A review of Israeli studies on A review of Israeli studies on the pollution potential ofthe pollution potential ofbeneficial uses of coal ashbeneficial uses of coal ash

in infrastructuresin infrastructures

Yaacov Nathan and Yoetz DeutschYaacov Nathan and Yoetz DeutschGeological Survey of IsraelGeological Survey of Israel

The aims of this presentation are:The aims of this presentation are:

1) To summarize the knowledge we have on 1) To summarize the knowledge we have on the amount, chemistry and mineralogy of the amount, chemistry and mineralogy of coal ash produced by Israeli coalcoal ash produced by Israeli coal--fired fired power plants and its uses since 1982power plants and its uses since 1982

2) How do we infer the inorganic chemical 2) How do we infer the inorganic chemical pollution potential of this coal ashpollution potential of this coal ash

3) The need for regulations3) The need for regulations

I) Brief SummaryI) Brief Summary

Coal ash in IsraelCoal ash in IsraelProduction and uses (thousand tons, dry weight)Production and uses (thousand tons, dry weight)

CoalCoal ashashofofUsesUsesAsh Ash producedproduced

YearsYears

InfraInfra--structurestructure

Concrete Concrete additiveadditive

ClinkerClinkeradditiveadditive

55755700123812382204220419821982--1988198800008498491331133119891989--19911991

59059000120212021875187519921992--1994199427272020215621562425242519951995--19971997

430430397397201520153046304619981998--2000200098198113971397147214723870387020012001--20032003

Disposal and storage of coal ash in IsraelDisposal and storage of coal ash in Israel(thousands of tons (thousands of tons ––dry weight)dry weight)

% Disposal% Disposal% Storage% StorageSea floorSea floorStorageStorageYearsYears

0018.618.60040940919821982--19881988

44.244.27.07.076976912212219881988--19911991

10.010.0002012010019921992--19941994

9.29.2002222220019951995--19971997

0.90.95.85.8262617817819981998--20002000

004.94.90019819820012001--20032003

Main uses of ash (%)Main uses of ash (%)

ashashofof %%Years Years

InfraInfra--structuresstructures

ConcreteConcreteadditiveadditive

ClinkerClinkeradditiveadditive

25.325.30056.256.219821982--19881988

000048.848.819891989--19911991

29.629.60060.260.219921992--19941994

1.11.10.80.888.988.919951995--19971997

14.114.113.013.066.266.219981998--20002000

24.224.234.534.536.436.420012001--20032003

Comparison of average concentrations of some toxic Comparison of average concentrations of some toxic elements in fly and bottom ash with those of average elements in fly and bottom ash with those of average shale (mg/kg)shale (mg/kg)

ShaleShaleIsrael Israel bottom ashbottom ash

Israel fly Israel fly ashash

U.S. Western U.S. Western fly ashfly ash

ElementElement

13136622227676AsAs

1212100100125125293293BB

110.20.20.90.944CdCd

909015151401404545CrCr

0.40.40.190.190.180.180.20.2HgHg

2020181843435757PbPb

0.50.533661313SeSe

Mineralogy of coal ash produced in IsraelMineralogy of coal ash produced in Israel

Range in %Range in %Mineral/phaseMineral/phase

45 45 -- 6565Amorphous AlAmorphous Al--Fe and CaFe and Ca--AlAl--Fe silicatesFe silicates

10 10 -- 3030MulliteMullite, Al, Al66SiSi22OO1313

0 0 -- 1010Free Lime, CaO and Free Lime, CaO and PortlanditePortlandite, Ca(OH), Ca(OH)22

1 1 -- 33Quartz, SiOQuartz, SiO22

2 2 -- 44Feldspar, mainly anorthite, CaAlFeldspar, mainly anorthite, CaAl22SiSi22OO66 and and GehleniteGehlenite, Ca, Ca22AlAl22SiOSiO77

3 3 -- 5 5 Pyrite, FeSPyrite, FeS2 , 2 , Magnetite, FeMagnetite, Fe33OO4 4 and and Hematite, FeHematite, Fe22OO33

II) How do we infer the inorganic II) How do we infer the inorganic chemical pollution of Israeli coal ashchemical pollution of Israeli coal ash

1) Leaching tests1) Leaching tests

A) Characterization testsA) Characterization tests

B) Compliance testsB) Compliance tests

U.S. EPA test, Toxicity Characteristic U.S. EPA test, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) 1311Leaching Procedure (TCLP) 1311

Average of analyses of fly and bottom ash leachatesAverage of analyses of fly and bottom ash leachatesResults of some toxic elements in Results of some toxic elements in μμg/literg/liter

ProposedProposedstandardstandard

BottBott. Ash. AshWaterWater

Fly ashFly ashWaterWater

BottBott. ash. ash TCLPTCLP

Fly ashFly ashTCLPTCLP

Sample/Sample/ElementElement

200020002.52.5331414170170AsAs

--2602603810381077377374707470BB

1001000.020.020.30.30.40.41.31.3CdCd

2000200014141261268.88.8350350CrCr

2525<0.3<0.30.60.6<0.3<0.30.40.4HgHg

1501500.020.023.43.43.83.83.43.4PbPb

7007002252525.55.58383SeSe

CrCr

Cr leaching from fly ash produced in Israel Cr leaching from fly ash produced in Israel Results of 36 composite samples from Rotenberg and Results of 36 composite samples from Rotenberg and

OrotOrot Rabin power plants and more than 200 spot Rabin power plants and more than 200 spot samples, during the years 1998 samples, during the years 1998 -- 20042004

Cr leached from Cr leached from ash by TCLPash by TCLP(%)(%)

Cr leached from Cr leached from ash by TCLP ash by TCLP (mg/kg)(mg/kg)

Total Cr Total Cr conc. in ash conc. in ash (mg/kg)(mg/kg)

4.34.36.26.2143143AverageAverage

0.5 0.5 -- 10100.30.3 --181860 60 --205205RangeRange

Chromium XAFS spectrum of a flyChromium XAFS spectrum of a fly--ash sample from Israel ash sample from Israel (sample (sample JasrJasr #1#1 .( .(Note the LNote the L--edge absorptions for La, edge absorptions for La, CeCe, , Nd and Pr that limit the extent of the useful EXAFS region Nd and Pr that limit the extent of the useful EXAFS region for Crfor Cr . .The Cr XANES region, however, is unaffected.The Cr XANES region, however, is unaffected.

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500

Energy, eV

Abs

orpt

ion

Cr XAFS spectrumSample Jasr #1

Cr(VI)pre-edge

Ce LIINd LIII

Cr K-edge

La LII Pr LIII

Chromium XANES spectra of five Israeli flyChromium XANES spectra of five Israeli fly--ash ash sample.sample. Each spectrum is normalized to unit edgeEach spectrum is normalized to unit edge--step and offset by 0.5 absorption unitsstep and offset by 0.5 absorption units..

Summary of Cr resultsSummary of Cr results

% of % of Cr (VI) Cr (VI) leachedleached

pH of this pH of this leachingleaching++

HighestHighestleachingleaching(mg/kg)(mg/kg)++

Cr (VI)Cr (VI)(mg/kg)(mg/kg)

% Cr % Cr (VI)(VI)**

Total Cr Total Cr (mg/kg)(mg/kg)

SampleSample

56566.36.313.513.524241414170170JasrJasr

61619.09.08.68.614141010140140FM2FM2

42426.46.42.12.155669090C4C4--11

78786.86.817.217.222221313170170C3C3--55

777.57.50.340.3455776565D9D9--1111

2) Monitoring2) Monitoring

A) GroundwaterA) Groundwater

B) AshB) Ash

A) GroundwaterA) Groundwater

Analyses of water from three wells in Analyses of water from three wells in

the the ZikimZikim area (area (μμg/lg/l))

Erez-Shikma 7Erez-Shikma 6Well

5/047/026/955/047/026/95Date

221221Lab/element

2222.523As

10010011590110130B

<10109≤ 101010Cr

1795<23<1Se

B) AshB) Ash

pH values of mixtures of coal ash from the northern pH values of mixtures of coal ash from the northern embankment (embankment (OrotOrot Rabin) and water (10/10 gm, Rabin) and water (10/10 gm,

coal ash / water) after 1 min. of the water additioncoal ash / water) after 1 min. of the water addition

pH (mean of three measurements)

Depth (m)

Coal ashSample No.

12.1Original

8.41.0C-3

8.62.2C-8

8.63.2C-14

8.64.0C-19

8.46.0C-34

8.79.2C-54

JasrJasr--elel--ZarkaZarka bridgebridge

Comparison of Cr concentrations in coal ash Comparison of Cr concentrations in coal ash at at JasrJasr--elel--ZarkaZarka (Bridge(Bridge))

Cr

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280depth (cm)

con

cen

tra

tio

n (

pp

m)

Columnar section of the mineralogy under the Columnar section of the mineralogy under the

"bridge" in "bridge" in JasrJasr--elel--ZarkaZarka

Calcite Calcite –– green green StilpnomelaneStilpnomelane? ? –– red red Amorphous Matter Amorphous Matter -- yellowyellowQuartz Quartz –– rose rose MulliteMullite –– grey grey Feldspar Feldspar –– blue blue

III) ConclusionsIII) ConclusionsIt is important to continue to use all the coal ash

been using coal for a long time.

produced and this without causing harm to the

environment. For this purpose clear regulations

are needed.

We have reached a stage of knowledge where this

is possible, and as in many other fields it will be

possible to take models from countries which have

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

It is our pleasure to acknowledge the work of It is our pleasure to acknowledge the work of

Dr. Henry Dr. Henry FonerFoner GSI, Prof. GSI, Prof. HaimHaim Cohen Cohen

BenBen--Gurion University and Dr. Ethel Gurion University and Dr. Ethel

DorfmanDorfman GSI, pioneers of coal ash studies GSI, pioneers of coal ash studies

in Israel.in Israel.