a review of photovoltaic cells (david toub)
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A Review of Photovoltaic Cells
David Toub ECE42312/16/06
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Functionality
• Semiconductor Properties
• VTC
• Efficiency and PV Design
• Auxiliary Design
• Applications
• Research
• Conclusions
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Introduction
• Clean Energy
• PV System
– Cells
– Energy storage
– Charge Controller
– AC/DC converter
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
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Functionality
• pn diode
• No illumination– Diode behavior– e, h separated
• Illumination– Incident photons create e-h pairs– E fielde-h pairs separate
•Photovoltaics.” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on 12/02/06.
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Semiconductor
• Absolute 0 Perfect insulator
• Temp increases conduction increases
• External energy raises temperature
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
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VTC
• Performance Limits
• Pm = Vmax x Imax
• Incorporate load
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
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Energy Conversion Efficiency
• η =Pm/(E x Ac)• Primary Challenge• Incident photons
– Ep<Ebg Elost
– Ep>Ebg Ee- + Elost
– Ep=Ebg Ee-
• Silicon tradeoff– High bg loss– Low bg E, V reduced– Optimal at bg=1.4eV
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Loss Tradeoffs
• Cell Top – Must be transparent– Too thin bad conduction
• Cell Interior grid– Large grid helps e-’s– Large grid blocks photons
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Auxiliary Design
• Heavy modules– structural stress– Wind tension
• Pollution• Fan Example
– Speed– Acceleration– Without illumination
• E/V Ah
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Applications
• Electric grid extensions not offered • Clean• Solar powered house• Water pumping systems• Garden lights• Automobiles• Source utility grid• Satellites, shuttles
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
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Research
• Thin Film– Cheap– Increased unit loss– Multilayer Efficiency
• Nanocrystalline– Thin film + mesoporous MO– Increased internal reflection– Great efficiency expensive
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Conclusions
• Environmentally benign
• Inefficient uncommon Still fuel
• Future Efficiency increasing Cheaper
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References• Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press
Technology and Industrial. 2004• F Lasnier. Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook TG Ang - 1990 - A. Hilger New York• “Two layer organic Photovoltaic Cell.” -- Volume 48, Issue 2, pp. 183-185 Research Laboratories,
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. Applied Physics Letters -- January 13, 1986• Harmon, C. “Experience Curves of Photovoltaic Technology.” IIASA Publications. 2000.• “Photovoltaics.” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on
12/02/06. • Green, M. A. Solar cells: Operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. 288 p.• Wohlre, Dieter. Meissner, Dieter. “Organic Solar Cells.” Advanced Materials. Volume 3, Issue 3 ,
Pages 129 – 138. Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 1991.• American Journal of Physics -- Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 286-287 American Association of Physics
Teachers. March 1993• O’Regan, B. & Grätzel, M. A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal
TiO2 films. Nature 353, 737–740 (1991).• McCann,MichelleJ. Catchpole,KylieR. Weber, Klaus J. A review of thin film crystalline silicon for
solar cell applications. Part 1 : native substrates. 2001• Shah, A. Torres, P., Tscharner, R. Photovoltaic technology: the case for thin-film solar cells. Institute
of Microtechnology (IMT), University of Neuchatel, Rue A. -L. Breguet 2, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. University of Applied Science, Avenue de l'Hotel-de-Ville 7, CH-2400 Le Locle, Switzerland