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A review of the Chinese species of Aischrocrania Hendel, 1927(Diptera: Tephritidae)Author(s): Xiao-Lin Chen and Xing-Jian WangSource: Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 84(1):9-16. 2008.Published By: Pacific Coast Entomological SocietyDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/2007-01.1URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3956/2007-01.1

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A review of the Chinese species of Aischrocrania Hendel,1927 (Diptera: Tephritidae)

XIAO-LIN CHEN* AND XING-JIAN WANG

Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China

Abstract. Four Chinese species of Aischrocrania Hendel, 1927 are reviewed including onenewly described: A. aldrichi Hendel, A. brevimedia Wang, A. parabrevimedia sp. nov. and A.

quadrimaculata (Shiraki). Detailed descriptions, illustrations and distributions for eachChinese species are given and a key to all species of this genus is provided.

Key Words. Diptera, Tephritidae, Aischrocrania Hendel, sp. nov., China.

INTRODUCTION

The fruit fly genus Aischrocrania Hendel, 1927 (Tephritidae: Trypetinae:

Trypetini) was proposed by Hendel (1927) for the type species, A. aldrichi Hendel,

1927 from ‘‘Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China.’’ Currently, Aischrocrania includes seven

species, with restricted known distributions: A. brevimedia Wang, 1922 from central

China, A. jucunda Ito, 1972 from Japan, A. multipilosa (Kwon 1985) from Korea and

A. prima Richter & Kandybina, 1981 from eastern Russia and Japan, and A. aldrichi

Hendel and A. quadrimaculata (Shiraki 1933) from southern China, and A.

quadrisetata (Hering 1938) from Burma. So far, no comprehensive revision of this

genus has been published. Ito (1972) provided a key to three East Asian species, and

Wang (1996) provided a key to five East Asian species. In the present paper, we

review the three known Chinese species and describe one new species from central

China and provide a key to all species of this genus.

Morphological terminology generally follows White et al. (1999). The abbrevia-

tions for specimen depositories used in this paper are as follows: BAU, Beijing

Agricultural University, Beijing, China; IZCAS, Institute of Zoology, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; NMW, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien,

Vienna, Austria; NTU, National Taiwan University, Department of Plant Pathology

& Entomology, Taipei, China.

Genus Aischrocrania Hendel, 1927

Aischrocrania Hendel, 1927: 70. Type species: A. aldrichi Hendel, 1927, by original

designation.

Moritsugia Shiraki, 1933: 243. Type species: M. quadrimaculata Shiraki, 1933, by

original designation.

Kwasiparia Kwon, 1985: 73. Type species: K. multipilosa Kwon, 1985, by original

designation.

This genus exhibits remarkable sexual dimorphism in the shape of head and fore

femur. Male, pedicel usually with horn-like projection densely covered by strong

setae or setulae; frons usually raised laterally, with 5–14 pairs of usually enlarged and

flattened, rarely normal frontal setae; fore femur conspicuously expanded laterally,

* Corresponding author: e-mail: xlchen@ioz.ac.cn

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST84(1):9–16, (2008)

with 10–12 long setae ventrally and16–20 short setae dorsally. Female, head and fore

femur not modified. Two pairs of orbital setae present; dorsocentral seta aligned

posterior to postsutural supra-alar seta. Wing hyaline in ground color with brown

markings; cell sc about half as long as cell c. Vein R4+5 setose to crossvein R-M. The

male surstyli elongate; glans usually with a median granulate sclerite. Oviscape

usually equal to or longer than tergite 6.

Including the species described here, eight species are known from the eastern

Palaearctic and Oriental Regions, four of which occur in China.

Key to Species of Aischrocrania Hendel, 1927

1. Wing with isolated apical brown mark, separated from band covering

crossvein DM-Cu (Fig. 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A. aldrichi Hendel

– Wing with apical brown mark connected at vein R4+5 to subapical

brown band covering crossvein DM-Cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Wing with 2 hyaline indentations beyond end of vein R1, one of which reaching

to vein R4+5 and another extending to vein M . . . . . . . . . . A. multipilosa (Kwon)

– Wing without 2 hyaline indentations beyond end of vein R1. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Wing with brown band covering crossvein DM-Cu connected with the band

covering crossvein R-M at the lower margin of wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Wing with brown band covering crossvein DM-Cu separated with the band

covering crossvein R-M at the lower margin of wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4. Wing with brown band beyond R1 connected with basal brown band at

crossvein R-M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. jucunda Ito

Wing with brown band beyond R1 separated with basal brown band at

crossvein R-M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. prima Richter & Kandybina

5. Wing with brown band beyond R1 connected with basal brown band at

crossvein R-M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. quadrisetata (Hering)

– Wing with brown band beyond R1 separated with basal brown band . . . . . . 6

6. Wing with brown mark beyond R1 short, not reaching vein R4+5 (Fig. 8) . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. brevimedia Wang

– Wing with brown mark beyond R1 long, reaching vein R4+5. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7. Wing with brown mark beyond R1 almost parallel-sided, not tapered from

base to apex (Fig. 10), male with 6–11 pairs of enlarged frontal setae

(Fig. 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. quadrimaculata (Shiraki)

– Wing with brown mark beyond R1 tapered from base to apex (Fig. 9), male

without enlarged frontal setae (Fig. 4) . . . . . . . . . .A. parabrevimedia sp. nov.

Aischrocrania aldrichi Hendel, 1927

(Figs. 1, 2, 7, 11, 14)

Aischrocrania aldrichi Hendel, 1927: 71. Type locality: Mt. Emei [Mt. Omei],

Sichuan, China.

Lectotype male in NMW (Hardy, 1968:109). - Zia, 1937: 166. - Chen, 1948: 73.

- Ito, 1972: 27. - Hardy, 1977: 104. - Foote, 1984: 72. - Wang, 1992: 105, 1996:

143.

Description. Length of body, 5.0–5.5 mm; Length of wing, 6.0–6.5 mm.

Head (Figs. 1–2). Yellow, distinctly higher than long. Frons wider than eye, in

male distinctly concave medially and elevated laterally. All setae black; 7–11 pairs of

10 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 84(1)

enlarged frontal setae in male, and 6–7 pairs of normal frontals in female. Face flat.

Occiput slightly convex. Antenna shorter than face, horn-like projection on male

pedicel about 2.03 as long as the width of first flagellomere and densely setose; first

flagellomere dorsoapically rounded; arista pubescent. Gena-eye ratio 0.2–0.3.

Thorax. Scutum yellow-brown in ground color, with vague yellow stripe extending

from postpronotal lobe to wing base. Pleura mostly yellow-brown; scutellum,

subscutellum and halter yellow-brown; mediotergite shiny black, with a very narrow

yellow-brown median band. Thoracic setae black: 1 dorsocentral seta, situated at

about one-fourth the distance from the postsutural supra-alar to intra-alar seta; 1

prescutellar acrostichal seta; 2 anepisternal setae, 1 anepimeral setae, 1 katepisternal

setae; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 presutural supra-alar seta; 1 postsutural supra-alar seta;

1 postalar seta; 1 intra-alar seta; 2 notopleural setae; 2 scutellar setae.

Legs entirely yellow; fore femur strongly expanded in male, normal in female, with

row of posteroventral black setae; mid tibia with black apical spine.

Wing (Fig. 7) with large isolated apical brown spot; subapical brown band

extending over crossvein DM-Cu to vein R4+5, but not connected to apical brown

spot; brown mark beyond R1 short, not extending to vein R4+5; discal band

extending to vein Cu1, but not to posterior margin of wing; cells bc and c entirely

hyaline; cell sc entirely brown, about 1/2 as long as cell c; vein R4+5 sparsely setose to

crossvein R-M; crossvein R-M situated slightly beyond the middle of cell dm.

Abdomen. Longer than wide, predominantly yellowish brown, with dark-brown to

black setulae; tergites 4 and 5 each with pair of anterolateral black spots in male;

tergites 2 and 3 marked with black in female; oviscape shining black, slightly longer

Figures 1–6. Head of Aischrocrania Hendel. Head (lateral view): 1, Aischrocrania aldrichiHendel, male; 2, ditto, female; 3, Aischrocrania brevimedia Wang, male; 4, Aischrocraniaparabrevimedia sp. nov., male; 5, Aischrocrania quadrimaculata (Shiraki), male (after Ito 1972);6, ditto, female (after Shiraki 1933). Scale bars51 mm (Figs. 5, 6 have no scale bars).

2008 CHEN & WANG: THE CHINESE SPECIES OF AISCHROCRANIA 11

Figures 7–10. Wing of Aischrocrania Hendel. 7, Aischrocrania aldrichi Hendel; 8, Aischrocraniabrevimedia Wang; 9, Aischrocrania parabrevimedia sp. nov; 10, Aischrocrania quadrimaculata(Shiraki). Scale bars51 mm.

Figures 11–16. Epandrial complex and glans of Aischrocrania Hendel. Epandrial complex(lateral view): 11, Aischrocrania aldrichi Hendel; 12, Aischrocrania brevimedia Wang; 13,Aischrocrania parabrevimedia sp. nov.; Glans (lateral view): 14, Aischrocrania aldrichi Hendel; 15,Aischrocrania brevimedia Wang; 16, Aischrocrania parabrevimedia sp. nov. Scale bars50.2 mm.

12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 84(1)

than tergite 6 (however, aculeus tip is somewhat damaged). Epandrium poster-

odorsally setulose, lateral surstylus slightly truncate apically in lateral view (Fig. 11),

medial surstylus with subapical prensiseta slightly smaller than apical prensiseta;

glans (Fig. 14) with apicodorsal rod small, with median granulate sclerite, dorsal

sclerite with pattern of closely approximated, narrowly oblong cells.

Distribution. China (Sichuan).

Specimens Examined. Eight males and one female, CHINA: Sichuan: Mt.

Emei, 1800–2000 m, 8 May–21 August 1957, K. R. Huang and Z. Y. Wang (IZCAS).

Aischrocrania brevimedia Wang, 1992

(Figs. 3, 8, 12, 15)

Aischrocrania brevimedia Wang, 1992: 105. Type locality: Riquan, Shaanxi, China.

Holotype male in BAU.- Wang, 1996: 143.

Description. Male: Length of body, 4.5 mm; of wing, 4.7 mm.

Head (Fig. 3). Yellow-brown, distinctly higher than long. Frons slightly wider

than eye, frons slightly concave medially and elevated laterally, horn-like projection

on male pedicel about 1.83 as long as the width of first flagellomere and densely

setose. All setae black; frontal setae normal, 5 in right and 7 in left. Face flat.

Occiput slightly convex. Antenna shorter than face, first flagellomere dorsoapically

rounded, arista pubescent. Gena-eye ratio 0.2–0.3.

Thorax. Scutum, pleura, scutellum, subscutellum and halter yellow-brown;

mediotergite shiny black, with yellow-brown median band. Thoracic setae black: 1

dorsocentral seta, situated at about one-fourth the distance from the postsutural

supra-alar to intra-alar seta; 1 prescutellar acrostichal seta; 2 anepisternal setae, 1

anepimeral setae, 1 katepisternal setae; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 presutural supra-alar

seta; 1 postsutural supra-alar seta; 1 postalar seta; 1 intra-alar seta; 2 notopleural

setae; 2 scutellar setae.

Legs entirely yellow; fore femur with row of posteroventral black setae, strongly

expanded; mid tibia with black apical spine.

Wing (Fig. 8) with large apical brown spot; subapical brown band connected to

apical spot at vein R4+5 and extending over crossvein DM-Cu to posterior margin of

wing; a brown mark beyond R1 short, extending to cell r2+3, but not reaching vein

R4+5; discal band widely separated from subapical band on posterior margin of wing;cells bc and c entirely hyaline; cell sc entirely brown, about 1/2 as long as cell c; vein

R4+5 sparsely setose to crossvein R-M, crossvein R-M situated beyond the middle of

cell dm.

Abdomen. Longer than wide, predominantly yellowish brown, with dark-brown to

black setulae; tergites 4 and 5 each with a pair of anterolateral black spots.

Epandrium posterodorsally setulose and the setulose on dorsal corner short, not

higher than proctiger; lateral surstylus slightly truncate apically in lateral view(Fig. 12), medial surstylus with subapical prensiseta slightly smaller than apical

prensiseta; aedeagal apodeme wide, fan shaped; glans (Fig. 15) without apicodorsal

rod, with median granulate sclerite, dorsal sclerite with pattern of closely

approximated, narrowly oblong cells.

Female unknown.

Distribution. China (Shaanxi).

Specimens Examined. Holotype male, CHINA: Shaanxi Province, Riquan, 12

August 1971, Yang Ji-kun (BAU).

2008 CHEN & WANG: THE CHINESE SPECIES OF AISCHROCRANIA 13

Aischrocrania parabrevimedia sp. nov.

(Figs 4, 9, 13, 16)

Description. Male: Length of body, 6.0 mm; of wing, 6.2 mm.

Head (Fig. 4). Yellow-brown, distinctly higher than long. Frons slightly widerthan eye, frons slightly concave medially and elevated laterally, horn-like projection

on male pedicel about 3.03 as long as the width of first flagellomere and densely

setose. All setae black; frontal setae normal, 5 in right and 7 in left. Face flat.

Occiput convex. Antenna shorter than face, first flagellomere dorsoapically rounded,

arista pubescent. Gena-eye ratio 0.2–0.3.

Thorax. Scutum, pleura, scutellum, subscutellum and halter yellow-brown;

mediotergite laterally shiny black, with a very broad yellow-brown area medially.

Thoracic setae black: 1 dorsocentral seta, situated at about one-fourth the distancefrom the postsutural supra-alar to intra-alar seta; 1 prescutellar acrostichal seta; 2

anepisternal setae, 1 anepimeral setae, 1 katepisternal setae; 1 postpronotal seta; 1

presutural supra-alar seta; 1 postsutural supra-alar seta; 1 postalar seta; 1 intra-alar

seta; 2 notopleural setae; 2 scutellar setae.

Legs entirely yellow; fore femur with row of posteroventral black bristles, strongly

expanded; mid tibia with black apical spine.

Wing (Fig. 9) with large apical brown spot; subapical brown band connected to

apical spot at vein R4+5 and extending over crossvein DM-Cu to posterior margin ofwing; a brown mark beyond R1 long, extending to vein R4+5 and tapered from base

to apex; discal band widely separated from subapical band on posterior margin of

wing; cells bc and c entirely hyaline; cell sc entirely brown, about 1/2 as long as cell c;

vein R4+5 sparsely setose to crossvein R-M; crossvein R-M situated well beyond the

middle of cell dm.

Abdomen. Longer than wide, predominantly yellowish brown, with dark-brown to

black setulae; tergite 4 and 5 each with a pair of anterolateral black-brown spots,

tergites 3 with some vague dark-brown marks. Epandrium posterodorsally setuloseand several setulose on dorsal corner long, distinctly higher than proctiger; lateral

surstylus slightly truncate apically in lateral view (Fig. 13), medial surstylus with

subapical prensiseta smaller than apical prensiseta; aedeagal apodeme wide, fan

shaped; glans (Fig. 16) without apicodorsal rod, with a large median granulate

sclerite, dorsal sclerite with pattern of closely approximated, narrowly oblong cells.

Female. Unknown.

Etymology. The species epithet refers to the morphological similarity to A.

brevimedia Wang.Type. Holotype male, China: Shanxi Province, Mt. Yunding, 15 July 1993,

collected by M. F. Wang (IZCAS).

Biology. Unknown.

Distribution. China (Shanxi).

Remarks. This species is similar to A. brevimedia Wang in gross morphology and

wing pattern, but it differs by the longer horn-like projection of the pedicel (about

3.03 as long as width of first flagellomere versus 1.83 as long as in A. brevimedia),

mediotergite shiny black laterally and with a very broad yellow-brown area medially,brown mark in cell r1 extending to vein R4+5 and tapered from base to apex, and

male epandrium with several setulose on dorsal corner distinctly higher than

proctige. This species is also similar to A. aldrichi Hendel in the head shape and

arrangement of the frontal setae, but it differs by the longer horn-like projection of

14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 84(1)

the pedicel (about 3.03 as long as width of first flagellomere versus 2.03 as long as

in A. aldrichi), wing with apical brown mark connected to subapical band coveringcrossvein DM-Cu at vein R4+5 and male epandrium with several setulose on dorsal

corner higher than proctige.

Aischrocrania quadrimaculata (Shiraki)

(Figs 5, 6, 10)

Moritsugia quadrimaculata Shiraki, 1933: 245. Type locality: Taihoku, Taiwan.Holotype female in NTU. - Chen, 1948: 73.

Aischrocrania quadrimaculata: Ito, 1972: 28. - Hardy, 1977: 104. -Wang, 1996: 144.

Description. Length of body, 5.3–6.0 mm; Length of wing, 6.5–7.0 mm.

Head (Figs. 5–6). Mostly yellow, distinctly higher than long. Frons slightly widerthan eye, in male distinctly concave medially and elevated laterally, horn-like

projection on male pedicel about as high as length of pedicel and densely setose. All

setae black; 6–11 pairs of enlarged frontal setae in male and 3 pairs of normal

frontals in female. Occiput slightly convex. Antenna shorter than face, first

flagellomere dorsoapically rounded, arista pubescent. Gena-eye ratio 0.14–0.17.

Thorax. Mostly yellow-brown with black setae; scutellum paler than the

mesonotum, irregularly reddish-brown dotted; mediotergite shining pale reddish-

yellow, with two very large subquadrate blackish patches.Legs pale yellow; fore femur with row of posteroventral black setae, strongly

expanded in male but normal in female; mid tibia with black apical spine.

Wing (Fig. 10) with large apical brown spot; subapical brown band extending over

crossvein DM-Cu and connected to apical spot at vein R4+5; a brown mark beyond

R1 extending to vein R4+5, almost parallel-sided and not tapered from base to apex;

discal band extending from stigma to or almost to posterior margin of wing; cells bc

and c entirely hyaline; cell sc entirely brown, about half as long as cell c; vein R4+5

sparsely setose to crossvein R-M, with single seta beyond crossvein R-M; crossveinR-M situated well beyond the middle of cell dm. Halter and calypteres grayish to

blackish.

Abdomen. Longer than wide, predominantly yellowish brown, with dark-brown to

black setulae; tergites 4 and 5 each with a pair of anterolateral black spots. Oviscape

shining black, slightly longer than tergite 6. Basal joint of ovipositor shining black.

Distribution. China (Taiwan).

Material Examined. One male, CHINA: Taiwan, Taihoku, Qixing Mt., 28 March

1932, R. Takahashi.Remarks. The specimen examined was borrowed from Nat. Inst. Agro. Env. Sci.

Coll. Tsukuba, Japan by Dr. Amnon Freidberg (Tel-Aviv University, Israel) and was

kindly checked and confirmed by him. Thus, the redescription of this species was

based on Shiraki’s original description, Ito’s redescription and the specimen check by

AF (personal communication).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We greatly appreciated the help by Dr. Amnon Freidberg (Tel-Aviv University,Israel) who kindly checked and confirmed our redescription of Aischrocrania

quadrimaculata (Shiraki) and critically reviewed the manuscript prior its submission.

All anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated by authors. The project is

supported by National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research

2008 CHEN & WANG: THE CHINESE SPECIES OF AISCHROCRANIA 15

(Special subjects in animal taxonomy, NSFC-J0630964/J0109) and National Natural

Science Foundation of China (30770267).

LITERATURE CITED

Chen, S. H. 1948. Notes on Chinese Trypetinae. Sinensia 18(1–6):69–123.Foote, R. H. 1984. Family Tephritidae. pp. 9:66–149. In: A. Soos & L. Papp (Eds.). Catalogue of

Palaearctic Diptera.Hardy, D. E. 1977. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae). pp. 3:44–234. In: M. D.

Delfinado & D. E. Hardy (Eds.). A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region.Hendel, F. 1927. 49. Trypetidae. pp. 5:129–221. In: E. Lindner (Ed.). Die Fliegen der palaearktischen

Region.Ito, S. 1972. Die Gattung Vidalia und ihre Verwandten (Diptera: Tephritidae). I. Gattung

Aischrocrania Hendel, 1927. Bulletin of University of Osaka Prefecture (B) 24:25–30.Shiraki, T. 1933. A systematic study of Trypetidae in the Japanese Empire. Memoirs of the Faculty

of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University 8:245–247.White, I. M., D. H. Headrick, A. L. Norrbom & L. E. Carroll. 1999. Glossary, pp. 881–924. In: M.

Aluja & A. L. Norrbom (Eds.). Fruit flies (Tephritidae): phylogeny and evolution of behavior16:1–944.

Wang, X. J. 1992. Notes on the genus Aischrocrania Hendel from China (Diptera: Tephritidae).Acta Entomol Sinica 35(1):105–107. [In Chinese with English summary.]

Wang, X. J. 1996. The fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the East Asian Region. ActaZootaxonamica Sinica 21:142–144.

Zia, Y. Z. 1937. Study on the Trypetidae or fruit-flies of China. Sinensia 8(2):103–226.

Received 1 March 2007; Accepted 2 November 2008. Publication date 12 June 2008.

16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 84(1)