a structure for in-depth, phenomenonological interviewing 9310007a yvonne 9310037a jenny
Post on 22-Dec-2015
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A Structure for In-Depth, Phenomenonological Inte
rviewing
9310007A Yvonne9310037A Jenny
Open-ended questions ex. Do you think that group discussion can enhance your
reading comprehension? ()
How do you feel that the use of group discussion in your reading comprehension? ()
Task: build and explore the participants’ responses
participants’ concrete experience & the meaning their experience had
Goal: let the participants reconstruct their experience
Three-Interview
Series
Focused Life History
The Details of Experience
Reflection on the Meaning
Focused Life History
Interviewer asks the participants to tell their past experience in any situations
focus on the participants’ past experiences Let the participants reconstruct their early experiences Avoid asking “why” ask “How” ex. What's your first experience about using
group discussion on your reading?
The Details of Experience
Purpose: focus on the concrete details of the participants’ present experience
Know some details
ex. What did your teacher teach? or How did your teacher teach in class?
Don’t ask the participants’ opinions but the details of their experience
→whatever they do now
Reflection on the Meaning
Purpose: to reflect on the meaning of the participants’ experience
participants’ attitudes & opinions
ex. How do you feel about group discussion on your reading?
Focus on the participants’ understanding of their experience
Meaning: the intellectual & emotional connections between the participants’ work & life
Respect the StructureRespect the Structure
The importance of the series of the three- interviews (Each interview serves a purpose).
Advantage: easy to follow Disadvantage: time-consuming Try to maintain the balance between
providing enough openness for the participants to tell their stories and enough focus to allow the interview structure to work.
Length of InterviewsLength of Interviews
The 90-minute format (Dolbeare and Schuman)
The length of time be decided upon before the interview process begins. (No standard time limitation)
To be chronological: beginning, middle, end.
For the vast number of participants, interviewers need to schedule/arrange the interviews so that they can finish one and go on to the next.
The participants must know how much time is being asked of them.
The shortcomings of after-the-face conversation:
- not be recorded
- unravel the interviewer’s purpose
- difficult to use
Spacing of InterviewsSpacing of Interviews
Space each interview from 3 days to a week apart
- allow times for the participants to
consider the preceding interview
- avoid to lose the connection
2 to 3 week period
- reduce the impact of possibly idiosyncratic
interviews
ex: participant has the terrible day;
sick; be distracted in such a way as to
affect the quality of interview
Develop the relationship between the participants and the interviews positively.
- telephone call
- letters
To confirm the schedules and appointments.
Alternatives to the Structure and ProcessAlternatives to the Structure and Process
Miss an interview because of
► unexpected things
→conduct interviews one and two on the same day
► leave during the long vacation
→conduct interviews one, two, and three on the same day
Whose meaning is it? Validity and Whose meaning is it? Validity and ReliabilityReliability
Reliability—whether the participants’ answers are reliable & consistent
Internal consistency:
test in different times by using the same
questions
use similar questions in different words to test your participants
External consistency:
record all the words they said (their tone)
Validity—the effectiveness of participants’ responses
ex. (p. 18) the syntax, the pauses, the self-effacing laugh
Is it Anybody’s Meaning?Is it Anybody’s Meaning?
The advantages of three-interview structure: - incorporate features to enhance the accomplishment of validity
- encourage interviewing participants over the course of 1 to 3 weeks to account for idiosyncratic days and to check for the internal consistency of what they said
The advantages of three-interview structure:
- place participant’s comments in context
- interviewer can connect the participant’s
experiences and check the comments
of one participant against those of
others
The goal of the process:
- to understand how our participants
understand and make meaning of their
experiences
Avoiding a Mechanistic Avoiding a Mechanistic ResponseResponse
Cause by:Cause by:
- some advocates of divergent approaches - some advocates of divergent approaches
polarize the issuepolarize the issue
- advocates qualitative approaches as - advocates qualitative approaches as
doctrinairedoctrinaire
The solutions:The solutions:
- grapple with the validity- grapple with the validity
- increase our ways of knowing- increase our ways of knowing
- avoid ignorance- avoid ignorance
Experience the Process Experience the Process YourselfYourself
The practice project:
Team up with a peer
Use the three-interview structure
Arrange the appointments for each
interviews
Taped-record
The point of the practice project: - experience interviewing and being interviewing - see whether you connect the possibilities of the process - alert you to how the way you are as a person affects your interviewing - become aware of issues of control and focus