,

l

EDWAIID L. FINK JENNIFER L. MON ... II.o.N ST ... N .... KAPLOW1'l"Z

A Spatial Model of the Mere Exposure Effectl

Thtrl In • vorl .. y of ..... t .. th.....p .. kich ...... "'uruc.tI"" ~n <h ..... Ittllud .. (_. I., .• Pelty, c.ri"!'!"', ~ K'f"''', 111M). MOilt ob., ..... I1. ~m. munieatlon ton tou .. ch.~ by p"mddln, infOrnl'U"" .bout the .ttltud,no!

• bjoct. In thi. way. a ...... K< induct. <Ol/"ltI.t

m •• I .... f the object. C<:>mmuniootlon c.n abo <IIU" ttUtud, <h.n .... he .. ouch

t l.bor.H ... it hot nooouary . "M ... "potu.o· I . .

""n ... '''mull co. .... ell ..... In ottit",," 1.O ... nI Iho,,: .timuli .... tboot

I I I I

..-arcb ... h._ IOu"'! thaI I . .

"" ..... u-"' ( ... reviewab,- Harrlaon. Lgl1,SaW)'ef. IHl l The IDtte n_~ elfe<t J.oa _. YU)' obYi ... 1

COlI.,IISlCAT1Of< aa&oJlCtl ...... , ....... _,"" ... _

.,''''&.---, .....

roto '. lot of piay.·lbey .~ utumln.r ,b.t U_'I doe •• In Ioct, lor.d 1.0 .n iBoruM'n lilY", (B.In.. 1956).

Thi. eIl"oct ... k .. """~ ~ illlplieotlollO for Iho atudy of .Uitude ""-,, ... So",. boll_ .bol "_ ... Ieods ... incte_ lik ln,_ ... ol ......

_"'I ""'""' I ..... Horrioon, 1977; t.uaru •. 1982. WilmOl. 19811 n.. ... io lion, hlOlor)' behind lhi. idH., 5hak .. poo", oaicI. -n. .... II_hi,,' Ii,h.,. rood o. bood. but .bi"kl", ",.k .. It .... lfthio i.lh ...... the Im~", boll ..... nd tttltudH, .. hloh ultl"' .... 1]r .ffoct .....,"'",,1<011 ... boh.vio ......

tho ... uh or Hmo for", ol"l"I'"p!!"'no.l alfnmunic.ti.,," (t. .. m",,",.. ... 1II ...... t. ", ...... 1_). H~ • •• • llh .... h 00",. conl,nd ,h.t.IUtudl ehanp

mun tit mo,lI.t'" by. pto<: .... oflearnin,o-r ~IU." (1,1" La""", 1\l5~). otbe .. eonllnd 1iI.1 l uch <01"111 • • proeeuo •• n not n""",,I)' (0 .• , Z~,,"<, 193. )

Thl. eon'''' • ...,. I. or opeoiat rol ..... n<o 1.0 . tudon" or eo ... muni,.Uon. boca" .. I communiottion <On cbl""'n otd'udl onl,- i t It ch.n,.. th_

.,.. .... """oIb'" fo. 'he "II tude. If.n .ttitud. bo •• b.olo thlt" ,nU ... ", n.......".ltl~, theo ...... itl ... I, No .... eommunlutlono

1l'IU 1'10)' be tlfectt ... (AbelJon, Klodft-, p~" FI.k •• 198Z, T. D. WiI .. n,

• ~'~,"'" H)'III .... " RoIondo, 19M: _ 0100 POtly ~ r;..;.;; , 19!16, p. 9~ , Dirr ... "t 0I .... .r .Ilit", <han,. .... held lor IMrO ~ ... _.-chen

• io lho • ...... itt.,"·.nd ".ffect ..... t- .. m~. C<!plti ... ,r..,I.!o ..... th.,

""",ition itt. """'1)' procondition fIK .ffect (La"""I. 1982, 19&4).nd Utal .... ,tl ... ptOcQoin, ... hoth.,. OlIO""", or u"""nod ... ", p....,..... 0''0li0<

.. ... ill .. Ih. Irroctl ... respoo .. 1.0 "ImulUI .. potu .. (BI"I,.., •. 1970. 1971,

Gordon ~ Hol1'o .... , 1983: La.,,,, •• 1984; St."" U76). Cornltl • • theori.to

btll_ that.n lodl.ldull muot be I bl . ... IdenUI'y I ltimul ••• <I ... ify It •

"''''0 •• 0C0jtt\1 •• II , ro • • mOTe "po, uTe .rre<t to 0«\0' ( .... . . , .• B.dyn •• IWlO. 1971: 11,,.,.1 .. ,,, 1968; Smith, UB~; SI-Onl, 197 •• 1976).

R.p .... ntln.lh •• !fectl";,t vl_, Zo,iono P"""-<l th.1 ·.ffe<t Ind 00(II1-

""" ... ttpo.ala .nd partil UJ independenl oy.Ia ... o"d th.tlllil .... h 1I.0J "' "'n,IoIntlJ, ,!fett <OUld bo ,. ..... ted .... liIouI prior ...... lllve

that Hpo-

~ Zo,ionc, 1!t77, W. R. Wilooot. 1'79; ~"'" 19110, 188<I~ z.Jone (1980) PI "' ' d d _ """' ............ th lhlo..; .... rr- upe<_

...... 10 ill .. hldl otImu \I ..... de"oded .. thaI ........ ""'" _101 bo It ... dI."e-. level (_ 0.1 .. llHlyn., t9ti7; Ku"ot·Wiboo ~ ~" •• 1_;

~~:-,. '.'~; M ...... nd" ~ 1!t71:S .. ......., B.-od,\r," Ke"rr. 1963: W. R. Wil .. ". 1979: _ .100 Obermiller, 1985).'

~ Althou.h both ""'PI hU1I J>l""'idod...id ..... In ...,pport or Ill';, ritw&, llot ~ II !'lOt without cmia ..... Cornlti...m Mild ... oI\.ou ... 11' .. r ... r.il" ... to control t.,.. TKOpitian of ot,mull by ... ~ n-.. pou.oi .... 1ho .rreet''';11 _ticm .... " U>t'_i ............ .0\11'--111 ~ h;.,...It111lM, p . 11.1 ....... tfId , .... "_Won ~oed_bo _ .. "hi, _hodtWl to ocaKInl rOt ~bI<I M ............... """;1'" po 0< InlU&d., IWI ... othodo tn>i<.I17 ..... m. WI "111~ III~""'" of _lIMn ... 16OM ... "' ........ " • ..,. ...,..I'i ... pocc.U;"I. n. .... "'"'. be __ ._ other pOUihloo ,Mi· .. I"'" '" ...,..iti .... pl'1>CeMl .... '

We p«IPO" In .ltorul;",

o.tc .... lnln •• ,

multldi",enoio,,01

P_' .... 01>11 fII) h .... ,....;,j_ Ill., ....,.;tlYoo __ .... Hhl, 10 ..... aptu ..... b)r ... r ",01.h .. 1. Z¥on< (l1HI8. p. I ImOl\& 1M term. ~.~. __ .• od «W""""'. indiutift( thl'.".ru.i.ooI, " .. like .. ru.ouon, "focuon _ on ... ...,.. bul ... informltion.'

1' ... """,il;o"lO .. h , 1_ .......... fotm of ........ r ........ ,..,.. of . prMen'''' put .... .. .., Input" l, ""'I"ired (Zojone, 1034. p. I

Or ..... ,;e.e<! infMm.llon ••• iI,ble to th.l"dlYidull.

Th .... I ....... ny modols 01 cocnition <-. '.1-. Sm, ..... Modi ... , will bo .mpl~ k ..... Thi' _110 ,b!. to • .,. ........ ""eo .. _ ...... 11i .. p..-..in, Ind ill not Nlily llUbjod. to ..... teIou. _, ... 1 by tho rHpondOllt.

To .......... In u ..... uociuu. """",,,,,01 p<"IICM&, ),h ... 1 (li&3b) ... JPOI.<d 11.1 .... ;nd,"", .. 1l>« t~on ~,re«......, ..... w. upoort 1M u .... 1D boo ..... r01' u........aou • .....,itJ ...... &11"_ pr .. "". ".. _1101 ... adol. bated .. .... llAnl)'~"" 1& on i!>d"oct _bod 1lI0 ... n __ loa_In ,11'.:1. or """,Ilion 1110' 0 .ulllulu. hat ........... 01 , .-1\ 01 ... _ro. ~ • n~ GIII II978. p_ 79) h ....... ted 11111 "tho _\oft oIo1",U.ri.)'-llIatIJlllMf'

unM."""" d,ff...-I n ........ prosimilJ', _bll_. _1IlOIlIlit,.,"-_ .... tI ... " .... Ind ~1oti<o.1 diu_" I. &nd ...... t.oJ ID ,hi p"'e .... " judrn.nl., .. ~Idt 1& I «>I'IIi.i ... 1'_. E .... If """,i,l ... ~o. ill "'"

oonoci<l<l •• ch.n"", in .ffec:t 0' cornil ion un be 01 .... 001 II cho_ in .;mil ....

it)' ".Iion ... nd .... inl m ..... .., oI",,~hol .... <o.I d ..... _ .... Un .... J ... '" mp.i~ and dl'ec:tl ... choop. tF ... "",o.mplool 1M u ... 01. opoliol madol II>

__ corn" i ... <hi..,.. _ BI<Ul1., 19&8. Fne...u;,. Giud.",".,. 1970:

WooIl'eI. Cocb'. G,llum ... Hoi", ... IlI8O.l A _li.1 ",od.) 10 ...al ... ,ted II> ",,01,- th. "' ..... powro.rr-. beco .....

..,oIi .. Ill •• nnd I ....... Mod mti ..... willl""l _ilion ..... i",pl. ''''"CO' (Bono ....... t..<oe ... GoII.,-. IN7. K ....... ·WiJ.on .. Z-ojon<. I.SO:s.. ...... .. oJ. 1M3) •• nd Ih ... l.limi,od "';d.""" Ill., 'I'"'iol .. odol. ml,. I>o ...... i.lly

Ippn>pri.," for .. pr_nll ..... cho_ in .. 'nIU .... rot .... h ""n"li (d.

"" .... n.loy. Tvor •• ,. •• Cor.ol~ 1~2: Smith .. Modin. 19~ I. p. 123). Thu •• hI, .... dy ImplOJ'l • m.'hodoJoc- th., m.k ... It _ibl. ,. lind

<OI",.ivI .hon ... Ihl' h., bo<!n .... ,10)'«1 .. ilh oimpll .lIm .. lI, ond Ih . 1 hoo \leen "' ...... &1 .. he-n .ho n .... 1 1 .. ",:I .. ro of oornill ... th."", h .. bet • ........ n. The ."",i.1 madollo.ot "'~ 101,,,_ICOIt,,,,1 on ,h. port of 'boo ... ~ ond d_ not req .. i. o conoc:iauo recopIilion. Mot ........ II pl'O'<'idH

""' ....... oI ...... IIM.h.n .. ",ftIi"e-n, with ~n<'o dollnltlon oI ...... IU ... o. I. "'"" ...... boo ... nof_.1Ion 01 .. ....., inpul.

/.00''''' Str/JtqJI

Th. m .. ltldimenoion.1 _"",,1M DS) ",eoou.--ent 1)'I\t'ftI •• 11«1 lho Gam .. techniq ... tB ........ W .. lf.l, 19&8; W .. lfel" F,~k. lIMO; W .. lf.1. 1I00m ... kincaid .• Blmeu. 1.1101..- J>I1CI>oIoP<ol dl&to ...... to mlke."pqoto ...

ioIIul m. p· of on indiridu.1 0. audience. B""ouoe ou1oi«to ..... ~od to

1_lh. dfCf'H 01 dirT ..... .,. "'-.... n poi ... ofUrm •• Ihoy h ... no obviou.

"'toni of JU ... in, """ hypotbeli. be:inl ",,,tel. U.ln. m'"U''' of ., .. illrily •• rT ... iyo ,hon", ,"n IN ..... Mod bJ' "o .. in,

It I. ,hlnCO In .he dl.tan", to. ' • • m for .lfec:t (~ ... , Ih. "no "thin • • ll,k.":

_Blmel,. 1&e&.N .... ndon. Kaplowi ... Fink." """ ......... 19!7). R ....... oll'O<1lvI ...... u'" ........ eli"'. ;oam"o, ... , .. ilh ... lu •• h .. mCOlurH Ubrn...., 1877). In .. 0.1 .... ri ... torm (i .• .• "rood' .. illoloo too l.eI .. ded in tho

Jl'ftnl .. "",.' To ....... _ tl •.. IM ..... Pi. ... wi)I-.d ... !u«to·.-.po.ud dl&to ......

MI. ........ I .. uti. d.-iptJ ... <Oncopto, ..... d1'O<ti ............ B&Md ott ",tdo<to • ropotUd dl ........ o",*," "'n boo ....... t.ed Ibal inthodn IIII'M thi"", S.W ....... 1 .. 1; ..... I ....... ror .rrlOt. Ind D. I term ~ptforo 01 1M oti .... " ... Lot dlo.l1 1>0 I~' ditto.", f ...... item. Ioj. It tho mero .. _ .. hypoth ..... il

...-eel .... "po<:Il~.I4!A. S) .. ill boo leta.fIe< "",poOl>" to ... mul .. , S ..... n

if ....,..ilion il ",n .. olled. U"n, ,h. "'portod dl ... n .... 'h ....... ,h ...

7~8 7~9

, I I

, I

~ ..... "' ... , ,~,,"

....... """.1 «I.r"" ... ,Io •• Lllall,," Lh .... L_. m~ f""",: a .... 1 ui'.rl ••• Ii". Ol' • """.!""\, ....... uio. (if the Irion.1e inequ"'itJ it ..,oI.,ed by , 1>0 dOL.)

, Ol' ojm plieilJ . "" .n.JI lool ot OA ,,0'" pie In '" hicb t ... I41'mo initioJly rand ow.. ••• ,!>ow. In FiIIo'" I • . lCO •• <1uli .... dn"'. rro... ,hi.li" .. , .. "",pie .... equally oppli<able W ",,,",, Ii....,. ...... _to ond III ,h. uio.~ ..

cua.J If the I«m ..... O,,",..t S.D...\. INn !/I_ .... .-.Ito in S -... .-,. wA .... D • • ad If 1M I«m .... moln .... Ii .... then the S·D dioIa .... no! IlIeS"".n.JJ both decno.M 1_ Firu .... l~J. Int.lo.i ..... thepo.a:pionofllM otimul". hoi","" .... ....-1 lit io __ .......... aimi"'. 10 DJ. and tho

.rr..u ........ 01 S h .. doaropd o .... n. In <hit oIt ... lIDa. cocmU ... <No .... 1t inm.ritobbo ...... 1Wi 10 oIJ...u .. <No .....

If o.IT«I.I._ ctoo..,.. oceu ... -It.hot.l .....,1tiYe th ...... tho ~ ",lUI f_ 0 conllprotion tI~. ~ boO..Io ,Ip ..... I •• ad lb. For _ ... pLo. it

dIS. DJ .1Wi JIA. DJ ..... ul'Ch.,...d. but d!.S. AI ......... ...ncr boca .... 01 ..--.... tho_ ...... .- ... ,pt ......... . ;

" . •

Indico .. <h.t both form. 01 thon .. h .......... ...-..1.

. """" . s •

Wt _ 1II ...... ,i ••• rr ... a.d cGpltlo • .-I. MOS •• hui ... "' .... ..... _ tho molhndoloo 0( ZIdon< ond hi. ''-;'IeO. Fi .... we _ 00111' Upeo\I 01 th.lt nlu ...... ment of ·OII~I ... ,_mon· ao "" .. Uonlble. In patti ... lu. we """lion ",hoth ... "'_IIi ......... rod.n .. • and ·_Ilion aO<W'aq" (m .. OII .... . uM<! by ZoJ<>n< and hi •• .-;."'.) 0" _n, pod ladl ....... 01 u""". oriou. «>pi,l .. p_ln •. H.n ... ""Iiko motlll"di .. 0( m~ .,.,.. ....... dled .boY< .... wil\ ..... ~o_ ... ". .... ".u-. 0( oimikJrity to I_

cGplllon (",hlch mOJ' noI ... -...lou,). roth ... , h. n ",mply "oi»._ition U ,100 indi",,,,, of ...... it;.,·. -",,", ••. S-nd. uoiotl MDS pi o.ido • •

portim"" I" ... fr.m_~. I~ thll ... , ...... i.i ..... ad o.ITtctiY. "' __ .....

I ... tod "mil"lyand .... hown ."" .... n be ...... oimuU.a_.ly.

O>l>ffptuo/ RtpliaJtiolo 0{ A K u/toI· WU.." oNI ZqioItC

W. will ,eplicolO the b)o oopoocto of tho "',,<11 by K"IIII-Wi~ ODd ~_

Utili). <l oin, • opoti.1 model. ",;. ;. 0 ",ud> "' ..... nd <Ieor """nopia "'!he

'"

S " , .. ,

S " ,

'"'

• •

S " 4c)

,

".. .... --- , ... __ ........ _ ' ... __ '01 _L5I._ .. _IO~""'_'''''' IA): __ J ''''''''.~ ......... _.15~_ .. h . _pi LO~ _ .JltttI ........... _ ." •• __ ...-..... _._ ...... ~ .......... : .. J .......... _._ .. "'_ ... lSI. -..,.~ . _ .. ,0 ..... _ •• It .. IA~ .... , . _ ........ Ioc 50 ._.tIoo"",_.

'"

<.

"' .... e.<p<>OU" effoct wh ... .-...itloo> .. dqr..s.d 10 .... r <h._ ....... 1.0

thlt otudy, ;~I.t Old ............. oh.,..., wi,hau' m"'ll<in. r... 1 "'_ .ad. ... th.1 <ftOIInition 1Mri."" ... .-1eI be .............

The "' ....... ,.... ... (feel 10 .. boom Fuund r .. I .wid ••• rioQo 01 ",i..,uti. B.lu ... we wi.h 10 rqUcalO Kun.o'·WilMn Ind ~ ... l.ti ... t,r ulllplo

pometrie •• i",uli will !> ..... ,Ioyed. Furth .... tho "' .... upoauro .ffoct i. "" ... I i kelf .. ith oi ",,,Iut jm" II. Th it I de. ..,. ... to """tr,di", H. ,noon (! 9 77), .. ho rotpOT~ tho. "Hodueinl 0\;",,,1,, .... ",pJuUy low ... Ihl lihlihood of ~ ... 1»0" ..... rr .... ,.," (p. MJ; ho .. ..,..r. h . .... d...nblnl OIudl .. In .. lIioll

1Mn: had bet1> IUlTIcilnl "POO"" 10 .'rt,,"IIYIII'''''''' ..-.ruti"" and III ,I .. Md'_ltion .... not ..... 1l.1leal13'_ttellod. I n ..-nt ..... rdI w~

....... ition hi. """ ........... C/O.,..,. Iew~ tboo ........ _ .. oifKt 10 .. ,

"-" r""nd wi'" oImpi' OIi ..... l; lo.....leift. t-." 001107. 11181: K"~ '1' WH •• n .. z..Ioo><. INA); S .. m ... J\ 01.. 19&3: _ ..... "'"n\ b1 Z<Ijo~

Pid""" .... .,.. ,. B'r,It., 19&~. p. 2171. Thuo _oIotoont with theM""" 1 __ nl ttudi •• , Ind wilh Kunlt-Wil."" Ind ZoJonc (19801, I •• lltI ... ", Il .. ~ ?i . .tlm"I". will be employed. " ....... r, 10 ...... whothHIUmulUI ..,..,pIOlriI1 ' h ... n effect wh~n ,_Ition ""norman .. il n .. , .h.n .. I ... !. w~ will.'

empl.,.. oom",hlt mON eompl • • otim"I"., ! Method

, < •

,.....1 •• different pietu_ ...... "oM .. otlmuli, 1M 2 cril" a! ,,, ... ,,1, 1_ ~ru~ 210nd 10 min _ rondom1)o In1.el'l>OH<l_ Tho _M. WII po .... •

.t.d ... nd ..... (y ud the ""';<-01 .Umuli did not 0PPOOT in oil!.eT tiwo n.ot ~ the I .. , opol llel Hom..,n. 1917; Pott ••. 191!!; P.,I"" Lo"l'. (969). The

ord.r nd "umbo •• f .. ""'"_ f.r • ..,h •• nmlic.l .t;m"I", " " •• 110 d.te,· Mined rondom(y, The minimum numw r of .. po. u ••• ro. neh non.dtl •• 1 ttlmulu.i" Ih. f>lm w .. Ih, .... nd tho m .. lmu", w OO elghl_

s.. .... 1 pretnt ",udiu wOft«lnd-..:1 todt.o<o- the omou.,tl..-_ ... 'Ioot ...... 1<1 lood III I"OaIC"ition ne •• eh.n .. te.oJ_ W. "' ..... rw! ......" ilion

un •• 0· 100 pt'(Ikbility ... 10. ralll .. ilion a r •• rw! tiled .. ldi.lIoto ....... _ .. )1" ..... "' .... 1(_ et>-",.". Moriklo.I" p.--I. Rnul .. r.om .h_ _ ...... diu i.dic.oted that wil!o ..... _ .. duration ofUm..,_ ..

i'lwqum<ln In thor.nll" lrom 3 III 7 ...... ld be optimal. '"'" • • porim.nt uoe<l two mti •• 1 nlm ..... h mrn ..,nli .. in, of&40 frlm .. ,

...;.h .. eh fr.ml I xpooe<Ilor • duutlon or 28 m ... , wjlh no m .. kJ", (I .• " no

1>11" ......... 1 bet"'H" imlP._ Tltu. thl ....... or each fllm Illud 1.79 ....

I. oddlti.n. Ihe nlm clipi bepn wilh • I· ... II"",UfO of. none.itl •• loymbol

in order III ,;~. th •• ubjorta . n ini ti.1 nution poinl . .>JUr thi. initial 1m ....

ooch f ...... In tbo film "'nsi,ted of I .r II piotU.H. The '.0 .. pe";men .. 1

/\!mI ...... ti .. 1 u=pl thot ... llbl"'",,,h .. I Oppel ....... n ti"'" in Pllm I .nd crilbl otimuJ", 2 Opptl .. 01>1 tI", .. in PII ... 2'

t I .. Iho II"",,"," oequonee, tM otlmuli _re ohown with. fil",~.

In tho "'poIU" ph ... of Ihe experiment. .u~ .... wood one of ,_ m .... j Durin, tiwo roti", oequ~""" tha, lollowed. 'he p,otu," w ... ob""n w"h I

E.oh ntm ""ntained • dllf''''n' .. itieol OIi",ulUl and. number of oUiir OIlmuli . In ·th. ratin, ph .... lubjeet.o we" <h.",n bolh .he .";,i,,1 Itimu"'"

u..,- had se<n and the On. they h.d ."' leen, ond Ih.y w.'" liked III ... pond to .n MDS queotionnli .. lhol Included quOltion. about both .. imuli.' !

.ndo prqjeet ••• with timin, ""n,roned by • mkr ... di, •• I~o unit,

Bu~.Oft uo;iJned .ppo;Mm •• , Itm .. ond asked to ... po.1 to •• 1 ... • .--. ",.,.. .ore .1"'t dilf ..... ' _10 .... Each .... io. _ .. randamly TIo~ Exptri".~"tol Study I . .... ed to _ 01 tho two _ra u.nd.ltIo .... with aulUecls in f .... 01 11M

TIt~ ... bjeeto w ... U3 under, ... duote .tudon .. (43 ",.1_, llO 1.",0100)' on",ned in int.."....o.ol «;Im muni •• lion d ..... 1\ tho Uni""';ty of 101.<1'

lond. Subj*"u too. p •• , in Ihe •• periment in order to obtai ••• t .. credi, i:Jr , their cour"Sn.'

MMiono ",pooed to ot;mulul 1 •• nd ItIbje<to in Ill. ot.htt r"", ...... "" ~ 10 ltim"l,," 2. 10 addJlion. -" _ion WII randruiol.r ....... 0<1 III

.... 01'_ rllin.cunditiono, to rateeithtt "hn,,]u. 1 0. ";m"I,,.2 nm, E.,h

.... ion had bet._n 15 . nd 23 . u'ojoeto. Du rin, Ih . .. perim.nl •• u\,j .... w.ro ... ,ed in a lorE" 10000u," hall In

"'I')' Ih,rd .HI to ...... '" ind ..... nd •• «< of •• """" .. , Dun .... the •• po .....

752 153 ,

'" , .

,

.. ,

'M

,

r in k. Mouhan, K8plowiu • Mere Expoeure EfT"",,"

pII .... ,h ... peri",..,1er .... blind .0 10 which r,T .... ""Id ".how~ Dunn, tho roUn, ph ... , tho •• perim.n~ ............. of.he order in .. ho.h ,h. lIIu..uJi ....... ted. bu ....... ,_ bhlMl •• '" ......... ulu. 10 .. 10",10 1M

.. b;oc\I ........ poMd .

n.. oul!joo<U ..... nro, .. ked '" alnlplet ••• ",,&aI ....... .,. ... "'mun .... · .... " IQSC! __ ... , .... .. 1,,<10 .. ked about tlunp ,b •• u.. ... !q«u m,thl

.. ~ ..... ~ • ...t . i,h QSC .biiUll. 1_ R .... I .. *,-ion. ""low, r ... (I •• Ilem ..... ploytd).' TIl. ou~ we<e ,10 ... t.olned In ,h, uN of.'" ),IDS

""Hllollllli ... lId. _ilion ... 1 •. o......" • ..,1Uecto """,pI_ 1M ; ... ""ct;"'"o ond .. mt procti« qu .... ion ••

,hey vI,wed. 111m ,ho, w .. id ... ,,,,.1 to Film, 1 , nd 2 .... pt "'., ~ ... h".f lh •• rllI • • J . U",u li .p"... ....... Subjeoto _ ... ",Id ,bo •• hl. n", 111m woo "',nll" ,hOWl' 10 I'YIIIo.I,.,... •• honN '" odjuot to tho dark and 10 ,holll", opoeci

An.. Ihi, 111m , oultjKu .. oklo .... Rim «In .. llIllI, Onl or.he ""itl •• 1

oclrouH. In oil nhD" ... 1tie<U ,.""hod oti .. u!i p<OjKtM!\'oM I Ill ... prQjeclO'

... to .......... s...1tIocto <'-' to.be ocreen ... 3.51 m .... , from u.._. ""'" ... tdKt. l.fthHl .".Y I ...... "'" _ft ~ ' .'0 ..... .,-. b.b I"01fI> of _to ".1 Ie ... hith_ lhaft lhe .... of _to In fronl of il.lnd .... ~ Ihft lib",.. ...... uMcl no. ftl ... prqjooeted. 1'7 .... . 117 .... oqu .... on'. II .. -Duri", "'" rollll, por;..l. OKIooflh. t ... oriticaloumuli ...... ohown I ... U _ ... th~ ... III ....... Wftll oIideo 10 .......... Ihl ... ~ ",,"pitted

1.be c.Un, 10<10.' Durin. thl roli", Hq\leR<e. lhe oIid .. Opplllt«l 011 the ..,.n 1.1 99 .... . til em ..... or •.

A" O\I~ uMclln MDS irut.rum.nl \0 ,. te .U_ibl. pai ... of di.I ....... • m"", 13 l\eml. Thl ,J lu,m.eon.I.t.ed or lIi muli lind 2, 'lhinp t like: "pd,"th' n •• eonco"", Ih., d-nbe 'he .Iimu li (_ tolumn" In T.bl. I),

and lOll, ."chllonol, .lfoni".ty oimil., con<epU (Mo .. Iumn R in T.ble U . AI .I>own bolo ... ""'_pto in .... umn B .. iIl boo .. .oed 10 help ... Iu." ,h,

•• Iidil, of !he diou_.I"d.pnento. In "Unllb, tIiol.o-...,1!jorto ...... Iold \0 rqard Iho di.,"n<l .... , .... n

TOd &J>d ",~iU .. 10011,,11.0'" di ...... ;larity. tr-... _ .. m ..... , rr~n' th.n TOd Ind wlliu, ............ \0 .... num ....... po-OpOt\loft."Jy~: If Iho

di/f..--..... ",.!I., ,ha" tlrio ... nd.rd. """" werI \0 II .. n"on ....... m .'Ier . ' ilion 100. "NodifJ_" .... tobo "po _ oW<! b)' O.

B_ .... th.,. WI1"I \3 _.nd dWancn bot ....... J! ,....bl. poi ... ~ """eoW<!. ,hl._on,lh., 18 (. {\3 . 12U2l di.I ........ e,,"obd rOO".

~;,,_tl ... Ku nll-W,loon .Dd ZVmc {l9801 •• ubj«u ....... n,1t .. ktd I.

rend ... _/foni ...... pOn_ (diounee of th' OIi on .. l", to 'lhlnp llik." .nd

v. :s

,., '" _.-

--'y" , _.

.. , .. - ._"''"-500_ ... , - -- --". -_. - -_. - -• ........" "" .. to povrido ,_iti ... ___ .. ,d r. .... Uy ... _pItioo ...

..... ,,<h. NDS ;,..0\"' ...... 1 r. 11 ... 1 M.h',~I~ .. N-. aull;e<w rnpondood 100 , tJ.o ....... "OJ' r ... 1M -"" 0<1 ..... 1 .... " ... Ib, the pooi ..... _pt.n- tMt· did _ 10k lboul otlloo~l ... I •• w.~I ... 2 _ ... ,okod. N .... \hoo. all ouloIKto 'j u_ IMdlotan .. 1M ....... ,.m .... ...-Ionor. bCII.h mtlcool .'m~~ _ \i I"""ih 1\0 oull/M II ... I .. rod _m boll> aitlcool otlmo,o.li I .. tho rum _ .... ! Ii .... ~ no .......... lIlod.l ... "-i ...... , . 0·100 protoolriUty_1o .... """- /' Th. __ ~'lod th. aullio<t·, .............. " tJo.o probablll.y that tho I 1Ii ..... I ... hod ........ howoo ,.jlkin .100 -"" ru ....

S .. 1tieN r."....ud 110 dim ... lll. ,.jIb Ih. quntlonnol .... 0""".1I ..... 1ieN co';'plolod Iko •• Un,leIl.., th.,. ...... lhonlttocl'Of 110";, tu.. •. A dobriollni; took pl_ i,. Ih,l. <1 .. _ ..,. ... 1 d.y' follo .. ln, Ihe COiIIplotion of Ik.

. x"";''''on l.

Re~ .. l'"

P,.,Umif\ory R •• "Ir.

Tho .... xi .. .. m n .. mlNt 01 mi",", <aMI . n 'iOJ' yOlrloblot ......... Moot v ... i.blH h.d 1\0 ... iNI", d".. ;

Tho ""mulldo .tI ... I"'" dltl ttJo.o di .... ____ I ...... pooltn.b Hewfli with. fe .. ..,illoo-. s..-UM the .... 11.11" .. 1 loWywo _1II07td ..

I

rume dll. '0 boo h ..... oO<OOlIl.i< .nd no,,,"I. dll .... ~ I"n.fo.",ood by ~urin, Ih, ...... flh, .... U ...... I ", .. I", .. m v.I .... f 10.000 .nd .. Illn,

Ih. u ..... 1 ..... ri'hm lIn ... Iddi"lllo(lh. YII,,". Th. I"n.f.,,,,ood v.lu .. -.-. ",1.ti .. 17 ooymmetri<. Tho .10.19'_" 'hno Ir.nol".nnod "' ... u ... .. ....... f, .... _.714 10 .to8. Ih ....... ll.h .. " ... fo' .h .... "' ..... u, •• ••• _.204 .

a-ll <hit ... \UKI ........ ooIped ....... of';ih' _ton. """ _ ...... nlOdomb' _.,..0<1 "" upori ........ 1 ..... dlu....... W, -.to' to .... bh.h 'hi

oqu~oftJo.o,_",,_ ..... I"'_"""'PlIo)o.wn,'hoQSCi ...... tho ...... ukod prier .... ho """,,,.ntll .... ,,'pulottion A __ of doi· ........ .-. hod;c.tod Ih .. tJo.oroo ...... 000 ooIplfl •• n, dil!"-. boot....,. 110,

cwo •• poeu ........ PI 1ft filii" ",.M d"Iri""tiooIo r ... 10 nri.bJn 110 .. ... \loooo.opi .... 101 arrl<"\ ... _ "" "'" ..... ,,11. The .... b Vlri.bIot , ...... hkh tIwre ...... !pir ... n'dilT ............ ,...r In ... 11 .... H ..... _co""lo.od •• h ..

• tho .... _ ... """PI .... _ ou\leUonUIUy dilT.,.." •.

W. ","",ined tho ... lllblll'l 01 .h. dll. b)' ... ",pulin. Ih. dependlbility ooe/IIclonl for .h. 1.ln.r.r",od dlo ...... HI,mll" 1_ Croooboo:h, GI._.

N.""., .. Rojlnln'",. 1972, Miller, 19881. Fo' ,h, 78 diOlln«t ... 1"'"1" ...I",tod bIlh. 1!i.3 .,poori",.nl.1 aub}Kla .nd Ih. :H ,ullio<t. "oed f., ... Iu.tln, the v,lidily oflh. m .. "' .... ( ... n .... &). tho flood .rr .... d.pend. .blli\J' ....m".nl I, 987 ... d Ih. nndo", .If .. " d.pend.bili'r_m"en, I. ,i84. Thit .... n •• hl' 'h, '1"«' •• ,. ..... to! b) ... h P'''''" h.v. hi,h ....... etri< ,lmn •• I.y.' O"'''N Ih_ dOl .... hlrhb' .. Ii.hl. Ind h ....... · n"""" WI <In 'uropl' Ih' dl" ror Inlly.I • .

W. h ... t ... "'OJ'O oI ..... lu.tin' lhe v.lId,\J' oIlM d .. tI ..... jud.".. n\.O , • ....... _0( ..... 1 ..... flrot , ... pnodid.h., lhedl .. ,n ... bot ........ I .tim"'"' .nd .... .....,. lNot d .... booo it ( • .• . , 1Ii .. "I ... 2 Ind d ...... OAdl oh .... ld be lUi tho ... he di ... "", lIoet .. _ 'lIi ... "Io.o •• owI • .......,. th.1 II oIfod.lveIY"""I"

".he d"";ptor bul ""' ~ot d .... boo i. (._" .1", .. 1 ... 2 ."",.n..T). Thl, will ........ No • .-.pottod diotl ..... bot~ OI, ... "Ii.nd 110 ... d.ocripti ..

756 757

con<ep" a.o n.1 d"o solely Ie Iho orr.<li .. IOno of Iho contop\ 0' tonoeplt.

Se~n .u.h rnml"'riso.a IdoriV«l f\'Qm 'M _m.II • ...t in TolIl. 1) ... Ieole<i. Wo ~od a ... ly_ or ... ori._ wi\)! _""I ........... ...me.t

'"I!joeta. w. nod ""'I .U of Ih. __ ...... porioon.o hod ,ho diJr.....- ... Lbo ___ d, .... ;.". r o<'" of_ --. Ihodi"""""- ...... illtonl Ip < .ooou. The dilr ___ tIoo meoon __ ttom otl .. uluo I Lori .......... Iho_

d. ",_ r""" ....... 1100 I '" UO<7 to _ ... 1 .... 117 ~ Ip < .171. n.o """I .. of Lhuo 1\ ...... of I8U '"""*' u.. .... Iid,\)' oflho m.t.o",",juodcmeDla.

Ou. _nd "01 of ""oJ ... t1., tho •• IMlill ... U .. Oe .... lindi..,. r""" 0

_ ...... olatO<! otud,(fink. Monohu." Koopl"';tz. 11188). That . tully" .... ' dOla in ... hkh suilje<IJI <0\.0<1 dilf"",nl'limuU. Inoludinc.dm"lua ~ tr<mt thlo

.Iud, In Ih.1 dOlO HI. in .ddlliOllIO m,..." .... 01' poy<ho!oci •• l di.t&no,e "'" Iho rl«>BDi'i.n m • .,u~. , ,h.r ...... on. other rn ... itlvo musu.o, Eaoh l ub,ie<l woo .,kod 10 drn", .oo" Illmulu •• n ... bri.f oxPOW'" to it. ",..,

un winl' woro .. 1«1 for o=n<1. It Th. Itlm,," ..... II .. pll. Itroljjhl-Un .. two·d im.nolonol ~m'Lrk Ii",m; .111".... .. ho _oJlod ,bom aoourotol:J ... ouLd be obi. 10 <epr ... n, thom occu .... ly. Th ... Ih. occur..,....,... ...

... .. m •• ot_iLion .! r or Hoh ofth_ stimuli .... -..1 ........ 'ecnooion in .. hieh tho """"....,.

01'1110 dr .... il\& .. u tho deperod..-.I ~&rilbl •• The pNdi ........ ineach recr ,;", ... "'" th_ parcl>ol"'l diOlOn_: I'" dQl.a ___ 0 _b otim,,"" &ncI

..... of t .. o .. ..,." Ih.1 deoeribo It .nd "'" di ........ _ ...... tI ... ''''! dOK11ptan. Th_ th .... diNn_ lro oonoido.-.d _Iti ... m_ ..... ro<,

t .... ot, Iuo I h ... "im"li. u.. • .,....;on "U II",if\co.', The."", .1l",,,I~ •• UI did J\O' 1100 ... li",ilieon •• rrect .100 hid I mu,h ,mollM nrin"" In tho depend.n, m.I"'''. Ind ,hi. "",Id ooooun. r ... ,h. loek or II ... meonoo, .,

Ho"" wi"" IhOi • ' 01')' dirr ... nl kind of", .. su,...f oopi'io. (ropro .. ~;:: 10Uo".1 k"o"lodio. ", .. ""rod., d"wln.-=ro<1)"' ... b,tanli . ll,- I."",," : .,td ",Ith ,100 pOy.holori",,1 di.tancM. which ... 110. kO)' 01 • .,,, ... of rocn!' ,ion In tIol. otudy. Th •• acquisition of knowlodro about tho I/.i",uli ;. oopiti ..

• hl"p .• nd 'hit .P .... " .. ne<lod In tho dlltl"" "e .. u..-.en"',

1" ." m .. 0'J' > !nl-On>.1 "MIen ... from 110;' Ilud, ODd eYidon<o from onoIbor lIudy. ".inC • d,rr ...... ' fo.m of eccnlti ... _.m"Ll. supportlh.<Ont .. u.. 11001 tho di.LI""'judgm"'l. ,...1iobl,- 1...:1 ... hdl, __ ...... i'i ....... np.

,o.ltl>ouah OXPOOU" .... not rouod '" ~I ... lipl!'leanll)' .;th ~rted ,"""""i"on (fo. OIimulu. I., • . 115.p ~ .OB; (0< ltim"luI 2 ••• . I:.!'it. P < .061.

,~,

"_r_ ... t' ... , ... ....-60-~C_

"----, ... -- IIAl (l.oo) -, --, .... ·'10001 ....... 1 _ ~.' $l .-._"._ ........ __ .. _ " ... _-

I n I ".ly,lo of •• ,Ion" ,roat ini otim" lu • • ho .. " II I .. llbln .subjoc:to • oriobl. ~.IIOlicnil\tonl.IM"IuI-by~ ... in .. ,oct;"n (F(I. 1.51. 8,)9. p < .021. To •• old llI1poooiblU ,y of contlmin"io" duo to ___ ilion • • _ilion ... ilI be otaUOIlclUy oon'rollod In lh" . " . 1,...1 'hat follow." Tobl. 2 "pO.1I \10. moon 1 .... 1 of_,,0<1 __ i'i.n.by .... pOO\Lro rondltJon .

t. too\ for 1111 • • _ ... rroot&. ... lim """"Noted 'W(! ",ullidi","""'"oJ

"'""" for oa<h ... ",,,1,,". Th. four , paca ..... tho t..-o IJ*CM fo< ,Wnul ... I

_ ("''''I>''ri" , tho ""I'" for oubjecta in ""' ..... ,"' ..... 1 Ind "",'ro1 o~ .. .... dillonll •• nd u.. 'YrO IPI""" f.r otirn"I •• I for both .. "or .u'qi""", W.

, th.n oomp"od 'hi • • perimen'oJ . p .... ror I Itlmulu. will. l"oontr1)llp .... W. perforMod on on.I,.i. tho, otat.iolicoJl,- elimln,,'" orrotlO of .ooopi·

r ~Ion, To looompli, h OII.h .. otilliool «>1Ilrola. we oblllntd, from. "Ift";.n .".lytll , 0 <orTe<Iod Yolu. of • ..,h dla' ..... orlth I~' ..,. .. t or _ilion

otaliotl ... lIy .. m ... td . Th •• I"'''''' f ••• limul ... I indudell IIlmul". I 0'" nl n .... 1 ..... 11\ t"",a

.. notod in Tlbl. I. The lwo IPI'''" ro< otimul ... 1 ...... ch ..... '""" on ito _troid. ond ,h ... 1M, ore ""01«11 •• 100 ........... buc nt on _ oth ....

".. t .. o .,.... _"ted bJ tho GA1J LEO pnIIJ1L'" Iooth h ..... lwo..,oJ ! dim ....... ,hat _.t forll5 ... 91 •• ftho ... 1.,"",,_." r ... ot\:Ioulu. I,

I tho ..,lltinly """,plox otimulu •• 0017 rondo&> _ion ........ I'ound. and ........

of"'" .. otlonll_rod IA be I,'P. Becou. L\O 1)'11.",111< .hl"" oa:urntl, n nne! no .,.;d._ Ih.t _u", Iod to .111 .... nro In Irr"", 0< IA .n, other

cltO"", for 'hll OII",,,lu • . S .. liotieol on.1,-111 conn""od thi, ....,n.

158 159

St;m"]u. 2 (Ih. ,impl • • ,timulu.) .~d iU (ourTOI .... nt t.r"" ::::~~~::::: •. in the muhidi",on ... ",] .p., •• r.r It;m" iu . 2, w. find th., ."b

• poe •• po.rated by tb. GAI,ILEO protrlm h .. '''0 .... 1 dimenoi""" tiuo.

'«01)" for ' pp"",im.tely I(ION, of ,h. r •• 1 Y.ri"':_:':':::~~: ;::.::: . dur .... fo, .Urn"I ... I ... e find eYid.D<e ,h.t. affO<t, but nO ... id.n .. ol.n, ...... it;". <hoop 1_ f'iru ... 3). It ia ~;g

r;eur.3 u. .. , """UH 01 .. """" .... 0Il ..... 1 ... 2 and "tbinp 11i ... ·....,...,j ", .. ard ...,h OIIte, •• pp""'i, ... , • .,. .1""1 .h. _ joiN'" !he",. -rhiDp I Ii ... • """,eel 3.3 unlto In 'M 1' .. 1 _ •• .,. .... w mulu.2 ..... ..d 22 u,,;IL In ..sot" .... to .hl. motioto, WI _ th., the '"""'"<I diamond......-l 30 ,,";IlI.'

.rod tho won! pGkA "'_ 21 unl .... S.,;,t.e. concwpt ......... "",,&I'd oitltor sIII""i". 2 .... lOWoni '\binp II,.,"; in r ..... l.1...,.....,.., 00 U "''''''i''' ..... lw O<i.fo~;,Jd .. 'GfO". r«lm tho .. i .... h, •• nd ..... ff ........ _., thus incficoti .. ... """,iuyuho"".

To II.tiatltall, .... IUll. OUt ..... 1,. co"""";", dfocti ... thanp. In

; ...... "i"'I>I". to "Ih,n,. I , In thi, .nal)-aio, .h .......... 'h_ bet .. ...,· ."bj .... indepe"llen\ v'ri,bl*t, "'PO"'''. wi.h.wo ..... 1. (upoooed 10 .1Ua_ uluo I ... e.poooed 10 .dm"I". 2), order or ... pondin, (qu •• ~nod

.to .. "I". I lir •• vo. 1I;",,,lul 2 Ii ... ), and limo or uperlm'."] _lio. (

... "",Itooo for lIim"I". 1 .... and roporlt<! r_mltioR ror ";m"IUI 2 w ..

to .lIm"I" , 2. B.<o" .. " oh ou bje<' .0" .,.«1 .bout]' ]' I I

.. ,i. bl • . wiLh 1"0 I~~I •. Th •••• ly.i , "lili.ed 'ho BMD.P2V i I .

• tim"lu. by "POOlJ" ... ndilion ore round In T.bl. 3 •• nd ",wori.n"" I, round In r,bl, 4,

Tko ",.,,1 .. "'pport ,ho mo .. upoeure J.n>othesio r ... th . Ii",pl .. ...... . I"" Subj .. " ,><poNd I ... im"ln 2 lilt. It mono thl R do ... hjort. not upoMd. 10" 1_ r.b]. JI. In <OI\l r.OI .... 1Uecto upooed 10 oIimulu. I lilt. i •• booIl 11>0 .. m ... do .ubject, not upoooed 10 il. (Note t h., lowu __ ...

_iOltd with,....~ lil<k" .) n.. otimulul "" _~ in __ io

T.blo 4 oI>owo th •• thHi ...... I ... ~ ItOI;ttieoU, .;,rurioontll1l. I ~l. U,"

p • . 021 n- ,"ulta ... ""'oi~t with It- /ound u"'" t.he,..uol modo!.

'" j

I" • • ~ •

•

1Ip ... J. TlotnrM' ..... 'tIL_._, .... , ... , .......................... t(f ... ... ~~ ... . 'M 'i ...... at .. , _ 'M ...... 100 ... 'M , __ ",..... .. ........ I ,. , .. _'100'" ,N.-, ",..... .. .. lot .... I., 1._ ....... _ .... 1. , .. _, _.I",,, .......... I. , ... ".."" ,,.. "'_ , ... .- .04 , .. " .... " ..• -.~ .•

In addition to 111_ raul ... ,heN II. ,i",if_ol ""';0 dfoct of Ii"", of parlicip .. ~ on liltln,. ""h .ulu .... In Ih. I.t. _iont reporti"ll 1_

-, Cd ..... , (S ....... ""' ....... ,,., I .... ., of $/_ .. r..._ c_ 0_.

-, ._J uo ..... ., .. _,

H) (I ":1 "1(UJ)

"' "" "" u. ... "" ._, J12( '')o) ' JI/UI) -, ,., ("I

" , II bkinl f .. ,ilM' .. ;m~luL Tb ..... i, .100 • oirn1llconl dilf ........ in IIkIJ,.

i oti .. ~lu. I ........ "..'" IG 01''''''(''' 2, 5I1M"I,," I. lilt 11:1_ ","'p'*" Olirnu_ '-II pNl'ernd Ful1h .. , ~ i.1 oipill<.nlln_1on 01 tUlllul". In<!

, _ ard .. In 'beir .IT .... on Ii.,.,. t- Tlb .. 4 ).

',.. 8rAntT1CAI.AXAL_. COCa.T11VECKAI<t;~

To 1 •• ",1 ..... hot ..... tbl de«i .. oh'l>(e round "I, _po.i ... "" """,I. Ii"to <h'llfI r ... "i .. ulue 2. w. did ......... 1 ••• ~_ oI ..... ri ..... utlll.l",

-".", ...... ,_ ...... - ..... ... ,_ ... _--... .....-.. portku I" """,ltl .. dl"anooo. The .. onoly_ ......... ilar to u.- .m ptoy.d ._ to ... I""to .rro«l •• 'henp. The depend,nt .. riobl .. ror ,he" ••• 1· . __ .. _-... -""

T..... ('i, :·,·,~:;;",'i·"'-::"·:·::"·'-,,::' ',',~O'·"·C',-:;;:·:':-::,·-.;:;------,=::;;-,.....'" So .. of 00","01 ~._ T_ .on.- ~..... - ...... , "-IoOJ t

.......... 1jo<II

T_( .... " • .... ) (0_ .. 1_'n_2l ~ r_ .r._ -,­T_ . O"' . [_

0...'" f ... ",

w.,!.,,"".,.. SO""" 50_ ... . 'Il ...

.~,-.~.- .. _ ... . 00,In - ................ . _ .• .,.... .CWn s.._ .... . ( ........ . 0..; 5oo_ .r_ .

[ . _ . (Woo

~.~

~

-~.",

It."

,," " • M

." " •• , tl

9.01

," u, ." " ,. m

1.1J

" !Jon

".

,. • <Hw._I0 ____ .. __

It."

,,~

" " ~ ' .11

" '" ..01 ,M

'" n .ll

" ,~

• 1.12

" "

U,

'" ~ ." ., .... n

." I .ll

'" ." •• ,. •

W

"

t iil .-~ ~

.61 .. ~~ . " .71 ~, . " ,

,... ....... th' ",n.lo, .. ed dl."nCO ... , ..... otimulu. 11 Ind ,ho ",noopto d .... ipd •• OtiL Non. al,lle .. '.'!)IH. found any nIdI",," oI".Y I(mintl.'

-..... hl"" .lton,li tkl.,up""r1.O ,ho , .. "11 .. found u.in, th. 'potl.1 modll.

I . "hit.., ... tho "' .... pto d;am ... d .nd P<11t~ IPI>I0'. In 'iJu ... 3. to boo memn, '1>"". ,h. <h,np in dill.Me boo' .. Hn ._ t .... _plO iI not , fl,OlIlIkoll1 rI",!tkonL

• I. thl. " • ..,. ......... pIoJod , "I""iol _ to ... IUlto thl ....... _ .. "~ n... ..... l ..... pporttho"' ....... _ .. hypothattr ... the .... pler

otimulul' !'POOU" lood to l~ de« ro. It. ....... hon ......... IIi., r ... 001 JIOIIibl. eII" .... Of • mnotloul ..... rm Po" or _1.lon. Whot II Jlrik1n, iI thl tllar t.~ (<Nnd: Ao ....... It 01' .. _ ... ",h,n .. Iii.,"

.,....t tM .h"pl, 1I1 ... ulu. """" di .... ly """"d ... h oth • • . On tho oth ... hind. , "'" ..... pt. d.oerlptl"" of ,hi •• tlmulu. m ...... In , ruoh ""' '. to m.lntoln ~lltoIt Inltl.1 dl"onoo. Prom it and ",hinp Iii .. : Indl."ln, In lboo-r>t •• f

,....hl"./t •• , •. , In oontnot to ,h. m .... \)']Ii.<o.1 m..-.p_ ... m.U.oc\ol..,. .hot._

• SIan ... In _nlli .... , .he .pot,,1 model ,n.bI .. u' to ._ ...... i.i .. I ......... thll do "'" Inool ... ......,;.., • .--niliom. In odd.I""'. , "l"'till

iIIdol orr ... I oI ... ul ......... .-i ... of ...... itlon ond oil'"",. In"",, 01' I.oldnl ot!lwlll "POrltol1 In tho n-po.-iIIIe,1I .--ted I>uo ..... lioJ ""11 prO'>"kIe • IImpl_ .nd tudib In\fl"pfellhle IIluouotioft 01' ,he <b .......... t --...-.-..:1.

n...1Il",uli .... ployod hire ~.Ierted to cliff ... in th.;. _plu!'J and

"'~ ,""ponded '" lito two otilDuli dill' ...... ll1' Th. "' ...... _ ... 11'"",

II "'" (<Nnd for tho "' ... «Impl .. mlll"I" •. Altlloull> uPOOU" led '" 1""",""" I,ki.r 01' tho limp!. .Umulu. b U .. "I". n. ""..,;do .... or 1.7

762 763

be<ou"" tho f .. lin •• not the thoulnt, ;1 who, link. the

PO"Y. Ronni.r, " Codoppo . 1987). 1'nuo diff.rondo ............ nd ltimuilin

v.roY, """'iti .... JTort •. A.kln. for . " .. ,ionol" -=un,inll for ."opinion Ihlt II oII'octl,..iy buod "- l1<li. ~ __ u.". CllUId be yo.! to cho ...... iL

Notes

I. Tho. ...... I, ................. 001 of. __ tod at tloo __ lion" tloo I_.",.t Ceoo .. "~;c"U ... _,_. Ctli< .... Noy ,-. "--'" Far...,...;m.

7St 765

•. £.Id<_ r.,. ,ho .. ".bll..,. O(,ho .tf •• II .... jIodp>o"1o I. 01 ....... " b)' ".hiP ,*,".1";0,, bot_n ,hollkl,.. 0(. _ .... ,ho "..,-01_.""'" _ , Tho ' .. n ........... dio\.a_ bet ........... ~Io. I .... "",1_ , 111to· _ .... .10 wi'" tho ". nor ... d .. to ........ _ "1 .. ~hIo 1 .... ·...,-; tho 0 •• """'" _ , 10' .... 100 ""oull .. 1 .. M .

lG Tho •• tI ___ ..... 117 ._ ~ d.p. d , ............ ,100 .. Wop ..... .... _ .. ,......,. ... 0«\1''''7 ...... F. tho .- ........ 11, tho s,-.... "._ ...... ..., _oj. _ ... 10<1 .. ,,01,;1,... .. ocioI_ 7D to_.

11 W . ... ...,..1 ............. 1-"'" .......... ""0/1' .... 4 ..... --' ...... t __ rro.. __ .. 001_'-01,.. ... """ .... ,Iotkol_ ..... """" tho .. _~ tho, • • '''', ........ 1_I<0I0 .. ,_ . • .• , z..;... It.l

n I" od<Iiliof> to tho ,_ ..,1 d'_"d ..... -" 0(,,,,,. __ .100 ..,..; .... , ... J!" • .,. d • .,. ...... lMcw .. lr.l. 'I"~. IMOI.

13 n.. ..... ;" .hI ... """ Hkml''''' pod_ ..... ~iply -..10,_ I- n ... .,. II ... ho<l .M<! ........... '" '''''".'''' r"".w... tho ..... (to ..... lcI h ..... "'*" ... ,.. ... b' . Imll ••

ReferCln~"i!S

",NI .. n. R P .• Kind ... D. It. Polo>.., MD .. .. Fioko. S. T. (1982). Afl"octi ... .nd _.ntl~ _pon ..... In poHtlooJ _ pefCIption. J_m41 of Po,.. _oJ'l.T .... d &.;oJ ~~oI",o. 42. II'.QO.

D''''olt. G . .... tl llh,. r""l"""'" 1lL ....... _ ... n eotl",.l. '" intttw "' ... : Pip in _. In G A. B.",oU" J. W,.lf.1 (!da. j, R«rdi ..... '" I/u. Gold ... oyo/mo.; n-,.. ", .. Aodo 0ttJ opp/kol""" ' pp. 243· Ht). Dubuquo, I .... K .... d.llfH"n •.

Bo",on. G ..... a Woolf.l. J. (Ed •. ~ (1188). Rtod, ..... '" I/u. GaM ... '71"""" 1'h«lr]. ", .. 1Iodo a"d "Ppl ..... ';",.. . Dubuquo. 110.: Kond.llltl""L

B ..... R (l 91M1). Affecti.e odw,u,i"" RoI,. p ........... and m ..... romcnL In R .... Po,.non. W. 0 Hoye'," W. R. Wil"", (Edo.). 1'M.-ol. 0{ "".", i" ",nJUm., INhaui(Jr," Em."in, ,h",",u ""d "Ppli .... lion. (pp. 1).)·87). Les . lnr\<ln. M ... : LninJ'<ln Boo • •.

Borlrne. D. E. (I9!17J. An:tu .. l and "'Inr_"' ..... In D. Lovi ... (Ed.), Nol>_ 8.1",,,...,"," on Mo/i"",,,," lpp. 1· 110). 1.l ..... ln: Unlvo,o1'r of Nob, .. "" P'e .. .

B. , I,. .... D. E. 0 970). N""elty • ..,mpl",i'y. ond bedootio nlu • . Po_pi;""""" 1'o7</WJI~ia. 8, 279·tN.

B~,t:r .... D. E. 0911>. 1InI~<liarOttJpoJ'<loobU>Ion. Now York: "'pple_. Bo,n,,,,,n. It r .• Loon.o. 0 11... a G.lloy. D. J . (1987). Th ....... ,·.Hubilit1 01

OtIbhminal mft'e "'_ ... 0«0«0. I..nu... .. IlL ttlm"li...,....m.d wit!oout ....... nno on 1OCi.1 beho"",. J_NUJl 0( Ponono/,,,, eM Sonal ~ ... OQ.s.1.I0711·I079.

Ct.-man. J .. .. Meriklt. P. M. lin _ I. Won! ~ and..."........ nno In O. B .. n ..... T. G W.II. , . .. G t . ", ... Ki,,_ lEd •. ~ R..,.JtIII ........,..~. Ad ..... cn." '''-Y o"d p ...... i .. (Vol. 51. N ... Yo, . . ... co<l<1nit

P"".

C ..... b.<h. L. J .. Glttef. G. C .. N. nd •. H .• '" RIIj ... tnom. N. (19721. TIK d.~dobilit:r o(btho..-.....L m .... "'VOI ... t. 1'~ 0( tt...,.,li ... b,lot:r for ...... PI'Ol'lI. • . 1'1 ... V ... k: Joh .. Wi...,..

Fin • • E t... N.",.Iwo.J. L .. .. Koplowit.l.S ..... ntsa. 101.,.). B..oJ" ... , .... <I? ." I~' ...... "'P"'''''' off«<: TM p __ .. i.., of oIf«t "'iII ..... t ...... iti ..... P.poo' _IM.t th, "",,_tioot IlLIbo In'-""Uaeo.I C-"'~ni<.olioot .o.-u.uon. 1'1 ... o.lKo .. LA.

Friondly. M L .. .. GI ..... obt.s. S. (1970). On lho ...... pllon "' ... lIcult~ral lexicottl ... ","It\dion"";"nal 'wr-ch.J ... ",aJ 0( ~o/yO" SodoJ 1'o~ItoIOQ. 14. 5&065.

GonIon. P. C .. .. Holyook. K. J . (1983). implicit I .. ml..,.nd pnoroli .. ' ion of ,lie . ....... "P"'''''" oll'od. J ... m41 0{ Po,,-ol'ly and s....;ol ~hol· 00. 4$. 492-/,00.

HOlT;". , 11. . .... OMlll. R •• pon" .o",petit lo". ' ... q~.n<1 ... plo .. oory bohov· lot .nd 1I.1n •. J .... maJ of P . .... " oJil,)l GIld SocioJ 1'o7<~01.". 9. 363·368.

Hor'; .. n . .... .... (1977). M .... """"u .... In L. Berk.w;,. (Ed .). Ad""n'" in up.-rim'nloJ "";01 p'7<~oI.." (Vol. III, pp. 311-63 ). Now Yo,k: A<ad<tmio P,_.

JOM';eh. R .. SampOOn. P .• a r ...... J . (11181). P2V 1a ,2 an.lrol, ohorl.n .. • nd """. rlo ... I ... I"di"ll ~Ited m .......... ln W J . Oi_. N. B. Bl'OWn. L. £np1m.n.J W. Yrano. N . .... Hil~ It I.Jonnrieh, aJ. D. Toporok (Eda. ~ IJJlDP oI., ... i<aI ""'-"" (pp. s.w.u1). Bo' ''Io)': Unl ..... I\)' of C.mar· al.P ....

K ........ Wiloon, W. R, a Z¥mc. R. B. (l1I1IO~ All'octi ... cIioaunia.tion Or OIimuli Ut.o .... nllOt be~i<od.~. Xl7. ~7~.

La ....... R. 8. UiI(2). 'I"hou", .. oa Ut.o reI ....... o bet_ .",Olion .ad """,i'ion. A"'""",n ,..".1t4i."..,. -". IOIt-IO:U.

La .. ", .. R. 8. (1$8<1). On the pri",..,. ",_itian. Amfflto.ol ~lttIIoriU. 'to 12' · 129.

101 .... 1 ..... J 111113&). C<mot:ious .nd .. .-..oiouo ~: E..ptrimtnlo on Yirual mllltl", ond word ....... ;tion. C<wnit ..... Po:r<"""'c. 15, 197·231.

101 0_1 ..... J. (lU3bl. COnoci .... . nd u"aonoci .... po ... ptlon: 11. • • pp,o .. h to Ih ... Iotl.nl Nlween ph.nom. n.1 "peri'." Ind po'<ept".1 p",.. ..... COf"i/,,,. PO)'dooIoo. IS. :l38·300.

M.B. !n. W. N .• Fo •• W .. Kim~TO. S .• N ••• nillli. M .... Ti,ado. J. (lt70). Qu .00 ·H • .,,,. eo",,,, .. hi ... tion: An Inwnl.otlo" uol"ll "",.nlk ",.!cit;". .nd ...... n ......... IT-. J_roooJ '" P..-oJ' I1 I011d S<>rioI~. 14. 161·291.

Mill .... N . M. (11118). Uoin.pneT.liubih..,. .,-,,,,10 .-Iho IhjlO1>d.bil. ill' of d,,,,", ....... Ilude Hpor .............. * (C.liloo dOUtI. In O . .... B ....... a J . Woolfol (Edo.~ Rood...,. ,~ 'M GaJil.,.,....,..: n-y . m .. ....,. eMopplOCOl~ (pp. 2M-21n. Dubu_. 110.: Ktnd.!1JJ; .. nL

M .... I."". R. L .• a~. R. B. (I '77~ (. otiat"l~o nmpItion. n.. ...,. comdition lor .10. -",""""of _re and all"o«! J""",aJ of PonoNU, Iy ~...J &tool 1'07<I00I,,,,. 35. 11I1 · lfIII .

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ObermiJl .... C. (1 !16.S1. V.ri .... eflllereu_, e: Thl off«to ..rpr<:lOtloiq Ieo.m;n • . J".",,,,,1 '" ~1i1y..mJ Social~. J1, 811-321. 1t,1 •• »d .epttillon on .rr.,..;yO rHpon ... J"",.",,, o(C-."","" RcOfGld, Wo-Ifel, J .. Bamet\. G. A., Pru •• k, R ," Zim",.Iman, R. L. (1m). Rotatio ... 12, 17·30. 10 ..... pIe ""'""'": ".., ofI'od. of o.l ....... li ... nt.otlon "'leo on ,,""rYe<!

Oopod. C. E_. 5»<1, C. J .. " T.nnenbllum , P. H. (It.S1). 1''''' ~"""-f( pOlt. .... in t.i_ ........ "' ......... q,. .. UIy 4M Qooo.o"')'. !.f, 3 ·20. m...,.,,.._ Urbou, Uni", .. ;ly of lUi ... l. PnM. Woolf.I, J , Cod,. M. J , Gillham. J .... H.h" .. R. A. ~ 188G f. Boole p ...... 1MI Petll. R. E .• ACocioppo,J.T.(l9M). C ........ u ............ .....tp"1"II .... im.: CMtroI 01 ",u),i<!i",en_,.J •• ';",110 <hup 'h-r- An ..... ri"' ..... ) .... 1,.010.

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S' on • • O. J (1974). Methodol";.,.1 foetor. In ........ _u,.. .... ""h. p". <1>oIoti<a1 Bull .. in. 81. 10 t4·10U.

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Wil ........ w. W. (1987). Dyadic..,..."'.niatI ..... 13nl.,I.). 1'1_ V ... k: Rand ... HOUM.

768 169