A Summer Training Project Report on

TICKETING

(FLEXI TOURS)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

degree of Bachelor of Business Administration (TTM) programme of Guru

Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi.

Submitted To: Submitted by:

MR. HC JOSHI Anuj Dang

Roll No.:05812205011

Delhi College of Advanced Studies

B-7, Shanker Garden, Vikaspuri

New Delhi – 110018

Batch (2011-2014)

DECLARATION

I, hereby declare that the Summer Training Project Report, entitled “Ticketing”, is an

authentic work carried out by me at “FLEXI TOURS”. It has not been submitted earlier for

award of any degree or diploma to any institute or university.

Place: New Delhi Candidate’s signature

Date: Name: Anuj Dang

Enroll. No.: 05812205011

Countersigned

Name: Mr. H.C. Joshi

Supervisor

Delhi College of Advanced Studies

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in

the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behavior and acts during the

course of study.

I express my sincere gratitude to the worthy ‘Mr.(Dr) M.S. Chaudhary’ , Director of Delhi

College of Advanced Studies, for providing me an opportunity to undergo summer training of

doing this project under his leadership.

I am thankful to Ms. Harpreet Kaur (HR Training Manager) for her support, cooperation

and motivation provided to me during the training for constant inspiration, presence and

blessings at ‘Flexi Tours.

I also extend my sincere indebtedness to Mr. H.C JOSHI who provided his valuable

suggestion and precious time in accomplishing my project.

I also take the opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to each and every person, who

directly or indirectly helped me throughout the project and without anyone of them this

project would not have been possible.

The immense learning from this project would be indelible forever.

(Anuj Dang)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A ticket is a voucher that indicates that one has paid for admission to an event or

establishment such as a theatre, theatre, amusement, zoo, museum, stadium, concert, or

other attraction, or permission to travel on a vehicle such as an airliner, train, bus, or boat,

typically because one has paid the fare. Also a ticket may be free, and serve as a proof of

reservation.

The first known tickets were used in the Greek period for events that primarily took place

in theatres.

One can buy a ticket at a ticket window or counter, called a box office in the entertainment

industry (this term is also used for the total receipts). The ticket check may also be there, or it

may be separate. Tickets are also available from resellers. Resellers typically are commercial

enterprises that purchase tickets in bulk, and resell them to members of the public, adding a

surcharge. Consumers patronize resellers for reasons of convenience and availability. The

convenience factor relates to being able to obtain tickets locally, and also being able to make

alternate selections on the spot if the preferred performance is not available. The availability

factor relates to the fact that all tickets may have been sold out at the box office, requiring the

purchaser to either obtain tickets from the reseller, or not to see the show (or at least not see

the particular performance of choice).

A ticket may be valid for any seat ("free seating") or for a specific one ("allocated seating").

Sometimes, ex: for some train journeys, both are available, with an increased charge for a

reserved seat. Free seating in a train means the risk that one has to stand, but in ex: a cinema

it means a seat is guaranteed, just not a specific one.

Paper or card is generally used, although plastic may be used instead for durability. Some

have a barcode or magnetic stripe for keeping simple data stored on them, higher end ones

use chips to store more data and prevent counterfeiting.

A paper ticket often is perforated so it can be separated into two parts, one (the ticket stub) to

be kept by the customer, and one to be kept by the ticket controller. Whether or not one can

leave and reenter with the customer part only varies. It may not be allowed to avoid

subsequent use of one ticket by multiple people, or even simultaneous use by giving the ticket

to someone before the ticket check (if this is physically possible), but it may also be allowed,

ex: in a movie theatre to buy, during a movie, a snack or drink before the ticket check and

reenter.

Tickets may be printed in advance, or fully or partly printed when issued, or it may be a

printed form that is completed in handwriting (ex: by a train conductor who does not carry a

ticket machine, but just a supply of forms and a pen).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Topic Page No

1 Certificate I

2 Declaration ii

3 Acknowledgement iii

4 Executive Summary iv

5 Chapter-1: Introduction

An overview of Hotel Industry

Profile of the organization

History of the Organization

Objectives of the study

Scope of the study

Methodology

6 Chapter-2: Conceptual Framework

Guest Services

Sales concept

Concept of marketing

1. 7 P’s

2. Promotion mix

3. Sales promotions toools

Promotional sales activities of hotel

Marketing evolution

Promotion activity

Marketing mix of tourism industry

7 Chapter-3: Summary and Conclusion

Summary

Suggestions and Recommendations

8 Bibliography

CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

INTODUCTION TO THE TRAVEL AGENCY FLEXI TOURS

Flexi Tours prides itself as a premier travel organization and destination Management

Company having proven track record of providing the highest quality of professional travel

services in India. "Travel is more than the seeing of sights; it is a change that goes on, deep

and permanent, in the ideas of living”

Let your memory be your travel bag said so. Flexi Tours prides itself as travel organization

and destination Management Company having proven track record of providing the highest

quality of professional travel services in India."Travel is more than the seeing of sights; it is a

change that goes on, deep and permanent, in the ideas of living,". We offer industry-leading

cus-torn content solutions to all our customers around the world. Flexi Tours is well known

for the unrivalled quality and consistency of its unmatched services. Our talent for

partnership has made us the dynamic force behind one of the successful travel industry

leaders. We believe in working together and winning together.

Flexi Tours aims to provide an unwavering commitment to customer satisfaction that leads to

a mutually beneficial lifelong relationship. We place a premium on communication so our

representatives can fully understand the client's needs. Getting clients to their destination and

back is only half the job; we seek to provide demonstrable value for customer

satisfaction. Flexi Tours is committed to be an innovative industry leader whose growth and

success is anchored by our values, integrity and dedication to customer service.

Travelers Benefits

Flexi Tours is more than a travel agency committed to 24 hours customer care services. We

are a business partner, a friend, a community resource. Our success comes from the success

of our customers, their businesses, and the local economy. Integrating ourselves into these

key areas, we help ourselves by helping others first. We can save businesses time and money

through our worldwide affiliations and partnerships by offering a wide range of services for

the corporate traveler. Our corporate account managers can implement and monitor your

travel policies, as well as keep your business informed on travel industry issues through

regular communication and meetings. For the individual traveler, we take the stress out of

planning a vacation, so you can start relaxing before your depart. Whether you travel locally

or internationally, we provide information on your destination, so you know what to expect

and where to find the services you need.

Company’s Objective

Complete satisfaction of every traveller calls on Flexi Tours. We recognize that good service

is more than competitive pricing; it's a near-obsessive attention to detail that transforms a

good experience into an exceptional one. We don't want to sell you a travel package; we want

to understand your needs, so we can custom design a travel solution that meets your specific

requirements. We look at your opportunities and challenges and design a solution customized

to fit you.

Services

*  24 x 7 professional and personalised services

*  India wide office network within our own offices and associations

*  Multilingual Staff

*  Own fleet of luxurious cars and coaches

*  PRICING-most competitive

 Achievements

Flexi Tours has been moving ahead surely and steadily creating new opportunities for

travelers and earning a name for itself in the market. Beginning on a modest scale, today its

activities encompass the entire spectrum of tourism activities

recoding around 60% annual growth with over 6000 tourists traveling with us last year. "We

signify 300% growth in our turnover in the last 2 years".

 Group of Companies

The conglomeration of Flexi Tours includes: -Flexi Tours Pvt.Ltd., Elite Travel and Tours

(India) and Indian Horizons. Together these three organizations are involved in various

ventures of Tourism activities.

Affiliations

We are recognized by the Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and are also members of

various National & International Associations like IATO and TAAI, besides being accredited

by IATA

Team

Flexi Tours is fortunate to have the most talented and committed professionals in the field

with an average experience of 15 years at senior and middle level. The personnel skills are

constantly upgraded through carefully selected top training programs. No wonder we are

proud recipients of complimentary comments about our team's efficiency and personalized

service.

Esteemed Clientele

Flexi Tours provides travel solutions to a number of renowned business houses in North

India. A few of our most esteemed corporate clients includes: National Rubber Corporation,

Luxor group of companies, Seasons textiles, Paras Milk and RGC.

"Behind Flexi Tours steady growth is the focused and well-planned business strategy of its

dynamic leader. A software engineer by profession & a travel expert by experience, Raman S

Taneja with his exceptional vision, foresight & strategic planning have ensured the

commendations of all in travel related field."

" Being a tour operator we provide complete travel solutions to the Foreigners visiting India,

Sri Lanka, Nepal, Tibet and Maldives. The inbound department has a team of experts with

extensive knowledge of India as a destination."

Profile of the organisation

The inbound department of Flexi Tours works under the brand name of Indian Horizons.

Being a tour operator we provide complete travel solutions to the Foreigners visiting India,

Sri Lanka, Nepal, Tibet and Maldives. The inbound department has a team of experts with

extensive knowledge of India as a destination.

Our Fleet: To provide our clients prompt and efficient transport, Flexi tours has its own

fleet of vehicles ranging from small cars to Volvos with experienced chauffeurs and drivers.

Our fleet includes small cars "SUVs to Luxury vehicles and coaches".specialized travel

solutions include: Inbound Holiday and Destination

Management: Showcase Incredible India - A diverse range of services for visitors to India,

for leisure, business and luxury travel.

Medical Tourism: Showcase Well being in India, world-class medical facilities for

International visitors in India.

Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE): Showcase conferencing

event management in India. A wide range of services for hosting world-class conferences,

seminars and events in India.

NRl tourism: Showcase India's diversity to the NRIs. We offer a wide range of tours in India

for people of Indian origin, discovering their roots.

Pilgrimage tourism: Showcases the holy lands of various cultures which has their origins in

India. Discover the holy lands with our specialised Pilgrimage tours. Chardham Yatras,

Buddhist pilgrim tours, Sikh holy lands and Hem Kund Sahib tours etc...Indian horizons offer

an exhaustive range of pilgrimage tour plans.

Adventure tourism : A wide array of topographical diversity provides an extensive range of

adventure possibilities. Trekking, Rafting, kayaking, white water sports, wind surfing,

paragliding and a host of other adventure sports are possible in India. We provide package

tours packed with adventure.

Cultural tours: Explore India's diverse culture and heritage with our exclusive range of

cultural tours. Experience the diverse forms of dance, music, food and art with Indian

Horizons.

Spa Tourism: Rejuvenate your senses with the holistic experience of Ayurveda, free your

mind and body and experience the luxury of Indian spas.

Ayurveda is more than a medical system; it is a science of Life! The essence of Ayurveda is

governed by the simple principal of nature's equilibrium. We provide you the opportunity to

have this heavenly experience with our exclusive Spa packages!!

Domestic Tourism: Showcase India to travelers within India and offer a wide range of tailor

made packages and customized travel services throughout India.

Business travel: Specialized services for business travelers in India for small, medium and

large enterprises to MNCs. We offer complete business travel solutions.

Travel Portal: Showcase the power of e-travel. Our Online hotel booking portal

www.hotelsfair.in offers complete flexibility for travel options and holiday bookings 24x7.

Showcase over 50 Indian cities and over 5000 hotels with availability.

Global Products: Flexi Tours offers a wide array of Global travel products. The range of

products includes innovative rail and bus passes, Hotel passes and a wide array of short and

long duration travel packages. Our range of products includes

International Rail Travel: Worldwide rail travel including Britrail - the most convenient

way to see Great Britain. Eurail - the best way to see Europe with extensive network in

around 30 European countries "Japan and Swiss Rail".

Destinations and Tour packages: We provide complete travel plan for destinations round

the world, with more than 1,500 tour programs for Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Far

East and Europe.

Coach Tours: Travel through some of the most famous destinations in luxurious coaches and

with specialized guides' in USA, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Switzerland.

Apartments by Citadines, Ascot's, Oaks and Break free: Fully furnished apartments in

Europe (UK, France, Germany, Belgium and Spain), Australia and New Zealand. Apartments

located in prime central locations.

International Car rentals Experience the freedom and flexibility of self drive tours in

Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and many other destinations around the world. We offer

special wholesale rates for Hertz, Avis and Budget car services.

Cruises: Flexi Tours offers an extensive range of the world's most luxurious cruises. Enjoy

luxury as you sail across seas and oceans to exotic locales. Cruises covering all major hot

Spot around the globe. Caribbean, Alaskan and star cruises.

Hotel Passes: Go as you please. An all-new concept of travel, hotel passes for UK and

France. where in you have the flexibility to Stay at any hotel of your choice from our

extensive list of hotels with the use of hotel passes. We offer various options for Farm stays

and Bed and breakfast inns.

Destination specialisations: Flexi Tours proudly wear the titles of Aussie Specialist and

Kiwi Specialists. We have a wide range of innovative travel products for these destinations in

which we call us specialists! be itself drive tours, Luxury lodges or Coach passes we have the

most extensive range of latest travel products and packages.

Agents and Affiliates network: Flexi Tours have multiple offices in the city along with its

head office. We have over 20 PSA selling our products countrywide. Flexi tours also have

representation office in Canada and UK.

COMPETITORS INFORMATION

PRIME TRAVELS-

L-8 Green Park Extension

New Delhi, Delhi

Prime travels prides itself as a premier travel organization and destination Management

Company having proven track record of providing the highest quality of professional travel

services in India. "Travel is more than the seeing of sights; it is a change that goes on, deep

and permanent, in the ideas of living "

Prime travels prides itself as travel organization and destination Management Company

having proven track record of providing the highest quality of professional travel services in

India."Travel is more than the seeing of sights; it is a change that goes on, deep and

permanent, in the ideas of living,". We offer industry-leading cus-torn content solutions to all

our customers around the world. Prime travels is well known for the unrivaled quality and

consistency of its unmatched services. Our talent for partnership has made us the dynamic

force behind one of the successful travel industry leaders. We believe in working together

and winning together.\

JOY TRAVELS-

17, Vasant Enclave Market,

Vasant Vihar,

New Delhi, DL

011 2614 5397

Joy Travels - Indian travel agency/tour operators for fulfill your complete travel requirement.

Find travel in International or India, Joy Travels offers you various choices at little amount

backed by a good service.We offer you Indian Travel Package, International holidays, flight

tickets, LTC trip, Honeymoon Package, Ayurveda package and several enormous bargains!

RAO TRAVELS-

8, Regal Building,

Parliament Street,

Connaught Place,

New Delhi, Delhi 110001

One of the leading tour operators, since 1977, pioneers in conducting Package tours across

the country. the organization has created its own brand in the travel industry. we have over a

period of time grown up with a fleet of cars (of all segments), MUV ‘S, Luxury coaches AC

& Non AC and VOLVO air buses, besides network of Branches, booking offices, agents and

sub – agents across the country.

Objectives of The Study

The main objectives of this study are:

To gain knowledge regarding services offered by Travel agency like types of

Ticketing, Reservations etc. 

To increase knowledge regarding different kind of Ticketing software.

To study the importance of Ticketing in the service industry.

To study Ticketing as a tourism product.

To gain knowledge about the various types of Tickets.

Scope of The Study

Methodology

Data can be classified under the main categories, depending upon the sources used for the

collection purposes, i.e., ‘Secondary data’. The validity and accuracy of final judgment is

most crucial and depends heavily upon how well the data is gathered in the first place. The

methodology adopted for date gathering also affects the conclusions drawn there from.

Secondary data is information gathered for purposes other than the completion of a research

project. A variety of secondary information sources is available to the researcher gathering

data on an industry, potential product applications and the market place. Secondary data is

also used to gain initial insight into the research problem.

The two major advantages of using secondary data in market research are time and cost

savings.

The secondary research process can be completed rapidly – generally in 2 to 3 week.

Substantial useful secondary data can be collected in a matter of days by a skillful

analyst.

When secondary data is available, the researcher need only locate the source of the

data and extract the required information.

Secondary research is generally less expensive than primary research. The bulk of

secondary research data gathering does not require the use of expensive, specialized,

highly trained personnel.

Secondary research expenses are incurred by the originator of the information. In

preparation of this study, I have used secondary data sources.

CHAPTER-II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Tourism

Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism

Organization defines tourists as people "travelling to and staying in places outside their usual

environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".

Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2011, there were over 983 million

international tourist arrivals worldwide, representing a growth of 4.6% when compared to

940 million in 2010. International tourism receipts (the travel item of the balance of

payments) grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase

in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. In 2011, international travel demand continued to recover

from the losses resulting from the late-2000s recession, where tourism suffered a strong

slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009. After a 5% increase in the

first half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the

second half of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in

2007. The negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the

outbreak of theH1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880

million international tourist arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international tourism receipts.

Tourism is important, and in some cases, vital for many countries. It was recognized in

the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as "an activity essential to the life of

nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational and economic sectors

of national societies and on their international relations." Tourism brings in large amounts of

income in payment for goods and services available, accounting for 30% of the world's

exports of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. It also creates

opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy, associated with

tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise

ships and taxicabs; hospitality services, such as accommodations,

including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such as amusement

parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.

TICKETING IN TOURISM

IRCTC is better known for changing the face of railway ticketing in India. It

pioneered internet-based rail ticket booking through its website, as well as from the mobile

phones via GPRS or SMS. Ticket cancellations can also be done online. In addition to e-

tickets, IRCTC also offers I-tickets that are basically like regular tickets except that they are

booked online and delivered by post. The tickets PNR status is also made available.

Commuters on the Mumbai Suburban Railway can also book season tickets through the

IRCTC website. IRCTC has also launched a loyalty program called Shubh Yatra for frequent

travellers. Through this program, passengers can avail of discounts on all tickets booked

round the year by paying an upfront annual fee.

Seeking to make it easier to book e-tickets, IRCTC launched a scheme called Rolling Deposit

Scheme (RDS). RDS is a hassle-free e-ticket booking scheme allowing passengers to reserve

seats against advance money kept with the corporation. IRCTC has also added flights and

hotels booking facilities to their line of online reservation services.

Generally there is a huge load on the website at 10 am, when booking of Tatkal tickets opens.

The booking of tickets varies from time to time based on festivals and vacations. IRCTC is

currently using 58 iridium servers and 10 more servers to be added to cater the heavy traffic

in peak hours.

As of May 2013, the ticketing site of the IRCTC is able to handle about 1.2 lakh concurrent

connections on web servers and can book about 2000 tickets per minute. Indian Railways

plans to spend about  100 crore (US$15 million) to strengthen the website to enable it for

booking 7200 tickets per minute. CRIS, the technical arm of railways, is involved in the

upgrading of the IRCTC website.

According to a senior Railway Ministry official, the average booking per day has been

increased from 3.67 lakh in 2012 to 4.15 lakh in May 2013. Approximately, 31 crore reserve

tickets are booked in a year out of which 55% of tickets are sold through windows, 37% of

tickets are booked online and 8% are booked by ticketing agents. IRCTC's highest ever single

day booking is 5.02 lakh e-tickets on 1 March 2013.

TICKETING BY TRAVEL AGENCY

AIRLINE TICKETING

An airline ticket is a document, issued by an airline or a travel agency, to confirm that an

individual has purchased a seat on a flight on an aircraft. This document is then used to obtain

a boarding pass, at the airport. Then with the boarding pass and the attached ticket, the

passenger is allowed to board the aircraft.

There are two sorts of airline tickets - the older style with coupons now referred to as a  paper

ticket, and the now more common electronic usually referred to as an e-ticket.

Regardless of the type, all tickets contain details of the following information-

The passenger's name.

The issuing airline.

A ticket number, including the airline's 3 digit code at the start of the number.

The cities the ticket is valid for travel between.

Flight that the ticket is valid for. (Unless the ticket is "open")

Baggage allowance.

Fare. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline)

Taxes. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline)

The "Fare Basis", an alpha-numeric code that identifies the fare.

Restrictions on changes and refunds. (Not always shown in detail, but referred to).

Dates that the ticket is valid for.

"Form of payment.

CAR RENTAL TICKETING

A car rental or car hire agency is a company that rents automobiles for short periods of time

(generally ranging from a few hours to a few weeks) for a fee. It is often organized with

numerous local branches (which allow a user to return a vehicle to a different location), and

primarily located near airports or busy city areas and often complemented by a website

allowing online reservations.

Car rental agencies primarily serve people who have a car that is temporarily out of reach or

out of service, for example travellers who are out of town or owners of damaged or destroyed

vehicles who are awaiting repair or insurance compensation. Because of the variety of sizes

of their vehicles, car rental agencies may also serve the self-moving industry needs, by

renting vans or trucks, and in certain markets other types of vehicles such as motorcycles or

scooters may also be offered.

Alongside the basic rental of a vehicle, car rental agencies typically also offer extra products

such as insurance, global positioning system (GPS) navigation systems, entertainment

systems, and even such things as mobile phones.

Hertz is one of the longest established rental companies, and the first in America, originally

started in 1918 by Walter L. Jacobs as Rent-a-Car with twelve Ford Model T cars in Chicago.

CRUISE LINE TICKETING

A cruise line is a company that operates cruise ships. Cruise lines have a dual character; they

are partly in the transportation business, and partly in the leisure entertainment business, a

duality that carries down into the ships themselves, which have both a crew headed by the

ship's captain, and a hospitality staff headed by the equivalent of a hotel manager.

Among cruise lines, some are direct descendants of the traditional passenger shipping lines,

while others were founded from the 1960s on specifically for cruising. The business is

extremely volatile; the ships are massive capital expenditures with very high operating costs,

and a slight dip in bookings can easily put a company out of business. Cruise lines frequently

sell, renovate, or simply rename their ships just to keep up with travel trends.

A wave of failures and consolidation in the 1990s has led to many lines existing only as

"brands" within larger corporations, much as a single automobile company produces several

makes of cars. Brands exist partly because of repeat customer loyalty, and also to offer

different levels of quality and service. For instance, Carnival Corporation owns both Carnival

Cruise Lines, whose former image were vessels that had a reputation as "party ships" for

younger travellers, but have become large, modern, and extremely elegant, yet still profitable,

and Holland America Line, whose ships cultivate an image of classic elegance.

Currently the five largest cruise line operators in the world are Carnival Corporation &

plc, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., Star Cruises, MSC Cruises and Louis Cruises.

RAILWAY TICKETING

Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods, by way of wheeled vehicles

running on rails. It is also commonly referred to as train transport. In contrast to road

transport, where vehicles merely run on a prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally

guided by the tracks on which they run. Track usually consists of steel rails installed

onsleepers/ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels,

moves. However, other variations are also possible, such as slab track where the rails are

fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface.

Rolling stock in railway transport systems generally has lower frictional resistance when

compared with highway vehicles and the passenger and freight cars (carriages and wagons)

can be coupled into longer trains. The operation is carried out by a railway company,

providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided

by locomotives which either draw electrical power from a railway electrification system or

produce their own power, usually by diesel engines. Most tracks are accompanied by

a signalling system. Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms

of transport.[Nb 1]Railway transport is capable of high levels of passenger and cargo utilization

and energy efficiency, but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive

than highway transport is, when lower traffic levels are considered.

The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century B.C, with Periander, one of

the Seven Sages of Greece, credited with its invention. Rail transport blossomed after the

British development of the steam engine as a viable source of the power in the 18th and 19th

centuries. With steam engines, it was possible to construct mainline railways, which were a

key component of theindustrial revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and

allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with shipping, which faced occasional sinking of

ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for "national markets" in which prices

varied very little from city to city. Studies have shown that the invention and development of

the railway in Europe was one of the most important technological inventions of the late 19th

century for the United States, without which, GDP would have been lower by 7.0% in 1890.

In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways and rapid transit

systems came into being. Starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most

countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the

process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway

systems were introduced in Japan and a few other countries. Other forms of guided ground

transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have 

ROUND THE WORLD TICKETING BY THE TRAVEL AGENCY

A round-the-world ticket (also known as round-the-world fare or RTW ticket in short) is a

product that enables travellers to fly around the world for a relatively low price. RTW tickets

have existed for some time and in the past were generally offered through marketing

agreements between airlines on several continents. Now, they are almost universally offered

by airline alliances such as SkyTeam, Star Allianceand Oneworld, or else by specialist travel

agencies that will spend time helping customize a trip to the consumer's needs. Prices vary

but are generally in the range of $3000–5000 USD for an economy class ticket. [citation needed].

Sometimes, depending on airline, and destination stops it can be as low as 1171GBP [1] (~

$1829.57 USD). An alternative for a round-the-world ticket is a continent pass.

Round-the-world tickets are priced according to travel class, origin of travel, number of

continents, mileage (usually between 30,000 and 60,000 km), and sometimes season of

travel. The traveller benefits from the large and optimized network of the airline alliance and

can often participate in the alliance's frequent flyer programs, although Round-the-world

tickets are usually subject to restrictions. The start and end of the journey almost always have

to be located in the same country and exactly one crossing each of

the Atlantic andPacific must be included in the itinerary. The number of stops is usually

restricted to 5-16, and backtracking between continents (especially Europe/Asia) is often

restricted. The dates and journey do not have to be pre-planned, but may be changed en route

at a local office of any airline in the alliance (although a change of destinations often results

in an additional fee, and if the next flight is left open-dated the booking can be dropped by

the airlines' computers).

It is possible to piece together a round-the-world route by combining one-way tickets on

various airlines without resorting to alliances. In addition, discounts often apply to some

long- and short-haul legs. It can be useful to consult with travel agents who specialize in

round-the-world itineraries to compare fares and itineraries. These can be found in major

cities that are transit hubs — San Francisco, London, New York, Bangkok, etc.

TYPES OF TICKETS

FIRST CLASS 

First class is the most luxurious travel class of seats and service on a train, passenger

ship, airplane, or other conveyance. It is usually much more expensive than business

class and economy class, and offers the best service and luxurious accommodation.

The first-class section of a fixed-wing passenger aircraft is typically located in the very front

of the aircraft. However, many commercial carriers have removed first class altogether from

their international flights, offering business class as their highest level of international

service. First class passengers are usually granted access to lounges at airports while they

wait for their flights.

Some benefits of first class on modern cruise ships include larger cabins, priority check-in,

priority embarkation and disembarkation, priority meal-sitting selection, and, on premium

lines, butler service.

BUSINESS CLASS

Business class is a travel class available on many commercial airlines and rail lines, known

by brand names which vary by airline or rail company. In the airline industry, it was

originally intended as an intermediate level of service between economy class and first class,

but many airlines now offer business class as the highest level of service, having eliminated

first class seating. Business class is distinguished from other travel classes by the quality of

seating, food, drinks, ground service and other amenities. Full business class is usually

denoted 'J' or 'C' with schedule flexibility, but can be many other letters depending on

circumstances.

PREMIUM CLASS

Premium economy is a travel class offered on some airlines, positioned in price, comfort,

and amenities between economy class andbusiness class. In 1991, EVA Air became the first

airline company that have this kind of class in aircraft.

ECONOMY CLASS

Economy class, also called coach class (or just coach), steerage, or standard class, is the

lowest travel class of seating in air travel,rail travel, and sometimes ferry or maritime travel.

Historically, this travel class has been called tourist class on ocean liners and third class, or

even fourth class, on railways.

SOME IMPORTANT ELEMENTS

1. ELECTRONIC TICKETING:- An electronic ticket (commonly abbreviated as e-

ticket) is a digital ticket. The term is most commonly associated with airline issued

tickets. Electronic ticketing for urban or rail public transport is usually referred to

as travel card or transit pass. It is also used in ticketing in the entertainment industry.

2. FREQUENT FLYER:- A frequent-flyer program (FFP) is a loyalty program offered

by many airlines. Typically, airline customers enrolled in the program accumulate

frequent-flyer miles (kilometers, points, segments) corresponding to the distance

flown on that airline or its partners. There are other ways to accumulate miles. In

recent years, more miles were awarded for using co-branded credit and debit cards

than for air travel. Acquired miles can be redeemed for air travel, other goods or

services, or for increased benefits, such as travel class upgrades, airport lounge access,

or priority bookings.

3. GOVERNMENT CONTRACT FLIGHT:- A government contract flight is a type

of charter airline operation contracted with a government agency.In the United States,

the massive mobility requirements during World War II proved that military transport

could not meet all the logistical needs that might arise. As a result, theCivil Reserve

Air Fleet (CRAF) was developed to use airline capacity to provide maximum airlift

support in wartime situations. As a benefit, airlines that commit planes to CRAF are

able to receive peacetime government contracts in an amount proportional to the

airline's potential wartime mobilization value. This is the basis for most routine

military charter flights. The government receives an extremely economical source of

emergency capacity as well as reasonable costs for peacetime military transportation.

PRICING OF TICKET’S

Pricing is the process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its

products. Pricing factors are manufacturing cost, market place, competition, market

condition, and quality of product. Pricing is also a key variable in microeconomic price

allocation theory. Pricing is a fundamental aspect of financial modeling and is one of the four

Ps of the marketing mix. (The other three aspects are product, promotion, and place.) Price is

the only revenue generating element amongst the four Ps, the rest being cost centers.Pricing

is the manual or automatic process of applying prices to purchase and sales orders, based on

factors such as: a fixed amount, quantity break, promotion or sales campaign, specific vendor

quote, price prevailing on entry, shipment or invoice date, combination of multiple orders or

lines, and many others. Automated systems require more setup and maintenance but may

prevent pricing errors. The needs of the consumer can be converted into demand only if the

consumer has the willingness and capacity to buy the product. Thus pricing is very important

in marketing.

Line pricing is the use of a limited number of prices for all product offerings of a vendor.

This is a tradition started in the old five and dime stores in which everything cost either 5 or

10 cents. Its underlying rationale is that these amounts are seen as suitable price points for a

whole range of products by prospective customers. It has the advantage of ease of

administering, but the disadvantage of inflexibility, particularly in times of inflation or

unstable prices. The price/quality relationship refers to the perception by most consumers that

a relatively high price is a sign of good quality. The belief in this relationship is most

important with complex products that are hard to test, and experiential products that cannot

be tested until used (such as most services). The greater the uncertainty surrounding a

product, the more consumers depend on the price/quality hypothesis and the greater premium

they are prepared to pay. The classic example is the pricing of Twinkies, a snack cake which

was viewed as low quality after the price was lowered. Excessive reliance on the price/quality

relationship by consumers may lead to an increase in prices on all products and services, even

those of low quality, which causes the price/quality relationship to no longer apply.

Demand-based pricing is any pricing method that uses consumer demand - based on

perceived value - as the central element. These include price skimming, price

discriminationand yield management, price points, psychological pricing, bundle

pricing, penetration pricing, price lining, value-based pricing, geo and premium pricing.

Pricing factors are manufacturing cost, market place, competition, market condition, quality

of product.

Multidimensional pricing is the pricing of a product or service using multiple numbers. In

this practice, price no longer consists of a single monetary amount (e.g., sticker price of a

car), but rather consists of various dimensions (e.g., monthly payments, number of payments,

and a down payment). Research has shown that this practice can significantly influence

consumers' ability to understand and process price information.

FLIGHT TICKET CANCELLATION

A cancellation occurs when the airline does not operate the flight at all for a certain reason.

When flights are cancelled or delayed, passengers may be entitled to compensation due to

rules obeyed by every flight company, usually Rule 240, or Rule 218 in certain locations.

This rule usually specifies that passengers may be entitled to certain reimbursements,

including a free room if the next flight is the day after the canceled one, a choice of

reimbursement, rerouting, phone calls, and refreshments.

When a flight is delayed, the FAA allocates slots for takeoffs and landings based on which

flight is scheduled first.

AIR TICKETING SOFTWARE

Galileo CRS: Galileo is a computer reservations system (CRS) owned by Travelport. As

of 2002, it had a 26.4% of worldwide CRS airline bookings.

In addition to airline reservations, the Galileo CRS is also used to

book train travel, cruises, car rental, and hotel rooms. The Galileo system was moved from

Denver, Colorado, to the span data centre in Atlanta, Georgia, on September 28, 2008,

following the 2007 merger of Travel port and World span (although they now share the same

data enter, they continue to be run as separate systems). Galileo is subject to the Capps II and

its successor Secure Flight program for the selection of passengers with a risk profile.

Galileo is a member of IATA, OTA and SITA.

Galileo traces its roots back to 1971 when United Airlines created its first computerized

central reservation system under the name Apollo. During the 1980s and early 1990s, a

significant proportion of airline tickets were sold by travel agents. Flights by the airline

owning the reservation system had preferential display on the computer screen. Due to the

high market penetration of the Sabre and Apollo systems, owned by American Airlines and

United Airlines, respectively, World span and Galileo were created by other airline groups in

an attempt to gain market share in the computer reservation system market and, by inference,

the commercial airline market.Galileo was formed in 1987 by nine European carriers --

British Airways, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Alitalia, Swissair, Austrian Airlines, Olympic,

Sabena, Air Portugal and Aer Lingus.

In response and to prevent possible government intervention, United Airlines spun-off its

Apollo reservation system, which was then controlled by Covia. Galileo International was

born when Covia acquired Europe's Galileo and merged it with the Apollo system in 1992.[3]

The Apollo reservation system was used by United Airlines until March 3, 2012, when it

switched to SHARES, a system used by its former Continental Airlines subsidiary. Apollo is

still used by Galileo International (now part of Travel port GDS) travel agency customers in

the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Japan.

Galileo UK was originally created from Travicom which was the world's first multi-access

reservations system using the technology developed by Videcom. Travicom was a company

launched by Videcom, British Airways, British Caledonian and CCL in 1976 which in 1988

became Galileo UK.

Galileo Software is a windows software application that connects via web service to an

integrated database where the records of all patients are stored.

When a patient starts rehabilitation in a clinic using Galileo Software, the clinic's staff enters

all the information regarding the patient and the accident he or she has suffered. The system

automatically checks if this patient has current open treatments in other rehab clinics.

This check is done via two important information fields. The patient's driver license and the

insurance Claim Number . If Galileo Software finds another record matching any of this

fields, the software quickly shows the user that this patient has been found in another clinic.

The contact information of the found clinic is provided to the user to get in contact with them

and confirm whether this patient is involved in a scam.

SABRE GDS: Sabre Global Distribution System (GDS), owned by Sabre Holdings, is used

by more than 350,000 travel agents around the world with more than 400 airlines, 100,000

hotels, 25 car rental brands,50 rail providers and 14 cruise lines. The Sabre GDS enables

companies such as American Airlines, American Express, BCD Travel, Carlson Wagonlit

Travel, Hogg Robinson Group (HRG), Expedia, Frontier, LastMinute, JetBlue, GetThere and

Travelocity to search, price, book, and ticket travel services provided by airlines, hotels, car

rental companies, rail providers and tour operators. Sabre Holdings is a travel technology

company serving airlines, hotels, online and offline travel agents and travel buyers. The

company is organized into four business units:

Travelocity: online travel agency

Sabre Travel Network: global distribution system

Sabre Airline Solutions: airline technology

Sabre Hospitality Solutions: hotel technology solutions

The company is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and has 10,000 employees in 60

locations around the world with datacenters in global locations.

Sabre Travel Network (STN) is a travel technology company, serving travel agencies and

corporations. It is a division of Sabre Holdings. Sabre Travel Network began when the Sabre

computer reservations system, also known as a GDS (global distribution system) was

installed in Briarcliff Manor, New York in 1960. It began as the reservations system for

American Airlines. Its parent company, Sabre Holdings, spun off from American as The

Sabre Group on March 15, 2000. Today, Sabre Travel Network software connects more than

370,000 travel professionals to more than 400 airlines, 100,000 hotels, 25 car rental brands,

50 rail providers, 13 cruise lines and other global travel suppliers. More than 300 million

people purchase airline tickets through this channel annually.

AMADEUS: Amadeus is a computer reservations system (or global distribution system,

since it sells tickets for multiple airlines) owned by the Amadeus IT Group with headquarters

in Madrid, Spain. The central database is located at Erding, Germany. The development

center is located at Sophia Antipolis, France. In addition to airlines, the CRS is also used to

book train travel, cruises, car rental, ferry reservations, and hotel rooms. Amadeus also

provides New Generation departure control systems to airlines.[citation needed]. Amadeus IT

Group is a transaction processor for the global travel and tourism industry. The company is

structured around two key related areas - its global distribution system and its IT Solutions

business area.

Amadeus is a member of IATA, OTA and SITA. Its IATA airline designator code is 1A.

Amadeus was formed in 1987 by an alliance between Air France, Lufthansa, Iberia Airlines

and Scandinavian Airlines System.

The site is owned and operated by Amadeus IT Group SA. This site delivers key travel data

that is found in the Amadeus suite of travel products with the aim to empower any traveler

with the right information to make a decision on all parts of their trip planning.

Available in 11 different languages Amadeus.net uses items created and owned by Amadeus.

At the core of this you will find best fares, flight availability, flight timetables and flight

status. This is accompanied by Hotel room availability for over 70 000 properties and a Car

rental search. To allow a complete experience Amadeus Activities and Entertainment in our

Trip Tools section allows you to see and book an expansive and exciting range of location-

based content with thousands of products in over 400 destinations.

Founded in 1987, and headquartered in Madrid, Amadeus is the worlds leading technology

provider to the travel industry, providing marketing, distribution and IT services worldwide.

Today's travel industry is seeing rapid growth, high customer expectations, fierce competition

and pressure on margins. This is a market driven by new technologies, new entrants and new

business models. In this challenging world, Amadeus is not only the leading Global

Distribution System (GDS) and the biggest processor of travel bookings in the world, but a

leader in delivering a wider range of superior technology to help you tackle the issues you

face.

Every Amadeus customer uses our modular technology in a different way. From global

network airlines to low cost carriers, from multinational travel agencies to independent

hotels; these companies use our technology to create effective commercial environments,

make their business processes more efficient and give themselves a competitive advantage.

IRCTC

Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation, abbreviated to IRCTC, is a subsidiary of

the Indian Railways that handles the catering, tourism and online ticketing operations of the

railways.

As per new Railway Catering Policy 2010 (Introduced by Railways Minister Mamata

Banerjee), catering services provided by IRCTC were handed over to INDIAN Railways.

Now IRCTC is in charge of catering services on few trains such as All Duranto Exp, Farakka

Exp, Maitree Express ( Train between INDIA and BANGLADESH), Kandhari Exp and some

Rajdhani Exp rest all of train operated by Zonal Railways railway stations across

India.IRCTC also started NRC project (NON RAILWAY CATERING) under which

cafeteria were operated in many Indian Ministries and Institutes.

Online ticketing

IRCTC is better known for changing the face of railway ticketing in India. It pioneered

internet-based rail ticket booking through its website, as well as from the mobile phones via

GPRS or SMS. Ticket cancellations can also be done online. In addition to e-tickets, IRCTC

also offers I-tickets that are basically like regular tickets except that they are booked online

and delivered by post. The tickets PNR status is also made available. Commuters on the

Mumbai Suburban Railway can also book season tickets through the IRCTC website. IRCTC

has also launched a loyalty program called Shubh Yatra for frequent travellers. Through this

program, passengers can avail of discounts on all tickets booked round the year by paying an

upfront annual fee.

Seeking to make it easier to book e-tickets, IRCTC launched a scheme called Rolling Deposit

Scheme (RDS). RDS is a hassle-free e-ticket booking scheme allowing passengers to reserve

seats against advance money kept with the corporation. IRCTC has also added flights and

hotels booking facilities to their line of online reservation services.

Generally there is a huge load on the website at 10 am, when booking of Tatkal tickets opens.

The booking of tickets varies from time to time based on festivals and vacations. IRCTC is

currently using 58 iridium servers and 10 more servers to be added to cater the heavy traffic

in peak hours.

As of May 2013, the ticketing site of the IRCTC is able to handle about 1.2 lakh concurrent

connections on web servers and can book about 2000 tickets per minute. Indian Railways

plans to spend about INR100 crore (US$15 million) to strengthen the website to enable it for

booking 7200 tickets per minute. CRIS, the technical arm of railways, is involved in the

upgrading of the IRCTC website.

According to a senior Railway Ministry official, the average booking per day has been

increased from 3.67 lakh in 2012 to 4.15 lakh in May 2013. Approximately, 31 crore reserve

tickets are booked in a year out of which 55% of tickets are sold through windows, 37% of

tickets are booked online and 8% are booked by ticketing agents. IRCTC's highest ever single

day booking is 5.02 lakh e-tickets on 1 March 2013.

Tatkal booking

Under the Tatkal scheme, passengers who plan their journey at short notice can book their

tickets in almost all Mail/Express trains through the Indian railways internet portal. The

booking starts at 10:00 AM daily, one day prior to the departure of the train from source

station. It is recommended to use the Chrome browser instead of Firefox or IE for successful

booking of Tatkal tickets

INFLUENCE OF SYSTEM

Worldspan is a provider of travel technology and content and a part of the Travelport GDS

business. It offers worldwide electronic distribution of travel information, Internet products

and connectivity, and e-commerce capabilities for travel agencies, travel service providers

and corporations. Its primary system is commonly known as a Global Distribution System

(GDS), which is used by travel agents and travel related websites to book airline tickets, hotel

rooms, rental cars, tour packages and associated products. Worldspan also hosts IT services

and product solutions for major airlines.

In December, 2006, Travelport, owner of the Galileo GDS, Gullivers Travel Associates

(GTA) and a controlling share in Orbitz, agreed to acquire Worldspan. However, at the time,

management of Travelport did not commit to the eventual merging of the two GDS systems,

saying that they were considering all options, including running both systems in parallel.[2]

On August 21, 2007, the acquisition was completed for $1.4 billion and Worldspan became a

part of Travelport GDS, which also includes Galileo and other related businesses. On

September 28, 2008, the Galileo and Apollo GDS were moved from the Travelport datacenter

in Denver, Colorado to the Worldspan datacenter in Atlanta, Georgia (although they continue

to be run as separate systems from the Worldspan GDS).

In 2012, Worldspan customers were migrated from the TPF-based FareSource pricing engine

to Travelport's Linux-based 360 Fares pricing engine already used by Galileo and Apollo.

Although the three systems share a common pricing platform, they continue to operate as

separate GDS.

Worldspan was formed in early 1990 by Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, and TWA to

operate and sell its GDS services to travel agencies worldwide. Worldspan operated very

effectively and profitably, successfully expanding its business in markets throughout North

America, South America, Europe, and Asia. As a result, in mid-2003, Worldspan was sold by

its owner airlines to Citigroup Venture Capital and Ontario Teachers' Pension Fund[3] which

in turn sold the business to Travelport in 2007.

Worldspan was formed in 1990 by combining the PARS partnerships companies (owned by

TWA and Northwest Airlines, Inc.) and DATAS II, a division of Delta Air Lines, Inc. One of

Worldspan’s predecessors – TWA PARS – became the first GDS to be installed in travel

agencies in 1976. ABACUS, an Asian company owned by a number of Asian airlines, owned

a small portion of Worldspan, and Worldspan owned a small portion of Abacus. Worldspan

and Abacus entered into a series of business and technology relationships. These

relationships were terminated after Abacus engaged in fraudulent and deceptive practices, for

which Worldspan received a sizable judgement in an arbitration in London.

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Limitations of the study

The data in the project may be insufficient.

Time consuming because no accurate information is provided.

It is difficult to complete the project in one go because it is a tedious job.

Not accurate data is provided on each and every topic