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A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out ordampshockimpulse,and dissipatekinetic energy. It is a type ofdashpot.

Miniature oil filled shock components for scale cars.

Contents

[hide]

1 Nomenclature 2 Description 3 Applications

o 3.1 Vehicle suspensiono 3.2 Structureso 3.3 Electrical generationo 3.4 Energy absorption

4 Types of shock absorbers 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links

Nomenclature [edit]

Other names for a shock absorber include damper and dashpot. The automotive suspensioncomponent is often called justshock. During the early 20th century in the U.S., the then-well-knownHoudaillebrand (pronounced WHO-dye) was in some places agenericized trademark

for the device,[1]

but has since disappeared from use.

Description [edit]

Pneumaticand hydraulic shock absorbers are used in conjunction with cushions and springs.An automobile shock absorber contains spring-loaded check valves and orifices to control theflow of oil through an internal piston.[2]

The shock absorber absorbs and dissipates energy. One design consideration, when designingor choosing a shock absorber, is where that energy will go. In most dashpots, energy is

converted to heat inside the viscous fluid. Inhydraulic cylinders, the hydraulicfluidheats up,while in air cylinders, the hot air is usually exhausted to the atmosphere. In other types of

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dashpots, such aselectromagnetictypes, the dissipated energy can be stored and used later. Ingeneral terms, shock absorbers help cushion vehicles on uneven roads.

Applications [edit]

Shock absorbers are an important part of thesuspensionsystems ofautomobiles,motorcycles, and other wheeled or trackedvehicles, as well asaircraftlanding gearand thesupports for many industrialmachines. Large shock absorbers have also been used instructural engineeringto reduce the susceptibility of structures toearthquakedamage andresonance. A transverse mounted shock absorber, called ayaw damper, helps keeprailcarsfrom swaying excessively from side to side, and is important inpassenger railroads,commuter rail, andrapid transitsystems because it increases passenger comfort and preventsrailcars from damaging station platforms. The success of passive damping technologies insuppressing vibration is demonstrated by its market sizearound US $4.5 billion.

Rear shock absorber and spring of a BMW R75/5 motorcycle

Vehicle suspension [edit]

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Lever-action hydraulic shock absorberin a classic car suspension (combined with frontsuspension's upper A-arm). (example displayed is from a RussianGAZ-21Volga sedan)

In a vehicle, shock absorbers reduce the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading toimprovedride qualityandvehicle handling. While shock absorbers serve the purpose oflimiting excessive suspension movement, their intended sole purpose is to dampen springoscillations. Shock absorbers use valving of oil and gasses to absorb excess energy from thesprings. Spring rates are chosen by the manufacturer based on the weight of the vehicle,loaded and unloaded. Some people use shocks to modify spring rates but this is not thecorrect use. Along withhysteresisin the tire itself, they dampen the energy stored in themotion of theunsprung weightup and down. Effective wheel bounce damping may requiretuning shocks to an optimal resistance.

Spring-based shock absorbers commonly usecoil springsorleaf springs, thoughtorsion barsare used intorsionalshocks as well. Ideal springs alone, however, are not shock absorbers, assprings only store and do not dissipate or absorb energy. Vehicles typically employ bothhydraulic shock absorbers and springs or torsion bars. In this combination, "shock absorber"refers specifically to the hydraulic piston that absorbs and dissipates vibration.

Structures [edit]

Applied to a structure such as abuildingorbridgeit may be part of aseismic retrofitor aspart of new,earthquake resistant construction. In this application it allows yet restrainsmotion and absorbsresonant energy, which can cause excessive motion and eventualstructural failure.

Electrical generation [edit]

It may eventually be possible to generate useful energy from the displacement of the fluid ina shock absorber.[3]

Energy absorption [edit]

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Shock absorbersare sometimes used to absorb kinetic energy during lifting with offshorecranes. The kinetic energy comes from velocity differences due to wave motion.

Types of shock absorbers [edit]

There are several commonly-used approaches to shock absorption:

Hysteresisof structural material, for example thecompressionofrubberdisks,stretchingof rubber bands and cords,bendingofsteelsprings, or twisting oftorsion

bars. Hysteresis is the tendency for otherwiseelasticmaterials to rebound with lessforce than was required to deform them. Simple vehicles with no separate shockabsorbers are damped, to some extent, by the hysteresis of their springs and frames.

Dryfrictionas used in wheelbrakes, by using disks (classically made ofleather) atthe pivot of a lever, with friction forced by springs. Used in early automobiles such as

theFord Model T, up through some British cars of the 1940s. Although nowconsidered obsolete, an advantage of this system is its mechanical simplicity; thedegree of damping can be easily adjusted by tightening or loosening the screwclamping the disks, and it can be easily rebuilt with simple hand tools. A disadvantageis that the damping force tends not to increase with the speed of the vertical motion.

For more details on this topic, seeFriction disk shock absorber.

Solid state, tapered chain shock absorbers, using one or more tapered, axialalignment(s) ofgranularspheres, typically made of metals such asnitinol, in a casing.[1],[2]

Fluidfriction, for example the flow of fluid through a narrow orifice (hydraulics),constitutes the vast majority of automotive shock absorbers. This design first appearedonMorsracing carsin 1902.[4]One advantage of this type is, by using special internalvalving, the absorber may be made relatively soft to compression (allowing a softresponse to a bump) and relatively stiff to extension, controlling "rebound", which isthe vehicle response to energy stored in the springs; similarly, a series of valvescontrolled by springs can change the degree of stiffness according to the velocity ofthe impact or rebound. Specialized shock absorbers for racing purposes may allow thefront end of adragsterto rise with minimal resistance under acceleration, thenstrongly resist letting it settle, thereby maintaining a desirable rearward weight

distribution for enhanced traction. Some shock absorbers allow tuning of the ride viacontrol of the valve by a manual adjustment provided at the shock absorber. In moreexpensive vehicles the valves may be remotely adjustable, offering the driver controlof the ride at will while the vehicle is operated. The ultimate control is provided bydynamic valve control via computer in response to sensors, giving both a smooth rideand a firm suspension when needed. Many shock absorbers are pressurised withcompressednitrogen, to reduce the tendency for the oil tocavitateunder heavy use.This causesfoamingwhich temporarily reduces the damping ability of the unit. Invery heavy duty units used for racing or off-road use, there may even be a secondarycylinder connected to the shock absorber to act as a reservoir for the oil and

pressurized gas.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_crane_shock_absorberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_crane_shock_absorberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shock_absorber&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shock_absorber&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_disk_shock_absorberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_disk_shock_absorberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_disk_shock_absorberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitinolhttp://physicsweb.org/articles/news/5/10/15/1http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/5/10/15/1http://unisci.com/stories/20014/1022011.htmhttp://unisci.com/stories/20014/1022011.htmhttp://unisci.com/stories/20014/1022011.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://unisci.com/stories/20014/1022011.htmhttp://physicsweb.org/articles/news/5/10/15/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_disk_shock_absorberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shock_absorber&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_crane_shock_absorber

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For more details on this topic, seeLever arm shock absorber.

Inelectrorheological fluiddamper, an electric field changes the viscosity of the oil.This principle allows semi-active dampers application in automotive and variousindustries.

Other principles use magnetic field variationmagneto rheological damperwhichchanges its fluid characteristics through anelectromagnet.

Compression of a gas, for examplepneumaticshock absorbers, which can act likesprings as the air pressure is building to resist the force on it. Once the air pressurereaches the necessary maximum, air dashpots will act like hydraulic dashpots. Inaircraftlanding gear air dashpots may be combined with hydraulic damping to reduce

bounce. Such struts are calledoleo struts(combining oil and air)[3].

Magneticeffects.Eddy currentdampers aredashpotsthat are constructed out of alarge magnet inside of a non-magnetic, electrically conductive tube.

Inertialresistance to acceleration, for example prior to 1966[4]theCitron 2CVhadshock absorbers that damp wheel bounce with no external moving parts. Theseconsisted of a spring-mounted 3.5 kg (7.75 lb) iron weight inside a vertical cylinder[5]and are similar to, yet much smaller than versions of thetuned mass dampersusedon tall buildings.

Compositehydropneumaticdevices which combine in a single device spring action,shock absorption, and often also ride-height control, as in some models of theCitronautomobile.

Conventional shock absorbers combined with composite pneumatic springs whichallow ride height adjustment or even ride height control, seen in some large trucks andluxury sedans such as certainLincolnand mostLand Roverautomobiles. Ride heightcontrol is especially desirable in highway vehicles intended for occasional rough roaduse, as a means of improvinghandlingand reducing aerodynamic drag by loweringthe vehicle when operating on improved high speed roads.

The effect of a shock absorber at high (sound) frequencies is usually limited by usinga compressible gas as the working fluid or mounting it with rubber bushings.

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