a. solid waste management in emergency b. waste water management in emergency c. vector control...
TRANSCRIPT
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
A. Solid Waste Management in EmergencyB. Waste Water Management in Emergency
C. Vector control
Module 2 – Session 2 aSolid Waste Management CycleTechnical option in emergency
Environmental implications
A. Solid Waste Management in Emergency
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Solid Waste – Sphere project
People have an environment that is acceptably uncontaminated by solid waste, including medical waste, and have the means to dispose of their domestic waste conveniently and effectively.
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Solid Waste management cycle
Identify waste type
Waste source
Determine volume
Determine collection/storage methods & transportation method
Determine disposal method
Households, Aid Agencies, Communal areas (markets), Industries, Medical facilities
Household containers, Small collective containers, Waste collection depots
Burning, Burying, Composting.
Organic waste, paper, cans, bottles, plastic packaging, dead animals, oil, chemicals, medical, concrete, stones, etc.
1 person / 0,5-1 liter of refuse / dayorganic content of 25-35 %.
Identify existing facilities
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Storage methods
Storage:
Household containers
Communal bins
Old oil drums
Fenced – in areas.
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Transport methods
•Human powered: open hand cart, hand cart with bins, wheelbarrow, tricycle.
•Animal powered: donkey drawn cart
•Motorized: tractor, trailer, truck.
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Waste disposal methods in emergency
1.Burning
2.Burying
Limiting factors:Soil conditions Groundwater levelType of waste sourceTopographyQuantity of wastewater productionSafety measures
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1.- Burning
Burning can reduce the volume of trash by 80 to 90 percent. The temperature in a burn barrel rarely exceeds 500 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature is not hot enough for complete combustion of the materials in the barrel.
1. Separation:
1. Compostable: organic waste
2. Burnable: to be separated primarily into paper and plastic. Plastic should be never burnt.
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Burning: some considerations
PVC plastic (present in most of packaging items) is the major source of dioxins.
Studies have linked dioxins and furans to cancer and respiratory disease. Pollutants from combustion are emitted into the environment affecting air quality and health.
Ash (particulates) can irritate the eyes and throat and can restrict visibility. The ash resulted from the burning process is considered a highly toxic waste product. This must be carefully handled and buried.
Significant fire risk
Visit www.burnbarrel.org
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Plastic burner
This model achieves a heat of around 800 ۫
It converts most plastics to water vapour and carbon-dioxide.
It requires no additional fuel
It produces transparent fumes.
190 mm
11 holes50 mm diameter
Metal grid5 mm diameter reinforced bars
440 mm
8 holes60 mm diameter
150 mm
•Ordinary oil-drum (220 l) •Metal grid of 5 mm iron bars on which the disposables are placed•Series of holes above and below the metal grid
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Burners in Emergency
From ‘Emergency Sanitation’. Harvey & Co. 2002. WEDC.
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Minimum standards
Storage and collection
1 container (100 l) to 200 people for domestic solid wasteMaximum walking distance from dwellings 70 m Volume 200 l (6 m3/200 persons)Markets: 1 container (100 l) to 40 market stallsFeeding center: 1 container (100 l) to 500 people
Transport 0.2 l collection vehicle / persons / day5 l collection vehicle volume / market / day
Disposal Direct (on-site)45 m to family pit200 m to communal pit6 m3 pit / 200 personsRemote (off-site)500 m to final disposal site from nearest habitable building downhill from groundwater sourcesAt least 50 m from surface water sources0.25 m3 / person for landfilling6 m3 pit / 200 persons
Usage 50% affected population has access to facilities50% of collected solid waste transported and disposed correctly
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
B. Waste Water Management in Emergency
Module 2 – Session 2 bDrainage
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Waste water (Drainage)
People have an environment in which the health and other risks posed by water erosion and standing water, including storm water, floodwater, domestic wastewater and wastewater from medical facilities, are minimized. Sphere Project
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Waste water management cycle
Identify waste type
Waste source
Determine potential hazard
Determine volume
Determine disposal method
Water distribution points, Feeding centers, Clinics, Kitchens, Laundries, Bathing areas
Faecal contamination, Mosquitoes, Flies, cockroaches, rats, etc.
Hospitals 50 l/p/dFeeding centres 25 l/p/dPersonal washing/spillages up to 10 l/p/d
Black sewage (from toilets and septic tanks), Grey sewage (water spillage from washing areas), rainwater.
Into the airInto the ground
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Soakpits
•Commonly between 2-5 m deep and 1 to 2.5 m diameter.•Commonly not lined and filled with stones and blocks•At least 30 m horizontal distance from any groundwater source (e.g. well or borehole).•The base at least 1.5 m above the water table.
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D. Vector control
Module 2 – Session 2 dVectors
SprayingMosquito nets
Environmental modifications
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Vectors and diseases in emergency
Anopheles Aedes Housefly
Diseases Malaria Dengue and yellow fever
Diarrhoeal diseases, skin and eye infections
Larval Exposed to sunlight and associated to floating vegetation in pools, quiet places in slow-running streams, rice fields. Also in artificial containers
Above the water line in pools with clean water. The preferred habitats are water storage tanks and jars inside the and outside houses.
Buried on rotting organic material (human (garbage, excreta).
Adult Active between sunset and sunrise
Rest indoors and outdoor sheltered resting sites
Bite mainly in the morning or evening. Hey rest often outdoors.
Active during the day. Resting indoors.
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Control measures
Mosquitoes
Personal protection Making houses and
shelter insect – proof (Zero fly – insecticide plastic sheeting)
Insecticide spraying Environmental
modifications to prevent breeding (drainage)
Houseflies
Improvement of environmental sanitation (excreta disposal and waste management)
Promotion hygiene practices
Fly traps Control with insecticides
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Personal protection
Bed netsRepellentsMosquito coils
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Sphere
All disaster affected people have the knowledge and the means to protect themselves from diseases and nuisance vectors that are likely to represent a significant risk to health or well-being.
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Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)
•LLINs are nets treated in the factory with an insecticide incorporated into the net fabric which makes the insecticide last at least 3 years of recommended use under field conditions.
• PermaNet® which is treated with 55mg/m2 of deltamethrin to coat fibres.
International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
LLINs distribution in emergency
Target population: Children U5 + Pregnant women1 LLIN per household (mother sleeps together with the newborn).House-to-house visits to ensure proper hanging and usage. This might be integrated in ongoing health programmes. In special and urgent situations, this activity can be linked to indoor residual spraying (IRS).Niger Red Cross
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Environmental modifications
tins
tyre
Water containerWater storage tank
obstructed roof gutters)
Dense vegetation
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Insecticide spraying
Specialist attention and involvement of local authorities
Detailed vector study: its resting and biting behaviour and its susceptibility to insecticides.
Trained personnel and protection equipment.
Acceptance of space-spraying by communities.
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Sphere
The numbers of diseases vectors that pose a risk to people’s health and nuisance vectors that pose a risk to people’s well-being are kept to an acceptable level.
Chemical vector control measures are carried out in a manner that ensures that staff, the people affected by the disaster and the local environment are adequately protected. And avoids creating resistance to the substances used.
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The efficient execution of IRS (indoor residual spraying) where necessaryThe appropriate use of LLINsEffective disposal of household solid waste Effective household drainageControl of flies and mosquitoes associated with excreta disposal
Community involvement