a region on the move - reliefweb.int region... · a region on the move | 1. a region on the . move....
TRANSCRIPT
A Region on the Move | 1
A REGION ON THE
MOVEMIGRATION TRENDS IN THE EAST & HORN OF
AFRICA, 2017
2 | A Region on the Move
CONTENTS
Drone image showcasing the kind of terrain Ethiopian migrants travel on near the Lake Assal region, Djibouti. Photo: Muse Mohammed/IOM.
01 INTRODUCTION 5
02 FORCED DISPLACEMENT 6
Overview 6
Somalia situation 6
South Sudan situation 7
Burundi situation 10
Democratic Republic of Congo situation 10
Ethiopia situation 11
03 RESETTLEMENT 12
Overview 12
Resettlement assistance provided by IOM globally 12
Resettlement assistance provided by IOM from the East & Horn of Africa 12
Outlook for 2018 13
04 MIXED MIGRATION 14
Overview 14
Eastward-bound: the forgotten maritime migration route 14
Detained while pursuing the ‘southern dream’ 19
Getting to Europe at all costs 21
05 FREE MOVEMENT 28
Overview 28
Signing of the AU Continental Free Movement Protocol 28
AU Member States to relax visa requirements by December 2018 29
Visa openness in Africa with a focus on the East & Horn 29
Outlook for 2018 30
06 THE GLOBAL COMPACT FOR MIGRATION 32
Overview 32
National consultations on the GCM with a focus on the East & Horn 32
07 ENDNOTES 34
A Region on the Move | 54 | A Region on the Move
In 2017, migration in the East and Horn of Africa continued to be driven by a range of factors including conflict, insecurity, extreme weather conditions, political unrest, the youth bulge, and uneven economic growth. This report outlines key trends that have been observed, with a focus
on forced displacement, mixed migration, and resettlement movements. Noteworthy developments on the policy front are also highlighted, including the adoption of instruments to promote the free movement of Africans on the African continent as well as consultations on the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM). Unless indicated otherwise, the East and Horn of Africa refers to Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania. The term migrant is used to cover people in mixed migration flows (including asylum seekers, people moving irregularly for economic reasons, trafficked persons, and refugees). If the caseload only refers to refugees or asylum seekers, it will be clearly indicated.
EAST & HORN OF AFRICA MIGRATION STATISTICS DASHBOARD
Figure 1: East and Horn of Africa Migration Dashboard
01INTRODUCTION
Burundi Djibouti Ethiopia Kenya South
SudanSomalia Uganda Rwanda Tanzania
Total population (UN
DESA, 2016)
10.5
million
942.3
thousand
102.4
million
48.5
million
12.2
million
14.3
million
41.5
million
11.9
million
55.6
million
Population ages 0-14 [% of tota]) (UN DESA, 2016)
44.90% 31.60% 41.10% 40.90% 41.90% 46.50% 48% 40.50% 45.10%
The total number of international migrants residing in the country (UN DESA, 2017)
299.6
thousand
116.1
thousand
1.2
million
1.1
million
845.2
thousand
44.9
thousand
1.1
million
443.1
thousand
492.6
thousand
International migrant stock as a percentage of the total population (UN DESA, 2017)
2.80% 12.10% 1.20% 2.20% 6.70% 0.30% 2.20% 3.60% 0.90%
Total number of emigrants who have left the country (UN DESA,
2017)
435.6
thousand
15.8
thousand
800.9
thousand
501.2
thousand1.8 million 2 million
501.2
thousand
568.8
thousand
324.4
thousand
Three largest immigrant groups by country of destination (UN DESA, 2017)
DRC, Rwanda,
Tanzania
Somalia, Ethiopia,
Yemen
Somalia, South Sudan,
Eritrea
Somalia, Uganda,
South
Sudan
Sudan, Uganda,
DRC
Ethiopia, Yemen,
Eritrea
South Sudan, DRC,
Rwanda
DRC, Uganda,
Burundi
DRC, Burundi,
Kenya
Human Development Index Ranking [1 = High - 188 = Low]
(UNDP, 2015)
184 172 174 146 181 N/A 146 159 151
Unemployment rate of total population (ILO,
2017)1.60% 6.10% 5.40% 11% N/A 6% 11% 2.60% 2.70%
Youth unemployment
(ILO, 2017)3% 11% 7.60% 22.10% N/A 10.20% 22.10% 3.30% 5.40%
Abdumalik is a 10 year child migrant from Ethiopia. He came to Djibouti to try and find work to send money back to his village. Alone and homeless, Abdumalik sleeps on the beach along with several other Ethiopian migrants who are also looking for decent work. Photo: Muse Mohammed/IOM.
A Region on the Move | 76 | A Region on the Move
FORCED DISPLACEMENT 02
OVERVIEW
Political instability, protracted conflicts, insecurity, extremism, as well as drought and climate-related changes contributed
to significant movement in 2017. As of 31 December, 2017, refugee and asylum-seeker numbers stood at 5.22 million in the Horn of Africa and Great Lakes region, marking a 30 per cent increase from the beginning of the year (4.02 million).1 Similarly, internal displacement remained a humanitarian and development challenge, with an estimated 5.77 million IDPs in Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, and South Sudan in 2017.2
On the upside, the year saw some important developments. Key among them was the practical application of the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) by some East and Horn of African countries (the CRRF forms part of the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants).3 In March, IGAD Member States adopted the Nairobi Declaration and Comprehensive Action Plan as a regional version of the CRRF addressing the protracted Somali refugee situation. This was described as an unprecedented opportunity to connect the refugee policies of host countries with Somalia in a positive way.4 The Governments of Uganda and Ethiopia launched their CRRFs in March and November, respectively.5 Djibouti, in turn, has begun to apply the CRRF. The government adopted a new and progressive refugee law in January 2017, which envisages a shift away from encampment and a move towards including refugees further in Djiboutian society.6
Another development was UNHCR’s recommendation for the cessation of the refugee status of Rwandans who fled the country between 1959 and 1998 by 31 December, 2017.7 Over 3.4 million Rwandans have returned home since 1994, with 17,097 returns taking place in 2017.8
Meanwhile, the Government of Uganda, with the support of the United Nations, convened a ‘solidarity summit’ in June 2017 to rally support and fundraise for the South Sudan refugee situation, one of the largest and most complex emergencies in Africa. The ‘solidarity summit’ raised USD 358 million in pledges at its closing.9
While these developments are significant, displacement numbers in the region are rising and there are limited examples of successful durable solutions being achieved.
The section below outlines forced displacement situations in select countries in the East and Horn of Africa region. They all highlight that the drive to adopt integrated, comprehensive, and well-funded responses remains critically important for the millions of people who have been forced out of their homes.
Somalia situation
The humanitarian crisis in Somalia is the result of a combination of natural and man-made factors.10 While large-
scale famine was averted in 2017, the impact of prolonged drought conditions will have reverberating effects in 2018. According to UN OCHA, 3.3 million Somalis will require urgent life-saving assistance in 2018.11 More than one third of those in need are internally displaced persons (IDPs).
IDP numbers stood at an estimated 2.1 million in 2017,12 with more than one million newly-displaced in 2017 alone.13 The reasons for displacement are primarily drought-related, followed by conflict/insecurity and other factors, including flooding and the outbreak of disease.14
Between May and June 2017, IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) rolled out its Emergency Tracking Tool covering 1,548 IDP sites in 26 districts in Somalia.
During these assessments, IOM found that the majority of people displaced were children and women, with 35 per cent of respondents reporting that they had not received humanitarian assistance.15 The largest concentration of IDPs is in Mogadishu, followed by other urban centres, which take the form of informal and unplanned settlements.16 The living conditions in these sites are poor and IDPs generally lack adequate access to food, shelter, basic services, and are particularly vulnerable to protection-related risks, as well as unannounced evictions.17
With regard to forced migration across international borders, 843,725 Somali refugees and asylum-seekers were hosted in the East and Horn of Africa as well as Yemen as of 31 January, 2018.18 About 33 per cent are hosted in Kenya, 30 per cent are hosted in Yemen, and 29.7 per cent in Ethiopia.19 In 2017, UNHCR recorded 35,409 Somali refugee returnees from Kenya (75,297 Somali refugees have returned to Somalia from Kenya between 2014, the year that UNHCR began a pilot project supporting returns to Somalia, and 2017). In addition, UNHCR recorded 5,487 Somali refugee returnees from Yemen in 2017 (34,990 Somali refugees have returned from Yemen between 2015, the year that the Yemen conflict began, and 2017).20
South Sudan situation
The economic, political, and social crisis in South Sudan raged on in 2017 despite numerous peace talks, repeated
ceasefires, and considerable diplomatic efforts to broker peace.21 Since December 2013, more than four million people have been displaced internally and across the country’s borders. Children and women reportedly make up 85 per cent of those displaced.22
Regarding refugees, the country has been described as ‘almost…emptying itself’.23 As of December 2017, 2.43 million South Sudanese had fled to neighbouring countries.24 A grim milestone was reached in August when the one millionth South Sudanese refugee crossed into Uganda.25 This influx earned the title of the fastest-growing refugee crisis in the world and contributed to Uganda’s becoming the third-largest refugee-hosting country after Turkey and Pakistan.26
Many of the South Sudanese who have remained in South Sudan are extremely vulnerable because of the political, economic, and social crisis, which has seen widespread human rights violations. The population is also highly reliant on humanitarian food assistance. In February 2017, famine was declared in parts of South Sudan, with 100,000 people facing starvation and a further one million classified as being on the brink of famine.27 Although famine was checked by multi-sector humanitarian assistance,28 there were reports in February 2018 that 150,000 people in various parts of the country could face famine, with food insecurity at an “unprecedented level”. 29
IDP numbers in South Sudan stood at an estimated 1.9 million in December 2017,30 up from 1.61 million in June 2016.31 Many South Sudanese have sought protection in Protection of Civilian (PoC) and other sites (with more than half a million South Sudanese biometrically registered in such sites in November 2017). The mobility into and out of these sites remains fluid, according to the seasons, location, intensity of conflict, and as people try to maintain connections to land and property. The overwhelming majority of IDPs seeking protection continue to point to insecurity as the reason for their displacement. However, most live outside of Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM)-assessed locations, including in host communities in hard-to-reach locations. Ensuring that these groups are also provided with protection and services is more critical than ever after years of not receiving services.
Providing aid to the extremely vulnerable population in South Sudan is a dangerous endeavour. More than 90 aid workers have been killed since the beginning of the conflict, with nine killed in November 2017 alone, making it the most dangerous month for aid workers since December 2013.32
Moreover, humanitarian service delivery is increasingly disrupted by active conflict in the areas of greatest need, bureaucratic and physical access impediments, threats to safety and security of humanitarian actors, as well as logistical constraints. There was an increase in humanitarian access incidents in 2017 with 1,160 incidents reported. This is a 28 per cent increase from the number reported in 2016 (908).33
IOM constructs boreholes at the El Salam displacement camp in Rubkona, South Sudan, to provide clean water for the community. Photo: Amanda Nero/IOM.
A Region on the Move | 9
Burundi situation
There are currently over 427,000 Burundian refugees hosted across the region,34 393,317 of whom fled the country after
the political crisis began in April 2015.35 The majority who fled after 2015 are hosted in Tanzania (58.4%), with smaller numbers in Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Uganda.36 The ‘crowded global landscape of crises’37 has meant that the Burundi situation has been one of the least-funded refugee crises in the world.38
While Burundian refugee arrivals in neighbouring countries are expected to reduce in 2018,39 those hosted in camps live in difficult conditions where they face insecurity as well as food and water shortages. They also have limited access to health and education services.40 Prolonged underfunding has greatly affected reception capacities and has strained the asylum space.41 In the first half of 2017, Tanzania, Uganda, and DRC all stopped granting refugee status on a prima facie basis.42 Tanzania also decided to reassess its decision to grant citizenship to a residual caseload of Burundian refugees who fled the country in 1972, and it announced its withdrawal from the CRRF in January 2018 (despite adopting a roadmap for the implementation of the CRRF in November 2017).
In July 2017, the Government of Burundi issued a call encouraging Burundi refugees to return. To support the spontaneous returns,43 UNHCR held a tripartite meeting with the Governments of Burundi and Tanzania in August 2017. A total of 13,103 Burundians were assisted to voluntarily return to Burundi between 1 September and 31 December. 54,000 Burundians are estimated to be in need of return assistance in 2018.44
IOM’s DTM identified 179,901 IDPs in Burundi in December 2017. This was a four per cent decrease from the number identified in November (187,626), which was also a decrease from the previous month (189,000 in October).45 In December’s round of data collection, natural disasters were identified as the primary reasons for displacement followed by the socio-political situation. 81 per cent of the displaced were women and children under 18 years.46
DRC situation
Although DRC is not covered by IOM’s Regional Office for the East and Horn of Africa, it features in this report because
many Congolese have fled to neighbouring countries. Over 470,000 refugees from DRC are hosted in Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Kenya.47
In 2017, the humanitarian situation in DRC deteriorated dramatically. A massive escalation of conflict and widespread insecurity were the major contributors to forced movement, which was compounded by deadly floods as well as the worst cholera epidemic in 15 years.48
Over 1.9 million people were newly displaced in 2017, primarily in the Kasai, Tanganyika, and Kivu regions.49 At the end of December 2017, there were 4.49 million IDPs in DRC (the highest number in an African country), of which more than 60 per cent were children. 55 per cent of the IDPs were found in three provinces: North Kivu, South Kivu, and Tanganyika, all of which are in the troubled eastern part of the country.50
In 2018, the humanitarian outlook remains grim. An estimated 13.1 million people will require humanitarian assistance and 7.7 million people are food insecure (with 1.9 million children suffering from acute malnutrition).51 Humanitarian actors aim to provide 10.5 million people with humanitarian assistance in 2018, which is a 48 per cent increase from the numbers targeted in 2017. To meet the extreme need, an appeal for USD 1.68 billion was launched in January 2018, which is the largest ever for the country. 52
Congolese refugees speaking to UN officials have identified forced recruitment, violence, rape, and murder perpetrated by armed groups as reasons for fleeing to neighbouring countries. Armed groups also pose a serious threat to UN peacekeepers. In early December 2017, 14 Tanzanian peacekeepers were killed in an attack by an armed group, which was described as the worst attack on UN ‘blue helmets’ in recent history.53 If the fighting continues, the region is bracing itself for increased refugee flows. There are already indications of an upward trend, with 34,000 new refugee arrivals in Uganda from DRC in the first two months of 2018.54 New flows will inevitably add to the significant number of Congolese refugees currently hosted in the region, the majority of whom live in Uganda.55
Ethiopia situation
Over the last two years, conflict and drought have contributed to significant internal displacement in Ethiopia, with
conflict being the primary driver. Between November and December 2017, IOM identified 1,078,429 conflict-affected and 528,658 climate-affected IDPs, as well as 89,058 people displaced by other factors.56 Tensions between Ethiopia’s Somali and Oromia ethnic groups, as well as a flare-up of violence in September 2017 contributed significantly to this displacement. The unrest, which saw an escalation in the last quarter of 2017, revolves around disputes over resources between the two ethnic groups as well as the unresolved division of administrative units between their respective regions.57
Humanitarian actors are facing substantial challenges in responding to what has been a rapid escalation of internal displacement, while the political context, seen most recently in the resignation of Prime Minister Desalegn and the declaration of a new state of emergency, introduces an additional dimension of complexity. The government is planning to address the conflict displacement by supporting return to areas of origin and resettlement, of which the voluntariness, safety, security, and durability will have to be closely monitored.
With regard to refugees, Ethiopia continues to be one of the world’s largest refugee-hosting countries with over 847,200 refugees from 19 countries, the majority of whom come from South Sudan.58
An IDP woman and her child walk in the new section of the IDP camp in Doolow, Ethiopia. Photo: Muse Mohammed / IOM
A Region on the Move | 1110 | A Region on the Move
A Region on the Move | 1312 | A Region on the Move
RESETTLEMENT 03OVERVIEW
The gap between global refugee resettlement needs and quotas set by resettlement countries continued to grow in 2017. UNHCR estimated that nearly 1.2 million refugees needed resettling globally in 2017, with an estimated 93,200 places available in resettlement
countries.59 The global net decrease in resettlement places has been attributed to fluctuations in country quotas, which has been linked to heightened attention to national security and the politicization of migration and refugee flows.60 In 2017, UNHCR described the situation for refugees from sub-Saharan Africa as particularly acute, with limited places available for more than half a million refugees who are in need of resettlement.61
Resettlement assistance provided by IOM globally
Globally, IOM provided 135,729 individuals with resettlement assistance in 2017, which was a 32 per cent decrease from the number assisted in 2016 (200,638). In 2015, 125,195 individuals received IOM resettlement assistance.
Figure 2: Resettlement assistance provided by IOM globally (2015 – 2017)Source: IOM Resettlement Data (2018)
IOM resettlement assistance from the East & Horn of Africa 16,926 individuals departed from the East and Horn of Africa with resettlement assistance provided by IOM in 2017. 51 per cent were females and 49 per cent were males. Departure figures in 2017 were a 54 per cent and 21 per cent decrease from the number of individuals who received similar assistance in 2016 and 2015, respectively.62 In 2017, 77 per cent of the departures were Congolese (6,897), Somali (4,023), Ethiopian (1,657) and Burundian (442) nationals.
Figure 3 (next page) highlights resettlement assistance provided by IOM from the region with a focus on the four mentioned nationalities from 2015 to 2017
Figure 4: Resettlement assistance from the East & Horn of Africa by select nationalities to destination countries (2017) Source: IOM Resettlement Data (2018)
Figure 3: Resettlement assistance provided by IOM from the East & Horn of Africa by select nationalities Source: IOM Resettlement Data (2018)
Note: Figure 3 reflects figures for four nationalities which received IOM resettlement assistance from the East and Horn of Africa. IOM also provided resettlement assistance to other nationalities.
Outlook for 2018
Resettlement movement from the East and Horn of Africa will continue
for the foreseeable future. It is expected that the United States will continue to be the largest resettlement country for the region based on an admissions ceiling of 22,000 per fiscal year. The vast majority of individuals will continue to depart from Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Resettlement to Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom is also expected to continue. By country of origin, UNHCR projects that over 300,000 refugees from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Somalia, and South Sudan will be in need of resettlement in 2018. This makes up over 50 per cent of sub-Saharan Africa’s needs.63
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
2015 2016 2017
125,195
200,638
135,729
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Congolese Somali Ethiopian Burundi
2015 2016 2017
7,815 8,3951,657
4429401,620
2,1601,258
10,872
4,023
21,101
6,897
A Region on the Move | 1514 | A Region on the Move
MIXED MIGRATION FLOWS04
OVERVIEW
Mixed flows continued to be a prominent feature on the East and Horn of Africa’s migration landscape
in 2017. Consistent with previous years, the most popular route out of the region by volume was eastwards: across the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to Yemen with onward movement to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. In 2017, it was estimated that at least 99,516 migrants crossed into Yemen from the Horn of Africa.64 This is a reduction from the 117,107 migrants recorded to have made the journey in 2016.65 The route’s continued popularity – despite crossing Yemen’s devastating war zone – is remarkable and underscores the extent that migration is viewed as an economic strategy by some migrants and communities.
Turning south, the route to South Africa continued to be popular, particularly for young Ethiopian males. However, data published in 2017 indicated that the number of Ethiopians and Somalis entering the Republic of South Africa (RSA) irregularly has reduced by between 21 and 30 per cent in recent years.66 Possible reasons put forward for the decline include xenophobia and policy changes aimed at curbing irregular migration to RSA, as well as the perception, particularly between 2013 and 2016, of Europe as a more attractive destination.67 On the other hand, the number of Ethiopian migrants in detention in transit countries could indicate that migrant flows along the southern route have not declined, but are at the levels estimated in 2009 (between 17,000 and 20,000 migrants entering RSA per year).
Looking north, Europe continued to hold its allure for migrants. However, a combination of actions taken in transit countries contributed
to a significant reduction in the numbers that arrived on its shores in 2017. There was a 52 per cent drop in recorded overall arrivals on European territory via various irregular routes when compared to 2016 figures.68 Consistent with these broader arrival patterns, there was a 66 per cent reduction in the number of migrants from the Horn of Africa who were registered as arriving in Italy in 2017 when compared to 2016.69
Eastward bound: the forgotten maritime migration route Size of the flows
It is estimated that at least 99,516 migrants crossed into Yemen from the Horn of Africa in 2017.70 Recorded arrivals in 2016 were higher,
with 117,107 migrants making the journey.71 It is possible that the decrease in recorded numbers is a result of a reduction in migrant monitoring and data collection activities on Yemen’s shores. Remarkably, however, the civil war in Yemen has not stemmed flows from the Horn. In fact, the record-breaking numbers reported in 2016 took place in the midst of the conflict.72
Bi-directional flows on the eastern route
Similar to previous years, migrants/refugees continued to escape the war in Yemen by fleeing to neighbouring
countries. Between 2015 and October 2017, UNHCR recorded 37,428 arrivals in Djibouti from Yemen, 14,602 in Ethiopia, and 40,044 in Somalia. A total of 190,352 individuals are recorded as having arrived in neighbouring countries from Yemen within this period.73 In 2017, IOM and UNHCR supported the evacuation and assisted spontaneous return of 2,864 individuals from Yemen, the majority of whom were Somali and Ethiopian nationals.
Profile of migrants on the eastern route
Data collected by Migrant Response Centres (MRCs) operated by national governments, IOM, and other partners in the Horn of Africa gives some insight into the profile of migrants using the eastern route.74 In 2017, 6,580 contacts75 were registered at MRCs, out of which 80 per
cent were adults and 20 per cent of were children. 77 per cent of the contacts were male and 23 per cent were female. Of the children contacts registered, 28 per cent were unaccompanied.76 A fair number of the 6,580 contacts had attempted the journey before (21%), and 64 per cent planned to send remittances to their families and friends. The vast majority of contacts registered at MRCs have been Ethiopians (99.6 per cent of the 10,958 contacts registered between August 2016 and December 2017 were Ethiopians). One possible reason that registrations are heavily represented by Ethiopians is because other nationalities might seek support from other humanitarian actors in the region. Somalis, for example, are often considered ‘refugees’ and are supported through UNHCR programmes.77
Figure 5: Map of MRC locations and number of registered contacts in 2017 Source: IOM MRC Data (2018)Note:*The MRC in Mile was closed in March 2017. Boundaries and names shown do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IOM.
Table 1: MRC locations and number of registered contacts in 2017Source: IOM MRC Data (2018)
Ethiopia
Total:
YemenEritrea
Djibouti
Metema
Semera
MileObock
Hargeysa
Bosasso
Somalia
2,022
1,053
224
1,8721,371
38
6,580
Bosasso 2,022 31%Hargeisa 1,053 16%Metema 224 3%Obock 1,371 21%
Semera 1,872 28%Mile* 38 1%Total 6,580 100%
Obsa practices his acrobatic moves on the beach in the morning. As an Ethiopian migrant, he came to Djibouti when he was a child looking for work. Photo: Muse Mohammed/IOM
A Region on the Move | 1716 | A Region on the Move
18 | A Region on the Move
Motivations for moving and intended destinations
The 6,580 contacts registered at MRCs in 2017 gave multiple answers for their reasons for migrating. Limited economic opportunities in
their place of origin/usual residence was the most popular reason (58%), with poverty also featuring frequently (25%). In contrast, war/armed conflict (7%), family reunification (7%), political reasons (2%), and human rights violations (1%) were less common reasons.78 A noteworthy development was a spike in the number of contacts registered in the Semera MRC between September and December 2017. This corresponded in timing with clashes that broke out in Ethiopia’s Oromia and Somali regions.79
The vast majority of contacts (74%) identified KSA as their intended destination. Somalia and Ethiopia were the next popular destinations at 14 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively. The majority of contacts planned on engaging in income-generating activities at their destinations, with seasonal work and starting a business being cited most frequently at 49 per cent and 41 per cent, respectively. Family reunification, study, and claiming asylum were less popular reasons (at 6%, 3%, and 1%, respectively).
Choice of route and experiences en route
Contacts primarily based their choice of route on family recommendations (49%) and middlemen (29%); other less popular
factors included the routes’ perceived safety and affordability. Most contacts’ mode of transport was walking (46.2%), followed by vehicle (34.3%), and then a mix of walking, vehicle, boat, and air (19.1%). Those arriving at MRCs reported a range of immediate needs. Psychosocial support (27%), food and water (26%), as well as emergency shelter (22%) were the most mentioned needs. The contacts reported that they experienced various hardships. The majority of these were a lack of basic needs, such as shelter, food, and water (51%). Other concerning experiences that were described included paying bribes (6%), forced labour (4%), and imprisonment/detention (3%).
In line with the above, beatings, sexual assault, and kidnappings are well-documented experiences that migrants face along the eastern route.80 Dying mid-journey – by drowning, because of the harsh terrain, or at the hands of smugglers – is also a real risk. This is clearly seen in the events from 23 January, 2018, when at least 30 people were reported to have drowned because a boat carrying 101 Ethiopians and 51 Somalis capsized after gunfire was reportedly used against the passengers. The incident took place off the coast of Yemen and it is reported that the boat was operated by smugglers.81
KSA scales up activities to curb irregular migration
In March 2017, KSA announced that all irregular migrants should leave the country within 90 days. Those who left within the
grace period would be exempt from the KSA’s deportee fingerprint system as well as fines and penalties linked to violating the Kingdom’s immigration and labour laws. Migrants who took advantage of the amnesty and voluntarily left would still have the option to return through regular channels in the future.
The amnesty period was extended four times, with the last one ending in November 2017. According to media reports in February 2018, the KSA authorities arrested 562,961 migrants for violating Saudi labour, residency, and border security laws since November 2017 (when the amnesty period ended). In addition, a total of 7,996 people were apprehended while attempting to enter KSA irregularly, 29 per cent of whom were reported to be Ethiopians.82
IOM estimates that 130,000 Ethiopians have returned to Ethiopia from KSA between March 2017 and March 2018. Since the end of the amnesty period in November 2017, an average of 2,800 irregular migrants have been deported to Ethiopia each week.83 By 13 March, 2018, IOM Ethiopia had registered and profiled 106,016 arrivals (73% male and 27% female) since operations began in 2017. 74 per cent of those registered and profiled were deportees and 26 per cent were voluntary returnees.84
The Government of Ethiopia estimates that over 500,000 Ethiopians reside in KSA and that there are many Ethiopian migrants held in detention awaiting deportation.
IOM also recorded an increase in the number of Somalis deported by KSA authorities to Somalia by air in 2017. 25,796 Somalis were forcibly returned by the KSA authorities in 2017, compared to 16,623 in 2016 and 20,732 in 2015.85
It is unclear whether KSA’s activities to curb irregular migration will reduce the size of flows along the eastern route. If past trends hold, there is unlikely to be much effect. In late 2013/early 2014, the KSA authorities conducted a similar exercise, which resulted in the expulsion of more than 163,000 Ethiopians from the Kingdom.86 Arrivals in Yemen are reported to have decreased in early 2014. However, by the end of the year, there was a 40 per cent increase in the number of irregular migrants arriving on Yemeni shores, with record numbers reported in 2016.87
Detained while pursuing the ‘southern dream’
IOM’s 2009 publication ‘In Pursuit of the Southern Dream’ lifted the lid on the vibrant smuggling business operating from the Horn
of Africa to the Republic of South Africa (RSA).88 At the time, it was estimated that between 17,000 and 20,000 Ethiopians and Somalis engaged smugglers to take them to RSA per year.89 But an RMMS report published in 2017 suggests that the number of migrants leaving the Horn of Africa on the southern route dropped to between 14,750 and 16,850 per year in recent years, with an estimated 13,400 to 14,050 entering RSA.90 In contrast, some practitioners on the ground have suggested that the number of migrants using the southern route has not declined, but is still at the levels estimated in 2008/2009 (between 17,000 and 20,000 migrants entering RSA per year). This is based on the large number of Ethiopian migrants held in detention in Tanzania (which is just one transit country) as well as strong indications that relatively few migrants are actually intercepted by authorities while en route.
0
50
100
150
200
250
2015 2016 2017
Dead or Missing Migrants Horn of Africa & Yemen
170
135
235
Figure 6: Dead or Missing Migrants, Horn of Africa & Yemen 2015 - 2017 Source: IOM. Missing Migrants Project (2018). http://missingmigrants.iom.int/downloads
Notes: The Missing Migrants Project tracks incidents involving migrants, including refugees and asylum-seekers, who have died or gone missing in the process of migration towards an international destination. Figures from the Horn of Africa and Yemen from 2015 to 2017 were calculated using data from the Missing Migrants Project. However, the figures are likely to be much higher because migrant deaths often occur in remote areas and on routes chosen with the explicit aim of evading detection.
A Region on the Move | 19
A Region on the Move | 21
Migrants in detention in Tanzania
The detention and imprisonment of irregular migrants is common in the region. It is used to deter irregular
migration, as punishment (because irregular migration is viewed through a criminal lens), and because there are no real alternatives to detention being implemented.91
Tanzania’s geographic location makes it a key transit country for irregular migrants on the southern route. As per its national laws, unlawful entry/stay, as well as migrant smuggling, are offences and anyone convicted of these is liable to either fines or imprisonment. Many irregular migrants are unable to pay the fines once convicted and are imprisoned, with some estimates placing the number of detained/imprisoned migrants in Tanzania at more than 1,000.
Profile of Ethiopian migrants detained in Tanzania
In November 2017, IOM conducted a series of detention monitoring visits in Tanzania. During this period, 618 out of 858 Ethiopian
migrants in four prisons were interviewed. Most of the migrants were adults, but over one quarter were unaccompanied children (158), with some being as young as 14 years old. The vast majority were male (99%) and in their teenage years to early twenties, which is consistent with the general profile of migrants making the journey south. All the interviewed migrants identified RSA as their final destination. They had hopes for a better future, with many looking to work in retail, restaurants, and as truck drivers. No migrant reported that a fear of persecution forced them to leave Ethiopia.
Cost of the journey south and experiences en route
In keeping with the pattern seen along other routes, the price paid for the journey was considerable.92 Each migrant paid a smuggler/
agent between USD 3,000 and 4,300 for the
journey, which in turn confirms the commercial viability of the route (RMMS recently estimated that it generates up to USD 47 million per year).93
The migrants and their families/friends paid the smuggling fees by using personal savings, selling assets (land, cattle, and other property), or through contributions and loans. In exchange, the smugglers procured fraudulent documentation, arranged for accommodation and vehicles (trucks/buses/boats), provided food and water (which was usually insufficient and/or contaminated), and identified the routes used. Smugglers were predominantly used to facilitate the journey.
The migrants reported that the smugglers physically assaulted them, lied about the journey’s duration or its irregular nature, stole their money, starved or denied them water, and temporarily or permanently abandoned them in remote areas. This type of ill-treatment sometimes had fatal consequences, which is seen in the fate of eight Ethiopian men whose bodies were discovered near a remote Tanzanian village in the Rukwa region in mid-2017.
At the time of being interviewed by IOM, a number of migrants had not received treatment for skin rashes, scabies, wounds, fungi, and boils because of medication shortages in prisons. Others complained of hearing problems, headaches, coughs, as well as chest and lung pain.
With their journeys cut short, the detained migrants were poorer than when they first headed south. Most could not pay the conviction fine of USD 225 and were forced to serve prison terms, which ranged between three months and three years.
IOM, with funding from the European Union and in cooperation with the Governments of Tanzania and Ethiopia, will repatriate 300 of the most vulnerable Ethiopian migrants in detention in 2018. These migrants will receive reintegration support upon their return to Ethiopia.
Getting to Europe at all costsArrivals in Europe
Arrivals in Europe via various irregular routes fell sharply in 2017 when compared to previous years. At least 186,76894 migrants arrived by sea and land, which marks the first time that numbers fell short of the 200,000 threshold last seen in 2013.95 In 2016, an
estimated 390,43296 migrants arrived compared to 1,007,49297 in 2015. The latter year went on record as the highest migration flow to Europe since World War II.98
In keeping with the falling trends, 10,674 migrants from the Horn of Africa were registered as having arrived in Italy by Italy’s Ministry of Interior in 2017. This compares to 31,446 Horn of Africa migrants who were registered in 2016, marking a 66 per cent reduction.99 It is noteworthy that there was an 80 per cent decrease in the number of Horn of Africa migrants registered in Italy in 2017 when compared with the number registered in 2015 (54,226).
Ethiopia
Sudan
Khartoum
Juba
Kagera ArushaKilimanjaro
Moyale
Nairobi
MtwaraMbeya
Lake TanganyikaDar Es Salaam
Iringa
Bagamoyo
Mombasa
Tanga
Somalia
Uganda
S. Sudan
Kenya
Tanzania
Figure 7: The southern route from the Horn of Africa
Note: Boundaries and names shown do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IOM
Ethiopia
Djibouti
Eritrea
Somalia
KenyaUganda
Tanzania
Mozambique
Malawi
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Botswana
South Africa
Southern Sudan
20 | A Region on the Move
Djibouti
Eritrea
A Region on the Move | 2322 | A Region on the Move
Figure 8: Arrivals of Horn of Africa migrants in Italy by sea - monthly Source: Government of Italy, Ministry of Interior (2018)
Profile of migrants from the Horn of Africa arriving in Italy
Of the Horn of Africa migrants registered by Italy’s Ministry of Interior, adult males comprised the largest group in 2017, which is consistent with 2016’s arrivals. Of the children who were registered as arriving in 2017, a staggering percentage were unaccompanied (91%). This
forms part of a broader pattern of large numbers of unaccompanied migrant children making the journey to Europe, including reports of an unprecedented number arriving in 2016.100 A total of 15,779 unaccompanied children (of various nationalities) were registered as arriving in Italy in 2017, which was 13 per cent of all arrivals.101
Total Arrivals
Adult male
% of Adult male
Adult female
% of Adult female
Children % of Children
Unaccompanied Children
% of Children unaccompanied
Horn of Africa migrants
10,674 6,032 57 2,145 20 2,497 23 2,261 91
Table 2: Arrivals in Italy in 2017, Horn of Africa migrants Source: Italian Ministry of Interior, 2018
Notes: Percentages are rounded off
Total Arrivals
Adult male
% of Adult male
Adult female
% of Adult female
Children % of Children
Unaccompanied Children
% of Children unaccompanied
Horn of Africa migrants
31,446 17,729 56 7,087 23 6,630 21 5,817 88
Table 3: Arrivals in Italy in 2016, Horn of Africa migrantsSource: Italian Ministry of Interior, 2018
Notes: Percentages are rounded off
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Total Arrivals
Adult male
% of Adult male
Adult female
% of Adult female
Children % of Children
Unaccompanied Children
% of Children unaccompanied
Horn of Africa migrants
54,226 36,061 67 12,031 22 6,134 11 4,469 73
Table 4: Arrivals to Italy in 2015, Horn of Africa migrants.Source: Italian Ministry of Interior, 2018
Notes: Percentages are rounded off
Migrant deaths in the Mediterranean
IOM recorded 3,116 migrants as dead or missing in the Mediterranean in 2017, compared to 5,143 in 2016, 102 3,783, in 2015, and 3,283 in 2014.103 More than 400 children were reported to have died while attempting to cross the Mediterranean in 2017.104
Figure 9: Dead or Missing Migrants, Mediterranean, 2014 – 2017 Source: IOM Missing Migrants Project, 2018
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2014 2015 2016 2017
Dead/Missing Migrants Mediterranean
A Region on the Move | 25
Cost, duration, and destinations of Europe-bound Horn of Africa migrants
In 2017, IOM carried out a DTM survey in Italy which provides insight into the cost, duration, and destinations of Europe-bound migrants. 499 migrants from the Horn of Africa were interviewed, of which 89 per cent were males and 11 per cent were females. The interviewed migrants were
generally young, with an average age of 21 years, with more 17-year-olds being interviewed than any other age.
Similar to what is observed along other routes, the majority of Horn of Africa migrants paid a high price for the journey to Italy, with over 44 per cent reporting that they paid more than USD 5,000.
Figure 10: Cost of journey to Europe, Horn of Africa migrants Source: IOM DTM Flow Monitoring Survey 2017 in Italy
Figure 11: Reasons for moving provided by Horn of Africa migrants (%, multiple answers possible) Source: IOM DTM Flow Monitoring Survey 2017 in Italy
Notes: A distinction is made between initial reasons for leaving the country of origin and reasons for leaving the country of departure (where the latter is different from the country of origin). 44 per cent of the respondents had spent one year or more in a third country before resuming the journey to Europe.
According to the DTM survey, Italy was the most popular destination for the Horn of Africa migrants, with 41 per
cent identifying it as their intended destination at the time of being interviewed. 18 per cent identified Germany, while 10 per cent identified the U.K, and another 10 per cent identified Switzerland (other countries were also identified).
For the majority (57%), the journey to Italy lasted more than six months from the time of their departure from their country of origin or usual residence. 21 per cent said it took them
between two weeks and three months to arrive, 15 per cent reported that the journey lasted between three and six months, while 7 per cent reported that the journey took them less than two weeks.
The protracted journey for the majority of interviewed Horn of Africa migrants is concerning in light of IOM’s research, which indicates that a lengthy trip increases vulnerability – the longer it lasts, the higher the predicted probability that a migrant will suffer an experience indicating human trafficking or other exploitative practices.105
War/conflict and personal persecution/violence were the most cited reasons Horn of Africa migrants gave for making the journey to Europe. Figure 11 provides an overview of the different reasons given by migrants.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Natural Disasters
War and conflict
Personal persecution, violence
Economic
Lack of basic services
Lack of humanitarian services
Education
Health
Rejoin family
Other
From origin country From departure country
58.321.0
50.961.9
8.616.4
10.010.5
5.29.1
0.8
0.20.9
9.221.0
No Cost
Less than USD 1,000
2.4
44.29
More than USD 5,000
USD 1,000 - 2,500
USD 2,500 - 5,000
Unknown Amount10.02
10.42
7.41 25.45
24 | A Region on the Move
26 | A Region on the Move
Vulnerabilities experienced during the journey
IOM research in 2017 found that migrants travelling along the central Mediterranean route were more vulnerable to exploitation
and human trafficking when compared to migrants using the eastern Mediterranean route.106 The former route, which has Libya as the departure point to Europe, is the preferred choice for migrants travelling from the Horn of Africa.
IOM’s research singled out Libya as a country where migrants are most vulnerable to potential human trafficking and other exploitative practices. For some migrants, the experience in Libya is simply ‘hellish’.107 Throughout 2017, IOM, rights organizations, and media houses reported on horrific abuses against migrants, including arbitrary detention, forced labour, kidnapping, physical assault, extortion, sexual exploitation/assault, deprivation of food/water, and slavery.108
Libya’s migrant detention system has been described as ‘broken beyond repair’ by rights and humanitarian organizations, and IOM has called for detention centres (both official and unofficial) to be closed and replaced with open centres.109 In November 2017, an estimated 19,900 migrants were held in facilities controlled by Libya’s Department of Combatting Illegal Migration.110 According to Amnesty International, thousands more migrants are held in places of captivity run by militias and criminal gangs.111 In 2017, 19,730 migrants returned home via IOM’s voluntary humanitarian return assistance programme, which is one of the few solutions available to stranded migrants in Libya.112
Overall, 621,706 migrants (in regular and irregular situations) were identified in Libya by IOM’s DTM in December 2017. Of these, 14,797 were nationals of East and Horn of Africa countries.113
The free movement of Africans on the African continent was high on the African Union’s (AU) policy agenda in 2017. Under its auspices,
A Region on the Move | 27
Displaced women seated under tree during a post-distribution monitoring focus group in Oromia region, Ethiopia. Photo: Rikka Tupaz/IOM
A Region on the Move | 2928 | A Region on the Move
FREE MOVEMENT05
OVERVIEW
“The promise of free trade and free movement is prosperity for all Africans” Paul Kagame, President of the Republic of Rwanda and Chairperson of the African Union, March 2018
The free movement of Africans on the continent was high on the African Union’s agenda in 2017. Under the auspices of the
AU, key negotiations were held during the year, which paved the way for the adoption of the continental ‘Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community relating to Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence and Right of Establishment’ (continental Free Movement Protocol) and its ‘Draft Implementation Roadmap’ in January 2018.115 The continental Free Movement Protocol aligns with the AU’s aspiration for an integrated continent, where facilitated movement of Africans will create employment, support intra-Africa trade and investment, foster tourism, increase remittances, and support the use of human and material resources for the continent’s self-reliance and development.116
The AU also adopted the Decision on the Establishment of a Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM) in January 2018, which was combined with the commitment of 23 AU Member States to immediately implement the Yamoussoukro Decision.117 The SAATM will be key to supporting sustainable development by reducing air transport costs in Africa, facilitating the movement of persons, boosting intra-African trade, and increasing air connectivity. This is supported by research by the International Air Transport Authority (IATA) which projects that if 12 African countries opened their skies to each another, airfares would drop by up to 35 per cent, an extra five million Africans would afford to fly, an additional 155,000 new jobs would be created, and USD 1.3 billion would be added in GDP.118
A key development at the regional level was
IGAD’s launch of a process to establish a regional Free Movement of Persons Protocol covering the East and Horn of Africa bloc, which took place in July 2017. National consultations with stakeholders were held in Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda in 2017, with further consultations slated to take place in Djibouti and Ethiopia, and a second round in South Sudan from 2018. The negotiations on the draft regional Protocol are expected to start once the national consultations have been finalized. Apart from focusing on the Protocol’s provisions, the negotiations are likely to consider how to balance overlapping Regional Economic Community (RECs) memberships (some states are members of COMESA, the EAC, and IGAD), as well as the need to ensure coherence with the AU continental Free Movement Protocol. Importantly, the latter does not prevent regional economic communities (like IGAD) from granting more favourable provisions in their regional free movement instruments or proceeding with implementation at an accelerated pace.119
Signing of the AU Continental Free Movement Protocol
During the 10th Extraordinary Session of the AU Assembly held in Rwanda on 21 March, 2018, 30 Member States signed
the continental Free Movement Protocol (see table 5 for an overview of East and Horn of Africa countries that signed the Protocol). This surpassed the minimum number of signatures for its entry into force (it will enter into force 30 days after the Chairperson of the Commission receives the 15th instrument of ratification). Since the Protocol is open for signature, more countries are expected to sign it in due course.
AU Member States to relax visa requirements by December 2018Member States party to the continental Free Movement Protocol will implement it progressively, along a phased trajectory.
Phase one of the Protocol’s implementation will involve Member States relaxing visa requirements for citizens of other AU Member States by December 2018. This will include issuing visas on arrival to AU citizens and using simplified visa-processing procedures and mechanisms (such as e-visa online applications and multiple-entry/multi-year visas). It is also expected that the African Passport, which is provided for under the Free Movement Protocol as a tool to facilitate free movement as well as being a sign of Africa’s collective identity, will be issued by Member States to their citizens from 2018 onwards.120 By December 2023, AU Member States are expected to abolish visa requirements for AU citizens. 121
Visa openness in Africa with a focus on the East & Horn
As highlighted by the African Development Bank, “Africa is one of the regions in the world with the highest visa requirements. This situation is even more restricted for Africans traveling within Africa, as compared to Europeans and North Americans.”122
Africans need visas to travel to 54 per cent of other African countries, according to the 2017 Africa Visa Openness Report.123 The report found there was more visa openness in East Africa compared to other regions; however, there were appreciable differences within the region. For example, Uganda, Rwanda, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, and Tanzania were ranked relatively high for their openness to citizens of other African countries. In contrast, countries like Burundi, South Sudan, and Ethiopia fell low on the scale because they require visas before departure from the vast majority of citizens of African countries.
In the case of RECs, the report found that the EAC had 100 per cent mutually open visa policies among its Partner States (essentially being a visa-free regional bloc for EAC citizens).124 This compared to 21 per cent mutually open visa policies in the COMESA bloc and 11 per cent in the IGAD bloc.125
1 2 3Right of Entry and Abolition of Visas
Right of Residence Right of Establishment
Rwanda and Kenya forge ahead with visa relaxation in 2017
In 2017, Rwanda announced that it would issue 30-day visas on arrival to citizens of all countries, while allowing citizens of COMESA Member States 90-day visas on arrival. Before this, only citizens of African countries and a few others were eligible for visas on arrival. Some citizens, like
those of EAC Partner States, continue to enjoy visa-free access to Rwanda.
In the case of Kenya, President Uhuru Kenyatta, during his inauguration speech in November 2017, announced that any African wishing to visit the country will be eligible to receive a visa on arrival.126 President Kenyatta also stated that citizens of EAC Partner States will be treated like Kenyans.
30 | A Region on the Move
They will only need “identity card[s]…to work, do business, own property, and farm.” It is noteworthy that the commitment was made “with no conditions for reciprocity, but [is] driven by… [Kenya’s] desire for deeper regional integration.”127 Once implemented, the decision will be a watershed moment for regional integration in East Africa. However, some commentators have raised concerns about its potentially divergent effect on Kenyans and Kenya’s interests.128
High on the agenda for the AU Commission in 2018 is the implementation of its action plan for the ratification,
promotion, and popularization of the continental Free Movement Protocol. It is expected that the AU Commission will meet with members of the Pan African Parliament during their sessions as well as with AU RECs as part of this work. It is anticipated that at least 15 countries will deposit their instruments for the continental Free Movement Protocol to enter into force by June 2018. With regard to the African Passport, experts from the AU RECs met in Kigali in March 2018 to develop draft Guidelines and Specifications for the African Passport. The draft Guidelines will be considered by immigration officers from AU Member States before their adoption in the July 2018 Summit.
A separate but related development in 2018 was the signing of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement, which also took place in Kigali, Rwanda, on 21 March, 2018. The AfCFTA brings together 55 African economies into a larger more coherent market for goods and services, with free movement of business persons and investments.129 The expected benefits of the AfCFTA include a 52 per cent increase in intra-African trade by 2022 and a 6 per cent increase in African exports to the rest of the world, significantly strengthening Africa’s position in the global trading system. The AfCFTA was signed by the majority of AU Member States (44 countries), but some large economies, most notably Nigeria and South Africa, did not sign the agreement. Like the continental Free Movement Protocol, the AfCFTA is expected to deepen Africa’s integration further.130
How open is the world to citizens of East & Horn of Africa countries?
When it comes to visa-free movement on a global scale, it is evident that the world remains quite closed to citizens of East and Horn of Africa countries. We see this when we compare how countries in the region fare on global passport indices.131
According to the Henley Passport Index, Kenya leads the region with its citizens enjoying visa-free access to 72 countries (ranking 67th on the Index). In contrast, Somalia ranks 101st , with Somalis having visa-free access to 32 countries. Other countries in the East and Horn of Africa region fall in between Kenya’s ranking of 67 and Somalia’s ranking of 101 on the Index. Globally, Singapore ranks number one on the Index, with its citizens enjoying visa-free access to 180 countries in total. Seychelles takes the 24th spot as the highest-ranking African country, with its citizens having visa-free access to 144 countries. In turn, Afghanistan sits at the bottom of the Index (105th), with Afghanis enjoying visa-free access to 24 countries.
Figure 12: Visa-free access enjoyed by citizens of select countries with a focus on the East & Horn of Africa Source: Henley Passport Index. Henley & Partners132
Notes: According to Henley & Partners, the Henley Passport Index’s contents are based on data provided by IATA and supplemented with other data. The index is updated in real-time so figures are subject to change
Country AfCFTAConsolidated Text
Free Movement Protocol
1 Burundi2 Djibouti ✓ ✓3 Eritrea4 Ethiopia ✓5 Kenya ✓ ✓6 Rwanda ✓ ✓7 Somalia ✓ ✓8 South Sudan ✓ ✓9 Tanzania
10 Uganda ✓ ✓Table 5: East and Horn of Africa countries that signed the AfCFTA and Free Movement Protocol on 21 March, 2018
Source: African Union. Indication of Legal Instruments to be signed at the 10th Extraordinary Session of the Assembly on the Launch of the AfCFTA
180144
4545
3739
7239
3264
5268
24
0 50 100 150 200
SingaporeSeychelles
BurundiDjibouti
EritreaEthiopia
KenyaSouth Sudan
SomaliaUgandaRwanda
TanzaniaAfghanistan
Outlook for 2018
A Region on the Move | 31
32 | A Region on the Move
THE GLOBAL COMPACT FOR MIGRATION06
OVERVIEW
On 19 September, 2016, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted the New York Declaration for
Refugees and Migrants.133 As the first-ever UN declaration on migration adopted at this level, it sent an important political message that migration and refugee matters rank high on the international agenda.
The Declaration also underscores the pressing need for a comprehensive approach to human mobility and the importance of enhancing global cooperation on migration. Crucially, UN Member States made a commitment to launch a process of intergovernmental negotiations which will culminate in the adoption of a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) in an international conference that will take place in Morocco in December 2018. The process for developing the GCM kicked-off in April 2017.
IOM is providing technical and policy expertise to this states-led process as called for in the Modalities Resolution, and is working closely with the Secretary-General of the Conference (Special Representative to the Secretary General for International Migration – SRSG).134 Other stakeholders (civil society, the private sector, academic institutions, parliaments, diaspora communities, and migrant organizations) are participating in line with the commitment to develop the GCM through an open, transparent, and inclusive process.
Consultations on the GCM with a focus on the East & Horn of Africa
Between April and November 2017, 52 national consultations took place across the globe in addition to six informal
thematic sessions as well as seven regional civil society consultations. In the East and Horn of Africa, national multi-stakeholder consultations were organized in Uganda, Kenya, Djibouti, Somalia, and Ethiopia in close coordination with IOM.
The consultations drew participants from government ministries, civil society organizations, the private sector, and UN agencies in order to gather substantive input and concrete recommendations to inform the development of the GCM. This culminated in a regional preparatory meeting that took place in Addis Ababa in October 2017, which was organized by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) in partnership with the African Union Commission and IOM. This meeting was attended by the two co-facilitators of the process (Mexico and Switzerland), and by Louise Arbour, the SRSG for International Migration.
In January 2018, the African Union adopted the Common African Position on the GCM, which will inform the respective member states in the negotiations phase. More information on the GCM is available on IOM’s website and that of the Office of the SRSG.
Maj. Gen (Rtd), Dr. Gordon Kihalangwa (foreground) from the Government of Kenya participates in IOM’s International Dialogue on Migration at UN Headquarters in New York, under the theme “Strengthening International Cooperation on and Governance of Migration towards the Adoption of a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration.” Photo: IOM/John Walder
A Region on the Move | 33
A Region on the Move | 35
1 Food Security and Nutrition Working Group (FSNWG). January 2018 Statement (2018) referring to UNHCR data (East, Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes region refugees and asylum-seekers by country of asylum as of 31 December 2017). UNHCR. East, Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes region Refugees and asylum-seekers by country of asylum as of 1 January 2017 (2017). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/East-Horn-of-Africa-the-Great-Lakes-Refugees-and-asylum-seekers-by-country-of-asylum_1st-January-2017.pdf.
2 IOM DTM. Ethiopia 1,696,145; Somalia 2,000,000; Burundi 179,901; and South Sudan 1,900,000.
3 The CRRF, which is an annex to the New York Declaration, has four stated objectives: easing pressure on host communities, second, improving refugee self-reliance, third, increasing access to third country solutions and fourth, creating conditions in countries of origin for voluntary return in safety and dignity. http://www.unhcr.org/events/conferences/594248734/update-practical-roll-out-crrf-address-annual-ngo-consultations.html. UN. New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants (2016). http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/1. The New York Declaration was adopted by the UN General Assembly in September 2016 at a high-level summit to address large movements of refugees and migrants. It expresses the political will of world leaders to save lives, protect rights, and share responsibility on a global scale.
4 UNHCR. Update on the practical roll-out of the CRRF – Address at the Annual NGO Consultations (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/events/conferences/594248734/update-practical-roll-out-crrf-address-annual-ngo-consultations.html.
5 Through the CRRF, Ethiopia aims to progressively end its encampment policy while promoting refugees’ self-reliance in a response that also supports host communities. UNHCR. Ethiopia embarks on ambitious roadmap to further the protection of refugees (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2017/11/5a1d8bdd4/ethiopia-embarks-on-ambitious-roadmap-to-further-the-protection-of-refugees.html. Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework Uganda the Way Forward (2017). http://crrf.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/67.
6 UNHCR. Update on the practical roll-out of the CRRF – Address at the Annual NGO Consultations (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/events/conferences/594248734/update-practical-roll-out-crrf-address-annual-ngo-consultations.html. UNHCR. Applying the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework Djibouti Overview (2017). http://crrf.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/97.
7 New Times. We are withdrawing support, UN warns Rwandan refugees (2018). http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/227217/
8 UNHCR. Rwanda country page. http://www.unhcr.org/rw/. [Accessed 24 January 2018]. UNHCR. UNHCR, African host countries agree on final steps to resolve Rwandan refugee situation (2016). http://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2016/9/57f20dd54/unhcr-african-host-countries-agree-final-steps-resolve-rwandan-refugee.html.
9 However, it failed to meet its target of USD 2 billion. UN. More than $350 million pledged for refugees in Uganda; ‘A good start, we cannot stop,’ says UN chief (2017). https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57050#.Wj9ClmMoUnW. UNHCR South Sudanese refugees in Uganda now exceed 1 million (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/stories/2017/8/59915f604/south-sudanese-refugees-uganda-exceed-1-million.html.
10 IOM. 2018 Consolidated Appeal for Emergency Programming IOM Somalia (2018).
11 UN OCHA. 2018 Humanitarian Response Plan (2017). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2018_somalia_hrp_final_draft_18122017_0.pdf.
12UN OCHA. Somalia: Deep concern over reports of the unannounced destruction of IDP settlements (2018). http://www.unocha.org/story/somalia-deep-concern-over-reports-unannounced-destruction-idp-settlements. IOM. Somalia Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM). http://www.globaldtm.info/somalia/. Accessed 23 January 2018.
13 UN OCHA. Somalia: Deep concern over reports of the unannounced destruction of IDP settlements (2018). http://www.unocha.org/story/somalia-deep-concern-over-reports-unannounced-destruction-idp-settlements.
14 UNHCR. Somalia Internal Displacement. Displacements Monitored by UNHCR Protection and Return Monitoring Network. https://unhcr.github.io/dataviz-somalia-prmnindexhtml#reason=&month=&pregion=&pregionmap=&pdistrictmap=&cregion=&cregionmap=&cdistrictmap=.[Accessed 24 December 2017].
15 IOM. IOM Somalia DTM Round 5 June 2017 (2017). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources IOM%20Somalia_DTM%20Round%205%20dashboard.pdf. [Accessed 23 January 2018].
16 UNHCR. CCCM Cluster Somalia Strategy July 2017. (2017). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/60059.
17 UN OCHA. UN OCHA. Somalia: Deep concern over reports of the unannounced destruction of IDP settlements (2018). http://www.unocha.org/story/somalia-deep-concern-over-reports-unannounced-destruction-idp-settlements. [Accessed 23 January 2018].
18 UNHCR. East, Horn of Africa and Yemen Displacement of Somalis: Refugees, asylum-seekers and IDPs as of 31 January 2018 (2018). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/62774.
19 UNHCR. East, Horn of Africa and Yemen Displacement of Somalis: Refugees, asylum-seekers and IDPs as of 31 January 2018 (2018). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/62774.
20 UNHCR. Refugee, asylum-seekers and returnees at 31 December 2017 (2018). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/61531. UNHCR. Voluntary Repatriation of Somali Refugees from Kenya Operations Strategy 2015 – 2019 (2015). http://www.unhcr.org/5616280b9.pdf.
21 Al Jazeera (2017). IGAD holds fresh South Sudan peace talks in Ethiopia. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/igad-holds-fresh-south-sudan-peace-talks-ethiopia-171219084345329.html.
22 UN OCHA. South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview 2018 (2017). https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/2018-south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview.
23 UN. More than $350 million pledged for refugees in Uganda; ‘A good start, we cannot stop,’ says UN chief (2017). https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57050#.Wj9ClmMoUnW.
24 UNHCR. South Sudan Situation Information Sharing Portal. http://data.unhcr.org/SouthSudan/regional.php. There were 2,483,268 South Sudanese refugees and asylum-seekers as of 22 December 2017.
25 UNHCR. South Sudanese refugees in Uganda now exceed 1 million (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/stories/2017/8/59915f604/south-sudanese-refugees-uganda-exceed-1-million.html.
26 United Nations. Uganda and UN to convene ‘solidarity summit’ amid fast-growing refugee emergency (2017). https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/uganda-and-un-convene-solidarity-summit-amid-fast-growing-refugee-emergency.
27 FAO. Famine hits parts of South Sudan http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/471251/icode/.
28 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification: The Republic of South Sudan (May 2017). http://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_South_Sudan_AcuteFI_May2017_June-July2017.pdf.
29 Deutsche-Welle. South Sudan’s famine threat looms large (2018). http://www.dw.com/en/south-sudans-famine-threat-looms-large/a-42741118.
30 IOM. South Sudan Humanitarian Update Number 79 (2018). UNHCR. South Sudan Situation Regional Update 1 – 31 December 2017. https://southsudan.iom.int/media-and-reports/humanitarian-updates/iom-south-sudan-humanitarian-update-79.
31 IOM. South Sudan Humanitarian Update Number 63 (2016). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IOM%20South%20Sudan%20Humanitarian%20Update%20%2363.pdf. UNHCR. South Sudan Situation Regional Update 16 – 31 October 2017 (2017). UNHCR. Internally Displaced Current Situation and Achievements to Date (2017). http://reporting.unhcr.org/node/15754.
ENDNOTES07
A Region on the Move | 3736 | A Region on the Move
32 Sudan Tribune. UN urges return of aid workers abducted in South Sudan (2017). http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article64306. UN OCHA. South Sudan: Humanitarian Access Snapshot November 2017 (2017). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SS_20171212_Access_Snapshot_November_final.pdf.
33 UN OCHA. South Sudan: Humanitarian Access Snapshot December 2017 (2018). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SS_20180118_Access_Snapshot_December_final.pdf.
34 Figures are as of 21 March 2018. UNHCR. Operational Portal Burundi Refugee Situation (2018). [Accessed 29 March 2018]. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi.
35 Figures are as of 21 March 2018. UNHCR. Operational Portal Burundi Refugee Situation (2018). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi. [Accessed 29 March 2018].
36 Figures are as of 21 March 2018. UNHCR. Operational Portal Burundi Refugee Situation (2017). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/burundi. [Accessed 29 March 2018].
37 UNHCR. Burundi Regional Refugee Response Plan: January – December 2018 (2017). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/61371.
38 UNHCR. UNHCR launches urgent appeal to help Burundian refugees (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2017/9/59cd04b34/unhcr-launches-urgent-appeal-help-burundian-refugees.html.
39 UNHCR. Burundi Regional Refugee Response Plan: January – December 2018 (2017). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/61371.
40 UNHCR. UNHCR seeks support for Burundian refugees (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2017/9/59ce0d644/unhcr-seeks-support-burundian-refugees.html.
41 UNHCR. UNHCR seeks support for Burundian refugees (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2017/9/59ce0d644/unhcr-seeks-support-burundian-refugees.html.
42 UNHCR. Burundi Regional Refugee Response Plan: January - December 2017 – Mid-Year Revision (2017). https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/60053.
43 UNHCR is not promoting or encouraging returns to Burundi in the current context because conditions for large-scale organized repatriation are not considered to be in place. UNHCR. UNHCR seeks support for Burundian refugees (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2017/9/59ce0d644/unhcr-seeks-support-burundian-refugees.html.
44 UNHCR. UNHCR launches urgent appeal to help Burundian refugees (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2017/9/59cd04b34/unhcr-launches-urgent-appeal-help-burundian-refugees.html. IOM Revised Appeal Voluntary Repatriation of Burundians in Tanzania (2018). https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country_appeal/file/IOM-Revised-Appeal-Voluntary-Repatriation-of-Burundians-in-Tanzania.pdf.
45 IOM. DTM Burundi December 2017 (2018). https://gallery.mailchimp.com/cc2f3b17ed5cdbd65463d082e/files/98f5eb86-b3da-432c-a599-39e974ed7c6d/DTM_Burundi_Dashboard_December_2017.pdf. [Accessed 24 January 2018].
46 IOM. DTM Burundi December 2017 (2018). https://gallery.mailchimp.com/cc2f3b17ed5cdbd65463d082e/files/98f5eb86-b3da-432c-a599-39e974ed7c6d/DTM_Burundi_Dashboard_December_2017.pdf. [Accessed 24 January 2018].
47 UNHCR. DRC Regional Refugee Response Information Sharing Portal. http://data.unhcr.org/drc/regional.php. [Accessed 20 March 2018].
48 IOM. Humanitarian Situation in DR Congo Reaches Breaking Point as Funding Gap Remains Enormous (2018). https://www.iom.int/news/humanitarian-situation-dr-congo-reaches-breaking-point-funding-gap-remains-enormous. UN OCHA. Deteriorating Humanitarian Crisis in DRC Congo Demands Largest Ever Appeal. (2018). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20presse_Lancement%20de%20la%20mise%20%C3%A0%20jour%202018%20HRP%202017%20-%202019_Anglais.pdf. UNHCR. DRC Country Page. http://www.unhcr.org/afr/dr-congo-emergency.html. [Accessed 24 January 2018].
49 UN OCHA. Deteriorating Humanitarian Crisis in DRC Congo Demands Largest Ever Appeal. (2018).https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20presse_Lancement%20de%20la%20mise%20%C3%A0%20jour%202018%20HRP%202017%20-%202019_Anglais.pdf. UNHCR. DRC Country Page. http://www.unhcr.org/afr/dr-congo-emergency.html. [Accessed 24 January 2018].
50 UN OCHA. Deteriorating Humanitarian Crisis in DRC Congo Demands Largest Ever Appeal. (2018). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20presse_Lancement%20de%20la%20mise%20%C3%A0%20jour%202018%20HRP%202017%20-%202019_Anglais.pdf. HAG Situation humanitaire a la date du 16 Fevrier 2018 (2018).
51 UN OCHA. Deteriorating Humanitarian Crisis in DRC Congo Demands Largest Ever Appeal. (2018). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20presse_Lancement%20de%20la%20mise%20%C3%A0%20jour%202018%20HRP%202017%20-%202019_Anglais.pdf.UNICEF. DRC Humanitarian Situation Report December 2017 (2018). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF%20DRC%20Humanitarian%20Situation%20Report%20-%20December%202017.pdf.
52 UN OCHA. Deteriorating Humanitarian Crisis in DRC Congo Demands Largest Ever Appeal. (2018). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Communiqu%C3%A9%20de%20presse_Lancement%20de%20la%20mise%20%C3%A0%20jour%202018%20HRP%202017%20-%202019_Anglais.pdf.
53 Reuters. Congolese security forces kill five while dispersing anti-Kabila protest (2018). https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFKBN1FA0JN-OZATP?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&utmsource=feedburner&utmmedium=feed&utmampaign=Feed%3A+reuters%2FAFRICATopNews+%28News+%2F+AFRICA+%2F+Top+News%29&utmcontent=Netvibes.UN News. UN honours 14 peacekeepers killed in eastern DR Congo (2017). https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/12/639022-unhonours-14peacekeepers-killed-eastern-dr-congo. The Guardian. Islamist attack kills at least 15 UN peacekeepers and five soldiers in DRC (2017)https://www.theguardiancom/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-on-un-base-in-dr-congo. The Guardian.Congo gripped by fear as thousands flee‘bone-chilling’
violence (2018). https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/feb/02/democratic-republic-ofthecongogrippedbyfeaasthousands-flee-bone-chilling-violence.
54 ACAPS. Uganda (2018). https://www.acaps.org/country/uganda. [Accessed 17 February 2018.]
55 HAG Situation humanitaire a la date du 16 Fevrier 2018 (2018). UNHCR. DRC Regional Refugee Response Data Portal. http://data.unhcr.org/drc/regional.php#_ga=2.174384034.1624635537.1516703881-421889669.1508223315. [Accessed 24 January 2018].
56 IOM. Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Round 8 (November/December 2017). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/dtm_ethiopia_national_dashboard_round_8.pdf.
57 BBC. What is behind clashes in Ethiopia’s Oromia and Somali regions? (2017). http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41278618.
58 UNHCR. Ethiopia Country Page. http://www.unhcr.org/ethiopia-592fd4854.html. [Accessed 26 January 2018].
59 UNHCR. Match resettlement commitments with action: UN Refugee Chief (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/press/2017/6/593e5c364/match-resettlement-commitments-action-un-refugee-chief.html.
60 UNHCR. UNHCR Projected Global Resettlement Needs 2018 (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/protection/resettlement/593a88f27/unhcr-projected-global-resettlement-needs-2018.html.
61 UNHCR. Match resettlement commitments with action: UN Refugee Chief (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/press/2017/6/593e5c364/match-resettlement-commitments-action-un-refugee-chief.html.
62 IOM. IOM Resettlement Assistance Data (2018).
63 UNHCR. UNHCR Projected Global Resettlement Needs 2018 (2017). http://www.unhcr.org/protection/resettlement/593a88f27/unhcr-projected-global-resettlement-needs-2018.html.
ENDNOTES ENDNOTES
A Region on the Move | 3938 | A Region on the Move
64 IOM. Regional Report on Mixed Migration in the East and Horn of Africa and in the Arab Peninsula June - December 2017. (2018). For the period January – March UNHCR data and April to December IOM data as UNHCR discontinued registration activities. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Regional%20Report%20for%20the%20period%20June-December%202017%283%29.pdf.
65 RMMS. December 2016 Mixed Migration Monthly Report (2016). http://regionalmms.org/monthlysummary/RMMS%20Mixed%20Migration%20Monthly%20Summary%20December%202016.pdf.
66 RMMS. Smuggled South (2017). http://regionalmms.org/images/briefing/Smuggled_South.pdf.
67 RMMS. Smuggled South (2017). http://regionalmms.org/images/briefing/Smuggled_South.pdf.
68 Overall arrivals include arrivals in Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Spain. IOM. Migration Flows – Europe Database (2018). http://migration.iom.int/europe/. [Accessed 29 March 2018].
69 Horn of Africa migrants are migrants from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. Data is from Government of Italy, Ministry of Interior.
70 IOM. Regional Report on Mixed Migration in the East and Horn of Africa and in the Arab Peninsula June - December 2017. (2018). For the period January – March UNHCR data and April to December IOM data as UNHCR discontinued registration activities. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Regional%20Report%20for%20the%20period%20June-December%202017%283%29.pdf.
71 RMMS. December 2016 Mixed Migration Monthly Report (2016). http://regionalmms.org/monthlysummary/RMMS%20Mixed%20Migration%20Monthly%20Summary%20December%202016.pdf.
72 RMMS. December 2016 Mixed Migration Monthly Report (2016). http://regionalmms.org/monthlysummary/RMMS%20Mixed%20Migration%20Monthly%20Summary%20December%202016.pdf.
73 UNHCR. Regional Refugee and Migrant Response Plan Data Portal (2017). http://data.unhcr.org/yemen/regional.php.
74 Located in communities impacted by migrant flows, MRCs collect data through the registration of migrants. Migrants can also access basic health care services, medical referrals, Non-Food Items (NFIs), and voluntary return services through the MRCs.
75 As migrants at MRCs are not biometrically registered, there is the possibility that the same person might seek assistance at the facilities multiple times and although enumerators ask whether the migrant is new to the MRC or is a returning beneficiary, IOM cannot exclude a risk of double counting. Hence in the report, reference is made to contacts instead of migrants.
76 IOM. Regional Migration Response Centres (MRCs) Network in the Horn of Africa. Fact Sheet – Annual Overview 2017 (2018).
77 IOM. Regional Report on Mixed Migration in the East and Horn of Africa and in the Arab Peninsula June - December 2017. (2018)
78 IOM. Regional Migration Response Centres (MRCs) Network in the Horn of Africa. Fact Sheet – Annual Overview 2017 (2018).
79 IOM. Regional Report on Mixed Migration in the East and Horn of Africa and in the Arab Peninsula June - December 2017. (2018)
80 RMMS. Unpacking the Myths: Human Smuggling from and within the Horn of Africa (2017). RMMS. Blinded by Hope: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Ethiopian Migrants (2014). http://regionalmms.org/images/ResearchInitiatives/Blinded_by_Hope.pdf.
81 IOM. IOM, UNHCR Condemn Refugee and Migrant Drownings Off Coast of Yemen (2018). https://www.iom.int/news/iom-and-unhcr-condemn-refugee-and-migrant-drownings-coast-yemen.
82 Arab News. 562,961 expats arrested for violating Saudi labor, residency and border security law (2018). http://www.arabnews.com/node/1244861/saudi-arabia.
83 IOM. Post Arrival Emergency Assistance to Ethiopian Migrants from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Weekly Update No. 45 13 March 2018.
84 IOM. Post Arrival Emergency Assistance to Ethiopian
Migrants from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Weekly Update No. 45 13 March 2018.
85 IOM. IOM Somalia Assistance Data on KSA Return Caseload (2018).
86 IOM. Ethiopian Diaspora Continues its Support to IOM for Migrants Returning Home from Saudi Arabia (2015). https://ethiopia.iom.int/ethiopian-diaspora-continues-its-support-iom-migrants-returning-home-saudi-arabia.
87 Fernandez. Irregular Migration from Ethiopia to Gulf States in Skillful Survivals: Irregular Migration to the Gulf edited by Fargues and Shah (2017). http://gulfmigration.eu/media/pubs/book/GLMM%20-%20IM%20Volume%20-%20Complete.pdf.
88 IOM. In Pursuit of the Southern Dream: Victims of Necessity Assessment of the irregular movement of men from East Africa and the Horn to South Africa (2009). http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iomresearchassessment.pdf.
89 IOM. In Pursuit of the Southern Dream: Victims of Necessity Assessment of the irregular movement of men from East Africa and the Horn to South Africa (2009). http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iomresearchassessment.pdf.
90 RMMS. Smuggled South (2017). http://regionalmms.org/images/briefing/Smuggled_South.pdf.
91 RMMS. RMMS. Behind bars: the detention of migrants in and from the East & Horn of Africa (2015). http://www.regionalmms.org/images/ResearchInitiatives/Behind_Bars_the_detention_of_migrants_in_and_from_the_East___Horn_of_Africa_2.pdf.
92 RMMS. Smuggled South (2017). http://regionalmms.org/images/briefing/Smuggled_South.pdf.
93 RMMS. Smuggled South (2017). http://regionalmms.org/images/briefing/Smuggled_South.pdf.
94 IOM. Migration Flows – Europe Database (2018). http://migration.iom.int/europe/. [Accessed 29 March 2018].
95 IOM. Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals Top 363,348 in 2016; Deaths at Sea: 5,079 (2017). https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-top-363348-2016-deaths-sea-5079.
96 IOM. Migration Flows - Europe http://migration.iom.int/europe/. [Accessed 29 March 2018].
97 IOM. Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals Top 363,348 in 2016; Deaths at Sea: 5,079 (2017). https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-top-363348-2016-deaths-sea-5079.
98 IOM. Irregular Migrant, Refugee Arrivals in Europe Top One Million in 2015: IOM (2015). https://www.iom.int/news/irregular-migrant-refugee-arrivals-europe-top-one-million-2015-iom. IOM. Migration Flows Europe (2018). http://migration.iom.int/europe/ [Accessed 3 February 2018]. IOM. Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals Top 363,348 in 2016; Deaths at Sea: 5,079 (2017). https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-top-363348-2016-deaths-sea-5079.
99 Data from the Government of Italy, Ministry of Interior.
100 IOM. Migrant Vulnerability to Human Trafficking and Exploitation: Evidence from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Migration Routes (2017). https://publications.iom.int/books/migrant-vulnerability-human-trafficking-and-exploitation-evidence-central-and-eastern.
101 Government of Italy, Ministry of Interior. See also UNICEF. In 2018 make migration safe for every child – UNICEF (2017). https://www.unicef.org/media/media_102335.html.
102 IOM. Migration Flows – Europe Database (2018). http://migration.iom.int/europe/. [Accessed 29 March 2018].
103 IOM. Missing Migrants: Tracking Deaths Along Migratory Routes (2018). https://missingmigrants.iom.int/.
104 UNICEF. In 2018 make migration safe for every child – UNICEF (2017). https://www.unicef.org/media/media_102335.html.
105 IOM. Migrant Vulnerability to Human Trafficking and Exploitation: Evidence from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Migration Routes (2017). https://publications.iom.int/books/migrant-
ENDNOTES ENDNOTES
A Region on the Move | 4140 | A Region on the Move
vulnerability-human-trafficking-and-exploitation-evidence-central-and-eastern.
106 IOM. Migrant Vulnerability to Human Trafficking and Exploitation: Evidence from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Migration Routes (2017). https://publications.iom.int/books/migrant-vulnerability-human-trafficking-and-exploitation-evidence-central-and-eastern.
107 Amnesty International. Libya’s Dark Web of Collusion: Abuses Against Europe-Bound Refugees and Migrants (2017). https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde19/7561/2017/en/. BBC. Libyan migrant detention centre: ‘It’s like hell’ (2017). http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41189247.
108IOM. IOM Learns of ‘Slave Market’ Conditions Endangering Migrants in North Africa (2017). https://www.iom.int/news/iom-learns-slave-market-conditions-endangering-migrants-north-africa. UN. “Detained And Dehumanised” Report on Human Rights Abuses Against Migrants in Libya (2016). http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/LY/DetainedAndDehumanised_en.pdf. Amnesty International. Libya’s Dark Web of Collusion: Abuses Against Europe-Bound Refugees and Migrants (2017). https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde19/7561/2017/en/. OHCHR. Returned migrants are being robbed, raped and murdered in Libya (2017). http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22039. The Guardian. EU’s policy of helping Libya intercept migrants is ‘inhuman’, says UN (2017). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/14/eu-libya-coastguard-detention-centres-migration-mediterranean-un-zeid-raad-al-hussein. MSF. Libya: Open letter - European governments are feeding the business of suffering (2017). http://www.msf.org/en/article/libya-open-letter-european-governments-are-feeding-business-suffering.
109 CNN. The abuse of migrants in Libya is a blot on the world’s conscience (2017). https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/opinions/libya-migrants-protected-opinion-lacy-swing/index.html.
110 OHCHR. UN human rights chief: Suffering of migrants in Libya outrage to conscience of humanity (2017). http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22393.
111 Amnesty International. Libya’s Dark Web of Collusion: Abuses Against Europe-Bound Refugees and Migrants (2017). https://www.amnesty.org/en/
documents/mde19/7561/2017/en/.
112 IOM Libya. Voluntary Humanitarian Return Unit.
113 IOM. DTM Flow Monitoring Libya’s Migrant Report Round 16 December 2017 (2018). https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCRv5QJeJiYvCKRQ8AUsASXGP0w_GzZe/view. Any person present in Libya who does not have Libyan nationality is a migrant for DTM Libya purposes. DTM Libya does not differentiate between migrant statuses, length of residence in the country, or migratory intentions. It counts as migrants those who may have come from refugee producing countries, along with long-term residents and labour migrants who engage in a circular migration pattern between Libya and their homes.
114 TRALAC. 10th Extraordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union on AfCFTA held in Kigali. (2018). https://www.tralac.org/news/article/12865-10th-extraordinary-session-of-the-assembly-of-the-african-union-on-afcfta-held-in-kigali.html.
115 Institute for Security Studies. AU summit 30: Are states serious about African Union reform? (2018). https://issafrica.org/iss-today/au-summit-30-are-states-serious-about-african-union-reform.
116 African Union. AGENDA 2063. The Africa We Want - First Ten-Year Implementation Plan 2013-2023 (2015).
117 African Union. The 30th Ordinary Session of the African Union Assembly concludes with remarkable decisions on (3) flagship projects of Agenda 2063 (2018). https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180130/30th-ordinary-session-african-union-assembly-concludes-remarkable-decisions-3.
118 World Economic Forum. Africa’s potential is sky high – and the airline industry is key. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/africa-s-potential-is-sky-high-and-the-airline-industry-is-key/ (2016). The 12 countries are: Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, Angola, Namibia, and South Africa. IATA Africa would benefit from liberalization (2014). http://airlines.iata.org/analysis/africa-would-benefit-from-liberalization.
119 African Union. Draft Implementation Roadmap for the Draft Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community Relating to Free
Movement of Persons, Right of Residence and Right of Establishment STC/Legal/Exp/11(I) Rev. 1 Annex 9 (2017).
120 According to the African Union’s Draft Implementation Roadmap for the Draft Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community Relating to Free Movement of Persons, Right Of Residence and Right Of Establishment. African Union. African Union set to launch e-Passport at July Summit in Rwanda (2016). https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20160613. The African Passport was officially launched in July 2016.
121 African Union. Draft Implementation Roadmap for the Draft Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community Relating to Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence and Right of Establishment STC/Legal/Exp/11(I) Rev. 1 Annex 9 (2017).
122 African Development Bank. Visa restrictions and economic consequences in Africa (2013). https://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/visa-restrictions-and-economic-consequences-in-africa-11987/.
123 African Development Bank and African Union. Africa Visa Openness Report Index 2017 (2017). https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/2017_Africa_Visa_Openness_Report_-_Final.pdf.
124 Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan Tanzania, and Uganda are members of the East African Community (EAC).
125 African Development Bank and African Union. Africa Visa Openness Report Index 2017 (2017). In the report, East Africa covers Comoros, Djibouti, Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda.
126 Daily Nation. Uhuru Kenyatta’s inauguration speech in full (2017). https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Uhuru-Kenyatta-inauguration-speech-/1056-4206194-t1nh18/index.html.
127 Daily Nation. Uhuru Kenyatta’s inauguration
speech in full (2017). https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Uhuru-Kenyatta-inauguration-speech-/1056-4206194-t1nh18/index.html.
128 Daily Nation. Mixed reactions to Uhuru’s open borders directive (2017). https://www.nation.co.ke/news/-Mixed-reactions-to-Uhuru-open-borders-directive/1056-4211202-fd3r7qz/index.html. Kenya Immigration News. What Does President Kenyatta’s Directive on Visa for Africans and Immigration Waiver for East Africans Mean? (2017). https://immigrationkenyanews.com/2017/11/29/what-does-president-kenyattas-directive-on-visa-for-africans-and-immigration-waiver-for-east-africans-mean/.
129 TRALAC. 10th Extraordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union on AfCFTA held in Kigali. (2018). https://www.tralac.org/news/article/12865-10th-extraordinary-session-of-the-assembly-of-the-african-union-on-afcfta-held-in-kigali.html.African Union. CFTA - Continental Free Trade Area. https://au.int/en/ti/cfta/about.
130 Tralac. African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents. https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html. [Accessed 16 March 2018.]
131 Passport Indices include: the Henley Passport Index, the Passport Index, and the Nomad Passport Index.
132 Henley & Partners. Henley Passport Index (2018). https://www.henleypassportindex.com/global-ranking. [Data accessed 09 March 2018].
133 UN. New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants (2016). A/RES/71/1 available www.refugeesmigrants.un.org/declaration.
134 The ‘Modalities for the intergovernmental negotiations of the global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration’ resolution (A/71/L.58) (2017) adopted by the General Assembly on 6 April 2017 outlines the process for the intergovernmental negotiations on the GCM. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_71_280.pdf.
ENDNOTES ENDNOTES
A Region on the Move | 4342 | A Region on the Move
IDPs in Rubkona, South Sudan Photo: Amanda Nero / IOM
44 | A Region on the Move
East and Horn of Africa IOM Regional Office Address: Sri Aurobindo Avenue, Off Mzima Spring Road, Lavington
P.O Box 55040 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya | Email: [email protected] | Web:www.iom.int