a renewed vision for nuclear risk reduction, by michael j. mazarr

8/21/2019 A Renewed Vision for Nuclear Risk Reduction, by Michael J. Mazarr

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I @OOZE\ FGR]F]U]FOG ERRIV OG \EMUBFGH GUBAEI\ ]@\EI]R

I \egewem Zfsfog

jor Gubaeir \fsn \emubtfog

CFB@IEA K. CI[I\\

Jor ̀ iaj i begtury, tè Ugftem Rtites aem haolia ejjorts to bogtroa gubaeir rfsn fg

tè bogtext oj ig ibbucuaitfgh set oj fgtergitfogia fgstftutfogs. ]è aeimfgh postwir

fgstftutfog oj haolia hovergigbe, tè Ugftem Gitfogs, paemhem sfhgitorfes to booperite

to resoave t`reits to peibe, fgbaumfgh tè gubaeir mighers fgèregt fg tè postwir

eri. ]è Gog-Troafjeritfog ]reity (GT]) oj 9684 breitem i jriceworn jor bogtroaafgh

tè spreim oj gubaeir weipogs igm paemhem tè gubaeir-weipogs stites to tè hoia oj

mfsircicegt. I òst oj lfaiteria ihreecegts, fgbaumfgh i serfes oj ibborms letweeg tè

Ugftem Rtites igm tè Rovfet Ugfog (igm tèg \ussfi), aifm tè jougmitfog jor mricitfb

gubaeir remubtfogs. Otèr ihreecegts bogstrifgem gubaeir testfgh or provfmem jor

egjorbecegt oj gubaeir siaes igm exports.

It tè sice tfce, igm fg wiys tìt breitem tegsfog wft` ejjorts to afcft tè roae

oj gubaeir weipogs, tè Ugftem Rtites meveaopem gitfogia seburfty mobtrfges igm

mepaoyem gubaeir igm bogvegtfogia jorbes to meter gubaeir wir igm mfsbourihe

proafjeritfog t`rouh` ibtfve cfaftiry t`reits or reissurigbes. Every postwir

UR imcfgfstritfog ìs irhuem tìt tè preservitfog oj i sebure, reafilae gubaeir

meterregt wis essegtfia to bogveyfgh tè cessihe tìt gubaeir wir biggot lejouh`t. UR extegmem-meterregbe paemhes, igm issobfitem poafbfes sub` is jorwirm

mepaoycegt oj jorbes igm bogvegtfogia cfaftiry siaes, reissurem ney iaafes ihifgst

tè geem to ibqufre gubaeir weipogs.9

]è suc oj tèse ejjorts, is weaa is tè gituria tiloo ittibèm to tè use oj gubaeir

weipogs,


2/32Cfb`iea K. Cizirr • I \egewem Zfsfog jor Gubaeir \fsn \emubtfog

<

eafcfgitfog oj gubaeir weipogs. Jour segfor stitesceg”Heorhe R`uatz, Xfaafic Terry,

@egry Nfssfgher, igm Ric Gugg”lehig i bicpifhg fg


3/32@oover Fgstftutfog • Rtigjorm Ugfversfty

2

ig iatergitfve to tè GT] is tè begtria eghfge oj haolia gubaeir rfsn remubtfog ejjorts

(w`fae reijrcfgh tè lisfb paemhes fgvoavem fg tìt treity). Core lroimay, ft ifcs

to worn t`rouh` i hrimuia, fgjorcia serfes oj ihreecegts igm fgftfitfves ritèr tìg

t`rouh` exìustfve igm bocpreègsfve treitfes. Ft paibes fts ecpìsfs og cuatfaiteria

gubaeir t`reit remubtfog ritèr tìg og tè Ugftem Rtites-\ussfi jriceworn. Ft tines

serfousay tè hoia oj i woram wftòut gubaeir weipogs igm ittecpts to tine ney

steps to aiy tè hrougmworn jor tìt tfce eveg fg i perfom oj rfsfgh tegsfogs. Ft seens

to fgtehrite rehfogia igm haolia booperitfve seburfty. Ft requfres perfomfb succft

ceetfghs igm mecigms hreiter prforfty jor gubaeir seburfty ceisures. Igm, uatfciteay,

ft fs got is cub` ilout ircs bogtroa per se is ft fs ilout streghtègfgh haolia rehfces

oj booperitfve seburfty fg tè gubaeir reiac”usfgh gubaeir rfsn remubtfog is i tooa

jor procotfgh haolia booperitfve seburfty.

Hrowfgh Gubaeir Mighers

]è urhegby oj i gew ihegmi jor gubaeir seburfty stecs fg pirt jroc tè jibt tìtgubaeir perfas ire rfsfgh ibross tè loirm. ]èse perfas righe jroc gubaeir terrorfsc

to aoss oj ssfae citerfia or weipogs bogtroa to rehfogia gubaeir proafjeritfog. ]è

fcpressfve hifgs fg gubaeir sijety igm seburfty oltifgem fg pirt t`rouh` postwir

fgstftutfogs ire it rfsn. Is ]è Ebogocfst cihizfge bogbaumem fg Cirb`



=

buts fg UR tibtfbia gubaeir weipogs ippeir to ìve leeg fgmegfteay sèavem.94 Lot`

jorcer UR ojbfias igm Europeig hovergcegts ̀ ive suhhestem fg rebegt cogt`s tìt

tè opportugfty jor tibtfbia gubaeir remubtfogs ìs pissem.

It tè sice tfce, mue to i boclfgitfog oj poaftfbia igm teb`goaohfbia meveaopcegts,

tè bogsegsus og gogproafjeritfog fs lreinfgh mowg icfm i gew mrfve jor gubaeir

bipilfaftfes ly cigy stites. Tiua Lribneg ̀ is wrftteg oj i ‑sebogm gubaeir ihe–

bìribterfzem cost jugmicegtiaay ly i core cuatfpoair”igm uatfciteay core

migherous”rehfce oj rehfogia gubaeir bogtests.99 ]ère ire sfhgias tìt sub` i probess

fs ecerhfgh. Tinfstig fs iareimy ojj igm ruggfgh wft` ig extegsfve comergfzitfog

prohric tìt fs loostfgh tè sfze igm aetìafty oj fts gubaeir irsegia.9



5

stroghay cotfvitem igm tìt ft fs eveg aess ilae to serve is i haolia fgstftutfog jor tè

bogtroa oj ssfae citerfia. Is oge expert ìs bogbaumem, tregms fg gubaeir mfjjusfog

iaoghsfme tè FIEI‖s mecogstritem weingesses ceig tìt ‑tè systec oj prevegtfgh

tè proafjeritfog oj faafbft gubaeir citerfias fs it rfsn oj boaaipse.– ]è guclers ire

stirn; letweeg 9608 igm core bafgh tfh`tay to gubaeir weipogs

igm iclftfogs> core see gubaeir weipogs is sourbes oj peibe igm stilfafty ritèr tìg

migher igm bogfbt. Xft`fg tè Ugftem Rtites, poaftfbia ittftumes ̀ ive s`fjtem iwiy

jroc trust fg, igm support jor, booperitfve seburfty fgstrucegts afne ircs bogtroa

igm towirm ugfaiteria ceisures afne gubaeir comergfzitfog. Ft fs got baeir tìt igy

sfhgfbigt ircs bogtroa treity bouam cine ft t`rouh` tè UR Regite tomiy.

Jfgiaay, tè rfsn oj tè ibqufsftfog igm use oj gubaeir weipogs ly gog-stite ibtors,

espebfiaay terrorfsts, fs perìps is hreit is ft ìs ever leeg. tè teb`goaohy oj i brume locl fs got

leyogm tè bipilfafty oj i gog-stite hroup. Meterregbe ̀ is afttae paibe fg prevegtfgh

sub` ittibns, w`fb` cust le meiat wft` t`rouh` megfia oj citerfias or teb`goaohy

or tè mfsruptfog oj terrorfst hroups.

Jor iaa tè èapjua remubtfogs fg guclers oj mepaoyem gubaeir weipogs tìt ̀ ive

tineg paibe, tèrejore, tè gubaeir pfbture tomiy fs aoonfgh aess stilae igm boèregt

tìg ft mfm twegty yeirs iho. Fg tè bogtext oj spreimfgh gubaeir bipilfaftfes, jriyfgh

cuatfaiteria bogtroa rehfces, igm persfstegt or hrowfgh rehfogia tegsfogs igm rfviarfes,

tè potegtfia jor i gew rougm oj proafjeritfog fs very reia. ]è rfsn oj virfous routes to

gubaeir use”jroc esbiaitfog out oj aower-aevea bogfbts to ibbfmegtia or terrorfst use”

fs hrowfgh, got rebemfgh. ]o protebt tè seburfty oj iaa aeimfgh powers, i gew ihegmi

jor gubaeir seburfty fs requfrem, oge aem ly tè Ugftem Rtites w`fae eghihfgh tè ejjorts

oj otèr cikor powers.



:

ney eaecegts oj sebogm-strfne meterregbe, extegmem meterregbe, lfaiteria ircs bogtroa

treitfes, igm cuatfaiteria gogproafjeritfog igm gubaeir seburfty rehfces”ciy le

faa-suftem to ib`feve tè gebessiry prohress hfveg tregms fg tè fgtergitfogia systec.

Is tè woram aeimer fg tè ircs bogtroa iregi, tè Ugftem Rtites cust sustifg igm

lufam upog eib` oj tèse jour eaecegts, lut it tè sice tfce worn towirm i rejorcem

pirimfhc oj gubaeir seburfty tìt big cine ceisurilae prohress fg settfgh tè

bogmftfogs jor mfsircicegt.

]è Orfhfgs oj tè Burregt Tirimfhc

Murfgh tè Boam Xir, gubaeir rfsn remubtfog wis pursuem fg i bogtext oj lfaiteria

bocpetftfog letweeg two superpowers it i tfce wèg postwir fgstftutfogiafzitfog

wis stfaa meepegfgh igm tè aeimfgh migher wis cikor wir letweeg tè two lfh

powers. Iatòuh` ft seecs bougterfgtuftfve, Boam Xir gubaeir seburfty ejjorts reebtem

i powerjua cutuia ugmerstigmfgh oj sìrem fgterests. ]è bogsegsus toon tfce to

ecerhe, wis jir jroc ugfversia, igm t`reitegem to boaaipse it cigy pofgts. Vet, ly tèaite 96:4s, Xis`fghtog igm Cosbow ìm baeiray rebohgfzem tè geem to bogtroa gubaeir

mighers igm ìm lufat fcportigt fgstftutfogs to ibt og t`fs reiafzitfog”ircs bogtroa

mepirtcegts igm ihegbfes, treitfes, succfts, ]ribn < mfiaohues, reseirb` orhigfzitfogs

mevotem to gubaeir citters. ]è resuat, ihifg gotwft`stigmfgh cigy mfsputes igm

bìaaeghes iaogh tè wiy, wis to gorciafze tè cutuia support jor gubaeir seburfty

t`rouh` bogmegbe-lufamfgh ceisures, afcfts to potegtfiaay mestilfafzfgh cfssfae

mejegses, igm remubtfogs fg tè guclers igm, evegtuiaay, iaert aeveas oj gubaeir

irsegias.

]`fs exfstfgh pirimfhc ìs leeg airheay ejjebtfve, lut ft ecerhem wft`fg, igm wismesfhgem to ceet tè bogmftfogs oj, i very spebfb fgtergitfogia ormer. Is tìt ormer

hfves wiy to gew pittergs fg fgtergitfogia poaftfbs, our ugmerstigmfgh oj gubaeir

seburfty cust evoave.

]è Fgstftutfogs oj Gubaeir Reburfty

]è Ugftem Rtites igm \ussfi, is weaa is otèr gubaeir powers, ̀ ive tineg severia

spebfb ivegues to egìgbfgh gubaeir seburfty, reebtfgh lot` sfmes oj i two-tribn

poafby; gubaeir afcftitfog igm restrifgt og tè oge ̀ igm igm bremflae meterregbe og

tè otèr. ]èse cebìgfscs ìve leeg lisem og i strogh segse oj sìrem jite igm

boaaebtfve seburfty igm ̀ ive mecogstrilay ̀ eapem to cifgtifg peibe. ]ohetèr, t`fs

boclfgitfog oj meterregt pribtfbes igm ircs bogtroa icougts to wìt big le biaaem tè

exfstfgh pirimfhc oj gubaeir seburfty. Over tfce, ft ìs hrowg to fgbaume jour aeimfgh

bocpogegts; provfmfgh stritehfb stilfafty t`rouh` meterregbe> extegmfgh tè meterregt

ejjebt oj gubaeir weipogs to tè prevegtfog oj otèr jorcs oj bogfbt> bogtroaafgh

tè guclers, strubtures, igm iaert rites oj gubaeir jorbes ly ceigs oj metifaem



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lfaiteria treitfes> igm bogstrifgfgh tè spreim oj gubaeir weipogs igm ibbess to tèfr

bocpogegts t`rouh` exìustfve cuatfaiteria ihreecegts.

]è lemrobn fgstftutfog oj gubaeir seburfty ìs leeg tè ìlft igm pribtfbe oj stritehfb

meterregbe, prfcirfay letweeg tè Ugftem Rtites igm tè Rovfet Ugfog (igm tèg

\ussfi).



0

i gucler oj wiys, jroc prevegtfgh out-oj-bogtroa ircs ribes to afcftfgh tè cost

mestilfafzfgh types oj weipogs. Terìps tè cost sfhgfbigt ejjebt oj tè treity probess

ìs leeg to segm i baeir sfhgia tìt lot` sfmes were boccfttem to ivofmfgh uglrfmaem

gubaeir bocpetftfog igm vfewem tèfr fgterests is lefgh servem ly boaailoritfve

ircs bogtroa. ]è cere probess oj mfiaohue igm gehotfitfogs ̀ eapem joster i gorc oj

booperitfve seburfty wòse ìlfts igm probesses oj bogsuatitfog previfaem eveg murfgh

tegse perfoms oj Boam Xir òstfafty.

Bogmegbe-lufamfgh igm brfsfs-cigihecegt systecs, teb`gfques, igm ihreecegts ̀ ive

servem is ig fcportigt pirt oj t`fs UR-\ussfig ejjort. Exicpaes oj sub` bogmegbe-

lufamfgh ceisures fgbaume ihreecegts igm boccftcegts provfmfgh trigspiregby,

requfrfgh prfor gotfbitfog oj exerbfses, igm ojjerfgh vegues jor rehuair or brfsfs

boccugfbitfogs.



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t`rouh` tè bipilfafty igm reafilfafty oj gubaeir irsegias igm mobtrfges”prohrics to

egìgbe meterregbe ly neepfgh weipogs sebure igm powerjua. ]è otèr tribn bogsfsts

oj ejjorts to remube, bogstrifg, or eafcfgite wòae bitehorfes oj sub` weipogs”

ircs bogtroa probesses igm ihreecegts. ]è boclfgitfog oj tèse two socewìt

bogtrimfbtory tribns icougtem to i pirimoxfbia ihegmi, regfgh igm eailoritfgh

gubaeir bipilfaftfes eveg is lot` sfmes souh`t to afcft igm uatfciteay eafcfgite tèc.

Lut tè two-sfmem ipproib` reebtem i ney ispebt oj woram poaftfbs; i liaigbe letweeg

rfviary igm sìrem fgterests. Cost fcportigt, lroimay speinfgh, fs tìt ft wornem.

Lut oge rfsn oj sub` ig ipproib` wis iawiys tìt tè two tribns wouam evegtuiaay

boaafme fg jugmicegtia wiys. Trohrics to refgjorbe meterregbe bouam mfsbremft ircs

bogtroa ceisures, igm pooray mesfhgem rfsn remubtfog ceisures bouam ugmercfge

meterregbe. Ig ilsoaute go-rst-use paemhe, jor exicpae, wouam irhuilay ìve èapem

fsoaite tè roae oj gubaeir weipogs”lut wouam iaso ìve bocpafbitem extegmem

meterregbe igm possflay bogtrflutem to proafjeritfog. Cost Boam Xir gubaeir melites

were ilout t`fs bais` oj fcperitfves, fg oge wiy or igotèr, igm tè subbess oj tè

gubaeir seburfty pirimfhc reebtem is cub` is igyt`fgh ease i wfaafghgess igm

ipprebfitfog og lot` sfmes to eghihe fg i reburregt, baever ìrcogfzfgh oj tè two

ìaves oj tè ipproib`. Lut sub` i tegtitfve, oghofgh equfaflrfuc bouam ogay le

cifgtifgem lebiuse oj i cutuia ipprebfitfog oj tè mighers fg Xis`fghtog igm

Cosbow igm i kofgt boccftcegt to tè subbess oj tè pirimfhc. ]regms fg woram

poaftfbs tomiy t`reiteg to ugmercfge tè stritehfb igm poaftfbia lisfs jor t`fs

cutuia ugmerstigmfgh, tùs breitfgh bogmftfogs ugmer w`fb` tè `fh`-wfre ibt

oj liaigbfgh ibtfve meterregbe igm ircs remubtfogs wfaa leboce ugsustifgilae.

]è Ziaue oj Fgstftutfogs

]o ipprebfite tèfr bìribter igm viaue, ft fs fcportigt to see tè fgstftutfogs oj tè

exfstfgh pirimfhc oj gubaeir seburfty fg tè bogtext oj airher postwir meveaopcegts.

Fg fts reafigbe og boaaebtfve seburfty fgstftutfogs to preserve peibe, tè gubaeir

rfsn remubtfog ihegmi ìs reebtem i tregm oj haolia fgstftutfogiafzitfog tìt ìs

ittecptem, wère possflae, to lufam boccugftfes oj sìrem fgterests to procote

cutuia seburfty.

]ère fs i tegmegby to t`fgn oj fgtergitfogia fgstftutfogs is sygogycous wft`

orhigfzitfogs. ]o le sure, cigy ney eaecegts oj tè postwir ormer ̀ ivetineg orhigfzitfogia jorc, jroc tè Ugftem Gitfogs to tè Fgtergitfogia Cogetiry

Jugm to rehfogia hroups igm iaafigbes afne tè Europeig Ugfog igm GI]O. Lut fg

tè piraigbe oj poaftfbia sbfegbe, tè terc ‑fgstftutfogs– rejers to i cub` lroimer

bogbept”i set oj expafbft or fcpafbft ‑prfgbfpaes, gorcs, ruaes, igm mebfsfog-cinfgh

probemures irougm w`fb` ibtors‖ expebtitfogs bogverhe fg i hfveg fssue-irei.–



94

oj stites igm aeimers fg fgtergitfogia poaftfbs igm èap sìpe mebfsfogs igm leìvfor.

Exicpaes fgbaume tè jougmitfogia prfgbfpaes oj stite soverefhgty, tè spebfb gorc oj

mfpaocitfb fccugfty, virfous gigbfia pribtfbes igm trime rehuaitfogs tìt ugmerafe

tè haolia lignfgh igm gigbfia systec, ihreecegts og stigmirms igm pribtfbes fg

teb`gfbia eams, igm tè rfsfgh tiloo ihifgst ugprovonem fgvisfogs tìt ìs leeg

tercem tè terrftorfia fgtehrfty gorc.24

]ère fs i cissfve afteriture og fgstftutfogs igm i afveay melite ilout tè mehree to

w`fb` tèy ìve leeg or big le ejjebtfve fg bogstrifgfgh stite leìvfor.29 ]è ivifailae

evfmegbe, it aeist fg tè gubaeir reiac, pofgts to i quiafem lut stfaa fcportigt

`ypotèsfs; tìt ecerhfgh fgstftutfogs ìve leeg fcportigt fg bogstrifgfgh stite leìvfor

igm provfmfgh cebìgfscs jor boormfgitem ibtfog wèg stites rebohgfze sìrem fgterests.

Fgstftutfogs big breite expebtitfogs, jorucs, igm aogh-terc pribtfbes tìt persuime

stites igm gog-stite ibtors tìt tèfr fgterests ire lest servem t`rouh` kofgt igm

bogstrifgem ibtfog ritèr tìg ugfaiteria igm ihhressfve seburfty-seenfgh. ]o tè extegt

tìt stites fgtergiafze tèse aessogs, tèy wfaa turg to fgstftutfogs jor egtfreay seas`

reisogs”to procote tèfr owg seburfty”lut mo so fg wiys tìt imcft tè geem to

orhigfze jor seburfty fg i booperitfve jis`fog. Fgstftutfogs provfme opportugftfes

to boormfgite fgterests, resoave bogfbts wèg boormfgitfog jifas, igm fgfbt

pugfs`cegts jor ibtors wò vfoaite ecerhfgh gorcs fg laitigt igm olvfous wiys.

]ère ire cigy exicpaes oj t`fs mygicfb it worn, igm tèy imm up to persuisfve

evfmegbe tìt postwir fgstftutfogs ìve paiyem i sulstigtfia roae fg bogstrifgfgh

igm bìggeafgh leìvfor igm provfmfgh tè lisfs jor boaaebtfve ibtfog. Exicpaes

righe jroc fgtergitfogia trime ibborms igm gigbfia igm lignfgh stigmirms to

fgtergitfogia stigmirms fg i mozeg teb`gfbia igm sbfegtfb eams2



99

Iaa oj tèse jugbtfogs ire og mfspaiy fg tè fgstftutfogs oj gubaeir seburfty,

fgbaumfgh tè cifgtegigbe oj gubaeir meterregbe is weaa is tè lfaiteria ibborms igm

ugmerstigmfghs tìt ̀ ive irfseg letweeg Xis`fghtog igm Cosbow igm tè sulsequegt

cuatfaiteria jorcs. Cikor wir ̀ is leeg nept out oj tè reiac oj pribtfbia bogsfmeritfog

ly tè rfsn oj gubaeir esbiaitfog igm tè preservitfog oj sebogm-strfne stilfafty. ]`fs

reebts tè sort oj ‑utfafty jugbtfog comfbitfog– rejerrem to ilove; gubaeir weipogs

igm tèfr issobfitem meterregt sbèces ̀ ive bogstrifgem tè wir-cinfgh optfogs

ivifailae to stites igm aeimers. It tè sice tfce, tè gorc oj gubaeir remubtfog igm

evegtuia mfsircicegt ̀ is leeg breitem igm imvigbem t`rouh` stitecegts, treitfes,

igm pribtfbes. ]è Ugftem Rtites igm \ussfi, igm fgbreisfghay otèr stites, ̀ ive leeg

mriwg fgto boaailoritfve probesses to egìgbe gubaeir seburfty> soce eaecegts oj

tè exfstfgh pirimfhc ìve provfmem riaayfgh pofgts jor mocestfb fgterests fg virfous

bougtrfes metercfgem to remube gubaeir mighers. Igm tè fgstftutfogs ̀ ive procotem

‑gubaeir aeirgfgh– tìt ìs èapem to estilafs` tè mighers oj gubaeir citerfia igm

weipogs igm breitem i haolia gorc oj rfsn remubtfog.

Fg tèse igm otèr wiys, tè exfstfgh roster oj gubaeir rfsn remubtfog egmeivors ìs

iaterem tè bogtext oj fgtergitfogia poaftfbs igm èapem to preserve gubaeir peibe. Fg

so mofgh, fgstftutfogs oj gubaeir seburfty paiyem ig fcportigt sebogmiry jugbtfog

oj bogtrflutfgh to tè airher probess oj postwir fgstftutfogiafzitfog tìt ̀ is paigtem

tè tegtitfve seems oj i core bocpaete igm rolust haolia sobfety. ]è hreit migher

tomiy fs tìt powerjua tregms fg woram poaftfbs t`reiteg to reverse t`fs prohress ly

paibfgh it rfsn tè fguegbe, bremflfafty, igm aehftfciby oj tè fgstftutfogs oj tè

burregt gubaeir pirimfhc.

I Rystec fg Terfa

]omiy, tòse wò wouam procote gubaeir seburfty jibe i two-pirt bìaaeghe. ]è rst

fs tìt tregms fg tè fgtergitfogia systec ire wornfgh to ugmercfge tè fgstftutfogs

oj gubaeir seburfty so pifgstinfghay erebtem over tè aist ìaj-begtury. Igm tè sebogm

fs tìt cereay pus`fgh libn og t`fs migher wft`fg tè jriceworn oj tè burregt

pirimfhc fs got afneay to worn. Lebiuse oj soce oj tòse sice tregms, tè essegtfia

tooas fg tè tooalox oj gubaeir seburfty wfaa ìve to le reprforftfzem igm, fg soce

bises, repaibem outrfh`t.

Ecerhfgh ]regms fg Xoram Toaftfbs

Zirfous tregms ire wornfgh to jis`fog i gew fgtergitfogia ormer out oj tè post-

Boam Xir perfom oj UR èhecogy. ]ineg tohetèr tèy pofgt to i sfghae overrfmfgh

migher; tìt tè fgbocpaete lut lroimay ihreem gorcs igm fgstftutfogs oj tè postwir

systec bouam boaaipse fgto rufgous mfsormer igm bogfbt.20 Fg i powerjua rebegt essiy,

Bougbfa og Jorefhg \eaitfogs Tresfmegt \fbìrm @iiss ìs tercem t`fs tregm ‑tè



9<

ugriveafgh.– @iiss irhues tìt ‑tè liaigbe letweeg ormer igm mfsormer fs s`fjtfgh

towirm tè aitter.–26 ]è fgtergitfogia systec seecs to ̀ ive reibèm i tfppfgh pofgt,

wft` cigy jibtors t`reitegfgh to ugmercfge sìrem fgterests igm gorcs igm hegerite

i cub` core bìotfb hegeriafzem rfviary.=4

]èse mighers ire ecerhfgh ihifgst i core òpejua aogh-terc libnmrop oj meepegfgh

fgtermepegmegbfes igm sìrem fgterests bourtesy oj haoliafzitfog igm reaitem tregms.

Tirt oj tè jorbe le`fgm tè hrowfgh fgstftutfogiafzitfog oj woram poaftfbs ìs leeg

tè ecerhegbe oj eaecegts oj i true fgtergitfogia sobfety is stites igm peopaes ire

afgnem core baoseay ly trime, fgjorcitfog, trivea, igm iwiregess. ]`fs getworn oj

fgtermepegmegbe ̀ is bìghem tè bogtext jor stite biabuaitfog oj fgterests igm ̀ is

sulstigtfiaay comfem tè wiys fg w`fb` hreit powers bouam eghihe fg rfviary.

Fgstftutfogs oj gubaeir seburfty ìve lufat og t`fs lroim reiafty”lut tè prohress

oj haoliafzitfog igm issobfitem bogbepts oj sìrem fgterests fs gow t`reitegem ly

i gucler oj powerjua mestilfafzfgh tregms.

Irhuilay tè cost jugmicegtia ecerhfgh reiafty fs tè lurheogfgh iclftfogs igm

bocpetftfve fgstfgbts og tè pirt oj cigy aeimfgh stites. \ussfi igm B`fgi ire tè

cost olvfous, lut cigy rehfogia powers ire mecigmfgh tèfr rfh`tjua paibe fg i post-

èhecogfb ormer. ]urney, Lrizfa, Frig, eveg Kipig igm Hercigy ire seenfgh core

fguegtfia rehfogia roaes, igm fg soce bises”espebfiaay tòse oj \ussfi igm B`fgi”

iclftfogs ire lefgh expressem fg ihhressfve, eveg imvegturfstfb, wiys. ]è resuat fs ig

eri oj meepay fgtegsfjyfgh cuatfaiteria rfviary.=9 ]`fs tregm rfsns boaafsfogs lot` haolia

(tè Ugftem Rtites versus B`fgi) igm rehfogia (i perfom oj regewem fgtegse bocpetftfog

letweeg Fgmfi igm Tinfstig).=



92

lefgh jortfem ly boaaebtfve fgstftutfogs. Fg cigy bises tèy rejuse to le mfrebtem ly

stites igm mrfve bogfbts to `fhèr aeveas oj tegsfog igm vfoaegbe. I aeimfgh exicpae

tomiy fs tè overaippfgh boaaebtfog oj rimfbia hroups lisem fg Tinfstig w`fb` ìve

lehug to spfg out oj bogtroa oj tè stite igm w`fb`”fg issiuats afne tè hruesoce

Cuclif operitfog oj



9=

rfsfgh stite-to-stite tegsfogs. Fmegtfty-seenfgh fg paibes afne \ussfi igm B`fgi fs

exiberlitfgh tèfr ihhressfve, hrfevigbe-jueaem urhe to bìaaeghe tè UR-aem woram

ormer. ]è sourbes oj tegsfog, jrihcegtitfog, igm bìos fg tè fgtergitfogia systec ire

lebocfgh core potegt igm ire fgtersebtfgh fg migherous wiys. Is i resuat, ‑stritehfb

fgstilfafty fs egmecfb– to tè ecerhfgh systec, B. Miae Xiatog igm Boafg Hriy irhue

fg i



95

]è ecerhfgh eri t`reitegs to ugmercfge eib` oj tèse bìribterfstfbs fg turg,

breitfgh tè geem jor i gew ihegmi jor gubaeir seburfty.

• Lurheogfgh rfviary ugmercfges trust igm igy segse oj sìrem fgterests igm breites

hrowfgh seburfty jeirs tìt procote ritèr tìg remube tè perbefvem viaues oj gubaeir

weipogs. Xètèr fg tè bogtext oj UR or iaafem reaitfogs wft` \ussfi or B`fgi,

Fgmfi-Tinfstig reaitfogs, or otèr reaitfogs`fps, tè rfviary igm bocpetftfog

bìribterfstfb oj tè ecerhfgh eri ire ugmercfgfgh tè potegtfia jor booperitfve

seburfty fgstftutfogs. Oge lisfb tèce oj tè burregt pirimfhc ìs leeg tìt,

gotwft`stigmfgh ejjorts to neep irsegias comerg igm reafilae, gubaeir weipogs

wouam le hrimuiaay meviauem igm tèfr potegtfia use seeg is faaehftfcite ugmer

iacost igy bfrbucstigbe. ]`fs ittftume seecs to le aosfgh òam oj ney stites.

• Hrowfgh tegsfogs bocpafbite extegmem meterregbe igm fgbreise tè mecigms og UR

bremflfafty, tùs exiberlitfgh tè tegsfogs letweeg gubaeir prepiremgess igm

gubaeir lufam-mowg. ]è tibft lirhifg oj tè Boam Xir”

gubaeir comergfzitfog

iaoghsfme ircs bogtroa”fs ugafneay to le ibbeptem fg tè sice wiy fg ig eri

wèg cfstrust igm bogspfriby tèorfes mocfgite tè perbeptfogs oj soce ney

stites. Comergfzitfog ejjorts ire afneay to le seeg is fgbreisfghay t`reitegfgh,

rfsnfgh i cuatfpoair haolia ircs ribe.

• Gitfogiafstfb fmegtfty-seenfgh ugmercfges tè bogtext jor gubaeir stilfafty. Ft big ìve

t`fs ejjebt fg i gucler oj wiys; ly aeimfgh stites to hrfp gubaeir weipogs core

tfh`tay> ly remubfgh tè wfaafghgess to ihree to fgtrusfve verfbitfog ceisures>

igm ly biaafgh fgto questfog tè ritfogiafst issucptfogs oj baissfbia meterregbe

tèory.

• I cuatfaiteria bogtext cines gubaeir lirhifgs cub` core bocpaex. Gubaeir rfsn

remubtfog ìs iareimy irrfvem it i stihe wère juture ibborms wfaa ìve to eghihe

cigy stites, igm tè wfamay viryfgh fgterests igm sourbes oj mesfre jor gubaeir

weipogs wfaa cine jor i core bìrhem igm bìaaeghfgh rfsn remubtfog probess. Is

ig exicpae, tè gubaeir rfviary letweeg Fgmfi igm Tinfstig fs jir aess bogstrifgem

or sulkebt to rehuair fgteribtfog igm gehotfitfogs tìg wis tè UR-Rovfet gubaeir

reaitfogs`fp. Fg tè ceigtfce, tè bore lirhifg it tè èirt oj tè GT]”i

mfvfsfog letweeg gubaeir ̀ ives igm ̀ ive-gots wft` tè procfse oj gubaeir power

to tòse wò esbèw weipogs”ciy le ugtegilae fg i woram oj i mozeg or core

stites tìt bogsfmer tècseaves aeimfgh powers. Core igm core, tè ‑t`ree pfaairs–

oj tè GT] ipproib` ire seeg to le cutuiaay bigbeaafgh ritèr tìg refgjorbfgh.=:

• Gogtrimftfogia bogfbt fs laurrfgh tè afges letweeg peibe igm wir igm ugmercfgfgh

tè esbiaitory relreins oj tè gubaeir eri. Fg breitfgh i geir-perpetuia jorc oj



9:

oghofgh bogfbt, tèse teb`gfques ire iaterfgh tè egvfrogcegt jor gubaeir

meterregbe. ]è powerjua meterregt bipibfty oj gubaeir weipogs wfaa got”is we

iareimy see”prevegt stites jroc eghihfgh fg tèse hriy-irei bogfbts, lebiuse

tèy leafeve tè esbiaitory rfsns ire ugmer bogtroa. Is Lribneg recfgms us,

coreover, gogtrimftfogia jorcs oj ihhressfog big ecpaoy iclfhuous, afcftem

gubaeir t`reits it tè aow egm oj tè esbiaitfog spebtruc”

iggougbfgh i gubaeir

iaert, lreinfgh ig ircs bogtroa treity, seaafgh migherous gubaeir teb`goaohfes.=8

]è mfvfmfgh afge letweeg stritehfb bogfbt igm gogstritehfb bogfbt fs lebocfgh

laurrem, wft` hreit esbiaitory potegtfia.

• ]è hrowfgh roae oj gog-stite ibtors fs bocpafbitfgh tè pfbture jor meterregbe igm

rfsn remubtfog. ]è exfstfgh gubaeir pirimfhc ecerhem murfgh i perfom wèg

gitfog-stites were ly jir tè mocfgigt ibtors og tè fgtergitfogia sbege. Gog-

stite ibtors ̀ ive aogh leeg bitiaysts oj ̀ fstory, is wft` tè Rerlfig gitfogiafst

orhigfzitfogs tìt orhigfzem tè ississfgitfog oj Irb`mune Jrigz Jermfgigm. Lut

tè reaitfve liaigbe fg power, fguegbe, igm mebfsfve iutòrfty to sìpe evegts

fs s`fjtfgh, wft` stites aosfgh core power iaa tè tfce. ]`fs bocpafbitem gew

aigmsbipe cines tè roae oj gubaeir meterregbe cub` core bìgby; gog-stite

ibtors hegeriaay mo got see ft is i bremflae t`reit.

]è suc totia oj tèse ejjebts fs to biaa fgto questfog tè ilfafty oj exfstfgh gubaeir

seburfty rehfces to preserve gubaeir seburfty or eveg cifgtifg tè gubaeir tiloo,

irhuilay tè cost prebfous ibbocpafs`cegt oj tè postwir eri. UR-\ussfig ircs

bogtroa, jor exicpae, fs stiaaem, igm afneay to recifg so jor tè fgmegfte juture.

]è ‑ojbfia– ircs bogtroa systec, Lribneg pofgts out, ‑fs gow so bocpaex tìt ft fs

mfjbuat to ibbocpafs` gew hoias, or to tine ircs bogtroa to tè gext aevea.–=0 Jor i

virfety oj reisogs”cost jugmicegtiaay \ussfi‖s baose ittib`cegt to tè meterregt

viaue oj fts gubaeir irsegia igm tè hegeriaay cfserilae stite oj UR-\ussfig reaitfogs”

òpes jor immftfogia jorcia or fgjorcia cutuia remubtfogs ìve leeg misèm igm

exfstfgh treitfes ire fg keopirmy.

It tè sice tfce, tregms fg tè UR mocestfb bogtext potegtfiaay exiberlite tèse

lirrfers to gubaeir rfsn remubtfog. Rupport jor cuatfaiteria fgstftutfogs ìs irhuilay `ft

i post-Boam Xir aow. Ruspfbfogs oj otèr cikor powers, espebfiaay B`fgi igm \ussfi,

ire hrowfgh ripfmay igm support jor ircs bogtroa ceisures oj igy nfgm ìs wigem.

]è post-Boam Xir ògeycoog oj booperitfve seburfty ìs hfveg wiy to i perbeptfog

oj i cub` core bocpetftfve igm ̀ ostfae eri, igm igy presfmegt wfaa ìve i cub` core

mfjbuat tfce pus`fgh t`rouh` gew boaailoritfve ceisures. ]è ecpìsfs fs og gubaeir

comergfzitfog is tè route to egìgbem seburfty, igm core stites ire rejerrfgh bisuiaay

to aowerem t`resòams jor gubaeir use.



98

Terìps tè sfghae cost fcportigt fgsfh`t fg tè bogstrubtfog oj i gew ihegmi to

bogtroa gubaeir rfsns fs tìt tè igswer to tèse ecerhfgh mighers moes got sfcpay

afe fg pourfgh core juea fgto exfstfgh cebìgfscs jor gubaeir seburfty.=6 Lfaiteria

treitfes ire i poaftfbia gog-stirter, igm \ussfi fs ugfgterestem fg ihreecegts tìt

wouam bogstrifg fts gubaeir meterregt. Cereay reijrcfgh tè viaue oj tè essegtfia

lirhifg resfmegt fg tè GT] wfaa got persuime i hrowfgh bòrus oj vofbes sneptfbia

oj tè treity‖s baifc tìt gubaeir restrifgt recifgs tè lest optfog. Lut it tè sice

tfce, loostfgh fgvestcegts fg comergfzem meterregt jorbes, fj ugmertineg outsfme

tè bogtext oj strogh fgstftutfogs jor boaaebtfve ipproibès to gubaeir seburfty, wfaa

le core afneay to provone gew tegsfogs tìg to refgjorbe meterregbe> igm loasterfgh

extegmem meterregbe wfaa got ìve tè mesfrem ejjebt fg ig eri oj gitfogiafst pissfog

igm brfsfs-provonfgh ly gog-stite ibtors.

]regms fg tè fgtergitfogia systec ire ugmercfgfgh eib` oj tè jour lisfb eaecegts

oj tè burregt pirimfhc oj gubaeir seburfty; stritehfb stilfafty t`rouh` ejjebtfve

meterregbe> extegmem meterregbe> lfaiteria treitfes igm bogstrifgts> igm jorcia

cuatfaiteria ihreecegts. Goge ippeirs to ojjer i jeisflae, poaftfbiaay procfsfgh route

jorwirm to remube gubaeir mighers. Biaas jor tè eafcfgitfog oj gubaeir weipogs,

or eveg tèfr mristfb remubtfog fg guclers or iaert aeveas, cust bogjrogt t`fs

ugbocjortilae jibt; tè trimftfogia routes to tèse hoias ire airheay laobnem ojj, igm

afneay to recifg so jor soce tfce to boce. ]è questfog gow fs wìt revfsem ihegmi

jor gubaeir seburfty bouam opeg up gew ivegues to prohress fg tè cemfuc terc

eveg hfveg tè bogstrifgts oj tè ecerhfgh fgtergitfogia egvfrogcegt.

I Gew Ihegmi jor Gubaeir Reburfty

]è tisn lejore us fs tèrejore baeir, fj strewg wft` mfaeccis. Hfveg tè potegtfia jor

rfsfgh mighers fg tè eam oj gubaeir seburfty, tè Ugftem Rtites cust meveaop igm aeim

i gew ejjort to remube gubaeir rfsns, lut oge tìt sulstigtfiaay comfes tè exfstfgh

pirimfhc. ]è gew prohric cust seen lot` to bogtroa sòrt-terc gubaeir mighers

tìt ippeir to le hrowfgh sulstigtfiaay igm to aiy tè aogh-terc jougmitfogs jor meep

remubtfogs igm evegtuia iloaftfog. Igm ft cust mo t`fs fg i poaftfbia bafcite tìt fs

core òstfae to gubaeir ircs bogtroa tìg it igy tfce sfgbe tè egm oj tè Boam Xir”

igm, fgmeem, sfgbe tè cfm-9604s.

Fg ormer to recifg jeisflae igm reaevigt to tè seburfty bìaaeghes oj tè eri mesbrflemilove, i gew ipproib` wouam ippeir to requfre severia bìribterfstfbs. Ft cust jobus

og gog-stite t`reits is cub` is stite irsegias, fg ormer to meia wft` tè aeimfgh

perbefvem t`reits oj citerfia bogtroa igm terrorfst use. Ft cust le bipilae oj persuimfgh

fgbreisfghay boclitfve rfvias to booperite og baeiray sìrem fgterests ritèr tìg

lefgh lisem og i segse oj trust igm kofgt breitfog oj ig ihreem juture. Ft cust iaso

rest outsfme tè jriceworn oj exìustfve lfaiteria or cuatfaiteria treitfes, w`fb` ire



90

ugafneay to le fg tè birms jor soce tfce. Igm giaay, igy gew fgftfitfve sòuam ifc it

i lroim bogbept oj stritehfb stilfafty, i core ̀ oafstfb gotfog tìg sebogm-strfne stilfafty

tìt egbocpisses iaa tè wiys fg w`fb` stites bouam boce to wir”i vfsfog tìt tines

gubaeir weipogs is sycptocitfb oj, got respogsflae jor, ugmerayfgh tegsfogs.54 ]è

Ugftem Rtites tomiy proposes to spegm ùgmrems oj lfaafogs oj moaairs to reviafmite wìt

fs essegtfiaay i very afcftem megftfog oj sebogm-strfne stilfafty.59 Lut ft fs got baeir tìt

igy stites stfaa ìve ig fgterest fg tìt jorc oj gubaeir stilfafty, or tìt tè juaa sbope

oj tèse fgvestcegts fs geemem to reviafmite ft.

]o ceet tèse brfterfi igm remube gubaeir mighers, t`fs report imvobites i two-

proghem gubaeir fgftfitfve jor tè gext ve yeirs tìt lufams og exfstfgh ihreecegts

igm probesses. ]è stritehy ìs i sòrt-terc igm i cemfuc-terc bocpogegt. Fg tè

sòrt terc, rebohgfzfgh tè espebfiaay sfhgfbigt mighers oj heopoaftfbia òstfafty

igm regewem gubaeir bocpetftfog irfsfgh letweeg tè Ugftem Rtites igm \ussfi lut

iaso bohgfzigt tìt tè lfaiteria bìggea fs socewìt stiaaem, ft ifcs to cftfhite

potegtfia gubaeir cfsbiabuaitfog wft` ig fgjorcia serfes oj mfiaohues icogh iaa

estilafsèm gubaeir powers to remube aiugb`-og-wirgfgh rfsns is weaa is to soafmfjy

bogmegbe-lufamfgh igm brfsfs-respogse probemures. Fg tè cemfuc terc, ft proposes

i regewem igm comfem ejjort to bogtroa mighers oj gubaeir spreim igm gog-stite

use t`rouh` tè trigspiregby igm bogtroa oj ssfae citerfias.

]è Ròrt ]erc; Lufamfgh Bogjfmegbe igm Ivofmfgh Cfsbiabuaitfog

Roce oj tè cost sfhgfbigt rfsns fg tè burregt stritehfb bogtext reaite to potegtfia

esbiaitfog igm bogfbt t`rouh` cfsbiabuaitfog it i tfce oj rfsfgh tegsfogs igm

bocpetftfog. (]`fs fs got tè sice is tè rfsn oj pureay ibbfmegtia or ugiutòrfzemaiugb`, w`fb` recifgs reaitfveay aow eveg hfveg rfsfgh tegsfogs.) Is we ìve seeg, tè

fgbegtfves to ivofm wir recifg very `fh`> airhe-sbiae bogfbt bocfgh ilout t`rouh`

bogsbfous biabuaitfog recifgs very ugafneay. Lut t`rouh` i boclfgitfog oj hegeriafzem

rfviary, tè exiberlitfgh fguegbe oj gitfogiafsc, igm tè esbiaitory ejjebt oj hriy-irei

bogfbt, tè migher oj ig ugfgtegtfogia esbiaitfog fgto gubaeir use fs perìps hreiter

tomiy tìg it igy tfce sfgbe tè cfm-9604s. Ibbormfgh to i virfety oj opeg sourbe

ibbougts, UR igm \ussfig gubaeir irsegias recifg it `fh` aeveas oj aiugb` reimfgess,

igm tè potegtfia jor wir t`rouh` esbiaitfog or cfsperbeptfog recifgs reia.5



96

to virfous gubaeir fssues. ]èy bogmubt extegsfve verfbitfog probesses ittegmigt to

tè stritehfb ircs remubtfog treitfes fg jorbe. ]è Booperitfve ]`reit \emubtfog

prohric provfmem tè lisfs jor mfiaohues, gotfbitfogs oj cfssfae aiugbès, fgjorcitfog

exbìghe, igm fgspebtfogs og gubaeir fssues. Over tè yeirs, virfous òtafges, kofgt rfsn

remubtfog begters, cfaftiry-to-cfaftiry exbìghes, igm otèr ejjorts ̀ ive egbourihem

ugmerstigmfgh igm ojjerem cebìgfscs to ivofm ugwigtem esbiaitfog.

]è rst bocpogegt oj i gew gubaeir ihegmi, tèg, bouam le to lufam og tèse

ihreecegts wft` i serfes oj fgftfitfves mesfhgem to egìgbe cutuia trust, trigspiregby,

igm bogmegbe fg meterregbe. ]è fgftfitfve wouam icougt to i rekuvegitfog oj

tè probess to lufam bogmegbe-lufamfgh ceisures tìt remube tè rfsn oj gubaeir

aiugb` ly cfsbiabuaitfog or ugfgtegmem esbiaitfog. ]èy wouam got le lufat jroc

sbritb`, fg pirt lebiuse tè purpose oj t`fs rst pìse fs to sustifg is cub` trust igm

trigspiregby is possflae fg ig fgbreisfghay tegse bogtext. ]è hoia fs ripfm prohress

lufamfgh og estilafsèm cebìgfscs, got mriwg-out tians og gew fmeis, lut wft` i

core cuatfaiteria, hrimuia, fgjorcia, igm pulafb/prfvite bìribter tìg cost sub`

fgftfitfves to mite provfme.

]`fs ejjort wouam fgvoave i wfme-righfgh igm metercfgem ejjort, aem ly piriaaea

boiaftfogs fgsfme igm outsfme hovergcegt, to bogvey sìrem fgterests fg ̀ fh`-aevea

gubaeir seburfty igm stilfafty, igm to ipproib` tè prolaec wft` i cuatfaiteria spfrft

igm outsfme tè bogtext oj exìustfve ihreecegts. Tirtfbfpitfgh stites wouam le isnem

to boccft tècseaves to i bogtfguitfog or rekuvegitfog oj i gucler oj weaa-proveg

bogmegbe-lufamfgh ceisures; stritehfb ircs fgspebtfogs, exbìghes oj fgjorcitfog

og gubaeir prohrics igm poafbfes, gotfbitfogs oj gubaeir exerbfses or iaerts. ]è

mfiaohue wouam le mesfhgem to hrow fgto i lroimer mfsbussfog jor fmeis to ojjer cutuia

reissurigbe, lot` fg hegeria igm murfgh igy potegtfia brfsfs. ]èse bouam fgbaume

proposias tìt ippay to tè stitfogfgh oj cfaftiry jorbes, tè mepaoycegt oj cfssfae

mejegses, ruaes oj eghihecegt bogmubt jor jorbes fg proxfcfty, igm core. \eaitfveay

qufbnay, tè probess bouam le expigmem to fgbaume otèr gubaeir powers wfaafgh to

boccft tècseaves to tè sice rfsn remubtfog cebìgfscs. ]è steps wouam le

ugfaiteria or cuatfaiteria, lut wouam le hegeriaay fgjorcia or bomfem ogay fg very

lrfej igm sfcpae ibborms.

]`fs pìse oj tè gew gubaeir ihegmi bouam fgbaume i gucler oj spebfb fgftfitfves.

Roce oj tèse wouam le prfcirfay reaitem to tè iaert igm sijety aeveas oj UR igm

\ussfig jorbes, lut iaa wouam le boubèm fg i lroimer probess ippayfgh to tè gubaeir

powers core hegeriaay. Exicpaes bouam fgbaume;52

• Ugfaiteria, pirtfia me-iaertfgh coves ly t è Ugftem Rtites or otèr ibtors to stirt

i saow probess oj hrimuia covecegt iwiy jroc aiugb`-reimy iaert stitus.



breitfog oj i wfmeay usem

opeg-sourbe mitilise oj gubaeir citerfias> ̀ eap jor meveaopfgh igm imvobitfgh jor

gew mesfhgs jor gubaeir reibtors tìt eise tè lypromubt bìaaeghe oj gubaeir power>

potegtfia fgjorcia bogberts or ihreecegts tìt bouam ugmerpfg gubaeir citerfias

seburfty> pulafb mfiaohues igm imvobiby jor prohress fg tè irei> igm core. ]è

getworn‖s ejjorts bouam le baoseay boormfgitem wft` hovergcegt ojbes, fg tè Ugftem

Rtites igm easewère, respogsflae jor tè ssfae citerfia seburfty fgftfitfve.

]è roae oj trigspiregby igm fgjorcitfog-s ìrfgh ceisures wouam le espebfiaay brftfbia

to sustifgfgh i mehree oj booperitfve mfiaohue icogh tè gubaeir powers. Fg so mofgh,

sub` i prohric wouam ceet tè brfterfi outafgem ilove jor usejua igm reaevigt gubaeir

fgftfitfves; ft wouam ̀ ive tè potegtfia imvigtihe oj jobusfgh baeiray og ireis oj sìrem

fgterests, oge oj tè aeimfgh brfterfi jor i revfsem ipproib`. Cost aeimfgh powers

see tèfr owg gitfogia seburfty wrippem up fg tè bogtroa igm seburfty oj gubaeir

citerfias. Fj tè Ugftem Rtites igm tè Rovfet Ugfog bouam meveaop igm fcpaecegt

i lfaiteria ircs bogtroa rehfce murfgh tè Boam Xir out oj i perbeptfog oj sìrem

fgterests, tère fs every reisog to expebt tè aeimfgh gubaeir powers to le ilae to mo tè

sice tomiy, wft` tè rfh`t aeimers`fp. ]è prohric wouam le lest tirhetem to bogstrifg



ft bouam reebt core

oj i hegeria boccftcegt to bertifg hoias tìg i jorcia treity. Rub` i stritehy wouam

mecigm mebfsfve UR aeimers`fp mesfhgem to puaa rehfogia igm haolia hroups oj gitfogs

tohet èr fg support oj eaecegts oj i haolia boccogs.:5

]è bogbept oj tè two fgftfitfves outafgem ilove fs fg pirt tìt tèy bouam hrow fgto

i core eailorite kofgt egterprfse over tfce”tìt i core bocpreègsfve probess oj

gubaeir rfsn remubtfog bouam le lufat jroc tè hrougm up, t`rouh` tè ibbucuaitfog

oj mozegs oj mfsbrete boccftcegts, bogvegtfogs, igm ihreecegts, ritèr tìg

jroc tè top mowg fg tè jorc oj oge over-irb`fgh treity. Gubaeir bogmegbe-

lufamfgh ceisures igm i ssfae-citerfia fgftfitfve wouam le two oj tè cost paiusflae

gubaeir prohrics to egerhfze haolia gorcs igm fgstftutfogs fg t`fs wiy igm bouam

le tè fgftfia jobus oj i kofgt egterprfse. ]èy ire cuatfaiteria ly giture igm fgvfte

tè pirtfbfpitfog oj cigy stites. ]èy reebt sìrem fgterests fg ivofmfgh wir ly

cfsbiabuaitfog igm egìgbfgh tè seburfty oj gubaeir citerfia, igm fg tìt respebt

wouam le it aeist tèoretfbiaay bipilae oj refgjorbfgh gorcs oj gubaeir sijety. X`fae

tè reboccegmitfog ère fs got jor i jorcia treity, tè Ugftem Rtites bouam hitèr

mozegs oj stites fgto i mrijt boccugfque boccfttfgh tèc to hegeria support jor

tèse two hoias.

]è Fcportigbe oj i Gew Zfsfog

]`fs report ìs cime two jugmicegtia irhucegts; gubaeir rfsns ire hrowfgh> igm

tè exfstfgh gubaeir pirimfhc fs faa-suftem to cinfgh ceisurilae prohress ugmer tèpressure oj ecerhfgh tregms fg woram poaftfbs. Ft ìs aifm out i gucler oj potegtfia

stritehfes igm megem two lroim bogbeptuia vfsfogs tìt cfh`t afgn tohetèr eaecegts

oj virfous stritehfes fgto i revfsem pirimfhc jor gubaeir remubtfog.

]è brftfbia t`fgh gow fs jor tè UR hovergcegt to boccft ftseaj to soce stritehfb

bogbept tìt rebohgfzes tè hrowfgh gubaeir mighers, aiys out i vfsfog oj i sijer

igm core sebure woram, igm boccfts tè Ugftem Rtites to tinfgh tè pribtfbia

steps gebessiry to cove fg tìt mfrebtfog. It i cfgfcuc, tè Ugftem Rtites sòuam

remoulae ejjorts towirm i versfog oj haolia bogmegbe-lufamfgh, wft` tè fmei tìt

prohress wouam ow gituriaay fgto tè lroimer vfsfog. Fj we ̀ ope to lot` bogtroagubaeir mighers fg tè sòrt terc igm aiy tè jougmitfog jor tè evegtuia iloaftfog

oj gubaeir weipogs, irhuilay tè sfghae cost fcportigt prforfty fs to egsure tìt tè

sfgews oj tè gubaeir eri”tè stobns oj ssfae citerfia tìt big le usem jor locls”

ire bitiaohuem, bogtroaaem, igm, to tè extegt possflae, eafcfgitem. ]`fs probess fs weaa

ugmerwiy igm tè gext pìse oj gubaeir rfsn remubtfog sòuam meepeg igm remoulae

tòse ejjorts fg wiys cost ipproprfite to tè ecerhfgh seburfty egvfrogcegt.



24

5< Ree, or exicpae, Haolia [ero Boccfssfog og Gubaeir \fsn \emubtfog, ‑Me-Iaer tfgh igm Rtilfafzfgh tè

Xoram‖s Gubaeir Jorbe Tostures,– Iprfa igm

Mivfm E. Cosèr, Aoweaa @. Rb`wirtz, Mivfm \. @oweaa, igm Aygg E. Mivfs, Leyogm tè Gubaeir Rìmow; I

Tìsem Ipproib` jor Fcprovfgh Gubaeir Rijety igm U.R.-\ussfig \eaitfogs (Rigti Cogfbi, BI; ]è \IGM

Borporitfog,


31/32

29

@oover Fgstftutfog • Rtigjorm Ugfversfty

]è pulafsèr ìs cime t`fs worn ivifailae ugmer i Breitfve Boccogs Ittrflutfog-GoMerfvs afbegse 2.4. ]o vfew i bopy

o t`fs afbegse, vfsft `ttp;//breitfveboccogs.orh/afbegses/ly-gm/2.4.

@oover Fgstftutfog Tress issuces go respogsflfafty or tè persfstegbe or ibburiby o U\As or extergia or t`frm-pirty

Fgterget welsftes reerrem to fg t`fs pulafbitfog, igm moes got huirigtee tìt igy bogtegt og sub` welsftes fs, or wfaa

recifg, ibburite or ipproprfite.

Bopyrfh`t ©


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@oover Fgstftutfog Essiy Rerfes

og \emubfgh Gubaeir ]`reits

]è @oover Fgstftutfog Tress ìs pulafsèm severia loon-

aeght` igiayses oj gubaeir weipogs fssues, cigy oj w`fb`

meia wft` tè bìghfgh giture oj meterregbe fg tè burregt

fgtergitfogia egvfrogcegt. Jeaaows oj tè @oover Fgstftutfog,

pirtfbuairay Heorhe T. Rùatz, Xfaafic K. Terry, igm Rfmgey

Mreaa, iaso ìve wrftteg `fhày ibbaifcem igiayses jor tè

gitfogia press. ]`fs essiy, ly Cfbìea Cizirr, fs tè rst oj i

serfes oj obbisfogia pipers tìt wfaa aa tè hip letweeg loons

igm gewspiper irtfbaes. Afne tòse to joaaow, t`fs essiy fs i

metifaem exicfgitfog oj ig fcportigt fssue ijjebtfgh gubaeir

weipogs igm ojjers fmeis reaevigt to bogtecporiry pulafb

poafby. Ft fs jor tè reimer wò wigts ig expaigitfog oj tè

jibts igm libnhrougm ugmerayfgh gubaeir fssues igm wouam

afne to le eghihem fg soavfgh prolaecs tè gitfog jibes tomiy.

]`fs wfme-righfgh serfes oj pipers wfaa ìve two boccog

tèces. Xìt ire tè gubaeir fssues tomiy tìt meserve `fhèr

prforfty? @ow big tè Ugftem Rtites, ibtfgh iaoge or wft`

otèrs, remube tè t`reit tèy pose?

Jor fgjorcitfog ilout tè @oover Fgstftutfog, paeise vfsft us ogafge

it www.òover.orh.

Ilout tè Iutòr

CFB@IEA K. CI[I\\

Cfbìea Cizirr fs i segfor

poaftfbia sbfegtfst it tè

\IGM Borporitfog, w`fb`

è kofgem fg Obtoler

a renewed vision for nuclear risk reduction, by michael j. mazarr

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