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A SIMPLE TRANSML'ITER AND RECEIVER DESIGN USING OPTOELECTRONICS FOR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Norhafiza Bt Abd Halim

TA 1750 N822 2004

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours Electronics and Tel, -communication Engineering)

2004

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

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BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: A SIMPLE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER DESIGN USING OPTOELECTRONICS FOR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2003(2,004

Saya NORHAFIZA BT ABD HALIM (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis " ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akalemik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Makiumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibasarkan membuat salinan untuk

tujuan pe. ngajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tanpatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarican membuat salinan tesis ini

sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan ( ý ) di kotak yang baicenaan

Q SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tamaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

Q TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

M TIDAK TERHAD

(T ANGAN PENULIS)! ý

Alamat tetap: 62 ALAN KEDAH,

13200 KEPALA BATAS, SEBERANG DR AWANGKU ABDUL RAHMAN PGN PERAI UTARA HAM YUSOF

Nama PanyeliaPULAU PINANG

Tarikh: 05 APRIL 2004 Tarikh: 05 APRIL 2004

CATATAN *

**Tosis dimaksudkan sebagai tosis bagi Ijazah Doktor FalsaM, Sarjsna don Sarjans Muds. Jika toais ini SULIT atau TERHAD, aila lampirkan swat daripada pihak berkuasaforgani" berkamn dengan menyatakan sekali sobab dan tempoh teals ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir berikut:

Tajuk: A SIMPLE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER DESIGN USING OPTOELECTRONICS FOR DISTANCE MEASUEMENT

Nama penulis: Norhafiza bt Abd Halim

Matrik: 5518

telah dibaca dan disahkan oleh:

Dr. A ngku Abdu a man b Pgn Haji Yusof

Penyelia

I q/a5/-aFTarikh

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ýJNIYfiRSrrz wAK 943M Kota $8m8rehap

A SIMPLE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER DESIGN USING OPTOELECTRONICS FOR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

P. KNIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMK

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NORHAFIZA BT ABD HALIM

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours.

(Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2004

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Thank to my lovely parents for the motivation;

Dear mom and dad, I love you..........

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, sincerely thanks and special gratitude to Dr. Awangku Abdul Rahman as a

supervisor for his support and guidance throughout the preparation.

We would like to thank o the Dean of Faculty Engineering, the Head of Department of

Electronics and Communication, Mr. Ng Liang Yew, and to all the lecturers, tutors and

supporting staff of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering program.

I also wish to express sincere appreciation to the technicians of Engineering Faculty for

their assistance and guidance.

Lastly, I would like to thank to fellow friends, Azlan, Azudin, Amy, Othman and all my

supportive classmates who have helped me in contributing towards the success of this project.

ABSTRACT

Nowaday, road accident is commonly sight, with an ever increasing volume of traffic.

Many ways have being doing to solve this problem. The high technologies in engineering

field today become an important method to solve these problems. In this project, Fiber optics

and optoelectronics are used to make distance estimation between 2 vehicles. Drivers can

estimate the distance between their vehicles and any obstacle behind or beside their vehicles.

Fiber optics and optoelectronics have been used in aircraft technologies. The application of

that technology can be transferred to road vehicles. This project conducted a research in

optoelectronics and fiber optics technology.

i

ABST"RAK

Kemalangan jalan raya sering terjadi sejak kebelakangan ini. Pelbagai kaedah telah

dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Bidang kejuruteraan juga memainkan peranan

untuk mengatasi seperti penciptaan alatan canggih dan berteknologi tinggi. Gentian Optik dan

Opto Elektronik digunakan untuk menghasilkan alat pengesan jarak di antara dua kenderaan.

Pemandu akan mengetahui kehadiran objek di belakang. Gentian optik dan Opto elektronik

telah digunakan didalam teknologi angkasa. Teknologi ini boleh digunakan untuk kenderaan

daratan.

Projek ini mengkaji didang yang berkaitan dengan teknologi Gentian Optik dan

Optoelektronik. Infra merah telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan alat pengesan.

ii

" u-'lat nn, amat Maklumat Akadema UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAiC 943M Kota Sarnaraharr.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Project Overview

1.1 Objective

1.2 Thesis Outline

1.3 Introduction to Optoelectronics

1.4 Basic principles of light

1.4.1 Definition of ray

1.4.2 Refraction and reflection

1.5 Laser

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PAGE

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ii

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viii

1.6 Optical detector

1.6.1 Basic principle and application

1.6.2 Infrared

1.7 Interference and diffraction

1.7.1 Interference

1.7.2 Constructive interference

1.7.3 Destructive interference

1.7.4 Diffraction

CHAPTER 2: FIBER OPTICS

2.0 Introduction to fiber optics

2.1 Why fiber optics

2.2 Construction of fiber optics

2.3 Types of propagation in fiber

2.3.1 Singlemode fiber

2.3.2 Multimode fibers

2.3.3 Multimode step index fiber

2.3.4 Multimode graded fibers

2.4 Optical Fibers Transmission System

2.4.1 Transmitters

2.4.2 Receivers

2.5 Splices and Fibers properties

2.5.1 Splices and connectors

2.5.2 Fibers properties

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2.5.2.1 Attenuation

2.5.2.2 Absorption

2.5.2.3 Scattering

2.5.3 Light collection and propagation

2.5.3.1 Core size and diameter

2.5.3.2 Numerical aperture

2.5.4 Bending losses

2.5.5 Dispersion

2.6 Fiber sensor

2.6.1 Basic component of fiber sensors

2.6.2 Fiber sensing mechanisms

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CHAPTER 3: FLY BY WIRE

3.1 Overview 40

3.2 Concepts 40

3.3 Technology 41

3.4 Application of optical fibers sensing system in aircraft 43

3.4.1 Optical pressure sensor in aircraft application 44

3.4.2 Principle operation of pressure sensor

3.4.2.1 Side hole fiber

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45

3.4.2.2 Temperature compensation 45

3.4.2.3 Pressure sensor head arrangement

and design 46V

3.4.3 Types of optical pressure sensor 47

3.4.3.1 Photo elastic pressure sensor 47

3.4.3.2 Intensity based pressure sensor 47

3.4.3.3 Interferometric pressure sensor 49

3.5 Automobile control system applications 50

3.5.1 Introduction 50

3.5.2 Automobile sensory system 51

3.5.3 Application of optical sensor in automobile 52

CHAPTER 4: HARDWARE AND CIRCUIT DESIGN

4.0 Overview

4.1 Circuit design

4.1.1 Introduction

4.2 Infrared transmitter schematic diagram

4.2.1 List of components

4.2.2 Infrared LED

4.2.3 Integrated circuit CMOS

4.2.4 Light Emitting Diode

4.3 Infrared receiver circuit diagram

4.3.1 ADC 0809CCN

4.3.2 Part of list

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CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Experimental procedure

5.2 Experimental results

5.3 Discussion

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68

5.4 Conclusion 70

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.0 Conclusion 71

6.1 Recommendations 72

REFERENCES

vii

LIST OF TABLE

Table

4.2.1 List of components

4.2.3 Truth table

4.3.3 List of components for IR receiver

5.1 The measurement data

5.2 Simulation of 1 /R2 dependence

Page

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1.4.1 Rays corresponds to the direction of wave motion

1.4.2.1

1.4.2.2

1.4.2.3

1.7.1 Double slit interference

1.7.2

1.7.3

1.7.4

2.0 Light guiding in an optical fiber

2.2.1 Cross section of typical communications fiber

2.2.2

2.3.1.1 Step-Index Single-Mode Fiber

2.3.1.2 Singlemode fiber

2.3.2 Multimode fiber

2.3.3.1 The refractive index profile and ray transmission in

multimode step index fiber

2.3.2.2 Step Index Multimode Fibers

2.3.4.1 The refractive index profile and ray transmission in

multimode graded index fiber

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ix

2.3.4.2 Graded Index Fiber

2.4 Fiber optics system components

2.4.1 A simple transmitter module

2.4.2 Major receiver function

2.5.2.1 Total attenuation in the fiber is the sum

of absorption and scattering loses

2.5.2.3 Rayleigh scattering of light

2.5.3.1 Core size and diameter effect light propagation

2.5.4. a Macrobending

2.5.4. b Microbending

3.4 Basic element of fiber optic sensor

3.4.1 Principle of operation for typical pressure sensor

3.4.2.3 Pressure sensor schematic arrangement

3.4.3.2 Gaussian beam assumption for the light

beam going out of the fiber

3.4.3.3 Fabry Perot Interferometer reflection intensity

3.5 Automobile control system flow

4.0 IR detector operation

4.1 IR transmitter circuit diagram

4.2.3 CMOS IC # 4011

4.3 IR receiver

4.4 ADC0809 schematic diagram

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5.1 Voltage versus distance graph

5.2 Comparison of experimental results to inverse square law model 68

xi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Project Overview

This project will solve a problem among drivers of large vehicles to judge the distance

of objects behind accurately when reversing and driving. The sensor will detect the existence

of an object and it will send a signal to the driver when the vehicle moves closer to the object.

The functioning of this system as below:

i) The optoelectronics components will emit a signal to monitor an object behind.

ii) If the vehicle is closer to that object, the system will receive an early warning such

as beeping sound or visual.

iii) The photodetector will emit and receive a signal between the vehicles and object.

It also has many of advantages compare to copper wire.

Otherwise, the maximum distances between those two vehicles will be set up for the

system to monitor. A sufficient time also will be provided for driver to react to the alarm or

image and they will apply the brake and stop the vehicle when reversing or make a safety

with an object behind when driving.

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1.1 Objectives

1. To analyze an application of fiber optic and optoelectmnic in automobile.

2. To design a circuit of a sensor system using optical fiber.

3. To detect a presence of very close objects or obstructions in a large size

vehicles.

4. To provide an early warning system for the drivers to drive safely and

comfortable

5. To assist driver to judge distance accurately with the object behind.

1.2 Thesis outline

Chapter 1 briefly describes the project that carried out and the objective of this project.

It also describes the principle of optoelectronics, which explain about principle of light, laser,

optical detector, interference and diffraction.

In the second chapter, fiber optics principle and concept such as advantages,

construction, types of propagation, optical fiber in communication system and many more are

introduced.

Chapter 3 introduces the principle, concept, and technology of Fly- by- Wi

Application of optical sensing system in aircraft has been explained in this section This

technology can be implemented to this project, Drive- by. Wire.

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In the chapter 4, the system design of this project is introduced. This is an important

chapter because it describes the basic automobile system and focuses on the schematic design

of this system.

Chapter 5 includes the experimental procedure and result analysis. The design of

system implements to the system model and the result of experiment are obtained.

The final chapter concludes the overall project and some recommendation based on

the problem faced in completing this project.

1.3 Introduction to optoelectronics

The name of optoelectronics is a combination of optics and electronics but it is not

simply branch of electronics. It is the study of the interaction of light with matter, usually with

a view to technology applications. It encompasses layer physics, semiconductor and other

solid state physics and technology, non linear optics, quantum optics, waveguide physics and

geometrical optics.

In our lives, optoelectronics application is used everyday such as CD players and

optical fibers that carry long distance telephone calls. There are advantages of optoelectronics

principle and applications.

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1.4 Basic principles of light

Light is a visible electromagnetic wave that propagates through space. Examples of

electromagnetic wave are ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, visual light and radio wave.

Light travels in straight lines and could not be seen through a wall of building unlike a band

that we can hear. Since in 17`h century, scientist have made a research on light and its

application. In 1642, Sir Isaac Newton proposed the corpuscular theory of light. According to

his theory, light was described as streams of tiny particles which are called corpuscles. This

corpuscular nature of light is consistent with light traveling in straight line.

Christiaan Huygens thought that light was a wave as laid down by wave theory of

light. In 1801, the British scientist Thomas Young proved that light was a wave according on

the interference of light experiments. In 1905, Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize

after his explanation of the photoelectric effect. In photoelectric effect, a collection of photon

or quanta was needed. Photon is a particle that carries energy but has no mass and travels at

the speed of light [4]. Generally, the real nature of light is more complex to define either in

our wave or particle theory. Niels Bohr explained that both theories should be complimentary

to each other.

Light cannot travel through an opaque medium. It can travel though a vacuum. Light

wave consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic field which referred as

electromagnetic radiation. The size of light wave is measured as its wavelength. Light wave

also exist in many of fequency. The unit of the frequency is waves per second or Hertz, while

the frequency of the visible light is referred to as color, red and violet. It also a wave of

energy and the amount of energy proportionally related to its frequency.

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1.4.1 Definition of ray

The behavior of light not interested in the whole wave front, but purely in

terms of the direction of propagation and of any changes in that direction. Rays are a

line drawn to present the direction in which the light is traveling. The rays of given

wave are imaginary and straight line perpendicular to the wave fronts as shown in the

figure below.

Wave fronts

Figure 1.4.1: Rays corresponds to the direction of wave motion 21

Normally, rays cannot be seen but rays can be made visible when light is

scattered by, for example dust particle [20].

1.4.2 Refraction and Reflection

Refraction is a phenomenon where light is deviating from its ý`

path when traveling from one medium to another. Index of refraction, N, identifies

how the light traverses each medium. The value of N differs for different medium type

because the speed of light in those materials is different.

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N is defined by-.

N=c/v

Where;

c=speed of light 3.8 x 108 ms-1

v = speed of light in a medium

iornol

Ineidad rar

Figure 1.4.2.1

3D!! 1AI

Iaeidatt Tsy

Figure 1,4.2.2

Figures above zz explain that:

" a refracted ray is a beam that deviates as it travels from one medium to another

medium of refractive index n2

" r is the angle of refraction

" p is the interface between medium of refractive index nl and n2

" i is angle of incidence where the incident ray originates from the source n,

Law of refraction states that:

" Plane of the incidence defined that the incident ray, normal and the refracted my

located in the same plane.

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" The angle of refraction r, is obtained from the relation:

nl sin l - n2 sin r

Reflection is a phenomenon when a light ray meets a reflecting surface such as

mirrors.

The law of reflection defined that angle of incidence is equal to the angle of

reflection, where:

A1=92

InciderE ray Reflected ray

Figure 1.4.2.3

Figure above u illustrates that:

An incident ray encounters a mirror surface at an angle of incident. It will be

reflected back into the same medium of incidence at an angle of reflection, which is

equal to the incident angle.

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