a review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind,
wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment
Takvor SoukissianSenior Researcher
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research
![Page 2: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
1. Renewable energy sources and technologies
2. The basics
3. The spatial and the temporal scales
4. Environmental stressors & receptors
5. Conclusions
![Page 3: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Renewable energy sources and
technologies
Renewable energy sources and
technologies
![Page 4: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of renewable ocean energy (Blue energy)
1. Offshore wind energy 2. Sea wave energy 3. Tidal 4. Ocean current 5. Thermal energy
![Page 5: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
BLUE ENERGY 1
Offshore wind
1. Horizontal axis wind turbine
2. Vertical axis wind turbine
3. Floating (horizontal & vertical) axis wind turbine
![Page 6: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tides and currents1. Horizontal axis turbine2. Vertical axis turbine3. Enclosed tips4. Helical Screw5. Oscillating hydrofoil6. Tidal kite7. Other
BLUE ENERGY 2(1)
(2)
(3)(4)
(5)(6)
(7)
![Page 7: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Waves 1. Attenuator2. Point absorber3. Oscillating wave surge converter4. Oscillating water column5. Overtopping6. Pressure differential7. Bulge wave8. Rotating mass
BLUE ENERGY 3
(1)(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
![Page 8: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Thermal gradients1. Open cycle
1a. Mist lift cycle1b. Foam lift cycle
2. Closed cycle3. Hybrid cycle
(2) (3)
(1a)(1)
BLUE ENERGY 4
![Page 9: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
BLUE ENERGY 5
![Page 10: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Some blue energy facts
Social acceptance of renewable energy sources in Europe (Source: European Commission, 2006)
George W. Boehlert and Andrew B. Gill (2010): Oceanography, Vol. 23, No 2.
![Page 11: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Definition of the basic constituents
Definition of the basic constituents
![Page 12: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Stressors are environmental features subject to change during the various stages of development of blue energy installations
• Receptors are ecosystem elements with capability of response to the stressors
Stressors and receptors
![Page 13: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Involved time-scales, • Spatio-temporal extent of the stress
Temporal and spatial scales
![Page 14: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• “Effect” is a qualitative change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause characteristic
• “Impact” is a marked effect or influence, as regards the severity, intensity or duration. There can be positive or negative outcomes to the effect of the stressor
Effects vs Impacts
![Page 15: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The variety of
• blue energy technologies (developed, patented or under development),
• nearshore or offshore areas and ecosystems,
render the assessment of environmental effects and impacts very difficult
Effects vs Impacts
![Page 16: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The temporal scales
The temporal scales
![Page 17: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
For the rational assessment of the construction’s potential effects/impacts on marine life, appropriate temporal scales should be defined:
• the short-term temporal scale refers to the construction and decommissioning phases (of the order of some months up to a couple of years),
• the long-term scale extends up to the operational life of the construction (of the order of some decades) and
• the “permanent” scale, which extends beyond the operational and the decommissioning phase of the construction
![Page 18: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Design phase (1)
Activities during the preconstruction (design) phase include:
• general planning and site selection / investigation, • design of the ocean energy equipment type and the
method of installation,• consideration of removal options, • licensing procedures (including Environmental Impacts
Assessment) • design of the appropriate and necessary mitigation
measures
![Page 19: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Information on biotic and abiotic characteristics on the considered site should be collected and assessed.
Biotic information: marine mammals, sea, resting and migrating birds, fish species, and macrozoo- and phyto-benthosAbiotic information: sediment characteristics, bathymetry and geomorphology, geological/geophysical structure at the site, as well as the general wind, wave and hydrodynamic climate characteristics of the area
Planning phase (2)
![Page 20: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Construction phase (1)
Activities related to:
• site preparation, dredging and leveling, • piling/installation/anchoring, • cabling, and• shipping and air transports
![Page 21: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Construction phase (2)The disturbances are related to:
• seabed disruption, • noise and • increased ship and aerial traffic in the area
Milder disturbances:
• release of pollutants, • debris and waste, • lighting, (potential effects on bird movements), and • risks related to mariners safety
![Page 22: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Operation phase• Scheduled or non-scheduled maintenance and service
activities take place. The disturbances are related to: – the physical presence of the device and related infrastructure, – the operational noise and – the maintenance activities
• The maintenance activities result in increased traffic in the sea area and could have disturbing effects on the biota
• Maintenance and repairing materials (paints, covering, chemical substances, etc). should be treated with caution in order to avoid chemical pollution
• Potential EMF effects to some fish species, is an open debate • Bird collisions, especially in the presence of the wind turbines
along migration routes, could be another important effect
![Page 23: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Decommissioning phaseLimited existing experience. Two options are available:
• Complete removal of the equipment: The disturbances due to the presence and operation of the equipment are completely eliminated: sediment disturbance and loss of the developed habitats during the operational life of the equipment• Leaving part of the subsurface structures in place: The installations
would act as permanent structures: any habitats that have been created and/or habitat disturbance from the physical presence of the equipment would be maintained. The foundation components shall be removed until an appropriate depth so as the remaining parts do not pose a danger for navigation
![Page 24: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The spatial scales
The spatial scales
![Page 25: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The site (1)
Apart of the technical specifications, the specific characteristics of a location are chosen by assessing and taking into account potential environmental and socio-economic effects. There are three different, and usually contradictory, points of view for site selection: 1) Priority to the geo-morphological and wind, wave, or sea
current characteristics of the area (shallow waters with high energy resource, ease of access to the shore and grid connections, etc.) – The engineering/technical point of view
2) Assessing all the different and legitimate marine uses of the potential sitting area along with other socio-economic effects – The socio-economic point of view
3) Assessing the potential effects/impacts that the construction is expected to have to the marine environment – The environmental point of view
![Page 26: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• The planning phase and especially the site selection procedure is probably the most crucial and important task: the effects of this decision are expected to strongly influence the intensity and the quality of the impacts to the marine environment
The site (2)
![Page 27: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The spatial extent (1)
![Page 28: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Effects of small energy developments are localized
• Effects of a single large blue energy development are significantly extended in the surrounding space
• Cumulative effects of multiple energy developments probably result in completely different sets or spatio-temporal scales of effects
The spatial extent (2)
![Page 29: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Environmental Stressors
1. Physical presence of devices2. Dynamic effects of devices3. Energy removal effects 4. Chemical 5. Acoustic6. EMFs
![Page 30: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Environmental Stressors
Single small blue energy developments have minor or even negligible effects
Large energy development have effects extending at a much greater spatial scale and probably temporal scale
![Page 31: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sea and migratory birds –Wind energy devices have the most
significant potential effects–Wave energy devices have lower
potential for seabird collisions. Surface devices may have effects to migratory surface dwellers
Physical presence of devices
![Page 32: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Sea habitats and communities:
– The new underwater hard surfaces will affect bottom communities.
– When deployed in “neutral” sedimentary bottoms will act as artificial reefs (settlement habitats) potentially attracting pelagic organisms, (“fish aggregation device”)
Physical presence of devices
![Page 33: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
– For wind turbines - migratory birds– For underwater turbines - minor effects
Dynamic effects of devices: Blade strikes
![Page 34: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Kinetic energy removal/reduction from water and blockage of flow due to the physical presence of devices can lead to changes in local circulation, wave propagation, sediment equilibrium and turbulence (bottom sediment scouring and habitat changes).
• For nearshore blue energy developments, erosion and/or deposition may be affected (implications in coastal works and coastal geomorphology)
• Changes in water flow and turbulence causes changes in stratification and vertical movements of marine organisms. Removal of sufficient tidal energy may imply changes in the local tidal range
• For OTECs, impingement and entrainment of species. This is most probable for warm water intakes (potential impacts on planktonic and pelagic organisms; more general effects on fisheries).
• Deep cold water is characterized by lower diversity and biomass
Energy removal effects
![Page 35: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Increased marine vessel traffic implies additional risks (oil spills, etc.)
• Anti-fouling paints • For OTEC, additional concerns emerge due to the ammonia
(working fluid in the closed cycle system), nutrients (that may be discharged into surface causing algal blooms), higher heavy metal concentrations (derived from open cycle heat exchangers or from deep natural sources), alteration of chemical conditions in the discharge location, acidification effects, etc.
Chemical effects
![Page 36: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• During the construction phase the pile driving generates high-intensity/frequency and short-duration noises
• During the operational phase underwater turbines or hydroplanes add noise to the underwater environment
• Marine mammals move away from the area where construction is taking place. At the operation phase, the mammals usually return to the area
• Some animals could be attracted to the produced noise
Acoustic effects
![Page 37: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Underwater cables emit low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs). • EMF responses were variable between individuals and
indicated an attraction to the route of a subsurface cable • Lack of data do not allow an assessment of EMFs
impacts• There is a high degree of uncertainty as regards the
effect of EMFs on receptors• Thermal aspects of electricity transmitting cables.
Whether this small temperature change is a stressor is unknown
EMF effectsGeorge W. Boehlert and Andrew B. Gill (2010): Oceanography, Vol. 23, No 2.
![Page 38: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Environmental receptors
Environmental receptors
1. Physical environment 2. Pelagic habitats3. Benthic habitats / species4. Fish / fisheries
![Page 39: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• The removal of energy from water may lead to local acceleration and scouring, changes in the circulation and wave propagation patterns, sediment equilibrium, sediment transport and erosion/deposition, coastal geomorphology changes, etc.
• Currently these processes can be only simulated
• The operation of OTECs results in altered thermal regimes at sea
Physical environment
![Page 40: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Modification of habitats by creation of new structures
1. Reduced impact on phyto- and zooplankton. Aggregation of other species and attraction of predators
2. Blade strike, collision, impingement and entanglement
3. For OTECs, impingement mortality of planktonic organisms. Stimulation of blooms due to the higher nutrient level deep water
Pelagic habitat
![Page 41: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Habitat changes - modifications to the hydrodynamics of the area
1. The construction acts as artificial reef (stimulates some species but may negatively affect others)
2. Artificial hard bottom serves as steppingstones for species3. Placements in neutral bottoms increase biodiversity and affect
benthic communities (greater predation)4. The “shell mounds” (buoys, anchors etc.) may constitute
productive fish habitat5. Changes in the water flow from OTECs may change benthic
communities in the downslope flow. Thermal stresses may change the benthic community (coral reefs) leading to structural changes of the habitat
Benthic habitat
![Page 42: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fish and fisheriesChanges in species composition
1. Attraction of pelagic and benthic species, but also of predators (increased mortality of local species)
2. Potential exclusion of fishing in the area 3. Noise and EMFs effects4. Behavioral effects due to EMFs or underwater
noise (especially as regards orientation capabilities and movement patterns)
5. Migrating fishes may be also affected
![Page 43: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Marine birds and mammals• Increase of energy used by the birds in avoiding blue energy
installations• Birds avoid wind farm installations (few records of collision)• Seabirds aggregate near blue energy sites (increased feeding
opportunities) • Changes to beach processes or tidal amplitudes affect shorebird
foraging• Lighting potentially results in collisions of seabirds
• Open issues – Spatio-temporal abundance, bird activity at night, important areas of bird activity,
migration patterns– entanglement and collision of marine mammals, mammal biology– acoustics of blue energy devices and EMF effects
![Page 44: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The large picture
CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE
George W. Boehlert and Andrew B. Gill (2010): Oceanography, Vol. 23, No 2.
![Page 45: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Conclusions
Conclusions
![Page 46: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
MOVING FROM THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE
• To understand impacts, we need to know whether an effect causes change within a population or community
• Changes refer to biotic and physical processes and may be direct or indirect
• Indirect effects are more difficult to be identified
![Page 47: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Conclusions
• Need to address the effects of blue energy• Need to start understanding the potential impacts• Research on the environmental effects is far
behind the technological development• Need for balanced and fair environmental
standards for blue energy devices: avoid risks of environmental damage and avoid inhibiting the technological development
![Page 48: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Top priority: MONITORING!
Question: WHEN, HOW, WHAT, WHERE?
![Page 49: A review of the experience on the impacts of energy from sea (offshore wind, wave, current-tidal, thermal) on the marine and coastal environment Takvor](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e055503460f94af1a04/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Thank you for your attention