a short history of britain 3 suport curs

8/10/2019 A Short History of Britain 3 Suport Curs

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A SHORT HISTORY OF BRITAIN

By Tim Lambert (excerpts)

Edward VI

He ry was s!cceeded by "is #$year$%&d s% Edward' Si ce "e was t%% y%! t% r!&e "is ! c&eEdward Seym%!r *!+e %, S%merset was made pr%tect%r a d r!&ed i "is stead'

S%merset was a de-%!t .r%testa t as was Arc"bis"%p /ra mer' T"ey be a t% t!r E &a d i t%a tr!&y .r%testa t c%! try' T"e Act %, Six Artic&es was repea&ed a d i 012# t"e ,irst B%%+ %,/%mm% .rayer t"e ,irst A &ica prayer b%%+ was iss!ed' 3ea w"i&e priests were a&&%wed t%marry a d pict!res %r stat!es %, 3ary %r t"e sai ts were rem%-ed ,r%m c"!rc"es'

4 ,%rt! ate&y E &a d %w ,aced a ec% %mic crisis' T"ere was rapid i ,&ati% i t"e mid$05t"ce t!ry' A&s% t"e p%p!&ati% was risi ' I t"e 01t" ce t!ry t"ere was a s"%rta e %, w%r+ersw"ic" p!s"ed wa es !p' I t"e 05t" ce t!ry t"e sit!ati% was re-ersed a d &ab%!rer6s wa es ,e&&'

I 012# Edward ,aced tw% rebe&&i% s' I parts %, t"e S%!t"west t"e c"a es i re&i i% pr%-%+edt"e s%$ca&&ed .rayer B%%+ Rebe&&i% ' I N%r,%&+ ec% %mic rie-a ces &ed t% a rebe&&i% &ed byR%bert 7ett (t"e rebe&s t%%+ c% tr%& %, N%rwic")' H%we-er b%t" rebe&&i% s were cr!s"ed'

T"e rebe&&i% s &ed t% t"e ,a&& %, S%merset' He was rep&aced by t"e r!t"&ess 8%" *!d&ey Ear& %,9arwic+ (Later *!+e %, N%rt"!mber&a d)' T"e ! ,%rt! ate S%merset was se t t% t"e t%wer a di 8a !ary 011: "e was exec!ted % a tr!mped !p c"ar e %, treas% ' I 011: a sec% d prayer

b%%+ was iss!ed' T"is % e was m!c" m%re extreme t"a t"e ,irst'

3ea w"i&e E &a d ,%! "t t"e Sc%ts a ai ' He ry VIII "ad s! ested t"at "is s% Edwards"%!&d marry t"e +i %, Sc%t&a d6s da! "ter 3ary' H%we-er t"e Sc%ttis" +i re;ected t"e idea'S%merset re-i-ed t"e p&a a d "e se t a army t% Sc%t&a d t% ,%rce t"e Sc%ts t% a ree' T"eE &is" w% a batt&e at .i +ie La! " ear Edi b!r " i 012> w"e A e B%&ey "ad a


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da! "ter E&i@abet" 3ary was as+ed t% accept t"at "er pare t6s marria e was %t -a&id a d s% s"ewas i&&e itimate' N%t s!rprisi &y s"e re,!sed a d s% s"e was se t t% be &ady$i $waiti t% "er"a&,$sister E&i@abet"'

H%we-er i 01>5 a,ter "er m%t"er6s exec!ti% per"aps ,eari ,%r "er &i,e s"e a reed "er

pare ts marria e was ! &aw,!&' He ry be a t% treat "er m%re e er%!s&y a d i 0122 a stat!terest%red "er as "eir t% t"e t"r% e a,ter "er "a&, br%t"er Edward'

3ary was a de-%!t /at"%&ic a d s"e detested t"e re&i i%!s c"a es %, He ry VIII a d EdwardVI' 9"e Edward became +i s"e c% ti !ed t% atte d /at"%&ic mass i "er %w pri-ate c"ape&'9"e Edward %rdered "er t% desist s"e appea&ed t% "er c%!si Emper%r /"ar&es V' Het"reate ed war wit" E &a d i, s"e was %t &e,t a&% e'

9"e s"e became ?!ee 3ary was s!rprisi &y &e ie t' T"e *!+e %, N%rt"!mber&a d wasexec!ted i A! !st 011>' H%we-er Lady 8a e was at ,irst spared'

H%we-er 3ary married ."i&&ip %, Spai i 8!&y 0112' T"e marria e was -ery ! p%p!&ar a d i7e t Sir T"%mas 9yatt &ed a rebe&&i% ' He was de,eated b!t 3ary was ,%rced t% exec!te Lady8a e ,eari "er e emies mi "t try a d p&ace 8a e % t"e t"r% e'

3ary was determi ed t% ! d% t"e re&i i%!s c"a es %, t"e tw% pre-i%!s rei s' /at"%&ic masswas rest%red i *ecember 011>' I 0112 married c&er y were %rdered t% &ea-e t"eir wi-es %r &%set"eir p%sts' T"e i N%-ember 0112 t"e Act %, s!premacy was repea&ed'

I 0111 3ary be a b!r i .r%testa ts w"ic" ear ed "er t"e ic+ ame 6b&%%dy 3ary6' T"e ,irstmartyr was 8%" R% ers w"% was b!r ed % 2 Febr!ary 0111' O-er t"e ext > years a&m%st >.r%testa ts were martyred' (3%st %, t"em were ,r%m S%!t"east E &a d w"ere .r%testa tism "adspread m%st wide&y)' 3a y m%re .r%testa ts ,&ed abr%ad'

H%we-er 3ary6s cr!e&ty simp&y ai ed sympat"y ,%r t"e .r%testa ts a d a&ie ated %rdi ary pe%p&e' S"e simp&y dr%-e pe%p&e away ,r%m R%ma /at"%&icism'

F!rt"erm%re i 011< E &a d we t t% war wit" Fra ce' I 011 t"e E &is" &%st /a&ais w"ic"t"ey "ad "! % t% si ce t"e e d %, t"e H! dred Years 9ar i 021>' It was a ma;%r b&%w t%E &is" presti e'

3ary died % 0< N%-ember 011 ' S"e was 2:'

E&i@abet" I

T"e Re&i i%!s Sett&eme tE&i@abet" I was cr%w ed i 8a !ary 011#' S"e rest%red .r%testa tism t% E &a d' T"e Act %,S!premacy was rest%red i Apri& 011# a d ,!rt"er Acts rep&aced /at"%&ic practices' H%we-er itwas a m%derate .r%testa tism' E&i@abet" dis&i+ed extremists' S"e disappr%-ed %, t"e .!rita s'(T"ey were pe%p&e w"% wa ted t% 6p!ri,y6 t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d %, its remai i /at"%&ice&eme ts)'


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A&& b!t % e %, t"e E &is" bis"%ps re,!sed t% ta+e t"e Oat" %, S!premacy (rec% isi E&i@abet"as "ead %, t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d) a d were rem%-ed ,r%m t"eir p%sts' Ab%!t % e t"ird %, t"e

paris" c&er y were a&s% rem%-ed'

H%we-er m%st %, t"e p%p!&ati% ( %t a&&) accepted t"e re&i i%!s sett&eme t' .e%p&e c%!&d be ,i ed

,%r %t atte di c"!rc"' Ne-ert"e&ess s%me /at"%&ics c% ti !ed t% practice t"eir re&i i% isecret'

I 015 3ary C!ee %, Sc%ts was ,%rced t% ,&ee "er %w c%! try' S"e ,&ed t% E &a d a dE&i@abet" "e&d "er pris% er ,%r 0# years'

I N%-ember 015# /at"%&ics i t"e %rt" %, E &a d rebe&&ed' T"e rebe&&i% started w"e pe%p&ei *!r"am /at"edra& t%re !p a Bib&e' T"e /at"%&ic rebe&s "%ped t% m!rder E&i@abet" a d rep&ace"er wit" 3ary C!ee %, Sc%ts' H%we-er t"e !prisi was ?!ic+&y cr!s"ed a d t"e &ast batt&e t%%+

p&ace % 0# Febr!ary 01< ' A,terwards ma y %, t"e rebe&s were "a ed'

3ea w"i&e i 01< t"e p%pe iss!ed a b!&& %, exc%mm! icati% a d dep%siti% ' T"is papa&d%c!me t decreed t"at E&i@abet" I was exc%mm! icated (exc&!ded ,r%m t"e c"!rc") a ddep%sed' Her /at"%&ic s!b;ects % &% er "ad t% %bey "er'

N%t s!rprisi &y E&i@abet"6s attit!de t% /at"%&ics %w "arde ed' A &aw was passed i 01


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b!t ,r%m 01< % wards t"e Spa iards were wi i ' I 01 1 E&i@abet" was ,%rced t% se d aarmy t% t"e Net"er&a ds'

T"e i 01 5 t"ere was a p&%t t% m!rder t"e ?!ee ca&&ed t"e Babi t% /% spiracy' Beca!se %,"er i -%&-eme t 3ary C!ee %, Sc%ts was be"eaded % Febr!ary 01 me ' It was c%mma ded by t"e *!+e %,3edi a Sid% ia'

At t"at time t"e Spa is" +i r!&ed a &ar e part %, N%rt"east E!r%pe' T"e p&a was t% se d t"earmada t% /a&ais t% meet a Spa is" army r%!ped t"ere' T"e armada w%!&d t"e tra sp%rt t"emt% E &a d'

T"e E &is" ,&eet was at"ered at .&ym%!t"' 9"e t"e Spa is" arri-ed t"ey sai&ed i a cresce t,%rmati% ' T"e E &is" "arassed t"e Spa is" s"ips ,r%m be"i d' I *ra+e6s w%rds t"ey 6p&!c+edt"e ,eat"ers6' H%we-er t"e E &is" were ! ab&e t% d% seri%!s dama e t% t"e armada ! ti& t"eyreac"ed /a&ais'

9"e t"e armada arri-ed t"e Spa is" tr%%ps i /a&ais were %t ready t% embar+ a d t"ere was%t"i t"e armada c%!&d d% except wait at a c"%r i t"e "arb%!r' H%we-er t"e E &is" prepared

,ire s"ips' T"ey &%aded s"ips wit" pitc" a d &%aded ! s w"ic" ,ired w"e t"e ,&ames t%!c"ed t"e! p%wder a d set t"em % ,ire t"e steered t"em t%wards t"e Spa is" s"ips' I pa ic t"e

armada br%+e ,%rmati% ' Spa is" s"ips scattered'

O ce t"e Spa is" s"ips br%+e ,%rmati% t"ey were -!& erab&e a d t"e E &is" attac+ed d%ic% siderab&e dama e'

Fi a&&y t"e armada sai&ed %rt" ar%! d Sc%t&a d a d west %, Ire&a d' H%we-er t"ey sai&ed i t%terrib&e st%rms a d ma y %, t"eir remai i s"ips were wrec+ed' E-e t!a&&y t"e Spa is" &%st 1>s"ips' T"e E &is" &%st % e'

*espite t"e ,ai&!re %, t"e armada t"e war we t % ! ti& 05 2 b!t eit"er side was ab&e t% ai adecisi-e ad-a ta e'

3ea w"i&e E&i@abet" I died % :2 3arc" 05 >'

8ames I

I 05 > 7i 8ames VI %, Sc%t&a d became 8ames I %, E &a d' He be a a ew dy asty $ t"eSt!arts'


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8ames I e-er "ad t"e same c"arisma as E&i@abet" I a d e-er e ;%yed t"e same p%p!&arity'H%we-er am% "is ac"ie-eme ts "e e ded t"e &% war wit" Spai i 05 2' He was a&s%resp% sib&e ,%r a ew tra s&ati% %, t"e Bib&e t"e 7i 8ames Versi% w"ic" was p!b&is"ed i0500'

H%we-er 8ames came i t% c% ,&ict wit" par&iame t' T"e c%st %, %-er me t (a d %, ,i "tiwars) was risi b!t t"e %-er me t6s i c%me did %t +eep !p' Re ts ,r%m r%ya& &a ds c%!&d % &y be raised w"e t"e &ease e ded' .ar&iame t was t"ere,%re i a str% p%siti% ' 3.s c%!&d re,!set% raise m% ey ,%r t"e +i ! &ess "e b%wed t% t"eir dema ds' S% t"e +i was ,%rced t% &%%+ ,%r

ew ways t% raise m% ey'

T"e sit!ati% was c%mp&icated by disa reeme ts %-er re&i i% ' 3a y 3.s were p!rita s' T"eywis"ed t% 6p!ri,y6 t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d %, its remai i /at"%&ic e&eme ts' A&t"%! " "e was a.r%testa t 8ames disa reed wit" ma y %, t"eir -iews'

F!rt"erm%re 8ames be&ie-ed i t"e di-i e ri "t %, +i s' I %t"er w%rds =%d "ad c"%se "im t%r!&e' 8ames was wi&&i t% w%r+ wit" par&iame t b!t "e be&ie-ed !&timate a!t"%rity rested wit""im'

8ames I died i 05:1' He was 1 '

/"ar&es I

Li+e "is ,at"er /"ar&es I was ,irm be&ie-er i t"e di-i e ri "t %, +i s' Fr%m t"e start "e?!arre&&ed wit" par&iame t'

At t"e be i i %, "is rei /"ar&es I married a Fre c" R%ma /at"%&ic pri cess He rietta3aria' H%we-er marryi a /at"%&ic was -ery ! p%p!&ar m%-e wit" t"e .!rita s'

/"ar&es a&s% ,%! "t ! s!ccess,!& wars' I 05:1 "e se t a expediti% t% /adi@ w"ic" e ded i,ai&!re' .ar&iame t str% &y critici@ed "is p%&icies a d re,!sed t% raise extra taxes t% pay ,%r t"eSpa is" war'

/"ar&es a ri&y diss%&-ed par&iame t a d raised m% ey by &e-yi ,%rced &%a s' He impris% edwit"%!t tria& a y% e w"% re,!sed t% pay'

I 05:< a expediti% was se t t% La R%c"e&&e i Fra ce' It was &ed by t"e +i 6s ,a-%!rite t"e*!+e %, B!c+i "am a d it e ded i ,ai&!re'

By 05: t"e c%st %, wars mea t /"ar&es was desperate ,%r m% ey a d "e was ,%rced t% ca&&

par&iame t' T"is time 3.s drew !p t"e .etiti% %, Ri "t w"ic" ,%rbade t"e &e-yi %, taxeswit"%!t par&iame t6s c% se t' it a&s% ,%rbade arbitrary impris% me t'

H%we-er +i a d par&iame t c&as"ed %-er t"e iss!e %, re&i i% ' I t"e 0


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I 05:# 9i&&iam La!d was Bis"%p %, L% d% ' He was str% &y %pp%sed t% t"e .!rita s a d/"ar&es s!pp%rted "im w"%&e"earted&y'

.ar&iame t critici@ed La!d a d /"ar&es ca&&ed it imperti e ce' (He did %t t"i + par&iame t "ada y ri "t t% d% s%)' I ret!r par&iame t re,!sed t% ra t t"e +i taxes ,%r m%re t"a % e year'

/"ar&es se t a messe er t% par&iame t t% a %! ce it was diss%&-ed' H%we-er members %, t"e/%mm% s p"ysica&&y "e&d t"e spea+er d%w ! ti& t"ey "ad passed t"ree res%&!ti% s ab%!t La!da d re&i i% ' O &y t"e did t"ey disba d'

I 05>> La!d was made Arc"bis"%p %, /a terb!ry' La!d was determi ed t% s!ppress t"e.!rita s a d "e se t c%mmissi% ers i t% a&m%st e-ery paris" t% ma+e s!re t"e &%ca& c"!rc"escame i t% &i e'

F!rt"erm%re t"e .!rita s "ad t"eir %w preac"ers ca&&ed &ect!rers' T"ese me were i depe de t%, t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d' La!d tried t% p!t a st%p t% t"ese preac"ers $ wit" s%me s!ccess'

3%st %, a&& La!d emp"asised t"e cerem% y a d dec%rati% i c"!rc"es' T"ese meas!res werestr% &y %pp%sed by t"e .!rita s' T"ey ,eared it was t"e 6t"i ed e %, t"e wed e6 a d /at"%&icismw%!&d e-e t!a&&y be rest%red i E &a d'

3ea w"i&e ,%r 00 years /"ar&es r!&ed wit"%!t par&iame t' T"is peri%d was ca&&ed t"e e&e-eyears tyra y' /"ar&es "ad -ari%!s ways %, raisi m% ey wit"%!t par&iame t6s c% se t' I t"e3idd&e A es me wit" pr%perty w%rt" a certai am%! t %, m% ey a year were s!pp%sed t% ser-et"e +i as + i "ts' 4 der t"is %&d &aw /"ar&es ,i ed t"eir desce da ts ,%r %t d%i s%'F!rt"erm%re a&& waste&a d "ad % ce bee r%ya& &a d' I time s%me &a d%w ers "ad ta+e parts %,it i t% c!&ti-ati% ' /"ar&es ,i ed t"em ,%r d%i s%' 4si t"ese d!bi%!s met"%ds by 05>1/"ar&es was s%&-e t'

H%we-er matters came t% a "ead i 05>< /"ar&es a d La!d e ra ed t"e Sc%ts by pr%p%si re&i i%!s c"a es i Sc%t&a d'La!d a d /"ar&es tried t% i tr%d!ce a ew prayer b%%+ i Sc%t&a d' T"ere were ri%ts iEdi b!r "' I Febr!ary 05> Sc%ttis" %b&es a d mi isters si ed a d%c!me t ca&&ed t"e

Nati% a& /%-e a t'/"ar&es made tw% attempts t% bri t"e Sc%ts t% "ee&' B%t" were "!mi&iati ,ai&!res' T"e ,irstBis"%ps 9ar %, 05># e ded wit" t"e peace %, Berwic+ b!t it was % &y a breat"i space ,%r b%t"sides'

I Apri& 052 /"ar&es s!mm% ed par&iame t a ai "%pi t"ey w%!&d a ree t% raise m% ey ,%r"is Sc%ttis" campai ' I stead par&iame t simp&y disc!ssed its ma y rie-a ces' /"ar&es


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diss%&-ed par&iame t % 1 3ay a d it became + %w as t"e S"%rt par&iame t beca!se it met ,%rs!c" a s"%rt time'

T"e Sec% d Bis"%ps 9ar ,%&&%wed i 052 ' I A! !st 052 t"e Sc%ts i -aded E &a d a d t"eycapt!red Newcast&e' /"ar&es was ,%rced t% ma+e peace wit" t"e Sc%ts' By t"e treaty t"ey

%cc!pied *!r"am a d N%rt"!mber&a d' /"ar&es was ,%rced t% pay t"eir army6s c%sts'Fi a&&y i A! !st 0520 /"ar&es was ,%rced t% aba d% a&& attempts t% imp%se re&i i%!s c"a es% Sc%t&a d' I ret!r t"e Sc%ts wit"drew ,r%m %rt"er E &a d'

3ea w"i&e desperate ,%r m% ey /"ar&es was ,%rced t% ca&& par&iame t a ai i N%-ember 052 'T"is par&iame t became + %w as t"e L% .ar&iame t'

.ar&iame t passed t"e Trie ia& Act w"ic" stated t"at par&iame t m!st be ca&&ed e-ery t"reeyears' A *iss%&!ti% Act stated t"at par&iame t c%!&d %t be diss%&-ed wit"%!t its c% se t'

Fi i pe%p&e w"% "ad %t %btai ed + i "t"%%ds was dec&ared i&&e a&' S% was ,i i &a d%w ers

w"% "ad e cr%ac"ed % r%ya& &a d' S"ip m% ey was a&s% ab%&is"ed.ar&iame t a&s% t%%+ re-e e % t"e +i 6s "ated ad-is%r T"%mas 9e tw%rt" Ear& %, Stra,,%rd'T"ey passed a specia& act dec&ari Stra,,%rd was a trait%r' T"e pe%p&e %, L% d% t%%+ t% t"estreets dema di "is exec!ti% ' /"ar&es ,eared ,%r "is a d "is ,ami&ys sa,ety a d "e was ,%rcedt% si t"e act' Stra,,%rd was exec!ted % 0: may 0520'

4 ,%rt! ate&y par&iame t t"e di-ided' Opp%siti% t% t"e +i was &ed by 8%" .ym b!t ma y be a t% ,ear "e was %i t%% ,ar'

I N%-ember 0520 a &ist %, rie-a ces ca&&ed t"e =ra d Rem% stra ce was draw !p b!t it was passed by % &y 00 -%tes' .ym t"e dema ded t"at t"e +i "a d %-er c% tr%& %, t"e mi&itia' F%rma y t"at was a step t%% ,ar' T"ey ,eared t"at .ym mi "t rep&ace arbitrary r%ya& %-er me twit" s%met"i w%rse'

3ea w"i&e par&iame t a d t"e c%! try sp&it c%-er re&i i% ' S%me wa ted t% ret!r t"e /"!rc" %,E &a d t% t"e state %, a,,airs be,%re La!d' Ot"ers wa ted t% ab%&is" bis"%ps c%mp&ete&y' T"ec%! try was bec%mi da er%!s&y di-ided'

I 8a !ary 052: /"ar&es made t"e sit!ati% w%rse by "i ""a ded&y e teri t"e /%mm% s a dattempti t% arrest 1 3.s ,%r treas% ' (T"ey "ad a&ready ,&ed)' N% +i "ad e tered t"e/%mm% s be,%re a d "is acti% s ca!sed %!tra e'

O ce a ai /"ar&es ,eared ,%r "is sa,ety a d "e &e,t L% d% 'I 3arc" 052: .ar&iame t dec&ared t"at its %rdi a ces were -a&id &aws a d t"ey did %t re?!iret"e r%ya& asse t'

I Apri& 052: +i t"e tried t% sei@e arms i H!&& b!t "e was re,!sed e try t% t"e t%w '


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3ea w"i&e i L% d% par&iame t be a raisi a army' (A&t"%! " m%st %, t"e H%!se %, L%rdswe t %-er t% t"e +i )' T"e +i a&s% be a raisi a army a d "e set !p "is sta dard at

N%tti "am i A! !st'

T"e E &is" /i-i& 9ar

H%we-er m%st pe%p&e were re&!cta t t% ta+e sides i a ci-i& war a d wis"ed t% stay e!tra&' Yetrad!a&&y pe%p&e were s!c+ed i '

Fr%m t"e start par&iame t "ad se-era& ad-a ta es' First&y it "e&d L% d% a d t"e c!st%ms d!es,r%m t"e p%rt were a imp%rta t s%!rce %, m% ey'

Sec% d&y m%st %, t"e S%!t"east a d East %, E &a d s!pp%rted par&iame t' I t"e 0' T"ey a&s% w% batt&es at La dsd%w Hi&& ear Bat" a d at R%! dway *%w i8!&y 052>' H%we-er i September 052> t"e ,irst batt&e %, Newb!ry pr%-ed i decisi-e' H%we-ert"e par&iame taria s w% a -ict%ry at 9i ceby i Li c%& s"ire % 00 Oct%ber 052>'

T"e i September 052> t"e par&iame taria s pers!aded t"e Sc%ts t% i ter-e e % t"eir be"a&, by pr%misi t% ma+e E &a d .resbyteria (a .resbyteria c"!rc" is % e %r a ised wit"%!t bis"%ps)' A Sc%ttis" army e tered E &a d i 8a !ary 0522'

O : 8!&y 0522 t"e r%ya&ists were se-ere&y de,eated at t"e batt&e %, 3arst% 3%%r i Y%r+s"ire'F%&&%wi t"is batt&e t"e par&iame taria s capt!red a&& %, N%rt"er E &a d' (a&t"%! " t"er%ya&ists did wi a -ict%ry at L%stwit"ie& % : September 0522'

T"e par&iame taria s t"e decided t% re,%rm t"eir army' I *ecember 0522 t"ey passed t"e Se&,*e yi Ordi a ce w"ic" stated t"at a&& 3.s (except O&i-er /r%mwe&& a d "is s% $i $&awHe ry Iret% ) m!st i-e !p t"eir c%mma ds' Ear&y i 0521 par&iame tary ,%rces werere%r a ised a d became t"e New 3%de& Army'


9/22

T"e New 3%de& Army cr!s"ed t"e r%ya&ists at t"e batt&e %, Naseby i 8! e 0521 a d at La p%rtear Ye%-i& i 8!&y 0521'

A,terwards t"e par&iame taria s s&%w&y at"ered stre t"' Fi a&&y i 3ay 0525 t"e +is!rre dered t% t"e Sc%ts'

T"e Sc%ts e-e t!a&&y "a ded t"e +i %-er t% par&iame t' T"at &e,t t"e pr%b&em w"at t% d% wit"t"e +i D 3%st pe%p&e did %t wis" t% ab%&is" t"e m% arc"y b!t it was di,,ic!&t t% +eep t"e +i

b!t &imit "is p%wer' /"ar&es made t"i s w%rse as !s!a& by bei %bsti ate a d re,!si t%c%mpr%mise'

3ea w"i&e ,%&&%wi ci-i& war radica& ideas ,&%!ris"ed' I N%-ember 0525 a ma amed 8%"Li&b!r e % e %, a r%!p %, radica&s ca&&ed t"e Le-e&&ers p!b&is"ed a tract ca&&ed L% d% 6s Libertyi /"ai s' He dema ded a rep!b&ic a d t"e ab%&iti% %, t"e H%!se %, L%rds' He a&s% said t"at a&&me s"%!&d be a&&%wed t% -%te a d t"eir s"%!&d be re&i i%!s ,reed%m'

F!rt"erm%re t"e army ,e&& %!t wit" par&iame t' By t"e spri %, 052< t"e s%&dier6s pay was"ea-i&y i arrears a d t"ey were %t "appy' I Apri& 052< par&iame t -%ted t% disba d t"e armya d i-e t"em % m%re t"a 5 wee+s pay' H%we-er t"e army re,!sed t% disba d'

T"e Sec% d E &is" /i-i& 9ar

3ea w"i&e i *ecember 052< /"ar&es made a secret a reeme t wit" t"e Sc%ts' T"ey a reed t%i -ade E &a d % "is be"a&,' H%we-er O&i-er /r%mwe&& cr!s"ed a army %, Sc%ts a d E &is"r%ya&ists at .rest% '

A r%ya&ist !prisi a&s% t%%+ p&ace i 7e t' H%we-er t"e r%ya&ists ,ai&ed t% capt!re L% d% a di stead t"ey marc"ed t% /%&c"ester w"ere t"ey were besie ed a d ,i a&&y de,eated'

T"e army %w ,e&t t"at par&iame t was bei t%% &e ie t wit" t"e +i ' T"ey %cc!pied L% d%a d /%&% e& T"%mas .ride e;ected ab%!t 02 members %, t"e /%mm% s' T"is acti% was ca&&ed6.ride6s .!r e6' It &e,t a 6r!mp par&iame t6 %, ab%!t 5 members'

I 8a !ary 052# /"ar&es was p!t % tria& ,%r treas% ' He was ,%! d !i&ty % :< 8a !ary 052#a d "e was be"eaded %!tside 9"ite"a&& % > 8a !ary 052#'

O 0< 3arc" 052# par&iame t passed a act ab%&is"i m% arc"y a d t"e H%!se %, L%rds'

T"e I terre !m

4 der /"ar&es I t"%se w"% disa reed wit" t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d were persec!ted' H%we-er,%&&%wi t"e ci-i& war t"ey ,&%!ris"ed' I depe de t c"!rc"es ,%rmed'

3%st %, par&iame t wa ted t% ma+e t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d .resbyteria ' F!rt"erm%re atte da ceat /"!rc" %, E &a d ser-ices w%!&d remai c%mp!&s%ry' T"e army disa reed' T"ey wa ted t"e,reed%m t% w%rs"ip as t"ey p&eased'

A,ter t"e exec!ti% %, /"ar&es I t"e R!mp .ar&iame t c% ti !ed t% meet b!t t"e army e,,ecti-e&y"e&d p%wer' T"e m%st p%wer,!& e era& was O&i-er /r%mwe&&'


10/22

H%we-er /"ar&es II t"e started a %t"er war' He made a a reeme t wit" t"e Sc%ts a d i 051"e &a ded i Sc%t&a d' /r%mwe&& a d "is army ad-a ced i t% Sc%t&a d a d i September 051t"ey cr!s"ed t"e Sc%ts at *! bar' /r%mwe&& t"e cr%ssed t"e Firt" %, F%rt" &ea-i t"e r%ad t%E &a d %pe '

I 0510 &ed by /"ar&es II t"e Sc%ts t"e i -aded E &a d' H%we-er -ery ,ew E &is"mes!pp%rted t"e i -asi% a d /r%mwe&& r%!ted t"e Sc%ttis" army at 9%rcester i September 0510'/"ar&es II ,&ed' He ma a ed t% escape t% Fra ce'

T"e R!mp par&iame t ,ai&ed t% ! derta+e p%&itica& a d re&i i%!s re,%rms s% t"e army rewimpatie t' T"e army ,i a&&y c&%sed t"e R!mp par&iame t i Apri& 051>' T"e i depe de tc"!rc"es were as+ed t% %mi ate me w"% t"ey t"%! "t w%!&d be s!itab&e 3.s' T"e army t"ese&ected s%me %, t"em t% be 3.s' T"is %mi ated par&iame t was ca&&ed t"e Bareb% es.ar&iame t a,ter a member ca&&ed .raise$=%d Barb% ' H%we-er it pr%-ed ;!st as ! satis,act%ry ast"e %&d R!mp .ar&iame t a d it was diss%&-ed i *ecember 051>'

A ew c% stit!ti% was draw !p ca&&ed t"e I str!me t %, =%-er me t' /r%mwe&& was madeL%rd .r%tect%r' At ,irst "e r!&ed wit" a c%! ci& b!t i September 0512 a ew par&iame t wasca&&ed' H%we-er t"e .r%tect%rate .ar&iame t re,!sed t% accept t"e I str!me t %, =%-er me t s%/r%mwe&& diss%&-ed it i 8a !ary 0511'

I 0512 t"ere was a &%ca& !prisi i Sa&isb!ry b!t it was ?!ic+&y cr!s"ed'

3ea w"i&e i 051:$0512 E &a d ,%! "t a war wit" t"e *!tc"'

T"e i 0511 t"e c%! try was di-ided i t% 00 districts' Eac" district was r!&ed by a 3a;%r$=e era&'

H%we-er i 0515 a %t"er par&iame t was ca&&ed' H%we-er t"is time s%me members wereexc&!ded as 6! ,it pers% s6'

I 051< t"e remai i members drew !p a H!mb&e .etiti% a d Ad-ice t% /r%mwe&&' T"eys! ested t"e %&d system %, a par&iame t wit" tw% "%!ses s"%!&d be re-i-ed b!t t"is time t"eL%rd .r%tect%r w%!&d app%i t members %, t"e !pper "%!se' T"ey a&s% %,,ered /r%mwe&& t"ecr%w ' He re,!sed b!t "e accepted t"e rest %, t"e a reeme t' T"e r!&e %, t"e 3a;%r$ e era&se ded i 051


11/22

Fi a&&y i Febr!ary 055 =e era& 3% c+ w"% c%mma ded t"e E &is" army stati% ed iSc%t&a d marc"ed s%!t"' He e tered L% d% i Febr!ary 055 ' 3% c+ reca&&ed t"e s!r-i-imembers %, t"e L% .ar&iame t w"ic" ,irst met i 052 '

T"e L% .ar&iame t -%ted t% disba d a d "%&d ,res" e&ecti% s ,%r a ew par&iame t' T"is % e

became + %w as t"e /% -e ti% par&iame t'3ea w"i&e i Apri& 055 /"ar&es II iss!ed a dec&arati% ,r%m t"e *!tc" t%w %, Breda' He

pr%mised a e era& pard% (except ,%r t"e re icides w"% were resp% sib&e ,%r t"e deat" %, "is,at"er) a d ,reed%m %, re&i i% '

T"e /% -e ti% .ar&iame t dec&ared t"at t"e %-er me t %, E &a d s"%!&d be 7i L%rds a d/%mm% s' Fi a&&y % :1 3ay 055 /"ar&es II &a ded at *%-er'

/"ar&es II

/"ar&es II was %t partic!&ar&y re&i i%!s b!t as ,ar as "e "ad a y re&i i% "e secret&y &ea ed t%

R%ma /at"%&icism' (He "ad t% +eep t"is -ery ?!iet as "e ,eared t"e pe%p&e w%!&d rebe& i, t"ey,%! d %!t)'

I 055: "e married a .%rt! !ese .ri cess /at"eri e %, Bra a @a' H%we-er /"ar&es was a p&eas!re$see+i ma a d "e "ad ma y mistresses'

3ea w"i&e par&iame t was determi ed t% crac+ d%w % t"e ma y i depe de t c"!rc"es t"at"ad spr! !p d!ri t"e i terre !m a d ma+e A &ica ism t"e state re&i i% a ai '

T"ey passed a series %, acts ca&&ed t"e /&are d% c%de a series %, &aws t% persec!te % $c% ,%rmists (.r%testa ts w"% did %t be&% t% t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d)' T"e /%rp%rati% Act %,0550 said t"at a&& %,,icia&s i t%w s m!st be members %, t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d'

T"e Act %, 4 i,%rmity 055: said t"at a&& c&er y m!st !se t"e B%%+ %, /%mm% .rayer' Ab%!t: c&er y w"% disa reed resi ed' F!rt"erm%re t"e /% -e tic&e Act %, 0552 ,%rbade! a!t"%rised re&i i%!s meeti s %, m%re t"a 1 pe%p&e ! &ess t"ey were a&& %, t"e same"%!se"%&d'

Fi a&&y t"e Fi-e 3i&e Act %, 0551 ,%rbade % $A &ica mi isters t% c%me wit"i 1 mi&es %,i c%rp%rated t%w s' (T%w s wit" a may%r a d c%rp%rati% )'

H%we-er t"ese meas!res did %t st%p t"e % $c% ,%rmists meeti %r preac"i '

3ea w"i&e E &a d ,%! "t a %t"er was wit" t"e *!tc" i 0551$055


12/22

H%we-er t"e war wit" H%&&a d w"ic" be a i 05


13/22

Sed em%%r' A,terwards =e%r e 8e,,reys (052 $05 #) + %w as t"e "a i ;!d e presided %-era series %, tria&s + %w as t"e B&%%dy Assi@es' Ab%!t > pe%p&e were "a ed a d "! dredsm%re were tra sp%rted t% t"e 9est I dies'

T"e =&%ri%!s Re-%&!ti%

8ames II pr%mpt&y a&ie ated t"e pe%p&e by app%i ti /at"%&ics t% p%wer,!& a d imp%rta t p%siti% s'

I 05 < "e we t ,!rt"er a d iss!ed a *ec&arati% %, I d!& e ce s!spe di a&& &aws a ai st/at"%&ics a d .r%testa t % $A &ica s' I 05 "e %rdered t"e /"!rc" %, E &a d c&er y t% readt"e dec&arati% ,r%m t"e c"!rc"es'

H%we-er i 05 < bis"%ps wr%te t% 8ames a d as+ed t% "im t% re-ise "is p%&icy % re&i i% 'T"ey were arrested a d p!t % tria& ,%r &ibe& b!t t"ey were ac?!itted t% e era& re;%ici '

9%rse i 8! e 05 8ames "ad a s% ' T"e pe%p&e %, E &a d were wi&&i t% t%&erate 8ames as

&% as "e did %t "a-e a /at"%&ic "eir' H%we-er "is s% w%!&d certai &y be br%! "t !p a/at"%&ic a d w%!&d %, c%!rse s!cceed "is ,at"er'

Se-e p%wer,!& %b&es t"e stepped i ' T"ey i -ited t"e *!tc"ma 9i&&iam %, Ora e "!sba d%, 8ames6s .r%testa t da! "ter 3ary t% c%me t% E &a d wit" a army a d pr%mised t% s!pp%rt"im' 9i&&iam &a ded i *e-% i N%-ember a d i *ecember 8ames II ,&ed t% Fra ce'

.ar&iame t dec&ared t"at t"e t"r% e was -aca t' 9i&&iam a d 3ary were dec&ared ;%i t m% arc"s'(A&t"%! " 3ary died i 05#2)'

T"e Bi&& %, Ri "ts (05 #) said t"at % /at"%&ic c%!&d bec%me +i %r ?!ee ' N% +i c%!&dmarry a /at"%&ic' F!rt"erm%re t"e +i c%!&d %t s!spe d &aws %r &e-y &%a s %r taxes wit"%!t

par&iame t6s c% se t'

.ar&iame t a&s% passed t"e T%&erati% Act i 05 #' N% $c% ,%rmists were a&&%wed t"eir %w p&aces %, w%rs"ip a d t"eir %w teac"ers a d preac"ers' H%we-er t"ey c%!&d %t "%&d

%-er me t p%siti% s %r atte d ! i-ersity'

E &a d i t"e 0 t" /e t!ry

I 0< : C!ee A e be a "er rei ' I t"e same year t"e war %, t"e Spa is" s!ccessi% be a 'I 0< 2 t"e reat e era& t"e *!+e %, 3ar&b%r%! " w% a reat -ict%ry %-er t"e Fre c" atB&e "eim' A&s% i 0< 2 t"e Britis" capt!red =ibra&tar $ a d t"ey "a-e "e&d it e-er si ce'

T"e *!+e %, 3ar&b%r%! " we t % t% wi reat -ict%ries at Rami&&ies i 0< 5 at O!de arde i0< a d at 3a&p&a?!et i 0< #'

3ea w"i&e t"e Act %, 4 i% betwee E &a d a d Sc%t&a d was passed i 0<


14/22

made t"em % e a&t"%! " t"e Sc%ts +ept t"eir %w &e a& system c"!rc" a d ed!cati% a& system'Free trade was estab&is"ed betwee t"e tw% c%! tries'

C!ee A e died i 0 N%-ember 0


15/22

T"e ear&y 0 t" ce t!ry was %ted ,%r its &ac+ %, re&i i%!s e t"!siasm' It was a a e %, reas%rat"er t"e d% matism a d t"e c"!rc"es &ac+ed -i %!r' H%we-er i t"e mid$0 t" ce t!ry t"i s

be a t% c"a e' I 0# t"e reat e-a e&ist =e%r e 9"ite,ie&d (0$0


16/22

3ea w"i&e i 0


17/22

water mi&&' T"e i 0 Febr!ary0 : ' T"ist&ew%%d a d 2 %, "is c%mpa i% s were "a ed'

3ea w"i&e i 0 00$0 05 texti&e w%r+ers i t"e 3id&a ds a d t"e %rt" %, E &a d br%+emac"i es ,eari t"ey w%!&d ca!se ! emp&%yme t' T"e wrec+ers were ca&&ed L!ddites a d i,ca! "t t"ey were &i+e&y t% be "a ed'

I 3arc" 0 0< texti&e w%r+ers ,r%m 3a c"ester tried t% marc" t% L% d% t% petiti% t"e .ri ceRe e t' T"ey were ca&&ed b&a +eteers beca!se ma y %, t"em carried b&a +ets' H%we-er e-et"%! " t"e marc" was peace,!& t"e b&a +eteers were st%pped by s%&diers at St%c+p%rt'

T"e % 05 A! !st 0 0# a cr%wd %, ab%!t 5 pe%p&e at"ered at St .eter6s Fie&d i3a c"ester t% "ear a ma amed He ry H! t' E-e t"%! " t"e cr%wd were ! armed a d t"e

peace,!& t"e a!t"%rities se t i s%&diers' As a res!&t 00 pe%p&e were +i&&ed a d "! dreds werew%! ded' A,terwards pe%p&e ca&&ed t"e e-e t 6T"e .eter&%% 3assacre6 i a rim m%c+ery %,9ater&%%'


18/22

I 0 > ,arm &ab%!rers i 7e t a d S!ssex br%+e a ric!&t!ra& mac"i ery ,eari it w%!&d ca!se! emp&%yme t' T"e ri%ts were ca&&ed t"e Swi Ri%ts beca!se a ma amed /aptai Swis!pp%sed&y &ed t"em' As a res!&t %, t"e ri%ts 2 me were "a ed a d 1: were tra sp%rted t%A!stra&ia'

I 0 >2 5 ,arm &ab%!rers i T%&p!dd&e *%rset tried t% ,%rm a trade ! i% ' H%we-er t"ey were pr%sec!ted ,%r ma+i i&&e a& %at"s' (N%t ,%r ,%rmi a ! i% w"ic" was &e a&)' T"ey werese te ced t% tra sp%rtati% t% A!stra&ia' T"e case ca!sed a %!tcry a d t"ey ret!r ed t% Britai i0 > '

.%&itica& Re,%rm

I 0 :: a T%ry %-er me t was ,%rmed w"ic" i tr%d!ced s%me re,%rms' At t"at time y%! c%!&d be "a ed ,%r %-er : %,,e ces' (A&t"%! " t"e se te ce was %,te c%mm!ted t% tra sp%rtati% )'I 0 :1$0 : t"e deat" pe a&ty was ab%&is"ed ,%r m%re t"a 0 crimes'

.ee& a&s% ,%rmed t"e ,irst m%der p%&ice ,%rce i L% d% i 0 :#' T"e p%&ice were ca&&ed6b%bbies6 %r 6pee&ers6 a,ter "im'

Fr%m 0 : t% 0 > t"e *!+e %, 9e&&i t% (0: t"e !rba midd&e c&ass "ad a i creasi say'


19/22

H%we-er t"e w%r+i c&ass were exc&!ded ,r%m t"e re,%rms' Fr%m 0 > a w%r+i c&ass pr%testm%-eme t ca&&ed t"e /"artists was ,%rmed' (T"ey were amed a,ter t"eir .e%p&e6s /"arter)' T"e/"artists "ad se-era& dema ds' T"ey wa ted a&& me t% "a-e t"e -%te' F!rt"erm%re at t"at timey%! "ad t% %w a certai am%! t %, pr%perty t% bec%me a 3.' /"artists wa ted t"e pr%perty?!a&i,icati% ab%&is"ed' T"ey a&s% wa ted 3.s t% be paid' /"artists a&s% wa ted a&&

c% stit!e cies t% be e?!a& i si@e a d t"ey wa ted -%ti t% be by secret ba&&%t'

T"e ,irst /"artist ra&&y was "e&d i 3a c"ester i 0 > ' I 0 ># t"e /"artists de&i-ered a petiti%t% par&iame t w"ic" was re;ected %!t %, "a d' A %t"er petiti% de&i-ered i 0 2: was a&s%re;ected' Fi a&&y i 0 2 a %t"er reat petiti% was se t t% par&iame t b!t it t!r ed i t% a ,arce'S%me %, t"e si at!res were %b-i%!s ,a+es'

/"artism t"e ,i@@&ed %!t' F%r % e t"i it &ac+ed midd&e c&ass s!pp%rt a d "ad % s!pp%rtam% 3.s' F%r a %t"er i t"e &ate 0 2 s c% diti% s ,%r t"e w%r+i c&ass i Britai wereimpr%-i a d disc% te t was dec&i i '

H%we-er ,!rt"er re,%rm did e-e t!a&&y ,%&&%w' I 0 5< m%st w%r+ers i t"e t%w s were i-e t"e-%te a d i 0


20/22

*!ri t"e 0#t" ce t!ry Britai b!i&t !p a reat %-erseas empire i c&!di S%!t" A,ricaA!stra&ia a d New ea&a d' I 0 1


21/22

I 0#:# t"e w%r&d was p&! ed i t% a se-ere ec% %mic recessi% '

By 0#>: ::' G %, i s!red w%r+ers were ! emp&%yed' H%we-er ! emp&%yme t be a t% ,a&& i0#>>' By 8a !ary 0#>5 it st%%d at 0>'#G' By 0#> it st%%d at ar%! d 0 G'

9%r&d 9ar II

9"e war be a % > September 0#># it was ,eared t"at t"e =erma s w%!&d b%mb Britis" citiesca!si reat &%ss %, &i,e' S% c"i&dre ,r%m t"e cities were e-ac!ated t% t"e c%! tryside'A&t% et"er :< sc"%%&c"i&dre wit" 0 > teac"ers a d "e&pers &e,t t"e bi cities'F!rt"erm%re 1:2 c"i&dre be&%w sc"%%& a e a d t"eir m%t"ers &e,t' H%we-er m%st %, t"e6e-ac!ees6 s%% ret!r ed "%me' T"e b%mbi raid % Britis" cities ,ai&ed t% materia&ise $ at ,irst'

Rati% i i Britai be a i September 0#># w"e petr%& was rati% ed' As t"e war c% ti !edrati% i became stricter a d stricter' I 8a !ary 0#2 b!tter s! ar bac% a d "am wererati% ed' Tea was rati% ed ,r%m 8!&y 0#2 ' T"e i 3ay 0#20 c"eese was rati% ed a d ,r%m 8! e0#20 e s were rati% ed' Fr%m 8!&y 0#20 c&%t"es were rati% ed a d y%! "ad t% sa-e !p c%!p% st% b!y t"em' Fr%m 8!&y 0#2: sweets were rati% ed'

Fr%m 0#2: dried (p%wdered) e arri-ed ,r%m t"e 4SA' 3ea w"i&e t"e pe%p&e were e c%!ra edt% 6di ,%r -ict%ry6 a d t"e am%! t %, &a d ! der c!&ti-ati% i creased ,r%m 0: mi&&i% acres i0#># t% 0 mi&&i% acres i 0#21'

O < September 0#2 t"e =erma s be a b%mbi L% d% a d by 0 8a !ary 0#20 %-er 0>L% d% ers were +i&&ed' Ot"er cities "ea-i&y b%mbed d!ri t"e 6b&it@6 i c&!ded Birmi "am/%-e try Brist%& .%rtsm%!t" a d .&ym%!t"'

=erma b%mbi &esse ed a,ter mid$0#20 w"e Hit&er i -aded R!ssia' Fr%m t"e % m%st=erma armed ,%rces were c% ce trated i t"e east' H%we-er i 8! e 0#22 t"e =erma s! &eas"ed a 6secret weap% 6' It was +i d %, r%c+et ca&&ed a VI ,&yi b%mb' (T"e Britis" p!b&icca&&ed t"em 6d%%d&eb! s6)' Fr%m September 0#22 V: r%c+ets were &a! c"ed' a&t% et"er 0 001V:s "it E &a d a d ab%!t "a&, %, t"em "it L% d% ' T"e &ast V: was ,ired % :< 3arc" 0#21' At,irst t"e %-er me t c&aimed t"e exp&%si% s were ca!sed by exp&%di as mai s (w"ic" did 6t,%%& a yb%dy )' T"ey did %t admit t"e tr!t" ! ti& N%-ember 0#22' Hit&er ca&&ed "is ewweap% s Ver e&t! (-e ea ce) weap% s yet =erma b%mbi ,ai&ed' It ,ai&ed t% de t Britis"m%ra&e a d it ,ai&ed t% seri%!s&y a,,ect i d!stria& %!tp!t'

Ab%!t 0 mi&&i% "%!ses were destr%yed %r se-ere&y dama ed d!ri 9%r&d 9ar II' Ab%!t 2ci-i&ia s were +i&&ed' A,ter t"e war Britai was &e,t wit" a se-ere s"%rta e %, "%!si ' T"eH%!si Act %, 0#25 a-e ra ts a d s!bsidies ,%r b!i&di "%!ses' By 0#10 # ew"%!ses "ad bee b!i&t'

Nati% a& A!sterity


22/22

=erma y s!rre dered % 3ay 0#21' Immediate&y a,terwards a e era& e&ecti% was "e&d (t"e,irst si ce N%-ember 0#>1)' Lab%!r w% by a &a dside a d /&eme t Att&ee (0 >$0#5

a short history of britain 3 suport curs

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