. However, most of the infor-

mation presented here should be applicable to both types of launch.

PERSONS CONTACTED

Fleet Weather Central, Pearl Harbor

Capt. William Hubert, Commanding OfficerCdr. Englehart, Executive Officer

Fleet Meteorologists' Office, Pearl Harbor

Cdr. Tom LeDew, Executive OfficerLcdr. S. Riley

Regional Climatologist, ESSA, Honolulu

Mr. Saul Price, Regional ClimatologistMr. Bud DorrMr. John Lee

Federal Aviation Agency, Honolulu

Mr. LaBarre, Air Traffic Division, Air Space and Standards BranchMr. Sacks, Air Traffic Division, Air Space and Standards BranchMr. Dau, Honolulu Area Office, Air Traffic Control BranchMr. Richards, Chief, Honolulu Air Route Traffic Control CenterMr. Butterfield

6486th Air Base Wing, Hickam AFB

Lt. Col. Tracy S. Breed, Assistant Deputy Commander for OperationsMr. William C. Miller

Wheeler Air Force Base, Oahu

Lt. Col. James McGovern, Base CommanderMaj. Dwight Smith, Executive OfficerCWO Franklin Hodge, Base Engineer

Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawaiian Area (Kaneohe MCAS), Oahu

Capt. R. W. Rynd, Commanding OfficerCdr. C. A. Carr, Executive OfficerCdr. J. B. McKinney, Operations OfficerLcdr. J. R. Harrison, Operations CoordinatorMr. J. P. Gregg, Special Operations Coordinator

3

Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands, Kauai

Cdr. R. W. Foster, Jr., Officer-in-ChargeMr. H. C. Bonaventure, Range Division OfficerMr. Roy C. Jones, Site Manager, Kentron-Hawaii, Ltd.Mr. Elvyn Pye, Technician-in-Charge, Weather Unit, ESSAMr. Don Bourassa, Kentron-Hawaii, Ltd.Mr. R. S. Iwamoto, Public Works Engineer

Dillingham Corporation, Marine Services (Young Brothers), Honolulu

Mr. M. C. Riddle

Holiday Inn, Honolulu

Mr. Leo W. Nelson, Innkeeper

Art Hunt's International Inn, Honolulu

Mr. Arthur H. Hunt, President

POSSIBLE SITES

We found two possible launch sites for the type of balloon flight

required by Dr. Alvarez' group. The best site is Barking Sands Pacific

Missile Range Facility on the island of Kauai. An alternate site is

Wheeler Air Force Base on Oahu. Each site is discussed in detail later

in this report, and is summarized here, along with brief mention of

other sites considered.

PMRF BARKING SANDS

The major advantage of this site over others in Hawaii is that

the Facility tracks missiles as an everyday activity. Tracking equip-

ment and capabilities assure that balloon flights could be tracked

with high accuracy and reliability. Outside users are often accommo-

dated; a routine is established for use of the site; a well-trained

tracking crew is available; a resident ESSA weather unit takes observa-

tions and maintains forecast facilities; several good communications

media are available; air traffic and FAA compliance present no problems;

and transportation of equipment should be relatively easy.

To obtain permission to use the Barking Sands Facility, application

must be made to the PMR Program Management Office at Point Mugu,

4

California, by completing a detailed set of documents. To complete

the documents satisfactorily might take several weeks of concentrated

effort; approval of the completed documents and subsequent approval

for support of the program might take several months. Privately spon-

sored projects, including those of universities, probably would not

qualify for support, while those of government agencies, especially

the military, would qualify.

There are no quarters available on the base, and very few within

reasonable distances. Visitors would have to commute as much as 30 miles

one way.

WHEELER AIR FORCE BASE

Although the location of Wheeler Air Force Base near Honolulu

means better transportation and housing facilities, a number of factors

render it less desirable than Barking Sands as a launch site.

There are no active Air Force operations on the Base at present,

and the runways are leased to the Army. As a result, little if any

support equipment is available. Virtually everything needed for a

balloon flight would have to be brought to the base, as was done for

the Alvarez flight series from Chico, California. Tracking would have

to be arranged with other agencies, and FAA compliance would be much

more difficult to obtain because Wheeler is close to the high-density

traffic area around Honolulu. An existing paved area could be used

for launching, but a large number of antennas on the inactive runways

restrict the available room.

Despite these difficulties, permission could probably be secured

to use the Base and balloon flights should cause little interference

with existing activities. Wheeler should be considered as a possible

alternate site.

5

OTHER SITES

Two other airfields were considered but were not visited because

of their obvious shortcomings. The first, Ford Island, has higher

average winds than Wheeler, and is in the high-density traffic area

around Pearl Harbor. Access is restricted both for military reasons

and by the capacity of the scheduled ferry service.

The other site, Dillingham Air Force Base on the north shore of

Oahu, lacks space and is subject to trade winds.

Barbers Point Naval Air Station, west of Pearl Harbor, is a poten-

tial site, although it was not surveyed since it appeared that winds

there would be similar to those at Ford Island. Barbers Point is also

near the high-density traffic areas and is an alternate field for a

number of commercial airlines. Nevertheless, if neither Barking Sands

nor Wheeler is available, this location should be investigated more

thoroughly.

The other airports on the Islands are either too small, too remote,

too busy as commercial fields, or exposed to trade winds. However,

several of these might be acceptable for a nighttime dynamic launch

during lightest wind and least traffic.

6

PACIFIC MISSILE RANGE FACILITY, BARKING SANDS

Barking Sands Facility, formerly Bonham Air Force Base, is operated

by the Navy as part of the Pacific Missile Range. It is equipped for

tracking missiles of virtually every type, launched from a wide variety

of vehicles and locations. Within a few months the Facility will also

operate an Underwater Test Range offshore which will further broaden

the scope of testing activities there.

ORGANIZATION

Headquarters, Pacific Missile Range, is at Point Mugu, California.

Barking Sands Facility is one of several in the Hawaiian Area Command

of the Range. Others are located at Wake, Midway and Johnston Islands.

The Area Commanding Officer and his staff are headquartered at the

Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe Bay, Oahu.

PMRF Barking Sands is operated under an Operations and Maintenance

contract by Kentron-Hawaii, Ltd., under the officer-in-charge and a

small staff. A vertical diagram of the organization as it affects

Barking Sands is shown in Fig. 1.

7

Commander Pacific Missile RangePoint Mugu

(Capt. Stearns)

Commanding Officer, PMRFHawaiian Area,Kaneohe Bay(Capt. Rynd)

Officer-in-ChargePMRF Barking Sands(Cdr. R. W. Foster)

Base Division Officer Range Division Officer\(Mr. H. C. Bonaventure)

Operation and MaintenanceKentron-Hawaii, Ltd.

(Mr. R. C. Jones, Site Supervisor)

Fig. I Organizational diagram, Pacific MissileRange, as it pertains to PMRF Barking.Sands.

8

QUALIFYING FOR PROGRAM SUPPORT

A military program requiring the facilities available at Barking

Sands would almost certainly be approved for support. Programs of

civilian government agencies such as NSF, NASA, and AEC can be supported

under certain circumstances, while privately funded or university pro-

grams would undoubtedly be turned down.

We did not learn the exact ground rules for determining whether

a program may or may not be supported. However, the procedure to be

followed by a group seeking support is to visit the Program Management

Office at Point Mugu. If the general support requirements seem com-

patible with PMR policies, a staff member will be assigned to assist

in filling out the Program Requirements Document. Approval of this

document by Pacific Missile Range constitutes authorization for Barking

Sands to provide the requested support.

The Program Requirements Document provides for a detailed descrip-

tion of the program and its objectives, and also includes such items as:

• Ordnance -- specifications, use, handling procedures,storage procedures.

• Electronic equipment -- frequencies, spectrum analysisreports.

· Personnel, experimenter and contractor -- names,assignments, dates of arrival and departure.

* Trajectory.

* Tracking accuracy requirements.

• Telemetry requirements -- channels, storage, display,time correlation.

*Aircraft, other than military, that will use theairfield.

* Recovery requirements.

· Facilities requirements -- assembly buildings, shops,ground anchors.

Range support which is unique to an approved program is reimburs-

able, while items of general utility are provided without cost. However,

9

overtime pay for range employees may be charged to the program unless

the overtime is scheduled for the convenience of the range rather than

that of the experimenter.

LOCATION

Barking Sands is on the western tip of Kauai, approximately 129

airline miles west-northwest of Honolulu International Airport at

latitude 22°01'N, longitude 159°47'W. Lihue Airport, the terminal for

scheduled commercial air traffic and rental car services for the Island,

is 35 miles from the Facility, by road along the south side of the Island.

Figure 2 is a map showing the location of Kauai in the Hawaiian

Islands. Figures 3 and 4 show the island of Kauai and the location

of Barking Sands (Bonham AFB) in more detail.

A comprehensive geographic report on Kauai and Barking Sands,

prepared by J. K. Prince at the Naval Missile Center, should be avail-

able soon and will be of great interest to any group contemplating an

operation from Barking Sands (Ref. 1).

CLIMATOLOGY

Climatological data have been gathered at Barking Sands since

1942. A Technical Memorandum prepared by the Sandia Corporation in

1963 is probably the best available study and may be sufficient to

determine the suitability of Barking Sands for balloon launches (Ref. 2).

The data in Ref. 2 will be analyzed when the copy on order is

received. The information in Table 1 was transcribed from the copy at

Barking Sands.

10

Table 1

BARKING SANDS CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA

Years of Data: Surface Observations 1942 through 1946Upper-Level Winds 1942 through 1946;

1950 through 1961

Hourly Surface Observations: 29,000

Sampling of Surface-Wind Data: 6 pm to 6 am

Surface winds Percentage of Observations

(mph) Jan. Feb. Mar., Nov. Dec.(1110) (988)

1-3 49 46 48 43 45

4-7 38 30 35 47 45

7 87 76 83 90 90

anumber of observations

KA UA:I

____ X _C J___ _________ _—220

Lihue OAHU

Hoolehua MOLOKAIHonolulu —

Lanai Cit MAUI

Ko_ w__________ 200

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

__________________________________________— 190

1600 159 ° 1580 1570 1560 1550

Fig. 2 Map of Hawaiian Islands

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Fig.§ 3 Island of K, auai

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Fig. 3 Island of Kauai

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14

Table 1 indicates a reasonably good chance of encountering

acceptable inflation conditions during nighttime hours in winter.

When Ref. 2 is received, we will make a detailed study of surface con-

ditions, sky cover and trajectories.

Winds at 600 to 1000 ft, a consideration for cable-restrained

balloon launches, have not been measured at Barking Sands. The Regional

Climatologist has undertaken an informal study of this problem to deter-

mine what conclusions may be drawn from available data or from subjec-

tive observations of weather unit personnel at Barking Sands.

Additional climatological data and analyses can be provided by

the Geophysics Division, PMR Range Operations Department, Point Mugu,

after a user contacts the Program Management Office at Point Mugu.

METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT

The weather unit at Barking Sands is operated by ESSA under con-

tract to PMR and manned by four technicians and a technician-in-charge.

The unit takes hourly surface observations and fires one ARCAS rocket

daily at noon. This unit is also equipped to provide rawinsonde sound-

ings according to user requirements.

The weather unit office has a teletype circuit (351) and a facsimile

receiver which accepts maps from the regional Weather Bureau forecast

office in Honolulu.

Regular Weather Bureau services available in Lihue on the opposite

side of the Island include two rawinsonde soundings daily, and teletype

and facsimile services. Sea-state forecasts and data have been offered

to the Project by the Commanding Officer, Fleet Weather Central, Honolulu,

and this information can be made available at Barking Sands, either

through Weather Bureau communications or through Navy channels.

A meteorologist familiar with ballooning requirements should have

no difficulty forecasting from Barking Sands with the available facili-

ties and the proffered sea-state data and forecasts.

15

LAUNCH AREA

An unused ramp area west of runway 19 appears to be the only

possible location for launch of a cable-restrained balloon system.

With modest improvements, this area could easily provide a semicircle

500 ft in radius in which to maneuver a winch truck. With more exten-

sive improvement a 1000-ft diameter circle could be laid out in the

area, if allowed to encroach slightly on the runway. If this larger

circle could not touch the runway, additional work would be necessary

on portions of the track crossing unimproved territory.

The required angular coverage of the winch track cannot be deter-

mined until prevailing wind directions are analyzed.

Barking Sands runways are shown in Fig. 5. The ramp area under

consideration for the launch site is visible west of runway 19/1.

Figure 6 is an aerial view of runway 19 and the ramp. The beach

is on the west and the Facility boundary is shown as a broken white

line to the east.

Figure 7, scale 1 in. = 144 ft, shows the types of surfaces on the

ramp and the surrounding terrain and also shows the positions from

which Figs. 8, 9, 10, and 11 were taken.

The surfaces labeled "1" and "2" in Fig. 7 are sealed asphalt.

Surface "3" is paved but has not been sealed recently and some grass

is established in the cracks, as shown in Figs. 8, 9, and 11. Surface

"4" is cement-stabilized soil which is well graded but has been allowed

to support a considerable amount of grass and short brush. This sur-

face can be seen at the right and left in Fig. 10 with an unsealed

asphalt strip down the center leading to an old revetment, area 7 in

Fig. 7. Surface "5" is graded but overgrown, as seen at the right in

Fig. 9 and in the background of Fig. 10; the dark line running through

this area in the aerial views may be a drainage concealed by the under-

growth.

16

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Fig. 6 Aerial vigw of runhi-ay 19,

18

X FIGURE NUMBER & LOCATIONPHOTO DIRECTION

>ACTIVE RUNWAY 19-1

ASPHALT -GOOD QUALITY

>ASPHALT- NOT SEALED, SOME GROWTH

[ SOIL,GRADED, CEMENT STABILIZED PMRF BARKING SANRUNWAY 19

> SOIL,GRADED,OVER-GROWN RAMP AREA

'CONCRETE CIRCLE SCALE: 200

EARTH REVETMENT WITHCONCRETE BUNKER

\ /X8// /10Fig. 7 PRF Barking Sands runway 19 and ramp area

FBsa

Fig. 8 Ramp looking south.

Fig. 9 Ramp looking north

............. ........ ............. .......... ...... .................................- ........... ............................. ........ .... ...... ........................... .... ... ........ .... ................... ... .... .............. ......... ... ... ............ ............................... . .... ..... .... .......... ................. ............... ....... .. .... .................. .................. .....- ........................ ... ..................... ............ .............................. .. ........ ............. .. .. .................... ......... .. . ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... ............. ... ...... ....... .. ... ..... ... ...... ... .. ....... ........ 11.11 ............... ... .. .. ............... .... ... ............... ...... ..... ... ........... ....... .... ............. .. ........ .. ...................... ........ .............. .............. .................-1-1 ..... .............. ........ ........... .. ...... ... ..................... ............ .... ...... .. ...... ..... ... .............. ..................... ........... . ....... ..... .... .. ................. ......... ....... .. . ........ ....... ......... .-................. .............

..........- ...... ............................................................. .. . ......... ....... .......... .... ............. .................... .... ..

.. ........ ........ ........... ....... ........... ........ .. ...... ... .. ............ ... ........................ .... ........ ........... ........ .......... ....... .... ........... .... ............. ... ............ .... ..... ..... ................. . ...... ......... ...... .... ... ... .. .......

....... .. ...... ....... ....... .... ............ ........... ........... ........... ......I. ................ ............... ....... ............. . ........... ... ....... ............... .............. .... .. ... ...... .............. ... .............. ...... .. .. ... .. .. .. .... .......... .... .. ..... ....... ..

_2

Fig. 10 Ramp looking east

Fig. 11 Ramp looking west

23

All prepared surfaces, "1" through "4", would support heavy equip-

ment such as helium rigs and winch trucks needed for a heavy-load launch.

Surface "5" would have to be investigated more thoroughly and the under-

growth removed before moving equipment on it. The general character of

the soil suggests that even this area might support heavy equipment

with minimum preparation. The relatively arid character of the local

climate also suggests few problems with wet or boggy soil; this assump-

tion should, however, be checked carefully with the base engineer and

contractors before relying on using the area unimproved.

Figure 12 shows some possible 500-ft radius winch circles which

do not intersect runway 19.

FLIGHT REGULATIONS

Launches from Barking Sands would be made under one or more of the

restricted airspace areas assigned to the Facility. By winter 1967-68

an additional restricted area extending to unlimited altitudes will be

designated for Barking Sands to supplement the present restricted areas.

A hot line between FAA Air Traffic Control Center in Honolulu and Barking

Sands allows Barking Sands to invoke the restricted areas as needed

during an operation.

With restricted areas invoked, FAA would have no authority over

the height or proximity of tethered balloons to the runways; these

matters would be the concern of the local operations personnel. As

soon as a balloon left the restricted area FAA would again require

compliance with Part 101 of FAA Regulations. Compliance would mean,

among other things, that a tethered balloon used for wind measurements

should have the required quick deflation device, even though it were

tethered in a restricted area.

We do not know at present whether it would be necessary to comply

with FAA cloud cover and visibility requirements for a launch from a

restricted area. Further study of climatology of Barking Sands should

show if launch under less than FAA minimum conditions might be necessary.

24

PMRF BARKING SANDSRUNWAY 19 8RAMP AREA

SE SCALE I 200' I

//, /. 12 Possible locations of 500'

Fig. 12 Possible locations of 500-ft radius winch circles

25

Cloud cover and visibility are apparently usually satisfactory at Barking

Sands, and questions of jurisdiction and need for FAA waivers may not

arise.

TRACKING

Tracking from Barking Sands should present no major problem, except-

ing possibly in identifying a slow-moving balloon with equipment set up

to track rockets. With a radar transponder aboard the experiment, such

tracking should not be difficult, but thought should be given to track-

ing the lighter-weight tracer balloons to be flown prior to the scien-

tific flight.

Instrumentation at Barking Sands, including tracking equipment,

is described in the Appendix.

Barking Sands is bounded by cliffs and mountains to the east, which

cause a blind spot in that direction. The blind spot is reduced when

utilizing the tracking station on Makaha Ridge to the north-northeast.

FAA radar on Mt. Kaala on Oahu would supplement the Barking Sands radar

and provide a useful check.

Beyond line-of-sight the experiment could be tracked and controlled

by a PMR Super-Constellation which is outfitted with complete tracking

gear and based at the Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe. An S2F air-

craft is also available for tracking, but lacks the range and capability

of the Super-Constellation.

If a PMR ship were used for recovery, tracking equipment would be

already available at the recovery location. One such ship, the Wheeling,

is completely instrumented with command/control transmitters and FPS-16

radar. If a PMR ship could not be used, tracking from the recovery

location would have to be handled either by the balloon operations con-

tractor or by the experimenter.

26

TELEMETRY

A considerable amount of telemetry equipment is available at

Barking Sands for the experimenter who wishes to use it. This equip-

ment is also described in the Appendix.

Any radio equipment brought on the site by the experimenter must

have been tested for emission spectra and must be operating on FCC-

approved frequencies. These characteristics are included in the Pro-

gram Requirements Document, and PMRF Barking Sands is equipped to monitor

radio usage to assure that there is no interference with their own

equipment .

RECOVERY

Recovery services might be provided by PMR if requested by means

of the Program Requirements Document and approved. At least one large

ship, and possibly two, are operated by PMR. The Wheeling is said to

have equipment to handle missiles and launching platforms for surface

launches, which might make it possible to retrieve a large heavy experi-

ment unaided. Another ship, the Norton Sound, may also be available.

Details of equipment, capabilities and schedules of these ships are

not known.

In support of the new underwater range facility, PMR has recently

purchased two 85-ft torpedo recovery boats of 50 tons displacement

and 18-ft beam. These boats can carry eight torpedoes, which are

loaded through the stern and winched forward over rollers mounted in

the slanted aft deck. At present, these boats can load only torpedoes,

but with modifications such as special cradles, they might be able to

handle equipment larger than a torpedo. If not, they might still be

useful as auxiliary tracking ships.

SHOP FACILITIES

No working areas are available at Barking Sands for use of a large

customer group. The site contractor could, with little difficulty,

27

erect pre-fabricated buildings for shops and offices, and could readily

erect an assembly building with dimensions of 35 x 35 x 50 ft.

A number of sites close to the launch area are available for build-

ings. One of the parking spots inside an old revetment might be used

for an assembly building. A concrete bunker covered with 6 to 8 ft of

earth is associated with each parking spot, and might provide storage

for emulsions and for hazardous items such as squibs and mild detonating

fuses.

Dust and salt would be a problem at any location on the Barking

Sands Facility. Design of shop, assembly and office spaces should take

this environment into account.

TRANSPORTATION

Good air transportation for personnel is available between Honolulu

and the island of Kauai. Aloha Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines provide

a total of eight flights from Honolulu to Kauai and ten daily return

flights, as well as additional flights with modified schedules on Friday,

Saturday and Sunday. These airlines use DC-9, BAC-111, Viscount, F-27

and Convair 640 aircraft. Average flight time on the jet flights is

about 30 min. One-way passenger fare is $12.57 and there are several

special fare schedules for families, youth, off-hours, and direct

connections to the mainland. Free baggage allowance for mainland pas-

sengers with tourist tickets is 44 lb. (Free baggage that can be brought

on a jet from the mainland may exceed that amount.)

Reservations should be made well in advance during the months of

heaviest tourist travel -- June, July, August, December and January.

Heavy equipment and scientific gear can be transported between

Honolulu and Kauai without major problems. At least one inter-island

barge line, Young Brothers, operates regularly scheduled barge services

to Port Allen on the south coast of Kauai. Commercial arrangements

for shipment by barge may be made through the Dillingham Corporation's

28

Marine Services Office in Honolulu, who are also agents for States Line.

A shipment on a through bill-of-lading between San Francisco and Port

Allen via States Line and Young Brothers would take about nine days.

To assure arrival on schedule, shipping arrangements should be made

as far in advance as possible, since military requirements frequently

pre-empt commercial shipments.

General Services Administration Transportation Offices could be

of real assistance to a government-sponsored project in arranging ship-

ments. Freight charges might be less on government bills-of-lading

than on commercial.

Since Port Allen can handle ships to 500 ft with a draft of 35 ft

direct shipment from the mainland might be arranged rather than trans-

shipping at Honolulu.

The road from Port Allen to Barking Sands is two lanes of asphalt

with minimal shoulders. It is rough in places and needs to be re-

surfaced. The State Highway Department has a budget item for improve-

ment of this road in the coming year. Even in its present condition

there would be no difficulty in moving tractor-trailer rigs from Port

Allen to Barking Sands. Commuters to and from accommodations on the

south coast might be annoyed by the rough road and the hilly twisting

route; however, the greatest hazard would be cane-haul trucks crossing

the road and leaving coatings of red clay which are slick when wet.

ACCOMMODATIONS

Housing and meals for project personnel on Kauai may be a problem

although other large groups working at Barking Sands have solved simi-

lar problems. Most transient groups stay at the Prince Kuhio Hotel and

Apartments near Poipu Beach on the south tip of the Island, 30 mi from

Barking Sands.

29

Some hotel rates and locations:

Single Double Location

Prince Kuhio $ 8.75 $11.25 Poipu Beach

Poipu Beach 7.00 10.00 Poipu Beach

Kauai Surf 12.00 16.00 Kalapaki Beach,Lihue

Poipu Shores 7.00 10.00 Poipu Beach

Menehune Manor 5.00 7.00 Waimea(9 apartments)

We visited the Kauai Surf and Menehune Manor and found them both

to be quite satisfactory. The Kauai Surf is a resort hotel with a wide

range of recreational facilities, including a beautiful beach. Menehune

Manor is a modern apartment with nine units, half a block from the

black sand beach on which Captain Cook landed, in the small, quiet town

of Waimea -- a completely different environment from the Kauai Surf.

Furnished kitchen, living room and two bedrooms make up each unit, and

would be suitable for families, but reservations would be difficult to

get.

Other hotels and motels on the south side of the Island are listed

below. No information was obtained on any of these.

Jerves Motel P. O. Box 365 Kalaheo

Green Garden Hanapepe

Garden Isle Beach Apartments Poipu Beach

Wai-o-hai Resort Hotel Poipu Beach

Noon meals are available in the base cafeteria at Barking Sands.

We did not eat at any of the other locations, but we noted that prices

at Lihue Airport were comparable to prices in medium-size cities on

the mainland.

30

WHEELER AIR FORCE BASE

Wheeler Air Force Base is the site of several Air Force Headquarters,

none of which use runways or flight facilities. Runways are leased to

the Army, which uses them for touch-and-go training flights, and for

its helicopter and courier services.

The Base is located on the central plateau of Oahu at an altitude

of 840 ft. It is near the town of Wahiawa, 17 mi northwest of Honolulu

International Airport.

ORGANIZATION

Wheeler is operated by the 6486th Air Base Wing with headquarters

at Hickam Air Force Base. We obtained access to Wheeler Air Force Base

and introductions to the Base Commander and Executive Officer, through

the Assistant Deputy Commander for Operations at 6486th Headquarters.

CLIMATOLOGY

Russell Dorr in the office of the Regional Climatologist, ESSA,

Honolulu, has made a preliminary summary of the surface wind conditions

at Wheeler. Table 2 summarizes his study. The left-hand column for

each month shows percentage of observations less than or equal to 3 kt

the right-hand column shows percentage of observations of 11 kt or

greater.

31

Table 2

FREQUENCY OF LIGHT WINDS, WHEELER AIR FORCE BASEJUNE 1939 THROUGH MAY 1949;

JULY 1963 THROUGH FEBRUARY 1966

(Anemometer height varied, 15 or 30 ft)

Local October November December JanuaryTime

Wind (kt)

<3 >11 < 3 >11 < 3 > 11 <3 >11

00-02 64.8 0.8 70.8 2.1 50.0 4.4 58.6 5.2

03-05 70.2 0.7 73.7 1.1 56.2 5.1 60.9 4.3

06-08 54.7 3.5 61.9 3.8 52.9 5.7 56.3 6.0

09-11 10.2 22.9 19.7 21.8 20.3 21.2 18.7 23.5

12-14 6.6 29.4 14.5 26.0 11.7 26.5 12.0 30.7

15-17 17.7 12.4 29.9 9.7 26.6 12.1 9.1 15.6

18-20 48.2 3.0 58.4 3.4 46.1 5.6 55.6 3.8

21-23 58.0 1.2 68.2 4.1 50.4 4.8 59.3 3.7

Table 2 shows a significant diurnal effect; lighter winds are more

frequent in late evening and early morning, as might be expected. Evi-

dently, a reasonable percentage of days would be suitable for inflation.

However, we know little about the other necessary conditions for a

balloon flight of this type. In particular, winds from 600 to 1000 ft

have not been measured. There may be some data in archives for these

levels, but the only reduced data seem to be for 1500 m and upward

(Ref. 3.)

Cloud cover is a significant factor at Wheeler. Even on "clear"

days trade winds crossing the Koolau Range cause some cloudiness. Whether

32

cloudiness exceeds FAA minimums is not known, but data are likely to

exist on this subject.

The climatological data presented here are inadequate to allow

conclusions about the suitability of Wheeler as a launch site. We are

not working on this subject at present, but if Wheeler becomes a pri-

mary location for other reasons, a more rigorous study will have to be

made. The first step should then be to query the National Weather

Records Center in Asheville, North Carolina. If records are inadequate, a

special study will be needed. On Oahu the means for making such a

study are limited, since the local ESSA group does not have the people

or facilities to make a special survey. Consequently, an outside group

from ESSA, NCAR or some other agency would have to make the survey.

METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT

The weather station nearest to Wheeler is the Weather Bureau office

at Honolulu International Airport. There are no weather facilities on

the Base, although a meteorologist could be stationed there without

difficulty.

Upper-level winds are available only from Lihue, 90 mi northwest,

and Hilo, 220 mi southeast. ESSA meteorologists believe Lihue winds

are probably representative of winds over Wheeler. We could not locate

any GMD equipment on Oahu.

Sea-state data and forecasts are available from Fleet Weather

Central, about 15 mi away at Pearl Harbor.

LAUNCH AREA

Figure 13 shows the runway layout at Wheeler Air Force Base.

Figure 14 is an enlarged layout of the potential launch area at the

northwest end of abandoned runway "C". Symbols on this figure show

position and direction from which Figs. 15, 16, and 17 were taken.

A large antenna farm covers all of abandoned runways "B" and "C",

33

X_.: i~:·:;:·:·:·::. .Bldg Aresa,.

931

ri h':t 1965,... Jeppe.:::I::::i: 00' O. .ver Clru na

~~~~~~~...ii~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~...:

'?~si·;; ..:8~:~:i:~i:~i:~'~:::..... .........' ' ... ..i.....

Scale in Feet1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

~·~··:,'.~. -::. .. ...:Il l ,. I .. ..,

...... .......: ·i~·''~::;:

Fig . 13 Wheeler AFB runway layout. (Illustration only --not to be used for navigational purposes. Copy-right 1965, Jeppesen & Co., Denver, Colorado.)

100 0 10 00 00 40

34

PPROX.V .) ^^^ ̂^ ^ ^BOUNDARY

\ ^^^^ \ ANTENNAFAR M

PHOTOS \,, 9

Fig. 16

V< \\ ~~~~~~WHEELER AFB\^. ~ \ v \ \ ~PARTIAL LAYOUT

\^ \ ̂ \ \ ~ ~FROM DRAWING\ ~ \ \] \ ~R- 100/163

REV 24 NOV 58

\ \^ \ / ) WSCALE: 400

Fig. 14 Wheeler AFB partial layout

Fig. 15 Wheeler AFB runway photograph

man=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

Fig. 16 Wheeler AFB runway photograph

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38

excepting the portion of runway "C" shown in the photographs. The ramp

area and end of the runway are in relatively good condition, with some

weeds growing through cracks in the pavement. The ramp is slightly

lower than the runway but not enough to cause any difficulty.

Circles on Fig. 18 indicate area needed for a 500-ft radius winch

track which does not interfere with the active runway. A 360 ° track

can be drawn, with some small areas extending into unimproved territory.

A track covering 215° can be laid out completely on pavement. The

entire area is downwind from the antenna farm during trade wind periods,

and there are no other major obstructions further downwind.

The gulch runway "D" is in good condition and lies approximately

50 ft lower than the active runway. This runway was abandoned because

of tricky winds for aircraft. It might be good for inflation of a

balloon but, since it lies about 90° to the prevailing wind, would not

be of much use for a balloon launch.

FLIGHT REGULATIONS

Wheeler Air Force Base is an active military airfield, with con-

trol tower manned from 0600 to 2200 local time. All FAA regulations

pertaining to balloon operations would be in force and waivers would

be required if non-conformance were anticipated. Since Wheeler is near

the high-density area around Honolulu International Airport, and Barbers

Point NAS, the FAA might be reluctant to grant waivers for such items

as cloud cover and visibility. Difficulty of obtaining a waiver for

operation of a tethered balloon carrying an anemometer would depend on

reaction of the local user, in this case the Army.

TRACKING

Some tracking services could be supplied by the FAA, which operates

a radar station on Mt. Kaala, 8 mi west of Wheeler. Other tracking

facilities would have to be supplied by the user, since none exist at

39

* a n t /> \ r"APPROX.\ ,C ^^^^^^^)BOUNDARY

\, /^ \ANTENNA15..FAR M

2150 o'......

9^ \RRAMP NO. 2

^^^^^ \ \ WHEELER AFB^^^^^K.\ \ PARTIAL LAYOUT

FROM DRAWINGR-100/163REV 24 NOV 58

SCALE: I-

Fig. 18 Wheeler AFB partial layout

40

Wheeler. We found no other tracking capabilities on Oahu, although

there are undoubtedly some military and Air Defense facilities.

TELEMETRY

Before committing a project to using Wheeler, inquiry should be

made about radio frequencies and powers of the antenna farm on the

Base, to determine whether this array would cause interference with

telemetry or command equipment associated with the balloon operation.

RECOVERY

We made no survey of recovery equipment because recovery procedures

for the experimental package are still being worked out.

SHOP FACILITIES

A modest amount of hangar space at Wheeler might be available for

staging and work space. We did not discuss possible use of this space

but did learn that permission to erect a special assembly building

should not be difficult to obtain. Several out-of-the-way locations

appear suitable for such a building, depending on the availability of

utilities services.

TRANSPORTATION

Transportation of equipment and personnel would present no problems

because of the short distance between the Base and Honolulu along a

major highway. The highway is four-lane part way, but carries heavy

traffic during morning and evening rush hours.

ACCOMMODATIONS

The most satisfactory accommodations for a group working at Wheeler

would be closer to Honolulu. Two motels near Honolulu International

Airport would provide acceptable facilities. These are the Holiday Inn

and the International Inn. Rates are:

41

International Inn Holiday Inn(commercial rates) (no commercial rates)

Single $10.00 $11.00

Two in twin beds 12.00 18.00

Two in one bed 12.00 16.00

To qualify for these rates the International Inn requires only

that the group submit a letter guaranteeing reservations; no minimum

number or other restrictions are imposed. The Holiday Inn does not

charge for children under 12 who use the same facilities as the parents.

There are no seasonal rate changes.

Both motels have 24-hr switchboards, and the International Inn has

a 24-hr coffee shop. The dining room at the Holiday Inn is open from

6 a.m. to 10 p.m.

Reservations are usually necessary in June, July, August and December

because of heavy tourist traffic. The Holiday Inn will soon be connected

to the "teledex" reservation service in use at Holiday Inns on the

mainland.

Accommodations nearer Wheeler are generally more austere, catering

to military personnel on Temporary Living Allowances. A typical example

is the Wainani Apartment-Hotel, a short distance from the gate, which

has furnished apartments with living room, kitchen and one or two bed-

rooms for about $5.00 per person per day. There are no telephones in

the apartments but they can be installed. The nearest restaurant is

about 1.5 mi away.

42

APPENDIX

INSTRUMENTATION AND TRACKING CAPABILITIES

AT BARKING SANDS, KAUAI

(Adapted from an internal draft paper, provided through

courtesy of Barking Sands Operations Personnel.)

43

INSTRUMENTATION AND TRACKING CAPABILITIES

COMPUTER (USQ- 20B)

The Univac USQ-20B is equipped to perform real-time data reduction

such as impact prediction and trajectory analysis. From ballistic param-

eters received via teletype from other tracking stations, the computer

derives early acquisition data for the radars at Barking Sands and Kokee.

After acquisition, it selects the best radar data source and updates

computed ballistic parameters for transmission to the next downrange

tracking station.

The AN/USQ-20B communicates with a Univac 1218 Computer at Kokee

Park through the Data Terminal Buffer, the Kineplex Data Modem, and a

microwave link between Barking Sands and Kokee.

The data reduction and general computational capabilities of this

computer fit the system in the medium-scale class; it is approximately

equivalent to the IBM 7040. With the exception of an on-line card

punch, peripheral equipment is available for nearly any general compu-

tational and data reduction requirement. Available software includes

the CS-1 compiling system and AS-1 assembler, trigonometric routines,

conversion routines, and Fortran IV.

DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

The function of the acquisition system is to allow the site to

take the best available data on a target's azimuth angle, elevation

angle, and range, on a real-time basis, and make these data available

on the acquisition buss for use by the MPS-25, MPS-26, MPQ-38, M-33, Com-

mand Control, Agave, Optics, and GMD. These stations will then use the

data as an aid in acquiring a target for automatic tracking.

As soon as a station acquires track, the acquisition data are

removed from the synchro drive system, and the internal data become

prime. The acquisition buss data remain available in the event of a

station losing track.

44

The Agave, MPQ-38, Command Control, and M-33 can accept and transmit

only azimuth and elevation data.

The MPS-25 and the MPS-26 systems can accept and transmit azimuth,

elevation and range data. The USQ-20B can transmit azimuth, elevation

and range data through D/S converters.

RADAR

The Barking Sands Radar Complex is comprised of four radars: one

each C-band MPS-25 and MPS-26, two S-band MPQ-38, and an X- and S-band

M-33 acquisition and tracking radar. The instrumentation radars can:

(1) serve redundantly to track the same vehicles in both the C- and S-

band, or (2) simultaneously track separate vehicles.

AN/MPS-25 Radar

The MPS-25 is a van-enclosed C-band tracking radar with a 10-ton

antenna, pedestal-mounted on a 20-ft tower. It can perform skin or

beacon tracking to a range of 2000 mi. The tracking accuracy is 0.1

mil RMS in azimuth and elevation, and 5 yd RMS in range.

The MPS-25 is used primarily as a satellite and ICBM tracking

radar, but also provides missile trajectory data for many other programs.

AN/MPS-26 Radar

The MPS-26 is a van-enclosed C-band tracking radar with a beamwidth

of 1.5 ° and can perform skin or beacon tracking to a range of 2000 mi.

It is located at Barking Sands to serve as a long-range tracking radar

and to assist the MPS-25 in acquisition.

The MPS-26 is used at this station for satellite and ICBM tracking,

and to provide missile trajectory characteristics for development and

study programs.

AN/MPQ-38 Radar

The van-enclosed MPQ-38 radar is capable of tracking in S-band,

both skin and beacon, to a range of 200 mi. Its primary function is to

support Target Drone programs; it is also used in area surveillance and

as an acquisition aid to assist the U.S. Weather Bureau.

45

M-33 Radar

The M-33 is a fully integrated dual-van radar, with an S-band 60-mi

range acquisition system and an X-band tracking system of 50-mi range

capability. A polar-to-cartesian converter, linear time recorders, and

an X-Y recorder are incorporated in the van.

During local rocket control launch operations, the acquisition radar

assists the Range Officer in performing area surveillance. The X-band

tracking radar is used primarily in support of U.S. Weather Bureau Meteor-

ological High Altitude Wind Studies, and secondarily to support Navy Fleet

Operations.

OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER (OCC)

Operations are coordinated and conducted from the Operations Control

Center, located in the Range Operations Building. All information rele-

vant to an operations status is relayed to OCC. Instrumentation data

from site tracking stations are displayed in the Center, command control

signals for drone control originate from a console located here, and all

site operational communications are controlled by this station during an

operation.

Data display equipment in this facility consists of three radar

plot boards and associated converters, a Command Control Monitor Console,

status alert monitor lights, one oscillograph, and three strip chart

recorders.

A "Fox" Console is utilized by a control operator to pilot the

drone on its prescribed flight path.

The Range Facilities Control Officer (RFCO), Instrumentation Coordi-

nator (IC), and the Range Operations Supervisor (ROS) consoles include

communications circuits to allow loop conferences within the site and

with off-site stations, and monitoring of station communications. The

desired communications setup may be selected and activated by depres-

sing a touch-light switch on the console. Monitor status lights, indi-

cating the operational status of each system, are available.

46

Telemetry data readout is not provided at OCC. However, the telem-

etry facility, adjacent to OCC, has extensive real-time readout facilities.

AGAVE (AUTOMATIC GIMBALED ANTENNA VECTORING EQUIPMENT)

The Agave unit is an automatic angle tracking device with a rela-

tively large antenna beamwidth which enables acquisition of a target

within a large angular region. The associated electronic equipment is

located in the antenna pedestal housing and in the telemetry facility.

The Agave antenna also serves as the primary telemetry system antenna.

The unit measures continuously the azimuth and elevation angle of air-

borne targets, and provides acquisition data (in the form of synchro

data) to the acquisition data system. The synchro tracking data are

used by more highly directive tracking systems.

The Agave system tracks a space or airborne vehicle in azimuth and

elevation by means of the telemetry signal transmitted from the vehicle.

It can acquire and track a signal over a frequency range large enough

to accommodate transmitter instability and doppler shift within the

215 to 265 MHz range.

The system uses a high-gain "iron cross" antenna consisting of

four elements, in conjunction with a receiver and servo-system, to

acquire and track the signal source.

TELEME TRY

The telemetry facility, located in the Range Operations Building,

is equipped for VHF and HF signal reception, demodulation, recording,

and reduction of data telemetered from aircraft, missiles, and orbital

vehicles.

This equipment accommodates FM/FM, PAM-FM/FM, PDM-FM/FM and PCM/FM

signal reception. Ten VHF radio frequencies may be received simultane-

ously. Magnetic tape recorders are used to record either pre-detection

or post-detection signals. The Agave system antenna is the primary

antenna for this system. All IRIG standard discriminators are available

-- narrow-band channels 1 to 18 and wide band channels A to E.

47

PAM/PDM decommutation is available for decommutation of 30 data

channels at rates from 1 to 5000 PPS. Additional modules may be added

to accommodate 90 channels. PCM data may be tape recorded only.

Meters, direct writing recorders, and oscillographs are utilized

for "quick look" data presentation and documentation.

Video patch bays and extensive rack-mounted test equipment facili-

tate rapid setup and calibration of the station for operational use.

COMMUNICATIONS

The range telecommunications system at Barking Sands was installed

to support operations of Pacific Missile Range, Hawaiian Area. This

system provides support to fleet operations, and to orbital, missile,

and meteorological programs. PMR services are provided by the Barking

Sands facility for various National Range programs. Intersite communi-

cations at Barking Sands are also provided.

Microwave links between Kokee Park and Barking Sands provide voice,

data transmission, timing, teletype and remote radio transmission.

Communications to Kaneohe consist of voice and teletype.

High-level RF interference at the instrumentation site led to

establishment of the present remote radio frequency communication facil-

ity, situated approximately 0.5 mi north of Barking Sands Instrumentation

Complex. The facility consists of a communications underground bunker,

a medium-power transmitter van, an all-purpose communications van and an

antenna farm.

Landline cable facilities link radio circuits to the range tele-

communication center for operational programming and control.

Frequency ranges and mode of operations consist of communications

in the AM, SSB, and FSK modes in the HF frequency band, and AM commun-

ications in the VHF and UHF frequency bands.

TIMING

The Timing Operations Center (TOC) at Barking Sands generates a

series of individual, identifiable groups of electrical pulses held in

48

an extremely close time relationship. These pulses are used for corre-

lation of telemetry, radar, and other data transmitted to and received

from weapon systems, satellites or space vehicles.

TOC includes two identical but completely independent time signal

generators, each supplied from separate precision frequency standards

and powered by independent power supplies.

The complete system consists of a WWV receiver, two frequency

standards, a clock divider, a transfer and alarm panel, time base gener-

ators, timing patch panel, line driver amplifiers, power supplies,

monitor oscilloscope, recording oscillograph and other components re-

quired for a completely integrated and functional system.

The equipment is capable of generating IRIG formats A, B, C, D, E,

and PMR timing signals. Any of these signals may be distributed to a

maximum of 40 users by line driver amplifiers; 12 are presently being

utilized at Barking Sands. The signals are supplied to nominal 600-ohm

balanced wire lines at any level between -20 and +12 dbm. Six addi-

tional single-ended outputs are available in parallel form for distri-

bution as dc voltage levels on 100-ohm balanced lines. The present

wiring to the line keyer pin board allows the selection of any 6 bits

of the 17-bit second storage register. However, any function may be

rewired to the line keyer.

Present TOC site timing distribution follows:

*USQ-20B utilizes IRIG format B only.

*Telemetry center utilizes IRIG formats B and C.

*Radar data from the MPS-25 and MPS-26 is time-correlated

via the USQ-20B.

*Remaining radars have data time-correlated via strip

recorders in the Operations Center of the Range

Operations Building.

COMMAND CONTROL

The FRW-2 Command Control System transmits high-power RF signals

to missiles and target drones to provide: (1) guidance and control, and

49

(2) destruct signals for range safety purposes. Services of this system

are used extensively for drone control during naval fleet training exercises.

The basic system consists of coding equipment which translates

command signals into audio tones that modulate an FM transmitter operat-

ing in the UHF band. The transmitter operates into a high-gain antenna

array, automatically positioned by tracking information from the acquisi-

tion buss; or the transmitter may be manually controlled locally. Moni-

toring and decoding equipment translates the modulation intelligence

into visual display which confirms the outgoing commands.

FREQUENCY CONTROL AND ANALYSIS (FCA)

Frequency control and analysis equipment at Barking Sands consists

of a mobile 20-ft FCA truck and a semi-mobile 40-ft van. The truck has

a built-in motor-generator power source and is completely transportable;

the van requires an external 208-v, 60-Hz power input.

The truck provides FCA operation support in areas beyond line of

sight from the FCA van. The truck and van work in conjunction, using

triangulation methods to locate interference signals.

Electronic equipment combinations in the truck and van perform the

following functions:

· Spectrum surveillance from 550 kHz to 10.7 GHz.

* Direction finding over most of the RF spectrum.

Signal analysis.

High accuracy frequency measurement throughout their

operating range.

Field strength measurements.

The FCA van also provides graphic recording of signal strength

and command functions, and tape recording of all types of signal infor-

mation from 50 Hz to 25 kHz.

The truck and van are provided with their own HF and UHF radio

communications equipment so that operations with other stations may be

coordinated as a range-wide system. The van is also hard-wired into

site communications via the Telecommunications Center.

50

Much of the van equipment is installed in duplicate for simultane-

ous operation and to provide back-up in case of equipment failure during

an operation. The van has adequate storage space for spare parts and may

be made self-sustaining in maintenance. A 5-ton air conditioner and an

18-kw heating system facilitate operation under a wide range of climatic

conditions.

MISS-DISTANCE INDICATOR (MDI) AN/USQ-llA

The Miss-Distance Indicator, AN/USQ-11, measures the distance

between two moving objects in space. Miss-distance measurements are

accomplished by detection and measurement of frequency changes due to

the doppler effect.

A missile transmitter telemetry signal, a target transponder and

ground station receiving equipment are employed in determining the

doppler frequency and the resulting missile-target proximity information.

51

REFERENCES

1. Prince, J. K.: "The Hawaiian Islands and Barking Sands

Tactical Underwater Range Facilities," report in prepara-

tion at Naval Missile Center.

2. Gentzler, R. F., and C. A. Olson: "Study of Surface

Meteorological Observations for Barking Sands, Kauai,

Hawaii, and Upper-Level Wind Measurements Made at Barking

Sands and Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii, and Johnston Island,"

Technical Memorandum SCTM 5-63 (72), Sandia Corporation,

Albuquerque, N. Mex., March 1963.

3. "Uniform Summary of Winds Aloft Observations, Pibals and

Rawins, Oahu TH/Wheeler AFB, Nov. '37, Mar. '38, Jun. '38-

Dec. '41, Jun.-Jul. '43, Dec. '44-Feb. '45, Nov.-Dec. '46,

Jan., Mar. '47," 22508, Air Weather Service (MATS).

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