Geothermal Live – 30 April 2008

Session 2: Procuring and Specifying a GSHP

Planning and Contracting Processes:

A Route Map for Developers

Duncan Nicholson Director Ove Arup and Partners

Contents• Legislation

• Planning legislation• Importance of CO2

• RIBA (1998) ‘Outline Plan of Work’

• The Planning Stage• Comparisons of different renewable technology • PII Project

• GSHP compared with other renewables

• The Detailed Design Stage

• The Construction Stage

Legislation

• Town and Country Planning Act (1990)• Planning Permission• Environmental Impact Assessment

• Water Act• Section 32 Consent (to drill and test a borehole)• Abstraction Licence/ Discharge Consent

• Environmental Protection Act (1990)

• Control of Substance Hazardous to Health (COSHH)

• Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (CDM)

• Building Regs (Part L) – Carbon Emissions

Sources of CO2 Emissions

Gas Boiler Emissions

Electricity - Power Station Emissions

CO2 Emissions From An Office

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/m

2 /yr

Miscellaneous ElectricalCateringComputer RoomsOffice Equipment

Lighting

Fans and Pumps

Cooling

Heating and Hot Water

Regulated

UK Total Carbon Emission - 2006

Non-domestic Buildings, 18%

Business (Other), 21%

Transport, 28%

Domestic Buildings, 27%

Land, 1%

Public, 5%

Carbon Emission Drivers

• Part L 2006

• The London Plan

• Code for Sustainable Homes

• Code for Sustainable Buildings

London Plan Increase in 2008

“The Mayor will, and boroughs should, in their DPDs adopt a presumption that developments will achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 20% from on site renewable energy generation”

Code for Sustainable Homes

• Introduced December 2006 as voluntary code replacing EcoHomes in England

• Owned by Dept for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)

• Live since April 2007

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Tota

l Car

bon

Emis

sion

s (%

of 2

008)

Domestic Carbon Emission Targets

Zero Carbon 2016

Part L

London PlanCode 3

Code 4

Code 6

Code for Sustainable Buildings

• Initial research coordinated by UKGBC

• Proposals for timeline to Zero Carbon

• Government announced 2019 target for all buildings in 2008 Budget

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Car

bon

Emis

sion

s (%

of 2

006

Par

t L)

Commercial Carbon Emission Targets

Zero Carbon 2019

Part L

London Plan

Plan of Work For Developers (RIBA, 1998)Stages:A. InceptionB. FeasibilityC. Outline ProposalsD. Scheme Design

E. Detail DesignF. Production InformationG. Bills of QuantitiesH. Tender ActionJ. Project Planning

K. Operations On SiteL. CompletionM. Monitoring

PLANNING STAGE

DETAILED DESIGN STAGE

CONSTRUCTION STAGE

The Planning Stage – RIBA Stages A to D

Understanding developer aspirations – includes renewables!

• Feasibility study• Preliminary designs• Planning applications to

Local Authority

• Broad range of disciplines• Mechanical and electrical • Building engineering• Ground engineering /

groundwater

Legislation London PlanPart L

Developer Input

(aspirations, self imposed

targets)

Energy Target

Architectural Concept / Design

Energy HierarchyReduce demand

Increase efficiency

Use renewable/low energy

Feas

ibili

ty S

tudy

Standard System Biomass GSHPCHP

Renewables :

Solar / wind

Outline scheme design

Review Target

Potential for early contractor

involvement

Low and Renewable Technologies Options• Best design practice and beyond

• GSHP

• Biomass Boilers

• Photovoltaic Cells

• Wind Turbines

• Solar Water Heating

• Gas Fired CHP

• Biomass CHP

Catering

Heating and Hot Water

Cooling

Fans & Pumps

Lighting

Office Equipment

Misc. ElectricalComputer Rooms

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yrTypical New Build

Carbon Emissions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yrTypical New Build (2008)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

Un-regulated at design:

No change

Energy Efficient Lighting / Controls: -25%

Improved air/water distribution efficiency: -10%

Enhanced Insulation / reduced hot water use: -25%

Enhanced Façade (reduced cooling): -25%

“Best Practice”

15%

Beyond “Best Practice”

• Change Expectations

• Natural Vent (mixed mode)

• Minimal cooling

• Reduced occupant energy demands

Ground Source Heat Pumps

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

• Defined by GLA as Renewable

• Substantial improvement on heating and cooling efficiency

• Influence of electricity

15%

“Best Practice”

Reducing Carbon from Electrical Supply

• Current electricity to National Grid• Coal fired power station 0.56kgCO2/kWhr• Blended Supply 0.43kgCO2/kWhr

• 2025 estimate • Blended Supply 0.2kgCO2/kWhr

• This would halve the carbon emissions

• The carbon tax could reduce the emissions to zero.

Biomass Boilers

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

• Biomass is “Conditionally”renewable

• Near zero carbon heat source

• Practical & logistical implications

12%

“Best Practice”

Photovoltaic Cells

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

• Renewable Electricity from Sunlight

• Very high cost

• Often limited by available roof / façade area

86%

“Best Practice”

Wind Turbines

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

• Renewable Electricity from Wind

• Limited resource in urban areas

• Aesthetic issues

86%

“Best Practice”

Solar Water Heating

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

4%

• Renewable heat from solar energy

• Impact limited to proportion of hot water generation

• Relies on central hot water storage

“Best Practice”

Gas-fired CHP

• Optimum use of fossil fuel (gas)

• Carbon savings compared with grid electricity

• Need to utilise heat limits impact

6%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

HeatingCooling

Power

“Best Practice”

EFFICIENCY 90%+

30%40%

60%

Heat for heating hot water or process

Heat

Prime mover Generator

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

Biomass CHP

24%

-5

5

15

25

35

1

kgC

O2/

m2/

yr

100%

“Best Practice”

Renewable Technologies Cost Comparison

£0

£200

£400

£600

£800

£1,000

£1,200

Larg

e Sc

ale

Win

d

Gas

-fire

d C

HP

Biom

ass

CH

P

Biom

ass

Boile

rs

Gro

und

Sour

ceH

eat P

umps

Urb

an W

ind

Sola

r Wat

erH

eatin

g

Phot

ovol

taic

s

£/tC

O2

save

d

Partners In Innovation ProjectComparison of GSHP and Biomass

• Partners in Innovation Study - 2002 to 2005• Ground Storage of Building Heat Energy

www.arup.com/geotechnics

• Two Case Studies• House – Four bedroom• Office Block – Energy efficient

• Designs for Biomass and GSHP systems

House

• £/kgCO2 Saved Over 15 Year

•Comparison with gas.

•Biomass is twice as effective at saving carbon

Boreholes Biomass£0.00

£0.50

£1.00

£1.50

£2.00

£/kg

CO

2 S

aved

Domestic

• Whole Life Costs For 15 yrs

• Biomass and GSHP are similar.

Domestic Gas Boiler

Boreholes Biomass

-£30,000

-£20,000

-£10,000

£0

Who

le L

ife C

ost

House with radiatorsComparison with Gas Boiler

Low Energy Office

Low Energy OfficeCommercial Gas Boiler

Boreholes - Cost Opt

Boreholes - Ene Opt Biomass

-£1,400,000

-£1,300,000

-£1,200,000

Who

le L

ife C

ostWhole Life Costs for 15 yrs

• Biomass Storage not included

£/kgCO2 Saved over 15 Years

• GSHP effective because of balanced heating and cooling

Boreholes - Cost Opt

Boreholes - Ene Opt Biomass

£0.00

£3.00

£6.00

£9.00

£/kg

CO

2 S

aved

Commercial Gas Boiler

Detailed Design Stage RIBA Stages E to G

• Site Investigation

• Developer establishes team to design works

• Team is multi discipline :• M and E• Structural• Geotechnical engineers• Geothermal specialist • Piling specialist

• Important to finalise structural and thermal requirements for building ASAP

• Develop GSHP solutions in emerging market

The Detailed Design Stage

Planning

Construction

Detailed

Design

GSHP Supplier

Vertical loops

Closed Loop

GSHP

Contractor Builds

Planning Approved

For outline scheme design

Houses

Pile contractor

GSHP Supplier

Energy Piles

Closed Loop

Piling

Contractor Builds

Large Buildings

< 8 stories

Hydrogeologist

Wells

Open Loop

Well

Contractor Builds

Large Buildings

Key design input

Key input

Procurement Issues – many skills• Vertical Boreholes – closed loops

• Loops designed by GSHP supplier – and coordinates boreholes.• Developed market - D and B basis.

• Energy Piles• Piles designed by Consultant / Contractor.• Pile designer – Little experience with ground loop design. • Link with GSHP supplier /designer – M and E Eng ?• Currently one piling contractor offering energy piles - Design via

partner GSHP Supplier.

• Open Systems• Wells designed by Consultant - Hydro-geologist. • M and E Eng designs heat pump - Balance heat and cool.• Well contractor builds wells – GSHP supplier provides heat pump.

The Construction Stage - RIBA Stages H to L

• Specifications – international standards

• Tendering / Appointment - appropriate contractor• Vertical Loops - GSHP supplier• Energy Piles - Piling contractor coordinates GSPH supplier • Open Systems -Separate Well contractor / Heat exchanger

• Project Planning and Operations On Site• Integration with above ground construction• Cooperation/ liaison with other contractors on site

• Completion• Handover and briefing of developer/ building occupant on

system controls

• Monitoring performance

Conclusions• Legislation

• Importance of Carbon emissions• In Future driver is Zero Carbon

• RIBA (1998) ‘Outline Plan of Work’• GSHP in Offices is more complex that Houses.

• The Planning Stage• Comparisons of different renewable technology• Balancing heating and cooling leads to efficiency • PII Project

• The Detailed Design Stage• How to link boreholes / energy piles open system designs

• The Construction Stage• Strong specifications

Thank you for your attention

Any Questions?

Low Energy Office - CFA pile Option -expensive

£80,500£32,100£56,278- Below Ground

£1,891£1,891£1,891- Above Ground

£1481£900£864Running Cost Saving

1.8%0.7%1.3%Additional % on overall cost

£82,391 £33,991 £58,168 Additional over Conventional

£1,040,919 £992,519 £1,016,696 £958,528 H+C System Cost

£4,658,111 £4,609,711 £ 4,690,166 £4,575,720Total Build Cost

Energy OptCost Opt

Boreholes

Energy PilesConventional

Summary of Results Annual Carbon Emissions

(kgC/yr) Annual Carbon Savings

(%) House With Radiators Conventional 625 - Energy Piles 324 48 Boreholes 351 44 House With UFH Conventional 625 - Energy Piles 250 60 Boreholes 284 54 Residential Flats Conventional 6,213 - Energy Piles 3,724 40 Boreholes (Cost Optimised) 3,590 42 Boreholes (Energy Optimised) 3,223 48 Low Energy Office Conventional 6,888 - Energy Piles 3,341 51 Boreholes (Cost Optimised) 3,252 53 Boreholes (Energy Optimised) 1,792 74 Standard Office Conventional 35,195 - Energy Piles - - Boreholes (Cost Optimised) 16,887 52 Boreholes (Energy Optimised) 14,960 57

Conclusions - Energy Modelling• Carbon emission savings above 40% in all cases

• Structural pile sizes and lengths provide heat exchange capacity for all building except the Standard Office.

Conclusions - Cost Modelling• Large Annual Operating Cost Savings

• 20% - 50% depending upon building

• Significant Additional Capital Expenditure • Driven Pre-cast piles – Up tubes cast in to piles – (Unproven)• CFA Piles – 4 x T40 base to install tubes – (Doubles pile price)• Currently no economic payback within 20 years

Why is GSHP system used in other European countries?

Part L

• Updated 2006

• Carbon reduction