a study to assess the knowledge on adverse effects …

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE ON ADVERSE EFFECTS OF COOL

DRINKS AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDYING IN SELECTED COLLEGES

SALEM

1.DR.MRS.K.MAHESWARI PhD(N), VICE PRINCIPAL,

VINAYAKA MISSIONS ANNAPOORANA COLLEGE OF NURSING,

SALEM, TAMIL NADU.

2. S.MALAIRANI M.Sc(N)., PhD(N) SCHOLAR,

VINAYAKA MISSION RESEARCH FOUNDATION (DEEMED TO BE A

UNIVERSITY),

SALEM, TAMIL NADU.

ABSTRACT

Method of the study was a descriptive cross sectional survey approach was undertaken to assess the

knowledge on adverse effects of cool drinks among adolescent studying in selected college of Nursing,

Salem”. 100 students were selected by systematic random sampling technique and data were collected by

using closed ended knowledge questionnaire.

The study result was demographic characteristic of girls reveals that highest percentage (75%) of the

girls belonged to the age group of below 18-19 years and Hindu (82%) whereas (65%) of the girls were

residing in rural area and (67%) of them were from nuclear family. However (30%) adolescents had previous

knowledge from parents.

Overall mean was 9.3±8476.88 which was 60 % of the maximum score shows that students has average

knowledge regarding adverse effects of cool drinks. From the findings of present study concluded that

adolescents among 18 to 20 years were middle socio economic group. Majority of the (67%) of the

adolescents were from nuclear family. Highest percentage of adolescents according to religion shows that

majority of the adolescents was Hindu(82%). Around (30%) of them got information from parents.

Adolescents among 18 to 20 years age had average knowledge on adverse effect of cool drinks. The lowest

Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology

Volume XII, Issue IV, 2020

ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5254

mean score 1.86±339.07 which is 47% of the maximum score reveals poor knowledge on psychological

effects of cool drinks.(Table No.4.3.1)

INTRODUCTION

A cool drinks is a drink that topically contains carbonated water, a sweetener and a natural or

artificial flavoring the sweetener may be sugar high- fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, sugar substitutes

[in case of diet drinks] or some combination of these cool drinks may also contain caffeine, colorings

preservatives and other ingredients.(Jed portman-2013).

Cool drinks is known to be the main cause of asthma, dissolves tooth enamel, heart disease,

sugar overloading, kidney damage, reproductive issues, osteoporosis, obesity, aging could speedup,

sleep disorders.(Lawrence-2012).

Coca-cola, Fanta, sprite, Pepsi and Thumsup are examples of a class of a class of drinks

called sodas/ cool drinks .People drink sodas for different reasons including it’s Cheap, Sweet taste,

convenient packaging availability and others to quench to thirst. (Nu.sallan Stanley kwesi-2016).

According to the American heart association the maximum amount of added sugars you

should eat in a day are no more than 100 calories per day for women (or 6 teaspoons) and no more

than 150 calories per day for men (or a teaspoons). (Dr.s.venkatesan MD)

Need for the study

Amazingly according to these statistics Americans consume close to 50 million litres of

cooldrinks per year, which equates to about 216 litres [or] about 57 gallons per person in 2014 parle,

bisleri Limited bottled water with a 39% value share,pepsico17% and the coca-cola company 14%

coca-cola and pepsi are being banned across several indian states after an enviornmental pressure

said it had found pesticides in drinks produced by the indian arms of the companies so for three large

indian states- Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have stopped selling colas in government

offices and educational institutes .(Dr. mercola’s-2010)

A study of 59,334 pregnant women found a link between the intake of artificially sweetened

cooldrinks and an increased risk of preterm delivery. (Harvard school of public health-2012)

In an experiment a broken tooth was placed in a bottle of a cooldrinks and the bottle was

corked. The tooth was scheduled to be removed for further analysis after 10 days however it was not

dissolved in the drink.(6th All india hindu adhivesan-2012)

Traders in tamilnadu have decided the they will not sell cool drinks manufactured by

multinational companies(MNCs) form 1 march 2017 and promote only indian brands. The massive

jallikattu protests which recently rocked the state. Pepsi and cola are taking water from

thamirabharani river in thirunelveli because of which formers have no water for irrigation. In

Coimbatore young people smashed bottles of cool drinks. (Shoshanna delventhal-2017)



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5255

In tamilnadu , coconut vendor(elaneer)selling from his bicycle, neer more (as the word

says,is lighter than regular butter milk and has more water), penagam it’s an ancient recipe earmarked

for festive occasions,saathukudi juice, jil-jil-jigarthanda is a drink made of boiled and cooled

milk.(sudha G tilak-2014).

Statement of problem

A study to assess the knowledge on adverse effects of cool drinks among adolescent

studying in selected college of nursing, salem, Tamilnadu.

Objectives

To assess the knowledge regarding adverse effects of cool drinks.

Operational definitions

Assess

Statistical measurement of the score obtained through questionnaire related to knowledge

regarding cool drinks use.

Knowledge

It is the response college students for the research question.

Cool drinks

A nonalcoholic, flavored, carbonated beverage, usually commercially prepared and sold in

bottles (or) cans.

Assumptions

It is assumed that,

● The college student may have knowledge regarding the adverse effects of cool drinks.

● Knowledge of college students regarding adverse effects of cool drinks may vary from

one individual to another.

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the methodology adopted for this study this includes research

approach, research design, settings sampling technique, development and description of tool

procedure for data collection, validity, reliability and plan for data analysis.

Research design and approach

A non experimented descriptive design with cross sectional survey approach selected to

conduct this study.

Settings of the study

Setting is the physical location and the condition data collection takes place in a study.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5256

The study was conducted in selected College of Nursing, Salem, formal permission was

obtained.

Population

The population of the study was students in the age group of 18-20 years who are using

cooldrinks studying in selected College of Nursing,

Sample and Sampling technique

The sample for the present study was adolescent students in the age Group of 18-20

years studying in selected College of Nursing, Salem.

Sampling technique adopted for the study was systematic random Sampling technique

Sample size

100 Students in the age group of 18-20 years who were cool drinks usage as sample.

Criteria for selecting sample

The adolescent who were:

● Studying in selected college.

● Between the age group of 18-20 years.

● Able to understand English.

● Students who were willing to participate in the study.

● Students who were available during the data collection period.

Development of the tool

The questionnaire was prepared by reviewing books and journals, related to topic and

by the consultation of the expert during the preparation of tool.

Description ot the tool

Tool consist of two section.

Section- A

It consists of demographic characteristics of adolescents such as age, sex, previous

source of information, religion ,family income, type of family.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5257

Section-B

It consists of structured interview schedule related to knowledge

of adolescent regarding adverse effect of cool drinks.

SCORING PROCEDURE

Each item has 4 options with one most correct answer for each item the correct

response carries one score and wrong response carries zero score.

Table no.3.1.1: Scoring level of knowledge

LEVEL OF

KNOWLEDGE

ACTUAL SCORE PERCENTAGE

poor

1 – 6

>55%

Average

7 – 9

55 – 70%

Good

10 – 14

70 – 85%

Very good

15 – 18

85 – 100%

Total

18

100%

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Permission was obtained from the principal selected College of Nursing, Salem and

permission was obtained from class Co-ordinator.

After explaining the purpose of data collection procedure, period of interview,self

introduction and purpose of interview were clearly explained to each students to obtain maximum

co-operation and consent from them.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Validity

Validity of tool was established on consultation with the subject experts related field.

The tool was made in English for it appropriateness.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5258

Reliability

Reliability of the tool was tested by implementing the tool on ten people from Vinayaka

Mission’s Annapoorana College Of Nursing,Salem. Split half method was used to find out the

reliability and we found that tool was reliable.

Ethical considerations

Prior to data collection,

Written permission was obtained from the co-ordinators of the concent class in

selected College of Nursing,, Salem. Informed consent was obtained from the student from

selected College of Nursing,, Salem.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Data was collected around 100 sample.

● Student was made to feel comfortable and relaxed.

● Purpose of the study was explained to the students.

● An introduction was given selected to the topic

● Good rapport was maintained.

● Items regarding the demographic data were collected.

● Adult knowledge regarding cool drinks usage was identified by the

using closed ended question techniques.

● The findings were recorded which helps to further analysis.

Planned data analysis

Data was collected from 100 members whom were coded, tabulated and analyzed by

using descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, median , mean percentage and standard

deviation.The data planned to be presented in the form of tables and figures.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of information collected from 100 student

among 18-20 years in selected College of Nursing, Salem. “To assess the knowledge on adverse

effect of cooldrinks among adolescents”.

The findings presented under the following section

Section-I : Description of the adolescents according to their demographic variables.

Section-II : Level of knowledge of adolescents regarding adverse effects of cool drinks.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5259

Section-III : Overall area wise description of mean, standard deviation and mean percentage of

knowledge scores of adolescents regarding adverse effects of cool drinks.

Section - I : Description of the adolescents according to their demographic

Characteristics.

Figure 4.1.1 : Bar diagram showing percentage wise distribution of adolescents according

to their age

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to their age group shows the highest

percentage 70% as them were between the age group of 18-19 years where as 30% of them were in

the age group of 19-20 years.(fig. no. 4.1.1)

Figure 4.1.2: Pie diagram showing percentage wise distribution of adolescents

According to their sex.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

18-19 19-20

70%

30%

age in years

75%

25%

FEMALE

MALE



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5260

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to sex shows that most 75% of the

adolescents were female and 25% were men. Hence it seems that highest percentage of the

adolescents is female for the present study. (fig . no. 4.1.2).

Figure 4.1.3 : Bar diagram showing percentage wise distribution of adolescents

According to previous source of information.

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to previous source 30% of the

adolescents got information from parents where as 28% and 22% of adolescents got information

from teacher and health professionals. 20% of the adolescents got information from book and

articles. It seems that most of the adolescents got information from parents.(fig. no. 4.1.3)

Figure 4.1.4 : Bar diagram showing percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to

religion.

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to religion shows that highest

percentage 82% of the adolescents were Hindu where as 15% and 3% of adolescents were Christian

and Muslim. It seems that most of the adolescents were Hindu. (fig.no.4.1.4).

30%

28%

22%

20%

from parents

from teacher

from health

from book

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

HINDU CHRISTIAN MUSLIM

82%

15%

3%

RELIGION



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5261

Figure 4.1.5 : Bar diagram showing percentage wise distribution adolescents

according to the monthly income.

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to family income Rs.10000

respectively, 24% of them had income Rs. 3,500-6500 were as 16% of them were in the income

group of Rs. 2500-3500/-. It seems that most of adolescents under the present study were from

middle socio economic group(fig. no. 4.1.5).

Fig no:4.1.6 : Pie diagram showing percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to

their type of family

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to their type of family shows that most

67% of the adolescents were from nuclear family and 33% were from joint family related to the

present trend of family pattern.(fig.no. 4.1.6)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

RS 2500-3500 RS 3500-6500 RS 6500-9500 RS 10,000 above

16%

24%

31%29%

67%

33%

nuclear

joint



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5262

Fig no. 4.1.7 : Pie diagram showing percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to

their place of residence.

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to their place of residence shows that

most 65% of the adolescents were from rural and 35% were from urban. It seems that most of the

adolescents were rural.(fig.no.4.1.7)

Section-II : Level of knowledge of a adolescents regarding adverse effects

Of cool drinks.

Objective : To assess the knowledge level of adolescent regarding adverse

Effects of cool drinks

Table No 4.2.1 : Percentage of level of knowledge of adolescents on adverse

effect of cooldrink

(n=100)

Grade Score Number of

adolescents

Percentage

Poor 1-6 15 15%

Average 7-9 50 58%

Good 10-14 25 17%

Very good 14-18 10 10%

Total 18 100 100%

Percentage wise distribution of knowledge score of adolescents regarding adverse effects of

cooldrinks shows that 58% of the adolescents scored between 7-9 which shows average knowledge

17% of them scored between 10-14 which shows good knowledge poor knowledge and only 10% of

adolescents scored between 14-18 which shows very good knowledge hence it is interpreted that

majority of the adolescents have average knowledge about adverse effect of cool drinks.(Table

No.4.2.1) .

35%

65%

urban

Rural



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5263

Section – III

Table No.4.3.1 : Overall area wise description of mean, standard deviation and mean

percentage of knowledge scores of adolescents regarding adverse effect of cool drinks.

(n=100)

S.No Area Maximum

score

Mean Standard

deviation

Mean

percentage

1. Introduction of cool drinks 5 2.57 647.34 51%

2. Health effects of cool drinks

a) Physical effects

6

2.86

801.68

48%

b) Psychological effects 4 1.86 339.07 47%

c) social effects 1 0.8 62.72 80%

3. Prevention 2 1.32 170.77 66%

Over all 18 9.3 8476.88 60%

Overall area wise knowledge score of adolescents on adverse effect of cool drinks shows that

overall mean score 9.3±8476.88 which is 60% of the maximum score shows average knowledge on

adverse effect of cool drinks further area wise distribution of mean, standard deviation and mean

percentage of the knowledge shows that the highest mean score of which is 80% of the maximum

score for the area of social effects of cool drinks reveals that very good 34 knowledge. However the

mean score of 1.32 ± 17077 which is 66% of maximum score of prevention of cool drinks. For the

area of introduction of cool drinks mean score2.57±647.34 which is 51% of maximum score and for

the area of physical effects of cool drinks 2.86±801.68 which is 48% of maximum score reveals

average knowledge. The lowest mean score 1.86±339.07 which is 47% of the maximum score

reveals poor knowledge on psychological effects of cool drinks.(Table No.4.3.1)

DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A descriptive cross sectional survey to access the knowledge of adolescents

among 18 to 20 years of age on adverse effects of cool drinks. Data were collected from 100 student

among 18 to 20 years of age by systematic random sampling technique by using descriptive and

inferential statistics and presented in the form of tables and figures as per the objectives in the

chapter 4.

DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the discussion of findings based on objective of the

study. The findings are discussed under the following sub headings.

Section- I : Description of the adolescent according to their demographic variables.

Section- II : Level of knowledge of adolescents regarding adverse effects of cool drinks.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5264

Section- III : Overall area wise description of mean, standard deviation and mean percentage of

knowledge score of adolescents regarding adverse effects of cool drinks.

Section- I : Demographic characters of the adolescents among 18 to 20 years of age

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to their age groups shows the

highest percentage 70% as them were between the age group of 18- 19 years where as 30% of them

were in the age group of 19-20 years.(fig. no.4.1.1)

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to sex shows that most 75% of

the adolescents were female and 25% were men. Hence it seems that highest percentage of the

adolescents are female for the present study.(fig. no. 4.1.2)

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to previous source 30% of the

adolescents got information from parents where as 28% and 22% of adolescents got information from

teacher and health professionals. 20% of the adolescents got information from book and articles. It

seems that most of the adolescents got information from parents.(fig. no. 4.1.3)

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to religion shows that highest

percentage 82% of the adolescents were Hindu where as 15% and 3% of adolescents were Christian

and Muslim. It seems that most of the adolescents were Hindu.(fig.no.4.1.4)

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to family income Rs.10000

respectively, 24% of them had income Rs. 3,500-6500 were as 16% of them were in the income

group of Rs. 2500-3500/-. It seems that most of adolescents under the present study were from

middle socio economic group(fig. no. 4.1.5)

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to their type of family shows that

most 67% of the adolescents were from nuclear family and 33% werefrom joint family related to the

present trend of family pattern.(fig.no. 4.1.6.)

Percentage wise distribution of adolescents according to their place of residence shows

that most 65% of the adolescents were from rural and 35% were from urban. It seems that most of the

adolescents were rural.(fig.no.4.1.7)

Section- II : Asssessment of knowledge of adolescents on adverse effects of ool drinks among

18 to 20 years of age.

Objective : To assess the knowledge level of adolescent regarding adverse Effects of cool

drinks

Percentage wise distribution of knowledge score of adolescents regarding adverse effects of

cooldrinks shows that 58% of the adolescents scored between 7-9 which shows average knowledge

17% of them scored between 10-14 which shows good knowledge poor knowledge and only 10% of

adolescents scored between 14-18 which shows very good knowledge hence it is interpreted that

majority of the adolescents have average knowledge about adverse effect of cool drinks.(Table

No.4.2.1)



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5265

Section – III : Overall area wise description of mean, standard deviation, and

mean percentage of knowledge scores of adolescents regarding adverse effect of cool drinks.

Overall area wise knowledge score of adolescents on adverse effect of cool drinks shows that

overall mean score 9.3± 8476.88 which is 60% of the maximum score shows average knowledge on

adverse effect of cool drinks further area wise distribution of mean, standard deviation and mean

percentage of the knowledge shows that the highest mean score of which is 80% of the maximum

score for the area of social effects of cool drinks reveals that very good knowledge. However the

mean score of 1.32 ±17077 which is 66% of maximum score of prevention of cool drinks. For the

area of introduction of cool drinks mean score 2.57±647.34 which is 51% of maximum score and for

the area of physical effects of cool drinks 2.86±801.68 which is 48% of maximum score reveals

average knowledge. The lowest mean score 1.86±339.07 which is 47% of the maximum score

reveals poor knowledge on psychological effects of cool drinks.(Table No.4.3.1)

SUMMARY

A descriptive design with cross sectional survey approach was done to assess the knowledge

of adolescents on adverse effects of cool drinks on adolescents among 18-20 years of age in selected

College Of Nursing, Salem. Data were collected from 100 student of age group between 18 to 20

years and the obtained data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

CONCLUSION

From the findings of present study it can be conducted that adolescents among 18 to 20

years were middle socio economic group. Majority of the (67%) of the adolescents were from

nuclear family. Highest percentage of adolescents according to religion shows that majority of the

adolescents was Hindu(82%). Around (30%) of them got information from parents. Adolescents

among 18 to 20 years age had average knowledge on adverse effect of cool drinks.

REFERENCES

BOOKS

1. Deblina Biswas, ‘’A Textbook of cooldrinks impact on health’’,banaras hindu university,page

no:1047-1050.

2. James Duke phD,the green pharmacy,revised second edition, Page no:117-140.

3. James A Howenstine M.D,A physician’s guide to natural products,third edition,page no:1174-

1180.

4. Michael Murray ND and joseph pizzorno ND,encyclopedia of naturalmedicine,revisedsecond

edition,page no:216-246.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5266

5. Marion nestle,food industry influences nutrition and health,Californiastudies in food and

culture,page no:420-440.

6. William Duffy,the nutritionist at the naval medical research institute,revised third edition,page

no:312-313.

7. Carol simontacchi,A physician guide to prevent food industry is destroying our brains and harming

our children,page no:1021-1040.

8. Samuel S,Epstein MD,A consumer’s guide to nontoxic household products,revised second


9. Neal barnard MD,A textbook of negative calorie effects,revised fourth edition,page no:114-117.

10. Dr.Earl mindell,A textbook of earl mindell’s new vitamin bible,fourth edition,page no:117,180.

11. Elson M has MD, To guide for cleansing the body,fifth edition,page no:740-773.

12. Jean carper,A Textbook of caffeine containing beverages,Johns Hopkins university,second


13. Saldana,Tina M,Dale P.Sandler,A Textbook of ‘’carbonated beverages and chonic kidney

disease’’,Cambridge mass publishers,page no:501.

14. Dr.S.Venkatesan MD,A Textbook of softdrinks on cardiovascularhealth,revised second


15. Fiorito LM,Mitchell DC,’’sweetened carbonated beverage intake of childhood and

adolescents’’,Vol.110,page no:543-540.

16. Nu.Sallah Stanley,’’A Textbook of carbonated beverages impact on nutrition’’,first edition,7th

july,2016,page no:412-418.

17. Arachika kapoor,A Tetbook of coca cola salesdown in india consumption patterns,October

28,2016 in business and politics,page no:616-620.

18. Shoshanna Delvanthal,bans of pepsico,coke soft drinks,march10,2017;10.42 AM,page no:5-7.

19. Dr,Frank Hu,A Textbook of effect of consumption of cooldrinks,Harvard school of public

health,second edition,page no:216-218,newdelhi.

20. Malik VS,’’Intake of sugar sweetened beverages and weight gain AM J Clinical

nutrition,2006,page no:274-288.

21. Kaliyugvarsh,Harmful effects of cold drinks,6th all india hinduadhivesan publishers,page no:274-

298.

22. Sanatan’s Holy,Textbook of ‘’Harmful effects of modern diet’’,thirdedition,page no:1120-1130.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5267

JOURNAL

1. Lenny R,Vartanian ; phD, Mralene B, Effects of sot drink consumption of nutrition and

health,American journal of public health.

2. Saturday,January 08,2005 by mike adams,the health ranger editor ofnatural new American public

health association.

3. April 28,2017,by curejoy editorial,harmful effects of cooldrinks,American journal of public health.

4. Vartanian,Lenny R,’’Effects of cooldrink consumption of nutrition andhealth’’,American journal

of public health 97,no:4(2007):7-8.

5. Malik,vasanti s,’’Intake of sugar sweetened beverages and weight gain a systemic review’’,The

American journal of clinical nutrition 84,no:2(2006):274-288.

6. Lee JG,Messer LB 2010 ‘Intake of sweet drinks and sweet treatsnersus reported and observed

caries experience’’;official journal of the European academy of paediatric dentistry,Vol.110,page

no:5-17.

7. Srivastava D,Adhikari P,Soft drinks consumption of health effects,13 sep 2010,online journal of

health allied sciences.

NET references

1. Bangor daily news,april 8,2010,http://www.bangor Daily News.com/ detail/126224.html.

2.Jed portman(2011-2013)Drinks,seriouseats.comRetrieved2011-05-08.

3. Acids in popular sodas erode tooth enamel,Livescience.com.

4. S.Harrington,the role of sugar sweetened beverage consumption in Adolescent obesity,J Sch

Nurs,2008 Feb:24(1):3-12,Pubmed.com.

5. Schulze MB,Manson JE,Sugar sweetened beverages,weight gain,and incidence of type 2 diabetes

in young and middle aged women,JAMA,2004,Aug 25;292(8):927-34,Pubmed.com.

6. December 5,2012,Dailyhealth post/soda,softdrinks

www.sciencedaily.com/realeases/2012/01/12013092746/htm.

7. Randeep Ramesh and sanjay jha,India bans soft drinks in pesticides row,07 august

2006,newdelhi,Pubmed.com.

8. Khusboo sheath,carbonated beverages of softdrinks, april 25,2016 on worldAtlas.com.

9. Sudha G Tilak,Tamilnadu’s cooldrinks,may 2014,new delhi,Pubmed.com.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5268

http://www.sciencedaily.com/realeases/2012/01/12013092746/htm

10. ’’Bickford’s company website’’,Archived from the original on march 23,2010,retrieved 2009-05-

16,cevital-agro-industrie.com.

11. Frontie mail,irst published;thur,oct 01 2015,08,22 PM www.livemint.com/frontiermail,newdelhi.

12. Ratna Bushan,ET Bureau (2010-01-08),’’coke india’s new thums up and most expensive

ever’’,The economic times.indiatimes.com, Retrieved 2010-09-18.

13. J James and D kerr,prevention of childhood obesity by reducing soft drinks,international journal

of obesity (2005),[email protected].



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 5269

http://www.livemint.com/frontiermail,newdelhi

a study to assess the knowledge on adverse effects …

Documents