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A REVIEW ON ANTI-DIABETIC HERBS FOUND IN INDIA WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHHATTISGARH

Prachi Bargah1*, Lata Sharma

1 and Vaibhav Tripathi

2

1Department of Life Science, Dr. CV Raman University, Bilaspur- 495001, Chhattisgarh,

India.

2Columbia College of Pharmacy, Raipur-492001, Chhattisgarh, India.

ABSTRACT

Diabetes is a well-known disorder affecting a large number of

populations worldwide. It is associated with the irregular

pharmacokinetic function of the body. Insulin hormone plays a key

role in regulating blood glucose level. In case of diabetes, the

concentration of insulin is found to be altered due to various reasons.

Allopathic system is not much effective for diabetes, moreover the

medicines cause serious complications on prolong use as well. Herbal

medicines have been gaining popularity among peoples for last few

years. Approximately 700 herbs have been reported for their anti-

diabetic activity. Present review article is an attempt to incorporate the

knowledge of the herbs which are being used for the management of

diabetes. We have also summarized the salient survey of anti-diabetic herbs used by local

healers of Chhattisgarh state. This review will be surely beneficial for researchers to validate

the herbs which are being awaited to assess scientifically.

KEYWORDS: Pharmacokinetic function, Allopathic system, Herbal medicine, Local

Healers, Validation.

INTRODUCTION

In the world, the estimated number of people over 18 years of age with diagnosed and

undiagnosed diabetes is 30.2 million. The figure represents between 27.9 and 32.7 percent of

the population. Without ongoing, careful management, diabetes can lead to a buildup of

sugars in the blood, which can increase the risk of dangerous complications,

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.074

Volume 8, Issue 6, 1619-1631. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

Article Received on

20 March 2019,

Revised on 10 April 2019,

Accepted on 01 May 2019,

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20196-15130

*Corresponding Author

Prachi Bargah

Department of Life Science,

Dr. CV Raman University,

Bilaspur- 495001,

Chhattisgarh, India.

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including stroke and heart disease. Different kinds of diabetes can occur, and managing the

condition depends on the type. Not all forms of diabetes stem from a person being overweight

or leading an inactive lifestyle. In fact, some are present from childhood.

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is

vital to health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your

muscles and tissues. It's also brain's main source of fuel. The underlying cause of diabetes

varies by type. But, no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in

your blood. Too much sugar in blood can lead to serious health problems. Chronic diabetes

conditions include type I diabetes and type II diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes

conditions include pre-diabetes. when blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high

enough to be classified as diabetes and gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy

but may resolve after the baby is delivered ( Facp and Flack, 2018).

Three major diabetes types can develop type I, type II, and gestational diabetes. Type I

diabetes also known as juvenile diabetes, this type occurs when the body fails to

produce insulin. People with type I diabetes are insulin-dependent, which means they must

take artificial insulin daily to stay alive. Type II diabetes affects the way the body uses

insulin. While the body still makes insulin, unlike in type I, the cells in the body do not

respond to it as effectively as they once did. This is the most common type of diabetes,

according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and it

has strong links with obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs in women during pregnancy when

the body can become less sensitive to insulin. Gestational diabetes does not occur in all

women and usually resolves after giving birth. Less common types of diabetes include

monogenic diabetes and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes.

Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how much your blood sugar is elevated. Some people,

especially those with pre-diabetes or type II diabetes, may not experience symptoms initially.

In type I diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. Some of the signs

and symptoms of are increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, unexplained weight

loss, presence of ketones in the urine, fatigue, irritability, blurred vision, slow-healing sores,

frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections (Mayo, 2018).

The exact cause of type I diabetes is unknown. Immune system normally fights harmful

bacteria or viruses attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type I is

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thought to be caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. In

type II diabetes, cells become resistant to the action of insulin, and pancreas is unable to

make enough insulin to overcome this resistance. Instead of moving into cells where it's

needed for energy, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. Exactly why this happens is

uncertain, although it's believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in the

development of type II diabetes too. Being overweight is strongly linked to the development

of type II diabetes, but not everyone is overweight.

Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes. Factors that may signal an increased

risk of Type I diabetes include family history, environmental factors, presence of damaging

immune system cells (autoantibodies) and geographical situation. Risk factors for type II

diabetes include, weight, lack of physical exercise family history, race, age, high blood

pressure, abnormal cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. Eventually, diabetes complications

may be disabling or even life-threatening. Possible complications include cardiovascular

disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, eye damage, foot damage, altered skin conditions,

hearing impairment, Alzheimer's disease and depression. Most women who have gestational

diabetes deliver healthy babies. However, untreated or uncontrolled blood sugar levels can

cause problems for mother and baby.

As far as the management of diabetes is concerned allopathic treatment is found to be less

effective and costly. The use of allopathic drugs is being drastically dropped due their

unwanted adverse effects and above mentioned reasons as well. Now a day, herbal medicines

are gaining popularity among peoples for the management of diabetes syndrome. Herbal

medicines are safe, easily available and exert no side effect on the body. Present review deals

with some significant herbs found in India and Chhattisgarh.

ANTI- DIABETES HERBS IN CHHATTISGARH

In the developed countries the medicinal drugs (25%) are based on plants and their

derivatives1 and use of medicinal plants among the indigenous people in rural area of many

developing countries. Botanically derived medicinal plants played a major role in human

societies throughout history and prehistory 2. The ethno-botanical use of this unique group is

of immense importance3-4. India is the one of the world’s 12th mega biodiversity centers

having rich vegetation with 47 thousand plants species and a wide varieties of ethno-

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botanical plants along with tradition of plants based knowledge distributed among the vast

number of ethnic group5-6. Chhattisgarh is the 26th state of India that is located between 17

to 23°7´ north latitude and 8°40 to 83°38´ east longitude.

Ethno- medicine indicate the comparison or study of traditional medicinal plants.

Chhattisgarh is a herbal state which shows a unique biogeographically condition and also

showed plant genetic diversity in the area of 24036.100 Sq. Km. (Area of Protected forests)

and 25782.167 Sq.Km. (Area of reserved forests) out of 59772.389 Sq.Km. (Total area).

those help in health care and also help in treating the deterioration of environment.

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Table 1: Analysis of remedies obtained from different plant parts for diabetes mellitus.

Family Botanical name Common

Name

Parts

used Extracts Active chemical constituents

Dose

mg/kg

Test

model Result

Fabaceae

Acacia arabica Indian gum Arabic Seed, Bark - Polyphenol, Tannin - - -

Cassia auriculata Tanner’s cassia Flower - Sterol, Triterpenoid, Flavonoid,

Tannin - - -

Glycine max Soya beans Seed - 3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol - - -

Tamarindusindica Tatul tree Seed, Fruit Methanolic Flavonoid, Polysaccharide 200 STZ rat -

Xanthocerciszambesiaca

Nyala tree

Leaf

-

Fagomine, 4-O-beta-D-

glucopyranosylfagomine, Castano

spermine

-

-

-

Retamaraetam - whole plant Aqueous - i.v., AT STZ rat ↓Glucose

Buteamonosperma

Bastard teak

Fruit

Aqueous

Butein, Palasonin, Stigmasterol-3

β- D-glucopyranoside

1 or 2g

Type II

diabetic

patient

-

Rutaceae

Aeglemarmelos

Golden apple

Leaf, Seed,

Fruit

Ethanolic,

Aqueous

Aegeline 2, Coumarin,

Flavonoid, Alkaloid

I.p., 14d;

p.o., 14d;

1.0

g/kg

STZ rat

↓Glucose,

↓glycosylated

Hemoglobin, ↑C-

peptide,

↑glucose Tolerance,

↑glycogen,

↑insulin

Citrus reticulate Mandarin Fruit Essential oil Essential oil 500-2000 Alloxan rat -

Feroniaelephantum Wood apple Fruit Aqueous

Bioflavonoid, Triterpenoid,

Stigma sterol, Bergapten 500 Alloxan rat -

Murrayakoenigii Curry-leaf tree Leaf, Fruit Fruit juice Carbazole, Alkaloid

2.5-5.0

ml/kg Alloxan mice

-

Limoniaacidissima Wood apple Fruit Methanolic Polysaccharide 200-400 Alloxan rat

Alliaceae Allium cepa Onion Bulb Allyl propyl disulphide, S- methyl

cysteine sulphoxide - Alloxan rat -

Allium sativum

Garlic

Root

Ethanolic

Diallyldisulphide oxide, Ajoene,

Allyl

propyl disulfide, S-allyl cysteine,

S-allylmercaptocysteine

P.o., 14d,

21-

112 d

STZ rat

↓Glucose, ↓Lipid,

↑Insulin,

↓Oxidative stress

Asphodelaceae Aloe barbadensis Barbados aloe Leaf - Lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol,

24- ethyllophenol - - -

Azadirachtaindica Neem Leaf, Seed - Nimbidin - - -

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Meliaceae

Meliadubia African mahogany

-

Alcoholic

Liminoid

300

STZ rat

-

Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgaris Beetroot Whole Plant - Sugar beet pectin, Polydextrose - - -

Oxalidaceae Biophytum. Sensitivum Sikerpud Whole Plant - Not known - - -

Averrhoabilimbi - Leaf Aqueous - P.o., 14d STZ rat ↓Glucose, ↓Lipid

Brassicaceae Brassica juncea Mustard Seed, Leaf - Isorhamnetindiglucoside - - -

Lepidiumsativum - Leaf Aqueous -

p.o., AT,

p.o.,15d STZ rat ↓Glucose

Raphanussativus -

Whole

plant Aqueous - p.o., 21d STZ rat

↓Glucose, ↓Lipid,

↓Insulin

Leguminosae Cajanuscajan Pigeon pea Seed - (7R*,9as*)-7-phenyl-

octahydroquinolizin-2-one - - -

Solanaceae Withaniasomnifera Winter cherry Leaf - Withanolide, Alkaloid - - -

Lyciumbarbarum

Chirchita

Fruit

Crude

polysacchari

de

extract

Polysaccharide

p.o., 21-

26d; 10-

250

mg/kg

STZ rat,

Alloxan

rabbit

↓Glucose,

↓Oxidativestress,

↑GLUT4,↑Insulin

Withaniacoagulans

Vegetable rennet

Fruit

Ethanolic

Milk-coagulating enzyme,

Esterase, Fatty oil, Essential oil,

Alkaloid

750

STZ rat

-

Physalisalkekengi Strawberry tomato

-

Aqueous

Polysaccharide

50-100 Alloxan mice

-

Capsicum

frutescens Chilli - - Capsaicin - - -

Apocynaceae

Catharanthusroseus

Alastonia

scholaris

Red periwinkle

Sapatparni

Whole Plant

Leaves,stem

bark

-

Ethanolic

Vinculin, Alkaloid

Alkaloid, flavenoid

-

-

-

Rat

-

-

Lauraceae Cinnamomumzeylanicum Cinnamon Leaf, Bark - Cinnamaldehyde - - -

Momordicacharantia

Bitter melon

Whole plant

methanolic,

Aqueous,

chloroformic

Charantin, Momordicin,

Galactose- binding lectin

Non-bitter, Diosgenin,

Cholesterol, lanosterol, β-

p.o.,27-

30d;

10-

SZT mice

↓Glucose,

↓Glycosylated

hemoglobin,

↓Oxidative stress,

↑Glycogen,

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sitosterol, Cucurbitacin glycoside 20mg/kg ↓Lipid

Peroxidation

Cocciniaindica Ivy-gourd Fruit Alcoholic Β-amyrin, Lupeol, Cucurbitacin B 150 Alloxan rat -

Cucumis

metuliferus Jelly melon Fruit Fruit extract Β-carotene, Fatty acid 1000-1500 Alloxan rat -

Momordica cymbalaria Kaarali-kanda Fruit Aqueous Steroidal glycoside or phenolics 0.5g/kg STZ rat -

Momordicabalsamina

Balsam apple

Fruit

Methanolic

Momordicin, Vitamin C, Resin

acid, Fixed

oil, Carotene, Aromatic volatile

oil, Alkaloid,

Cucurbitacin, Saponin

250-500 STZ rat

-

Euphorbiaceae Jatrophacurcas Barbados nut Whole plant - Diterpene - - -

Phyllanthusemblica;

P.Acidus Indian gooseberry Fruit Aqueous Tannin 350 Alloxan rat

-

Emblica officinalis Amla Fruit - Tannoid - - -

Anacardiaceae

Mangiferaindica

Mango tree

Leaf, Stem

Bark, Fruit

Aqueous,

Alcoholic

Mangiferin, Phenolics, Flavonoid

i.p., AT;

100-200

mg/kg

STZ rat,

Alloxan rat

↓Glucose

Rhuscoriaria Sicilian Sumac Fruit Ethanolic

Limonene, Nonanal, Dec-2 (Z)-

enal 400

Alloxan

wistar rat -

Lamiaceae

Menthapiperita

Peppermint

Leaf

-

Essential oil, Terpen, Flavonoid.

Vanadium, Zinc, Chromium,

Copper, Iron, Potassium, Sodium,

Nickel

-

-

-

Ocimum sanctum Holy basil Leaf -

Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-

4- allylbenzene) - -

-

Leonotisleonurus - Leaf Aqueous - p.o., AT STZ mice ↓Glucose

Salvia officinalis - Leaf Aqueous - p.o., 14d STZ rat

↓Glucose

↓Gluconeogenesis

Moringaceae Moringaoleifera Moringa Whole plant - Not known - - -

Musaceae Musa sapientum Sweet banana Flower - Flavonoid, Steroid, Glycoside - - -

Musa paradisiaca Banana Fruit Methanolic Dietary fibre, Pectin 100-800 STZ rat

Nymphaeaceae Nelumbonucifera Sacred lotus Flower - Tolbutamide - - -

Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa Roman coriander Whole plant - Thymoquinone - - -

Turneraceae Turneradiffusa Damiana Leaf - Flavonoid, Terpen - - -

Utricaceae Urticadioica Nettles Leaf - Flavonoid, Coumarin, Lectin - -

Vacciniummyrtillus Leaf, Fruit

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Ericaceae

Bilberry - Anthocyanoside - - -

Vacciniumangustifolium Wild blueberry Fruit Ethanolic Phenolic

12.5

mg/ml - -

Liliaceae

Aloe vera

Barbados aloe

Leaf

Ethanolic

Pseudoprototinosaponin,

Prototinosaponin

P.o., 28d

Db/dbmice

↓Glycosylated

hemoglobin

Amaranthaceae Amaranthusesculentus - Whole plant Oil fraction - P.o., 21d STZ rat ↓Gluose, ↑Insulin

Annonaceae

Annonasquamosa

- Leaf, Fruit-Pulp

Aqueous,

Ethanolic

-

P.o.,10-

30d;

p.o.,10-

15d

STZ rat,

Alloxan rabbit

↓Glucose, ↓Lipid,

↓Lipid peroxidation

Malmeadepressa

-

Root

Aqueous,

Ethanolic, n-butanol

fraction

-

p.o., AT

STZ rat

↓Glucose

Crassulaceae Bryophyllumpinnatum - Leaf Alcoholic - p.o./i.p.,

AT STZ rat ↓Glucose

Burseraceae Canariumschweinfurthi - Stem bark Methanolic,

Methylene

chloride - p.o.,14d STZ rat ↓Glucose

Asteraceae

Chamaemelumnobile - Leaf Aqueous - p.o., 15d STZ rat ↓Glucose

Eugenia jambolana

-

Fruit pulp, Seed Aqueous,

Ethanolic

Pandanusodorus

p.o., AT

STZ rabbit

↓Glucose, ↓Lipid, ↑Glucosetolerance

Artemisia

sphaerocephala Worm wood Fruit Aqueous Polysaccharide 200 Alloxan rat -

Taraxacumofficinale Dandelion Fruit - Terpen - - -

Menispermaceae Cosciniumfenestratum

-

Stem bark

Alcoholic

-

p.o., 12d

STZ rat

↓Glucose, ↓Glycosylated

hemoglobin, ↓Glycogen, ↓Lipid, ↓Oxidative

stress

Rubiaceae

Hintoniastandleyana - Stem bark methanolic - p.o., AT STZ rat ↓Glucose

Morindacitrifolia Indian mulberry Fruit Fruit juice Saponin, Triterpene, Steroid,

Flavonoid 2 ml/kg STZ rat -

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Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hemerocallidea

- Fruit Aqueous - p.o., AT STZ mice ↓Glucose

Piperaceae

Piper betle

Pan

Leaf

Aqueous

-

p.o., 30 d

STZ rat

↓Glucose, ↓Glycosylated Hemoglobin

Scrophulariaceae

Scopariadulcis

-

Whole plant Aqueous -

p.o., 21-42

d STZ rat

↓Glucose,↓Lipid, ↓oxidativestress, ↑Insulin

Combretaceae

Terminaliachebula

Chebulicmyrobalan Seed, Fruit chloroform,

Aqueous

Shikimic, Gallic, Triacontanoic, Palmitic acid, β-sitosterol,

Daucosterol

p.o., AT; 200 mg/kg

STZ rat

↓Glucose

Terminaliasuperb a -

Stem bark methanolic,

methylene

chloride

-

p.o., 14 d

STZ rat

↓Glucose

Terminaliacatappa

Indian almond

Fruit

Petroleum

ether,

Methanolic,

Aqueous

Phenolics

68, 40, 42

Alloxan rat

-

Tremellamesenterica - Fruit Isolated com

pound - p.o., 14 d STZ rat ↓Glucose

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphusspina- christi Christ thorn

Leaf

n-butanol

fraction,

Hydroalcoho

lic

Christinin-A, Fatty acid

p.o., AT;

500 mg/kg

STZ rat, Alloxandog

↓Glucose

Caricaceae Carica papaya Papaya Fruit Aqueous Saponin, Tannin, Alkaloid,

Flavonoid, 100-400 Wistar rat -

AT: Acute treatment, GLUT-4: Glucose transporter, Hex: Hexane fraction, i.p.: Intraperitoneal route, p.o.: oral route and STZ: Streptozotocin

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

This review has been constituted by two methods. Firstly, we have compiled the data of

reported hypoglycemic herbs available in various scientific journals. We have exclusively

listed those herbs, which belong to Apocynaceae family. On the other hand we had gone

through the ethno-botanical survey near Bilaspur region with the help of local healers and

academicians. Present work may be useful to health professionals, scientists and scholars

working in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop evidence based herbal

medicine to cure different kinds of diabetes in human being. This review shows the

importance and the interest placed on medicinal plants in the drive to demonstrate their anti-

diabetic effects and the responsible bioactive agents.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Diabetes has become a very dangerous lifestyle disorder. WHO has been putting extra

ordinary effort to combat against diabetes for last 10 years. Approximately 1.6 million deaths

are directly attributed to diabetes each year. Diabetes leads to severe damage of vital organs

such as heart, kidney, nerves, and blood vessels. The most common is type-II diabetes usually

in adults. This occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not make enough

insulin. Therapies developed along the principles of western medicine (allopathic) are often

limited in efficacy, carry the risk of adverse effects, and are often too costly (Shukla and

Shukla, 2015).

Therefore, treating diabetes mellitus with plant derived compounds which are accessible and

do not require laborious pharmaceutical synthesis seems highly attractive. The study revealed

that 108 plant species belonging to 56 families were generally used for treatment of diabetes.

The majority of the experiments confirmed the benefits of medicinal plants with

hypoglycemic effects in the management of diabetes mellitus. Among the plants used for the

diabetes, Annona squamosa, Momordica charantia, Egyptian Morus alba, Lycium barbarum,

Allium sativum, and Aegle marmelos seems to be most common plants used to treat diabetes

and are available everywhere. The fruits were most commonly used plant parts and other

parts (leaf, root, stem, bark, flower, and whole plant) were also useful for curing. However,

the diabetic model that was most commonly used was the streptozotocin and alloxan-induced

diabetic mouse or rat as diabetic models (Sudarsanam and Saravanamuttu, 2012).

In the present analysis there are variety of medicinal plants used for treatment of diabetes

were reported but only few species are mentioned very important and most preferably used

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by Chhattisgarh Bilaspur region viz. Alstonia Scholaris, Cinamomum cassia, Camellia

sinesis, Azadirachta indica, Ficus religiosa, Gymnema sylvestre, Allium sativum, Eugenia

jambolana, Momordica charantia, Aloevera, Trigonella foenum-graecum. The most

commonly involved active constituents are Flavonoid, Tannin, Phenolics, and Alkaloid

(Bamola et. al., 2007). While doing survey, we have got interesting information by local

healers regarding Alstonia scholaris. They are also using root of this herb for the

management of diabetes. However, leaf is being reported to possess anti-diabetic activity.

This review will assist research scholars to evaluate anti-diabetic activity of root in future.

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