a review of phytochemistry of helichrysum with …

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 10, 2020.

191

Kayode. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

A REVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF HELICHRYSUM WITH

INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS PROPERTIES AND OTHER

RELATED BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

Popoola Olugbenga Kayode*

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363,

Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

The diversity present in biological activities and the medicinal

significance of natural products provide a renewed interest in the use

of natural compounds and, more importantly, their role as a basis for

drug development. Advancements in the field of natural product

connect primarily the ethno-medicinal information of the medicinal

plants to the chemical, biological and pharmacological leads in

medicine. This review focuses understanding about the specific

chemical profile (most especially polyphenolics such as flavonoids) of

Helichrysum, as an icon of recognition in alleviating cellular oxidative

stress and other related human ailments. Due to experiences in the field

of natural products chemistry, this review also displayed chemical

structures of some notable polyphenols and other related compounds

previously isolated from the genus that displayed potent antioxidant activities and provide

basis for structural-activity-relationship and notable biological specificity therein. It can also

be a valuable reference point for the researchers in natural product, sourcing for notable

compounds (including their analogues) isolated from this genus and their biological

importance. The conclusion described directions for future Helichrysum research to establish

its mechanistic mode of biological specificity displayed by individual compounds in relation

to their respective chemical structures and pivot information from the drug discovery point of

view as possible raw materials for cosmetic and pharmaceutics agent in near future.

KEYWORDS: Helichrysum, Natural Products, Antioxidant, Polyphenols, Cosmetics,

Pharmaceutics.

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 9, Issue 10, 191-212 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

06 August 2020,

Revised on 26 August 2020,

Accepted on 16 Sept. 2020

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps202010-17381

*Corresponding Author

Popoola Olugbenga

Kayode

Department of Chemistry,

Faculty of Science, Ekiti

State University, PMB 5363

Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State,

Nigeria.


192


INTRODUCTION

From ancient to modern times, the use of plant-derived secondary metabolites with

remarkable chemical and functional diversity is a legacy of folk medicine, based on herbal

remedies that make significant contributions to drug development programmes.[1]

The

tremendous potential proffer in the formulation of new drugs for the protection of humankind

against many diseases by natural products has ascribed enormous impact to them in recent

time.[2]

A large proportion of drugs used in modern medicine nowadays were either directly

isolated from plants or synthetically modified from a lead compound of natural origin.

Moreover, either in the form of natural products or as functional foods, medicinal plants and

their extracts offered an alternative to specifically targeted drugs in the treatment and

prevention of many diseases thereby play a dominant role in maintenance of human health

since antiquities.[3,4]

It is well documented that plants are possibly be the core of novel substances that led to the

discovery of new and effective therapeutic agents. Therefore in the last few decades,

scientists were thoroughly attempting for the search of benevolent drugs to protect mankind

from various diseases and discomforts.[5]

The mechanisms of action found in studies of

natural products have been used to promote novel strategies while diverse chemical structures

of natural products underpin the key element of their success in modern drug discovery.

Natural products today is extremely pertinent to the world population as alternative therapy,

mainly those in the developing countries for primary health care, due to cultural acceptability,

better compatibility with the human body, and less side effects when compared to the

synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to humans and the environment.[6-8]

Besides,

conventional medicine can be inefficient with side effects and ineffective therapy.

Cumulatively, a large percentage of the world's population does not have access to

conventional pharmacological treatment, but folk medicine and ecological awareness suggest

that “natural” products are handy and harmless.[9]

Thus, the modern social context and

economic view of health services necessitate the needs of the pharmaceutical market and the

recognition that research on medicinal plants used in folk medicine represents a suitable

approach for the development of new drugs.

It is noteworthy to bear in mind that important shifts are occurring in many industrial sectors,

such as food, drink, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, mainly because of growing feelings of

the benefits of „„lifestyle in harmony with nature and their overall high safety margin.


193


Regrettably, despite the high throughput of natural products in medicine, only a few

compounds of natural source have characterized pharmacologically.

Free radicals, oxidative stress and premature skin aging

The process of aging in humans is complex with underlying multiple influences including the

probable involvement of inheritable and various environmental factors.[10]

Aging is attributed

to, but not limited to, the excessive accumulation of free radicals and other forms of reactive

oxygen species (ROS) including hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide,

which are primarily generated in the body as a result of physiological and biochemical

processes.[11]

Other notable ways of accumulating ROS in the body, is through continuous

body contact with a series of environmental cues (such as UV radiation and pollution), and

lifestyle choices including (but limited to) the diet, smoking, status of concurrent diseases

(e.g. diabetes), exercise and alcohol consumption.[12, 13]

The free radical accumulation as a

result of over exposure to UV radiations, when above threshold level in the body, can cause

oxidative damage (as highlighted in Figure 1) to important macromolecules such as proteins,

lipids and DNA, eventually leading to many chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, aging,

atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders,[14,15]

and other degenerative diseases in

humans.[11]

Other significant pathological implications of free radicals in the body is the

activation of skin enzyme‟s degenerative actions, resulting in early or premature skin aging

processes such as pigmentation,[16 – 18]

sagging and wrinkle formation.[19]

The body‟s defense mechanism generally declines with age, and can be compromised by

various forms of oxidative stress resulting from environmental factors to cancer, diabetes,

atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. All these conditions, as well as the aging

process, are associated with oxidative stress due to elevation of ROS or insufficient ROS

detoxification.[20,21]

Oxidative stress therefore occurs when the formation of bioactive

oxidative products such as oxidizing agents, free radicals, greatly overwhelms the capacity of

the endogenous cellular antioxidant defense system, thus leading to potential damage of the

cells and organs, and to the progression of degenerative diseases in humans.[22,23]


194


Fig. 1: Effects of prolong exposure of skin to UV radiations.

Helichrysum species: Botanical description

The genus Helichrysum Mill. (Asteraceae) are shrubby and sub-shrubby perennial plants that

grow spontaneously in South Africa, including Namibia and Madagascar,[24, 25]

Australia,[26]

Southern Europe,[27,28]

and in Mediterranean countries.[29,30]

The genus are widely dispersed

and greatly adapted to mesophytic environments, ranging from sandy beaches to tropical

forests of approximately 1200m above sea level.[28]

Majority of these plants have been widely employed in folk medicine of different countries

for the protection of post-harvest food.[31]

The extracts including infusions and decoctions as

well as constituents obtained from this genus are successfully applied widely in cosmetics as

deodorants, soothing and lenitive. Various biological activities of the members of this genus

were documented as anti-inflammator,[32]

anti-allergic, hepaprotective, antimicrobial,[33]

antimalarial,[34]

antioxidant,[25,35,36]

choleratic,[37]

antiproliferative,[38]

chologogue,[39]

antiviral,[40]

antidiabetic,[41]

and anti-psoriasis.[42]

Aside the notable biological importance,

greater percentages of the genus irrespective of their geographical locations were found to

demonstrate dermofunctional, antiallergic and antibacterial activities and for all these

properties, they have global acceptability in the involvement of topical formulation.


195


Moreover, Helichrysum species are used extensively for stress related ailments and as

dressings for wounds normally encountered in circumcision rites, bruises, cuts and sores.[31]

It

has been also reported that Helichysum species are used to relief abdominal pain, heart burn,

cough, cold, wounds, female sterility, menstrual pain,[24,43]

and to treat some diseases such as

gastric, gastroduodenal, gastric ulcers and gastritis, stomach damage, acute hepatitis, fever, or

oedema, diuretic, inflammatory, allergic. The genus also possesses a pleasant fragrance

characteristic, explaining its popularity as a perfume amongst rural dwellers.[44]

www.species.wikimedia.org/helichrysum

Fig. 2: Helichrysum species with notable biological activity.

http://www.species.wikimedia.org/helichrysum


196


Phytochemistry and anti-oxidative stress of helichrysum species

The chemistry of Helichrysum is diverse with the occurrence of a wide variety of chemical

classes. Investigation of the chemical constituents from this group started in mild 90‟s and the

overall picture of the chemistry of the genus obtained then has not changed very much from

the previous work of notable researchers (Bohlmann and Jakupovic). Nevertheless, fewer of

the compounds isolated by these famous researchers were up till date investigated for

biological importance. Their data also is as well becoming inaccessible on the scientific

database due to ages and possibly language barrier. Their early investigations were directed

towards South African Helichrysum species. As part of effort to overcome the above

identified problems and the right of individual researchers to such information at hand, this

paper therefore considers predominantly the compilation of compounds (excluding essential

oils) isolated for the very first time from Helichrysum genus as depicted from Scifinder

scholar and the dictionary of natural products. The present review therefore is intended as a

contribution to the knowledge of the potential chemical and biological profile of the folklore

of Helichrysum genus as documented in the literature database (dictionary of Natural

Products, and Scifinder).

Terpenoids


197


Flavones

Flavonols


198


Flavanones


199


Chalcones


200


Dihydrochalcones

Phloroglucinols


201


Pyrone

Benzopyrone


202


Benzofuran


203


Lignans

Miscellaneous


204


Concluding remark

Ethnomedicinal plants of the Helichrysum genus may be pointed as one of the notable source

for natural occurrence of terpenoids and polyphenolic compounds of diverse biological

actions, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer among others. Despite the

degree of chemical constituents previously isolated and documented from Helichrysum

species, the biological and pharmacological applications of these constituents are

considerably limited. Nevertheless, the compilation of chemical profiles of Helichrysum will

further encourage researchers to have in-depth knowledge and future usage of these

constituents in solving human ailments.

Conflict of interest

None Declare

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was carried out from personal commitment and finances.

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a review of phytochemistry of helichrysum with …

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