a statistical study of increasing crime rate against women in … · broadly grouped under the...

2nd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research & Practice P a g e | 312

Volume III Issue I IJRSI ISSN 2321-2705

A Statistical Study of Increasing Crime Rate against

Women in India, Gujarat and Major Cities of Gujarat

D. R. Radadiya1 , A. J. Rajyaguru

2

1ICDS Department, Women & Child Development, Navsari.

2 Professor, Department of Statistics, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat

Abstract- Crime against women is increasing day by day. It is one

of the main increasing problems in developing country like India.

We want to find that is its rate really increasing? Over the years,

total rate of crime increase in India, Gujarat and major cities of

Gujarat. Rate of crime against women by different types is also

increasing in different states and also in mega cities. In this paper

we tried to study the behavior of the said crime rates and tried to

suggest regression models.

Keywords- Rate of Crime against women, Rape, Molestation,

Cruelty, Kidnapping

I. INTRODUCTION

he history of crime is as old as the history of human

civilization. In the context of present day situation, the

incidence of crime can take numerous forms and the forms it

takes are also related to the overall process of growth and

socio-economic complexities existing in the present day

society. Crime affects everybody irrespective of economic

conditions, social positions or age of the affected persons.

Crime is a major threat to the stability of society and it

seriously hampers the economic development of the society

and social harmony.

Crime degrades quality of life in many ways. It limits

movement, thereby impeding access to possible employment

and educational opportunities; it also discourages the

accumulation of assets. As crime makes people risk averse, it

retards entrepreneurial and other economic activity.

In India the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr. P.C)

divides all the crimes into two categories:

A. Cognizable - Sec.2(c) Cr PC

B. Non-cognizable – Sec.2 (l) Cr PC

A. Cognizable Crimes

A cognizable offence or case is defined as the one

which an officer in-charge of a police station may investigate

without the order of a magistrate and affect arrest without

warrant. The police have a direct responsibility to take

immediate action on the receipt of a complaint or of credible

information in such crimes, visit the scene of the crime,

investigate the facts, apprehend (take into custody) the

offender (criminal) and arraign him before a court of law

having jurisdiction over the matter. Cognizable crimes are

broadly categorized as those falling either under the Indian

Penal Code (IPC) or under the Special and Local Laws (SLL).

B. Non- Cognizable Crimes

Non- Cognizable crimes are defined as those which

can not be investigated by police without the order of

acompetent magistrate. Police does not initiate investigation

in non-cognizable crimes except with magisterial permission.

First schedule of the Cr. P.C. gives the classification of the

offences of the IPC into cognizable & non-cognizable

categories.

The various crimes that are being registered and

investigated by different law enforcement agencies are

broadly grouped under the following categories for Statistical

Information System.

C. Juvenile

Male below the age of 16 years and female below the

age of 18 years are considered as juveniles under Juvenile

Justice Act 2000.

D. Broad classification of crimes under the Indian Penal

Code (ICP):

1) Crimes Against Body: Murder, Its attempt, Culpable

Homicide not amounting to Murder, Kidnapping &

Abduction, Hurt, Causing Death by Negligence;

2) Crimes Against Property: Dacoity, its preparation &

assembly, Robbery, Burglary, Theft;

3) Crimes Against Public order: Riots, Arson;

4) Economic Crimes: Criminal Breach of Trust, Cheating,

Counterfeiting;

5) Crimes Against Women: Rape, Dowry Death, Cruelty by

Husband and Relatives, Molestation, Sexual harassment

and Importation of Girls;

6) Crimes Against Children: Child Rape, Kidnapping &

Abduction of Children, Procreation of minor girls,

Selling/Buying of girls for Prostitution, Abetment to

Suicide, Exposure and Abandonment, Infanticide,

Feticide

7) Other IPC crimes

E. Crimes under the Special and Local Laws (SLL)

I. Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956;

II. Railways Act, 1989;

III. Registration of Foreigners Act, 1930;

IV. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955;

V. Indian Passport Act, 1967;

VI. Essential Commodities Act, 1955;

VII. Terrorist & Disruptive Activities Act;

VIII. Antiquities & Art Treasures Act, 1972

T



IX. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961;

X. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929;

XI. Indecent Representation of women (Prohibition Act,

1986;

XII. Copyright Act, 1957;

XIII. Sati Prevention Act,1987;

XIV. SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act,1989;

XV. Forest Act, 1927;

XVI. Other crimes (not specified above) under Special

and Local Laws including Cyber Laws under

Information Technology Act (IT), 2000.

The rate of total crimes (IPC + SLL) was 555.3 in

2004 which rise 581.1 in 2014. Percentage change in 2014

over 2004 is 4.6 that shows compound growth rate of 1.2.

This study considers only IPC crimes. The reason is

that the motivations and enforcement mechanism for SLL

crimes are different from that of IPC crimes. In India,

statistics on crime are published annually by the National

Crime Records Bureau, under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

State-wise data is available on number of different crimes

committed, enforcement mechanism and judicial institutions

in a standardized format.

In this paper we tried to study the behavior of the said crime

rates and tried to suggest regression models.

II. STATISTICS of CRIME AGAINST WOMEN in

INDIA

A total of 72, 29,193 cognizable crimes comprising 28,

51,563 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 43, 77,630

Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes were reported in

2014, showing an increase of 4.6% over 2004 (60,

28,781).

The proportion of IPC crimes committed against women

towards total IPC crimes has increased during last 10

years from 14.2% in the year 2004 to 56.3% during the

year 2014.

Uttar Pradesh has reported the highest number of Crime

against women (38467) in 2014 which is 11.4%

contribution in all India.

Madhya Pradesh has reported Rape cases (5076) and

Molestation (9609) accounting for 14.0% and 26.5%

respectively of total such cases reported in the country.

Highest cases of Kidnapping & Abduction 10.6%

(10,626), Dowry Deaths 2.5% (2469) and cases of Sexual

Harassment 4.4% (4,435) were reported in Uttar Pradesh.

A total of 6, 16,639 cases of Cognizable crime were

reported from 53 mega cities out of total cases reported in

the country during 2014.

Amongst 53 cities, Delhi (City) accounted for 22.7% (1,

39,707) of total crimes followed by Mumbai 6.5%

(40,361) and Bengaluru 5.2% (31,892) in 2014.

III. STATISTICS of CRIME AGAINST WOMEN in

GUJARAT

Total incidences of crime against women and rate of total

cognizable crime in Gujarat was 6,211 (11.6) in 2004

which shows increase 10837 (17.6) in 2014 increased by

6%.

Among 53 mega cities of India, 4 mega cities of Gujarat

have increase in rate of Crime against Women during last

10 years.

Rate of Crime against Women in four major cities of

Gujarat shows increase in Rate of crime in Ahmedabad

(1.3%), Rajkot (7.7%), Surat (11.4%) and Vadodara

(18.0%).

IV. RATE of CRIME AGAINST WOMEN in INDIA &

GUJARAT & MAJOR FOUR CITIES of

GUJARAT

Model fitting on Rate of Crime against Women in India,

Gujarat (1992-2014) and major cities of Gujarat (2001-2014).

We can fit Growth Model

Equation of Growth Model: Y=e^ (b0+b1*t)

Here, Y= Rate of Crime against Women t= Time period

(Year)

b0= Constant, b1= Coefficient of Time

According to Table 1 given in APPENDIX, we can

fit the Growth Model for rate of crime against women in India

and Gujarat as below

Y=e^ (2.247+0.037*t)

Where Y= Rate of Crime against Women in India; t= Time

(1992-2014)

ß1 = 2.247 (intercept) and ß2 = 0.037 (Coefficient of

Time) are parameters.

Y=e^ (2.213+0.027*t)

Where Y= Rate of Crime against Women in Gujarat; t=

Time (1992-2014)

ß1 = 2.213 (intercept) and ß2 = 0.027 (Coefficient of

Time) are parameters.

We can say that per year Rate of Crime against

women in India will be increased by 0.037% while in Gujarat

it will be increased by 0.027%.

Figure: 1 Graph of Rate of crime against women in India & Gujarat



The above graph gives you a quick visual assessment of the

fit of model to the observed values. From this plot, it appears

that the Growth model follows the upward shape with year by

year in India and also in Gujarat.


women in Ahmedabad and Vadodara will be increased by

0.058% & 0.059% while for Rajkot city this model is not

appropriate.

Figure: 2 Graph of Rate of crime against women in Major cities of Gujarat

V. RATE of CRIME AGAINST WOMEN BY

DIFFERENT TYPES in INDIA & GUJARAT &

MAJOR CITIES of GUJARAT

As we can see that among the all different type of

crimes against women incidence of Cruelty by Husband and

relatives is the highest crime against women in India, Gujarat

and major four cities of Gujarat state as compare to other

types of crime also it shows increasing trend. The second most

occurring crime is Kidnapping & Abduction, third is

Molestation while fourth is Rape. So now we need to see that

within the Gujarat among four major cities which type of

crime is high in which city.

Here also for Different types of Rate of Crime

against women model fitting is Growth model.

A. Cruelty by Husband and Relatives:

As we can see in Table 2 per year Rate of Crime

against women for type “Cruelty by Husband and Relatives”

in India will be increased by 0.037% while in Gujarat it will

be increased by 0.027%.

Figure: 3 Graph of Type “Cruelty by Husband & relatives” of Rate of crime

against women in India & Gujarat


women for type “Cruelty by Husband and Relatives” in

Vadodara and Surat will be increased by 0.087% & 0.064%.

Figure: 4 Graph of Type “Cruelty by Husband & relatives” of Rate of crime

against women in major cities of Gujarat

B. Kidnapping and Abduction


against women for type “Kidnapping and Abduction” in India

will be increased by 0.044% while in Gujarat it will be

increased by 0.026%.

Figure: 5 Graph of Type “Kidnapping and Abduction” of Rate of crime

against women in India & Gujarat


women for type “Kidnapping and Abduction” in Surat and

Ahmedabad will be increased by 0.068% & 0.057%.

Figure: 6 Graph of Type “Kidnapping and Abduction” of Rate of crime against women in major cities of Gujarat

C. Molestation:




against women for type “Molestation” in India will be

increased by 0.025% while in Gujarat also it will be increased

by 0.025%.

Figure: 7 Graph of Type “Molestation” of Rate of crime against women in

India & Gujarat


women for type “Molestation” in Surat and Ahmedabad will

be increased by 0.058% & 0.055%.

Figure: 8 Graph of Type “Molestation” of Rate of crime against women in

major cities of Gujarat

D. Rape:

As we can see in Table 5, per year Rate of Crime

against women for type “Rape” in India will be increased by

0.026% while in Gujarat it will be increased by 0.014%.

Figure: 9 Graph of Type “Rape” of Rate of crime against women in India & Gujarat


women for type “Rape” in Vadodara and Ahmedabad will be

increased by 0.095% & 0.084%.

Figure: 10 Graph of Type “Rape” of Rate of crime against women in major

cities of Gujarat

VI. CLOCKING VIOLENCE OF CRIME AGAINST

WOMEN

As we can see from the above clocking violence

that incidence of “Cruelty by Husband and relatives”

occurred at every 9 minutes in 2005 while in 2014 it

occurs at every 4 minutes. “Molestation” was occurred at

every 15 minutes in 2005 while in 2014 it occurs at every

6 minutes. Incidence of “Rape” was occurred at every 29

minutes in 2005 while in 2014 it occurs at every 14

minutes.

REFERENCES

[1] R.N. Mangoli and Ganapati M. Tarase. Crime against Women in

India: A Statistical Review. International Journal of Criminology

and Sociological Theory, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2009, 292-302.

[2] Mousumi Dutta and Zakir Husain (2007), Determinants of Crime Rates: Crime, Deterrence and Growth in Post Liberalized India,

Journal of Cultural of Cultural Heritage, Tourism Management

and Indian Economic Review. [3] Sheela Patel and Sundar Burra(October 1998), Making Cities Safe

for Women and Children, Society for Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC)

[4] Mary Elisberg and Lori Heise, Researching Violence against

Women (A Prectical Guide fir Researcher and Activist) Washington DC, United States: World Health Organization,

PATH; 2005

[5] Meera Kosambi, Violence against Women: Reports from India and the Republic of Korea, UNESCO Principal Regional Office for

Asia and Pacific, Bangkok,1993

[6] www.ncrb.gov.in [7] www.nationmaster.com.

[8] www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au

[9] www.gujarat-riots.com

http://www.ncrb.gov.in/

http://www.nationmaster.com/

http://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/

http://www.gujarat-riots.com/



[10] www.nipccd.nic.in [11] www.ncdoj.gov

[12] www.mospi.nic.in

[13] www.censusindia.gov.in

APPENDIX Table 1: Model Summary for Rate of Crime against Women

Country/ State/ Cities R R Square Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

India 0.942 0.887 0.882 0.092

Gujarat 0.822 0.676 0.660 0.129

Ahmedabad 0.787 0.620 0.593 0.226

Rajkot 0.269 0.072 -0.005 0.223

Surat 0.517 0.267 0.215 0.309

Vadodara 0.763 0.582 0.552 0.246

Table 1.1: ANOVA for Rate of Crime against Women

Country/

State/ Cities

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig.

India

Regression 1.397 1 1.397 165.581 0.000

Residual 0.177 21 0.008

Total 1.574 22

Gujarat

Regression 0.725 1 0.725 43.762 0.000

Residual 0.348 21 0.017

Total 1.073 22

Ahmedabad

Regression 1.161 1 1.161 22.822 0.000

Residual 0.712 14 0.051

Total 1.873 15

Rajkot

Regression 0.046 1 0.046 0.937 0.352

Residual 0.595 12 0.050

Total 0.641 13

Surat

Regression 0.488 1 0.488 5.102 0.040

Residual 1.340 14 0.096

Total 1.828 15

Vadodara

Regression 1.182 1 1.182 19.467 0.001

Residual 0.850 14 0.061

Total 2.032 15

Table 1.2: Coefficients for Rate of Crime against Women

Country/

State/ Cities

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. B Std. Error Beta

India Year 0.037 0.003 0.942 12.868 0.000

(Constant) 2.247 0.040 56.769 0.000

Gujarat Year 0.027 0.004 0.822 6.615 0.000

(Constant) 2.213 0.055 39.884 0.000

Ahmedabad Year 0.058 0.012 0.787 4.777 0.000

(Constant) 2.266 0.198 11.460 0.000

Rajkot Year 0.014 0.015 0.269 0.968 0.352

(Constant) 3.076 0.251 12.267 0.000

Surat Year 0.038 0.017 0.517 2.259 0.040

(Constant) 1.974 0.271 7.274 0.000

Vadodara Year 0.059 0.013 0.763 4.412 0.001

(Constant) 1.922 0.216 8.893 0.000

Table 2: Model Summary for Type of Rate of Crime against Women:

“Cruelty by Husband & Relatives”

Country/State/Mega cities of

Gujarat R R Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

India 0.984 0.969 0.968 0.075

Gujarat 0.885 0.782 0.772 0.190

Ahmedabad 0.570 0.325 0.269 0.309

Rajkot 0.325 0.106 0.031 0.226

Surat 0.568 0.323 0.266 0.401

Vadodara 0.854 0.729 0.706 0.230

Table 2.1: ANOVA for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Cruelty by

Husband & Relatives”

Country/Stat

e/Mega

cities of

Gujarat

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig.

India

Regression 3.692 1 3.692 659.524 0.000

Residual 0.118 21 0.006

Total 3.809 22

Gujarat Regression 2.730 1 2.730 75.507 0.000

Residual 0.759 21 0.036

Total 3.489 22

Ahmedabad

Regression 0.550 1 0.550 5.779 0.033

Residual 1.143 12 0.095

Total 1.694 13

Rajkot

Regression 0.072 1 0.072 1.417 0.257

Residual 0.613 12 0.051

Total 0.686 13

Surat

Regression 0.918 1 0.918 5.716 0.034

Residual 1.928 12 0.161

Total 2.846 13

Vadodara

Regression 1.710 1 1.710 32.210 0.000

Residual 0.637 12 0.053

Total 2.348 13

Table 2.2: Coefficients for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Cruelty

by Husband & Relatives”

Country/Sta

te/Mega

cities of

Gujarat

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. B

Std.

Error Beta

India Year in which

crime

committed

0.060 0.002 0.984 25.681 0.000

(Constant) 0.916 0.032 28.392 0.000

Gujarat Year in which

crime

committed

0.052 0.006 0.885 8.689 0.000

(Constant) 1.361 0.082 16.603 0.000

Ahmedabad Year in which

crime

committed

0.049 0.020 0.570 2.404 0.033

(Constant) 2.130 0.348 6.128 0.000

Rajkot Year in which

crime

committed

0.018 0.015 0.325 1.190 0.257

(Constant) 2.715 0.255 10.666 0.000

Surat Year in which

crime

committed

0.064 0.027 0.568 2.391 0.034

(Constant) 0.959 0.451 2.124 0.055

Vadodara Year in which

crime

committed

0.087 0.015 0.854 5.675 0.000

(Constant) 1.063 0.259 4.097 0.001

Table 3: Model Summary for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Kidnapping & Abduction”

Country/State/Mega

cities of Gujarat R R Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

India 0.788 0.621 0.603 0.236

Gujarat 0.655 0.428 0.401 0.210

Ahmedabad 0.787 0.619 0.587 0.196

Rajkot 0.358 0.128 0.056 0.292

Surat 0.631 0.399 0.349 0.366

Vadodara 0.675 0.456 0.411 0.231

Table 3.1: ANOVA for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Kidnapping & Abduction”

Country/Stat

e/Mega cities

of Gujarat

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

India Regression 1.916 1 1.916 34.424 0.000

Residual 1.169 21 0.056

Total 3.085 22

Gujarat Regression 0.693 1 0.693 15.742 0.001

Residual 0.925 21 0.044

Total 1.618 22

Ahmedabad Regression 0.748 1 0.748 19.495 0.001

Residual 0.460 12 0.038

Total 1.208 13

Rajkot Regression 0.150 1 0.150 1.765 0.209

Residual 1.022 12 0.085

Total 1.172 13

Surat Regression 1.066 1 1.066 7.958 0.015

Residual 1.608 12 0.134

Total 2.675 13

Vadodara Regression 0.536 1 0.536 10.053 0.008

Residual 0.640 12 0.053

Total 1.177 13

http://www.nipccd.nic.in/

http://www.ncdoj.gov/

http://www.mospi.nic.in/

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/



Table 3.2: Coefficients for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Kidnapping & Abduction”

Country/State/

Mega cities of

Gujarat

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients


India Year in

which crime

committed

0.044 0.007 0.788 5.867 0.000

(Constant) 0.080 0.102 0.791 0.438

Gujarat Year in

which crime

committed

0.026 0.007 0.655 3.968 0.001

(Constant) 0.363 0.090 4.018 0.001

Ahmedabad Year in

which crime

committed

0.057 0.013 0.787 4.415 0.001

(Constant) 0.195 0.221 0.885 0.394

Rajkot Year in

which crime

committed

0.026 0.019 0.358 1.329 0.209

(Constant) 0.786 0.329 2.393 0.034

Surat Year in

which crime

committed

0.068 0.024 0.631 2.821 0.015

(Constant) -0.317 0.412 -0.768 0.457

Vadodara Year in

which crime

committed

0.049 0.015 0.675 3.171 0.008

(Constant) 0.085 0.260 0.327 0.749

Table 4: Model Summary for Type of Rate of Crime against Women:

“Molestation”

Country/State/Meg

a cities of Gujarat R R Square

Adjusted

R Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

India 0.767 0.588 0.569 0.148

Gujarat 0.618 0.382 0.352 0.220

Ahmedabad 0.668 0.446 0.400 0.269

Rajkot 0.026 0.001 -0.083 0.571

Surat 0.449 0.202 0.135 0.500

Vadodara 0.677 0.458 0.413 0.582

Table 4.1: ANOVA for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Molestation”

Country/State/

Mega cities of

Gujarat

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

India

Regression 0.654 1 0.654 30.029 0.000

Residual 0.457 21 0.022

Total 1.111 22

Gujarat

Regression 0.627 1 0.627 12.961 0.002

Residual 1.016 21 0.048

Total 1.643 22

Ahmedabad

Regression 0.700 1 0.700 9.666 0.009

Residual 0.869 12 0.072

Total 1.568 13

Rajkot

Regression 0.003 1 0.003 0.008 0.928

Residual 3.915 12 0.326

Total 3.917 13

Surat

Regression 0.758 1 0.758 3.029 0.107

Residual 3.005 12 0.250

Total 3.763 13

Vadodara

Regression 3.443 1 3.443 10.154 0.008

Residual 4.068 12 0.339

Total 7.511 13

Table 4.2: Coefficients for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Molestation”

Country/State/

Mega cities of

Gujarat

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients


India Year in

which crime

committed

0.025 0.005 0.767 5.480 0.000

(Constant) 0.903 0.064 14.196 0.000

Gujarat Year in

which crime

committed

-0.025 0.007 -0.618 -3.600 0.002

(Constant) 0.829 0.095 8.746 0.000

Ahmedabad Year in

which crime

committed

0.055 0.018 0.668 3.109 0.009

(Constant) -0.502 0.303 -1.658 0.123

Rajkot Year in

which crime

committed

0.003 0.038 0.026 0.092 0.928

(Constant) 0.220 0.643 0.342 0.738

Surat Year in

which crime

committed 0.058 0.033 0.449 1.740 0.107

(Constant) -0.940 0.563 -1.667 0.121

Vadodara Year in

which crime

committed

0.123 0.039 0.677 3.187 0.008

(Constant) -1.929 0.656 -2.942 0.012

Table 5: Model Summary for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Rape”

Country/State/Mega

cities of Gujarat R R Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

India 0.881 0.776 0.765 0.097

Gujarat 0.376 0.141 0.100 0.240

Ahmedabad 0.736 0.541 0.503 0.337

Rajkot 0.601 0.361 0.308 0.322

Surat 0.742 0.551 0.514 0.271

Vadodara 0.844 0.713 0.689 0.263

Table 5.1: ANOVA for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Rape”

Country/State/Mega

cities of Gujarat

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig.

India

Regression 0.688 1 0.688 72.758 0.000

Residual 0.199 21 0.009

Total 0.886 22

Gujarat

Regression 0.199 1 0.199 3.449 0.077

Residual 1.212 21 0.058

Total 1.411 22

Ahmedabad

Regression 1.609 1 1.609 14.158 0.003

Residual 1.363 12 0.114

Total 2.972 13

Rajkot

Regression 0.706 1 0.706 6.792 0.023

Residual 1.247 12 0.104

Total 1.953 13

Surat

Regression 1.082 1 1.082 14.732 0.002

Residual 0.881 12 0.073

Total 1.963 13

Vadodara

Regression 2.064 1 2.064 29.802 0.000

Residual 0.831 12 0.069

Total 2.894 13

Table 5.2: Coefficients for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Rape”

Country/State/Mega

cities of Gujarat

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. B

Std.

Error Beta

India Year in which

crime

committed

0.026 0.003 0.881 8.530 0.000

(Constant) 0.230 0.042 5.478 0.000

Gujarat Year in which

crime

committed

0.014 0.008 0.376 1.857 0.077

(Constant) -0.527 0.104 -5.093 0.000

Ahmedabad Year in which

crime

committed

0.084 0.022 0.736 3.763 0.003

(Constant) -1.487 0.380 -3.917 0.002

Rajkot Year in which

crime

committed

0.056 0.021 0.601 2.606 0.023

(Constant) -1.237 0.363 -3.407 0.005

Surat Year in which

crime

committed

0.069 0.018 0.742 3.838 0.002

(Constant) -1.223 0.305 -4.009 0.002

Vadodara Year in which

crime

committed

0.095 0.017 0.844 5.459 0.000

(Constant) -2.320 0.296 -7.829 0.000

a statistical study of increasing crime rate against women in … · broadly grouped under the...

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