a rapid assessment of septage management in indonesia 2010 usaid
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Althouh Indonesia has 150 septae treatment plants, 90 percent are no loner in operation and only four percent of collected septae
is treated at a facility. As the government of Indonesia strives to rehabilitate the countrys STPs, the country will need reater
emphasis on policy development, aency coordination, local capacity buildin, and private sector enaement.
FEnITA ROSARIA, ECO-ASIA
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47COUnTRY ASSESSMEnT: InDOnESIA
COUNTRY ASSESSMENT
INDONESIA
Coutry Populatio (i millios) 2281 nomial GDP (i billios) $5122
Urba Populatio (i millios) 1121 nomial Icome per cap $2,2462
Urba Populatio (% of total) 49%1 Aual Water Budget per cap $3.353
Access to Improved Water (urba) 89%1 Aual Saitatio Budget per cap $0.373
Access to Improved Saitatio (urba) 67%1 Fee to Desludge (per m3) $2-9
Access to Sewerage (urba) 2.3%4 Surface Water Pollutio
(% of samples, Jaarta)84%5
Use of Osite Saitatio (urba) 62%6 Ecoomic Cost of Poor Saitatio (i billios) $6.37
Treatmet of Collected Septage (urba) 4%6 Terms for Septage i Idoesia: septage, fecal sludge
Key Challenes Key Strenths
Lac of atioal policy ad stadard settig to guide local
implemetatio
Low public awareess of importace of septage
maagemet i wastewater treatmet
Lac of tecical assistace, maagemet support, ad
private participatio leave 90% of existig STPs closed or
barely operatioal
natioal uder ivestmet i ifrastructure, especially for
wastewater
Treatmet ifrastructure exists but is uderutilied
Public ad private operators provide mecaie septage
collectio i most cities
Decetralied system allows local govermets to
customie wastewater treatmet solutios
Several atioal forums ad worig groups provide
expertise, policy formatio, ad iformatio
dissemiatio o commuity-based saitatio
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48 A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA
10 SUMMARY
Wit two-tirds of its urba residets relyig o osite
saitatio systems (OSS) for wastewater disposal,
Idoesia produces a tremedous volume of septage i
its cities eac year. Sice oe i six of tese OSS leas or
as a ope bottom, ad 40 percet are located witi
10 meters of a well or pump, wic are major sourcesof water for urba residets, OSS cause as muc as 70
percet of groudwater cotamiatio i Idoesia.8
Recogiig te importace of septage maagemet,
te atioal govermet costructed 150 septage
treatmet plats (STPs) i large- ad medium-sied
cities durig te 1990s. Tis is a sigificat ivestmet,
cosiderig tat oly 11 cities curretly ave wastewater
treatmet plats. however, tese top-dow projects
laced local support ad correspodig local policies,
moitorig ad eforcemet, operatios traiig, ad
public outreac to mae tem sustaiable. Importatly,
te decetraliatio policy of 2001 trasferred
maagemet resposibilities to local agecies witout
adequate traiig ad ogoig tecical assistace. As
of 2009, 90 percet of STPs are closed or miimally
operatioal, ad tose tat are operatioal ofte
carge private collectio compaies a dumpig fee.
not surprisigly, private service providers ofte dispose
of septage i earby rivers. Lac of adequate saitatio,
ad septage ad wastewater maagemet ave caused
sigificat ealt ad evirometal impacts. Te
World Ba estimates tat iadequate saitatio costs
Idoesia $6.3 billio i ecoomic losses eac year,
equal to 2.3 percet of its GDP.9
To avoid past problems, saitatio iitiatives today
stress bot top-dow ad bottom-up actios to
develop sustaiable, commuity-based projects. Cities
i Idoesia are icreasigly iterested i te use
of commual septic tas ad DEWAT treatmet
systems, i additio to addressig septage maagemet.
Te 2008 natioal Policy ad Strategies o Domestic
Wastewater Maagemet also igligts te eed to
address regulatios, private sector ad commuity
egagemet, ad ifrastructure ivestmet.
I support of tese strategies, tis report recommeds
tat, i te ear-term (witi tree years), te Miistry
of Public Wors (MPW) ad te natioal Developmet
Plaig Agecy (BAPPEnAS) itegrate septage
maagemet ito te atioal dialogue o saitatio,
ad promote te importace of septage maagemet
FIgURE 7: SEWERAgE ACCESS IN MAjOR ASIAN CITIES, 2001 TO 200215
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49COUnTRY ASSESSMEnT: InDOnESIA
i cities were tere are ogoig commuity-based
saitatio projects. Tese atioal agecies ca elp a
few cities tat already ave STPs develop model septage
maagemet programs. I te medium-term (tree to
five years), te atioal miistries ca develop, improve,
ad dissemiate stadard guidelies, model local
regulatios, effluet ad septage disposal stadards, ad
traiig materials for collectio ad treatmet operators.I tese efforts, tey sould egage iteratioal
orgaiatios support i providig traiig ad tecical
assistace. To leverage additioal fuds for tis sector,
local govermets sould collaborate wit private
compaies to develop ew models of public-private
partersips for septage collectio ad treatmet.
Te atioal govermet sould also icrease fudig
for wastewater ifrastructure developmet ad local
capacity buildig, streamlie regulatios for private
sector participatio, ad create fiacial icetives for
cities to adopt ad improve teir capacity to maage
ad treat septage.
20 BACkGROUND AND CONTEXT
21 Nationa Sanitation Context
As of 2006, 89 percet of urba residets ad access to
improved water ad 67 percet to improved saitatio
i Idoesia. Idoesias wastewater treatmet
ifrastructure, owever, ras tird i te world after
Idia ad Cia i terms of te gap betwee demad
ad actual coectios, ad Jaarta ras secod to lasti a compariso of major Asia cities (see Figure 7). As
of 2009, 11 cities i Idoesia provide a average 14
percet of teir residets wit a sewerage system tat
as a total desig capacity to treat just 826,000 cubic
meters of sewage per day. I te absece of sewerage
etwors, te majority of urba ouseolds build teir
ow septic tas.
Te lac of adequate wastewater ifrastructure places
a sigificat burde o water quality, uma ealt,
ad ecoomic productivity.10 As a example, Jaartas
healt Agecys 2005 records sow tat 84 percet
of groudwater samples tae from across Jaarta
were cotamiated wit uma waste, ad te Jaarta
Evirometal Maagemet Board foud tat all 13
of te citys rivers are severely polluted.11 Polluted
groudwater poses a severe public ealt aard sice
te majority of te populatio relies o groudwater
for teir daily eeds due to limited access to piped
water supply.12 Every year, waterbore diseases cause
50,000 premature deats ad 120 millio cases of
disease. Idoesia as te igest icidece of typoid
fever i Asia, ad aroud 70 percet cildre ave
ad ooworms ad roudworms.13 Te World Ba
estimates tat iadequate saitatio costs Idoesia
$6.3 billio i ealt, evirometal, ad ecoomic
losses eac year, equal to 2.3 percet of te GDP.14
22 Onsite Sanitation Prevaence
A estimated 62 to 71 percet of urba residets ad
24 to 32 percet of rural residets use septic tas
ad oter forms of osite saitatio systems (OSS),
altoug tere are large disparities betwee regios
ad i te quality of te septic tas.16 Te use of OSS
i urba areas is expected to rise as te populatio
grows ad as Idoesia implemets lad titlig policies
tat will foster omeower ivestmets.17 Some of
tese systems overflow because tey are too small or
are rarely emptied; oters ave ilet pipes tat do ot
fuctio; ad oe out of six as a ope bottom or is
made from brics tat seep waste out of te ta.18 As
40 percet of osite saitatio facilities are witi 10
meters of a well, leas from te collectio cambers
cause as muc as 70 percet of urba groudwater
cotamiatio.19 Some districts, suc as Meda ad
Parapat, ow require ouseolds to coect teir liquid
outflow pipes to existig sewers.20
23 Septage Coection and TreatmentCapacity
Sice te 1980s, we te Govermet of Idoesia
first addressed te issue of saitatio i te Five-
Year Developmet Plas (RPJP), urba residets ave
icreasigly used idividual latries, public toilets, ad
toilets coected to septic tas. Over time, as tese
systems bega to fill ad overflow, ad demad for
desludgig rose, a umber of private compaies bega
to appear i te 1990s to desludge OSS. Wile may
cities ow ave public ad private desludgig serviceproviders, some commuities still desludge by ad.
To operate, tese compaies must obtai busiess ad
uisace permits, altoug tese permits usually do ot
regulate ealt, safety or disposal. Durig te 1980s
ad early 1990s, sice tere were o STPs i Idoesia,
desludgig compaies would dump teir waste ito te
earest waterway.
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50 A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA
I respose to tis situatio, te Miistry of Public
Wors bega buildig STPs i 1991, ad as ow built
aroud 150 STPs trougout te coutry. I tese
projects, te cetral agecies led te developmet
of tese facilities, ad required local govermets to
provide te ecessary lad. As a result, cities put fort
teir ceapest lad, ofte i peri-urba areas tat
mae trasportatio costs proibitive for collectio
compaies. After te Govermet of Idoesia aded
over te facilities to local autorities i 2001, 90 percet
of tese facilities closed or ru o very low volumesdue to te lac of septage disposal at te facility ad
iadequate operatios ad maiteace (O&M) fuds.21
As a result, oly four percet of septage i Idoesia is
treated at a STP.22 I Cetral Java, for istace, 23 out
of 35 districts ave a STP, but oe of tese facilities is
fuctioal.23 Istead, as see i Suraarta ad Cirebo,
most cities sed septage to WWTPs; depedig o
te facilitys desig, te additio of septage ca reduce
its operatioal efficiecy. Or, as see i Badug,
collectio compaies dispose of septage i te sewer,
wic reduces teir trasport costs, but impedes
te sewers ydraulic performace. I additio, wile
ouseolds pay operators $5 to $27 at te collectio
site, muicipal or district govermets levy a tippig
fee of $0.27 to $0.54 per cubic meter to dispose te
septage at public treatmet facilities. Altoug tis fee
is a fractio of te collectio carge, collectors avoid it
ad te complicatios of proper disposal by discargig
te waste directly ito a river.24
30 lEGAl FRAMEwORk
I Idoesia, saitatio is fragmeted across te miistries
of ealt, ifrastructure, plaig, ad te eviromet,
eac of wic as developed laws tat impact saitatio
practices. I te absece of a overarcig framewor,
Idoesia faces calleges i strategically plaig for
ad providig adequate flows of fiacial resources
to te sector at bot te atioal ad local levels of
govermet. Trougout te coutry, owever, tere
is a growig recogitio of te importace of maagigOSS. I 2008, te Miistry of Public Wors issued te
natioal Policy ad Strategies o Domestic Wastewater
Maagemet, wic provides directio ad guidace
for atioal ad local govermets, as well as te
private sector ad commuities, i formulatig policies
ad programs for domestic wastewater maagemet.28
Wile tis policy does ot specifically metio septage,
it otes tat ey calleges to domestic wastewater
maagemet iclude te followig:
Low commuity awareess ad participatio;
Lac of laws, regulatios, operatig mauals adstadards, ad policy eforcemet;
Lac of separatio betwee regulators ad
operators;
Lac of coordiatio amog related agecies i
policy formatio; ad
Low atioal ad local fudig, low wastewater tariff
settig, ad reluctat private sector participatio.
ALEx
zVInAkIS,ECO-ASIA
In Medan, where there are over one million septic tanks, waterways are hihly contaminated with human waste. New sanitation
initiatives in Indonesia focus on community-based sanitation to foster ownership and understandin of wasteater treatment systems.
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51COUnTRY ASSESSMEnT: InDOnESIA
Case Study of Surabaya: Mode Septage Treatment Pant
I Surabaya, te capital of East Java Provice ad Idoesias secod-largest city wit tree millio residets,
87 percet of ouseolds ave access to improved saitatio, icludig 60 percet from OSS. 25 Te city
as costructed a STP ad developed permittig stadards for collectio compaies. Private compaies
bega worig i 1983 ad ow collect most of te septage i te city. Wit growig commuity demad,
te umber of compaies as icreased from 10 to 27 i te last 15 years, demostratig te profitability
of septage collectio.26 Compaies must obtai a busiess licese, a uisace permit, ad a disposal permit
tat requires private compaies to dispose of septage at te STP. however, te local saitatio agecy lacs
te resources to eforce te requiremets of te disposal permits. Fies for o-compliace are too small
to prevet repeat offeses.
Surabayas STP, cosidered oe of te best i Idoesia, uses a modified form of te activated sludge
process. Te STP as a desig capacity to treat 400 cubic meters per day ad is ope at all ours of te
day. It is curretly ruig at capacity ad ca accommodate all of te septage it receives, altoug its
capacity would be overwelmed if all ouseolds regularly desludged teir tas.27 Dried septage is used
as fertilier for city gardes i Surabaya.
I respose, te Policy aims to icrease te utiliatio
of WWTPs ad STPs to 60 percet i accordace wit
te 2010-14 natioal Medium-Term Developmet Pla
to develop regulatios, stregte istitutioal capacity,
ad icrease fiacig alteratives for ifrastructure
developmet. To egage te private sector, te Policy
proposes owledge dissemiatio, te developmet
of ivestmet scemes, ad te provisio of icetives,
suc as tax rebates ad busiess liceses. It will
also egage commuities i tadem wit te 2009
natioal Actio Pla, wic commits Idoesia to raisesaitatio coverage to 74 percet i urba areas ad 65
percet i rural areas. Tese plas call for iformatio
ad educatio campaigs to ecourage ouseolds to
improve teir saitatio situatio ad to icrease te
use of treatmet facilities.29
Te decetraliatio of political ad fiscal power i
1999 played a importat role i policy formatio ad
implemetatio of water, wastewater, ad septage
maagemet i Idoesia. I 1999, te cetral miistries
tured over water ad saitatio plaig, developmet,fiacig, ad maagemet resposibilities to local
govermets. Te cetral miistries ow focus o policy
developmet, stadard settig, ad capacity buildig. At
te atioal level, owever, guidace o saitatio ad
septage maagemet remais vague ad icomplete.
Wile tere are atioal codes for septic ta desig ad
guidelies for te desig, operatio ad maiteace
of septage treatmet facilities, tere are o atioal
guidelies, tecical assistace, or moitorig of septage
collectio, treatmet, ad disposal. Local govermets
tat ave WWTPs or STPs may regulate septage
isofar as tis pertais to te plats operatios; few
cities ave compreesive septage ordiaces. Some
local govermet uits (LGUs) tat actively maage
septage, suc as Surabaya, ave issued local regulatios
for uisace permits, tippig fees at WWTPs ad
STPs, water quality maagemet, ad water pollutio
cotrol. Most LGUs, owever, are uable to provide
compreesive septage maagemet.
31 Septic Tan Design
Te Idoesia natioal Stadard Code for Plaig
Septic Ta wit Absorptio System establises desig
stadards for costructig septic tas.30 Tis code
states tat materials used for costructio must be
impermeable, acid proof, strog, ad use bric, stoe,
cocrete, polyviyl cloride, ceramic, cast iro, plastic
or iro. It also sets te volumes of septic tas based
o te umber of users ad expected liquid waste
flow rates, ad gives specific dimesios for a small,
oe-family septic ta tat sould be emptied oce
every tree years. Te code specifies te locatio,
slope ad materials of te ifluet ad effluet pipes,
maoles, cotrol box ad ta cambers. however,
local govermets do ot eforce tese codes, ad
most idividual OSS are ot built to code.
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52 A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA
32 Septage Coection
Tere are curretly o atioal or local laws tat require
frequet or sceduled desludgig.31 Te most relevat
atioal policy is te requiremet tat all private
compaies obtai a nuisace Permit (also ow as a
hider Ordoatie permit) from te local govermet
we coductig potetially aardous activities, sucas septage collectio. Tis permit allows govermet
officers to coduct impromptu ispectios to esure
compliace wit safety ad evirometal regulatios.
At te local level, a few cities ad districts ave issued
regulatios o septage trasport ad disposal. Te City
of Malag, for example, requires collectors to coduct
due diligece to esure tat waste does ot lea out
of trucs durig trasport ad to discarge waste at a
treatmet facility. Te ordiace also requires te police
ad saitatio ad evirometal agecies to moitor
ad eforce tese regulatios, ad allows tem to issue
pealties for o-compliace.32
33 Septage Treatment
STPs i Idoesia, called Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur
Tinja (IPLT) i Baasa, use a variety of tecologies, suc
as Upflow Aaerobic Sludge Blaet (UASB), oxidatio
ditc, Imoff ta ad stabiliatio ta. Te Miistry
of Public Wors Departmet as developed guidelies
for eac system tat is used for septage treatmet.
Some STPs use te dried septage as fertilier. Give
te decetralied ature of maagemet, tere is ocosolidated iformatio o wat eac STP is doig i
Idoesia.
Several miistries ave created tecical guidelies for
te plaig, desig, materials, ad O&M of wastewater
treatmet facilities, icludig STPs. Tese documets
provide guidelies for activated sludge, stabiliatio
pods, ad (UASB) tecologies.33 Despite te
availability of tese guidelies, owever, may facilities
do ot operate effectively. Te WWTP i Jaarta, for
istace, produces eff luet wit 211 milligrams per liter
of total suspeded solids, more ta double te atioalcap.34 Govermet Regulatio 16/2005 also proibits
discargers from releasig utreated wastewater
directly ito water bodies tat are desigated sources
of potable water, ad requires operators of cetralied
treatmet plats to moitor liquid effluet ad solid
waste quality o a regular basis. I practice, owever,
few cities ave implemeted tese regulatios.
34 key Caenges
Challene:Altoug 66 percet of urba residets use
septic tas, te atioal govermet as ot developed
a legal, istitutioal, or fiacig framewor for septage
collectio, treatmet ad disposal.
Challene: Local regulatios o septage maagemetare limited to STP operatios ad maiteace. After
decetraliatio ad te witdrawal of atioal tecical
ad fudig support, most local govermets ave bee
uable to improve wastewater services.
40 INSTITUTIONS AND
IMPlEMENTATION CAPACITY
Today, a umber of atioal agecies are ivolved
i developig policies ad programs o water ad
saitatio. I te decetralied system of wastewater
maagemet i Idoesia, local govermets typicallycreate two to four departmets to maage water
ad saitatio, depedig o te district leader
or city mayors objectives. Commo departmets
iclude: public wors, ealt, evirometal saitatio,
settlemets ad eviromet, ad pollutio cotrol. A
recet study of ietee cities ad two districts i seve
provices of Idoesiafoud tat 99 percet of cetral
trasfers to te LGU wet to eiter public wors or
ealt departmets.35 Sice septage maagemet as
ot bee idetified as a atioal priority i wastewater
maagemet, most local govermets do ot allocatestaff for tis issue beyod STP operatios.
Te lac of istitutioal capacity ad staff expertise
i saitatio remais a major callege for Idoesia.
Before decetraliatio, owledgeable professioals
from te cetral govermet sat i local govermet
offices to develop local projects. Sice decetraliatio
efforts i 1999, tese staff members ave retured
to te atioal govermet, leavig a gap i tecical
capacity at te local level tat as yet to be replaced.36
41 Major Nationa Agencies37
National Development Plannin Aency (BAPPENAS):
BAPPEnAS, te atioal plaig agecy for all
sectors, develops ad moitors policies, strategies, ad
programs to icrease access to saitatio. It ouses two
major water ad saitatio programs tat provide local
govermets wit te tools to iitiate efforts to icrease
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Program higigt: ISSDP
Te Idoesia Saitatio Sector Developmet Program (ISSDP) bega as a tree-year program i 2006
wit fudig from te Govermet of te neterlads. Te program as two compoets: (1) to coduct
pilot projects i wic te commuity provides matcig fuds to istall saitatio systems; ad (2) to eable
muicipal matcig cotributios for te desig ad implemetatio of primary ad secodary solutios.
I te first pase of te program, wic lasted two years, six cities agreed to devise saitatio strategies
for teir immediate ad log-term eeds. Tese cities icluded: Suraarta ad Blitar i Java, Depasar i
Bali, Jambi ad Payaumbu i Sumatra, ad Bajarmasi i kalimata. I pase two, ISSDP as expaded
its wor to aoter eigt cities (Buit Tiggi ad Padag i Sumatera; Semarag, Tegal, ad Pealoga i
Cetral Java; ad Batu, kediri, ad Malag i East Java). I additio, 18 oter cities ave also adopted te
ISSDP approac uder programs fuded by iteratioal agecies, suc as USAID ad UnICEF.
access ad treatmet te Water ad Saitatio Policy
Formulatio ad Actio Plaig Project (WASPOLA)
ad te Idoesia Saitatio Sector Developmet
Program (ISSDP). For bot programs, BAPPEnAS
leads multi-miisterial worig groups tat cosist of
te Miistry of Fiace, Miistry of healt, Miistry
of Public Wors, Miistry of home Affairs, Miistry of
Idustry, ad Miistry of Eviromet. BAPPEnAS asalso developed a atioal policy for Commuity-Based
Driig Water Supply ad Evirometal Saitatio,
wic sets guidig priciples for addressig geeral
saitatio services, but does ot specifically address
septage maagemet. I Idoesias decetralied
cotext, tese programs offer local govermets
guidace documets ad tools, but ot madates.
Ministry of Public Works (MPW):Wereas BAPPEnAS
provides coordiatio ad plaig support, MPWs
Directorate Geeral of huma Settlemets provides
local govermets wit ifrastructure developmet
ad reabilitatio, tecical assistace, ad tecical
ad service performace stadards.38 Tis miistry
plays a critical role i te sector ad is istrumetal i
developig te natioal Actio Pla for Wastewater.
Te MPW guides te developmet of large-scale, off-
site saitatio systems. I te past, te MPW costructed
STPs i major cities across te coutry wit cetral
govermet fudig. Te MPW te trasferred
facilities to local govermets, may of wic could ot
provide te fudig ad staff to operate ad maitai
tem. Te MPW also collaborates wit te Miistry ofFiace (MOF) to admiister budgets for developig
saitatio ad wastewater facilities at te atioal,
regioal, provicial, local, ad project levels.
Ministry of Health (MOH): Te Miistry of healt is
resposible for providig wastewater facilities, saitatio
emergecy respose systems, ad ygiee promotio,
especially to low-icome commuities. Tis miistry
also sets te stadards for water quality, ad, troug
te Directorate of Water ad Saitatio, moitors
water quality.39 I cojuctio wit te Miistry of
Eviromet ad te Miistry of Public Wors, MOhadmiisters ad eforces regulatios for sources of
domestic wastewater, icludig septic ta desig, STPs,
WWTPs, ad commuity-based systems. Give te
sie of Idoesia, MOh faces cosiderable calleges i
moitorig ad eforcig tese stadards.40
Ministry of Environment (MOE): I te water sector,
tis miistry is resposible for regulatig water quality
maagemet ad water pollutio prevetio. Te
MOE moitors iter-provicial water bodies, wile
provicial agecies moitor iter-district water bodies,
ad districts moitor itra-district waters.
Forum Komunikasi Air Limbah (FORKALIM):
Establised i 2003 by te Idoesia Associatio
of Waterwors ad U.S. Asia Evirometal
Program, FORkALIM is a commuicatio etwor
for wastewater treatmet operators, suc as water
utilities ad saitatio agecies. Te forum aims to
improve members performace i te delivery of
wastewater services by icreasig operatig efficiecy,
acievig fiacial viability, ad advocatig for sector
reforms.41
key parters iclude door agecies,cetral govermet departmets, local parliamets
ad govermets, ad ogovermetal orgaiatios.
Te curret orgaiatios activities iclude owledge
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Program higigt: SANIMAS
Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat (SAnIMAS), or Saitatio for Commuities, is a coutrywide program tat
implemets commual saitatio systems for domestic wastewater treatmet. SAnIMAS bega i 2004
uder te AusAID-supported, Water ad Saitatio Sector Policy Formatio ad Actio Plaig Project
(WASPOLA). As part of tis program, nGOs wor i selected cities to provide tecical assistace to
participatig commuities ad local agecies. A typical commual saitatio system ca treat te waste
of 75-200 domestic users i a small area. Te system, wic costs about $30,000 to $36,000, cosists
of a sewerage etwor wit idividual ouse coectios, wit a aaerobic treatmet system at tereceivig ed. Geerally, te local govermet cotributes te majority of te cost (about 65 percet),
te cetral govermet cotributes 30 percet, ad local commuities provide five percet.57 Tis cost
sarig ecourages owersip, sustaiability, ad sared resposibility for project success.58 Betwee 2004ad 2008, SAnIMAS implemeted projects i 345 locatios i Idoesia.59 Tese projects operate i may
commuities tat ave o-operatioal STPs. Rater ta reabilitate te STPs, tese commuities are
ow ivestig i decetralied treatmet systems lie SAnIMAS or BORDAs decetralied wastewater
treatmet systems (DEWATS).
sarig, studies, pilot projects, capacity buildig, ad
public iformatio campaigs.
42 Major Sub-Nationa Agencies
Typically, cities address saitatio cocers troug
saitatio agecies ad worig groups or committees
formed by relevat local departmets. Wastewatertreatmet facilities, if available, are maaged eiter
by te saitatio agecy or te local water utility.
Te availability ad capacity of staff at local agecies
varies from city to city, ad directly impacts te citys
ability to maitai fuctioig programs.42 Te coice
of treatmet tecology also as a major impact
o project outcomes. Simpler tecologies, suc as
rotatig biological cotactors ad aerated pods, ave
prove to be more effective ta activated sludge due
to lower maiteace ad staff capacity ad traiig
requiremets. For example, i Tagerag ad Balipapa,
te activated sludge facilities are well-desiged to meettreatmet stadards, but are ot maitaied because
PDAM employees do ot ow ow to operate ad
maitai te facilities. however, i Bajarmasi ad
Yogyaarta, were more simple tecologies are used,
facilities perform muc better.
Local Environmental Aency (BLH): As te local
extesio of te Miistry of Eviromet, te BLh
protects water resources from domestic ad idustrial
pollutio by developig policies ad regulatios, ad
coordiatig efforts i pollutio prevetio, cotrol
ad moitorig. I Surabaya, te BLh operates a city-
level committee to cosider wastewater ifrastructure
developmet, promote cooperatio betwee busiesses
ad te commuity, ad moitor ad evaluate
te implemetatio of wastewater ifrastructure
developmet.43 It collaborates wit te local Public
Wors ad Spatial Plaig Agecy i maagig te
desig ad costructio of saitatio facilities suc asSTPs ad establisig tecical guidelies related to
O&M.44
Sanitation Aency (Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan,
DKP): To maage day-to-day facility operatios, local
govermets usually create a Saitatio Agecy tat
sometimes provides septage collectio services, but
more ofte provides wastewater treatmet services.
Te DkP i Surabaya, for example, employs 22 staff
wo eep te plat operatioal 24 ours a day. I
additio, Surabayas DkP collects tippig fees from
septage collectio compaies eac mot at a rate of$0.30 per cubic meter ad tries to esure tat every
collectio compay tat disposes septage at te STP
as a disposal permit.45 I ig-desity areas were
desludgig trucs caot eter, te DkP moitors
traditioal lad disposal metods, suc as te use of
lime. DkPs typically face calleges i eforcig proper
disposal ad collectig tippig fees.
Water Utilities (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum, PDAM):
Out of te te cetral wastewater treatmet facilities
i Idoesia, six are maaged by te local water supply
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55COUnTRY ASSESSMEnT: InDOnESIA
Representatives of national and local sanitation aencies
in Indonesia study the rotary screw press at Indah Water
Konsortiums slude treatment facility in Kuala Lumpur. Althouh
Indonesia has a number of wastewater and septae treatment
plants, most facilities face O&M challenes.
LInDAShI,ECO-A
SIA
agecies (PDAM). Across te coutry, PDAMs face
calleges i wastewater O&M sice local govermets
set wastewater tariffs far below cost recovery. Terefore,
we PDAMs must subsidie wastewater services wit
water supply reveues, tey face calleges i improvig
services ad expadig coverage. Te case study o
page 57 details te experiece i Meda, Idoesias
fourt largest city, ad igligts te calleges tatPDAMs face i implemetig wastewater treatmet
iitiatives.
43 Oter Organizations
Private Service Providers: Private service providers
are icreasig i umber ad collect te majority of
te septage i most cities due to te limited capacity
of most DkPs ad PDAMs. I Malag, for istace, te
DkP operates oly oe vacuum taer for a city wit
2.2 millio people; te citys residets must terefore
deped o private service providers for a quicrespose. Wile operators eed a permit to operate,
o cities require ealt or safety practices, or eforce
desludgig regulatios were tey exist.
International Oranizations: Tese orgaiatios are
actively ivolved i Idoesias saitatio sector, bot
i policy developmet ad treatmet plat fudig
ad costructio. For istace, official developmet
assistace as elped fud te costructio of eigt out
of te te WWTPs i te coutry, as well as o-site
treatmet systems lie SAnIMAS ad policy worig
groups lie WASPOLA. I geeral, owever, tese
programs do ot address septage maagemet.
Academic Institutions: Tere are a umber of academic
istitutios ivolved i te water ad saitatio sector,
suc as Badug Istitute of Tecology, Istitute
of Sepulu november Surabaya, ad te ceter
for evirometal studies i some uiversities. TeIdoesia Society of Saitary ad Evirometal
Egieers also provides tecical assistace ad
traiig.
44 key Caenges and Strengts
Challene: Local govermets lac te capacity to
maage ad maitai existig septage treatmet
facilities, causig tese systems to fall ito disrepair.
natioal agecies ave also ot provided sufficiet
policy guidace or fudig for cities to develop te
ecessary istitutioal ad pysical capacity.
Challene: Te fragmetatio ad overlap of
autority amog so may agecies maes it difficult to
create itegrated plas for sewerage ad septic ta
maagemet ad developmet.
Strenth: Te atioal worig groups (ISSDP ad
WASPOLA) ca serve as a odal group for creatig
septage maagemet policies, guidelies, pilot projects,
ad owledge excage ad dissemiatio.
50 FUNDING SOURCES
I te aftermat of Idoesias 1997 fiacial crisis,
te govermet accepted austere fiscal ad moetary
policies as part of te coditios of its IMF loa tat cut
fudig for may ifrastructure ad social programs.
Tis austerity ad Idoesias low ecoomic growt as
caused te atioal govermet to sigificatly uder
ivest i all sectors of ifrastructure. As of 2009, Idoesia
speds oly 3.4 percet of its GDP o ifrastructure;
as a compariso, Vietam speds 10 percet of its
GDP o ifrastructure.47 Despite atioal saitatiotargets ad actio plas, saitatio is a low priority for
bot cetral ad local govermets. Moreover, te
water sector receives te majority of fudig. Witout
atioal support, may local govermets eiter feel
tat saitatio ad wastewater treatmet are priorities,
or ave te fudig to develop ew iitiatives.
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56 A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA
51 Nationa Funding Sources
Tere are two major atioal sources for water ad
saitatio fuds; (1) miisterial fuds, ad (2) te
Special Allocatio Fud (DAk). Tese loas empasie
capital ivestmets, wit limited support for tecical
assistace ad uma capacity buildig. Te sort-term
ature of tese loas maes it difficult for cities to use
tem for water ad saitatio projects.
Te Miistry of Public Wors (MPW) ad Miistry
of healt (Moh) disburse te miisterial loas, wic
togeter provide aroud 20 percet of te fuds for
te water ad saitatio sector. 48 Of te MPWs $8.3
millio allocatio for te sector, two-tirds address
capital ivestmets, ad oe-tird is caeled towards
tecical assistace ad awareess raisig.49 Troug
its Water Supply for Low Icome Commuities Project,
te MOh provides $3.3 millio i loas ad places a
greater empasis o saitatio.50 I areas were tereare WASPOLA projects, MPW ad MOh provide four
percet of te total saitatio budget, igligtig te
empasis tat cities draw o teir ow reveue to fud
saitatio projects. Miisterial fuds are ot guarateed
from year to year, maig it difficult to utilie tem for
large, multi-year projects commo i te water ad
saitatio sector.51
Sice 2005, BAPPEnAS as also issued Special
Allocatio Fuds (DAk), wic are coditioal grats
for poor districts ad cities wose budgets total less
ta oe percet of te average. To use tese grats,
LGUs must cotribute 10 percet of te grat amout
ad cover O&M costs. I 2008, DAk allocated $11
millio for te water ad saitatio sector, wit water
projects receivig 75 percet of te fudig, ad
saitatio projects 25 percet. Fudig is oly provided
for oe year ad extesios are ot guarateed, wic
agai maes tese grats less coducive to log-term
wastewater ad septage maagemet programs.52
52 loca Funding Sources
As wit te cetral govermet, wastewater treatmet
is oe of local govermets lowest priorities. I
Surabaya, for example, te local govermet allocated
oe percet of its $360 millio budget i 2009 to te
evirometal sector, wic icludes bot water ad
saitatio.53 Cities, districts, ad provices allocate o
average 85 percet of sector fuds to water supply
ad draiage projects, ad 11 percet to saitatio
projects.54 niety percet of local ivestmet i tesector is for capital expeditures, wic typically meas
toilet costructio ad STP reabilitatio.55
Idoesia as ot succeeded i attractig private
ivestmet to WWTP ad STP costructio, i part
because local govermets set tariffs below O&M
cost recovery. As a result, govermet fuds for tese
projects are quicly draied, wic i tur prevets
proper maiteace ad service expasio. Policy
ambiguity, corruptio, ad te ig cost of doig
busiess furter deter private sector etry.
53 Pubic Aareness and wiingness to Pay
I geeral, ouseolds are ot aware of te eed to
desludge ad treat wastewater, wic results i low
willigess to pay ad low demad for desludgig. A
few cities i Idoesia, owever, provide models o
raisig public willigess to pay ad reducig te levels
of public subsidy. Jaarta ad Bajarmasi acieve ig
cost recovery by cross-subsidiig domestic wastewater
rates wit paymets from idustrial cliets.56 Medas
PDAM attais a ig collectio rate of 98 percet bybillig wastewater treatmet togeter wit te water
bill. Tose PDAMs tat sed separate water ad
wastewater bills ave muc lower collectio rates.
As part of a WASPOLA proect, community members in East
java ather to learn about pathoen pathways and how to improve
the areas sanitation and hyiene. Proects like this are small in
scale, but more effective than earlier, top-down initiatives.
ARIEISTAnDAR,ECO-ASIA
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57COUnTRY ASSESSMEnT: InDOnESIA
54 key Caenges
Challene: DkPS ad PDAMs eed to develop ad
build public acceptace for wastewater billig systems
tat allow tem to improve services, expad treatmet
capacity, ad icrease desludgig frequecy.
Challene: Local govermets face calleges i
developig wastewater treatmet iitiatives because:
(1) tere is isufficiet atioal fudig for local
govermets to develop compreesive septage
maagemet programs, forcig cities to rely o local
reveue sources; ad (2) te private sector is otiterested i wastewater treatmet service provisio,
i part because local govermets typically set tariffs
too low to acieve cost recovery.
60 RECOMMENDATIONS
Wit 150 STPs aroud te coutry, Idoesia as
created a strog ifrastructural base for septage
maagemet. however, most facilities are out of
operatio because tey are ot cetrally located ad local
govermets do ot prioritie septage maagemet.
Tis report recommeds tat te atioal govermetstregte its leadersip ad tecical support for local
implemetatio troug clear regulatios ad guidelies,
traiigs, worsops, ad for te reabilitatio of STPs.
Te atioal govermet also eeds to tae a strog
role i issuig guidelies for private sector egagemet
ad icrease its fudig support for local septage
maagemet programs.
Case Study of Medan: Treating Septage at wasteater Treatment Pants
Meda, te capital of nort Sumatra Provice, as a total populatio of over two millio people. Idicative of
te political bias i favor of cetralied sewage treatmet facilities, Meda as a WWTP, altoug oly 11,000
omes, or two percet of Medas populatio, are coected to a sewer system. I aticipatio of future
sewerage coectios, te facility is curretly operatig at less ta 27 percet capacity. Meawile, eve
toug 50 percet of its residets use septic tas, Meda lacs a operatig septage treatmet facility.
Te WWTP i Meda uses UASB tecology, a difficult tecology for te few PDAM staff wo
operate ad maitai te facility. Te local saitatio agecy ad private collectio compaies also
use te WWTP to dispose of septage, wic ca create problems i a facility ot desiged to treat
partially digested septage. I additio, te local govermet carges ouseolds seve percet of te
cost of istallig a sewerage coectio ad subsidies te remaider.46 Give budget limitatios, te
govermet ad PDAM may face calleges i furter expadig ad improvig wastewater services.
61 Sort-Term Recommendations
Make Septae Manaement Part of the National
Dialoue on Sanitation. As te leadig miistry i water
supply ad saitatio policy developmet, BAPPEnAS
sould address septage maagemet, demostrate
its support for cities to develop septage maagemet
programs, ad itegrate septage maagemet ito
ogoig efforts for commuity saitatio. Sice te
atioal govermet o loger madates saitatio
actios, BAPPEnAS sould tae a lead i promotig
awareess of te importace of septage maagemet
amog local govermets ad DkPs, ad sare bestpractices from Idoesia or oter cities i te regio
troug groups suc as te Associatio of Idoesia
Muicipalities (Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota Seluruh
Indonesia).
Develop Comprehensive Local Manaement
Prorams.Citiesad DkPs ca improve teir public ad
evirometal ealt by rebuildig septage maagemet
programs, especially i areas tat already ave septage
treatmet facilities. To do so, tey ca orgaie septage
maagemet worsops ad create worig groups
tat address policy settig, private operator compliace,ad public awareess. Tese groups must address
ew strategies to build local budgets for wastewater
treatmet, for istace by raisig tariffs, combiig
wastewater fees wit water bills, or cross-subsidiig
wit te water sector or commercial ad idustrial
customers. Local govermets ca wor wit ESP,
ISSDP, MPW, ad BAPPEnAS to elp develop ad test
model regulatios ad implemetatio models.
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62 Medium-Term Recommendations
Develop a National Septae Manaement Action
Aenda. Te atioal govermet, troug
BAPPEnAS, or project orgaiatios, suc as ESP,
ISSDP, or WAPSOLA, ca elp orgaie a atioal-
level worsop to discuss root causes of calleges i
septage maagemet ad develop a log-term actiopla. Tis worsop sould, at a miimum, address te
followig issues.
Create National guidelines and Standards. Te
Miistry of Public Wors (MPW), worig i
cojuctio wit BAPPEnAS ad its local brac
offices, sould update ad dissemiate atioal
guidace documets o compreesive septage
maagemet, descriptios of implemetatio
models, sample local regulatios, effluet ad
septage disposal stadards, ad traiig materials
for septage collectio compaies.
Clarify the Roles for National and Local
governments. Te atioal govermet i
cojuctio wit te local govermets must wor
togeter to idetify ecessary actios ad gaps i
resposibility, ad delegate roles based o te most
appropriate level of implemetatio.
Develop Trainins and Technical Assistance for
Local Implementers. BAPPEnAS ad MPW
sould tae te lead idevelopig regioal capacitybuildig ad traiig programs for local govermet
agecies ad service providers. Traiigs ad
tecical assistace sould address eablig policies
ad regulatios, as well as ifrastructure eeds.
BAPPEnAS ad MPW ca pilot tese capacity
buildig iitiatives at a few ESP or ISSDP project
sites before scalig up efforts aroud te coutry.
Develop Incentives for Positive Local Initiatives
and Disincentives for Inaction. Te atioal
govermet sould stimulate local iitiatives to
promote improved saitatio. For example, te
atioal govermet could tie fudig for iger
priority issues, suc as ealt, educatio, ad
ifrastructure, to local govermets progress
i icreasig access to improved saitatio ad
developmet of sustaiable septage maagemet
programs.
Increase Fundin for Water and Sanitation. Te
Miistry of healt ad Miistry of Public Wors eedto sigificatly icrease fudig for saitatio projects,
ad provide loas tat are more suitable for log-term
ifrastructure ivestmets. Tis fudig sould ot oly
address ard costs, suc as STP reabilitatio ad te
purcase of collectio veicles, but also set aside fuds
for traiig ad public outreac. Tese projects ca be
clearly coected to public ealt, especially cildres
ealt, i order to gai political ad public support.
Promote Public-Private Partnerships to Reulate
Proper Disposal. To improve moitorig ad
eforcemet of septage disposal amog private
collectio compaies, local govermets sould egage
private operators troug public-private partersips.
As a first step, local govermets ca require
ouseolds to regularly desludge teir septic tas,
wic builds public demad for services. Tied to tis
iitiative, local govermets ca te require private
collectio compaies to properly dispose of septage at
treatmet facilities. Te govermet ca eforce tis
policy by collectig te ouseold paymets ad payig
collectio compaies after tey deliver septage to a
treatmet facility.
Promote Public Awareness and Willinness to Pay.
To foster willigess to pay ad willigess to address
septage maagemet, local govermets eed to build
local awareess of te value of wastewater treatmet
amog public officials, govermet staff, ad te geeral
public. Govermets ca promote tese ideas troug
promotioal campaigs for water, saitatio, wastewater
treatmet ad ygiee, coducted i cojuctio wit
BAPPEnAS ogoig saitatio strategy developmet
programs, suc as WASPOLA ad ISSDP. Evetually,
local govermets eed to raise tariffs to a level tat
recovers O&M costs for saitatio projects.
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59COUnTRY ASSESSMEnT: InDOnESIA
World healt Orgaiatio ad Uited natios Cildres1.
Fud Joit Moitorig Programme for Water Supply ad
Saitatio (JMP). Progress o Driig Water ad Saitatio:
Special Focus o Saitatio. UnICEF, new Yor ad WhO,
Geeva, 2008.
Iteratioal Moetary Fud. World Ecoomic Outloo2. Database: nomial GDP. Apr. 2009.
Idoesia Public Expediture Review. Spedig for3.
Developmet: Maig te Most of Idoesias new
Opportuities. 2007, (ereiafter Indonesia Public
Expenditure Review, 2007). See also, Utomo, nugroo.
Persoal Commuicatio. natioal Developmet Plaig
Agecy (BAPPEnAS). May 2009, (ereiafter Utomo, 2009).
Govermet of Idoesia, Miistry of Public Wors.4.
Miisterial Decree no. 16/PRT/M/2008 o natioal Policy
ad Strategy of Domestic Wastewater Maagemet System.
Jaarta: Govermet of Idoesia, 2008, (ereiafter
Government of Indonesia, Ministry of Public Works, 2008).
Simajuta, Tertiai zB. City Beid i Saitatio:5.Experts. Te Jaarta Post, 31 Mar. 2008, (ereiafter
Simanjuntak, 2008).
Idoesia Saitatio Sector Developmet Program (ISSDP).6.
ISSDP Program Iceptio Report. Aug. 2006, (ereiafter
ISSDP, 2006).
World Ba. Ecoomic Impacts of Saitatio i Idoesia.7.
World Ba Water ad Saitatio Program, 2008,
(ereiafter World Bank, 2008). Urba areas ad a iger
per capita loss of $31, wile rural areas ad a loss of $25 per
capita.
Idoesia Public Expediture Review, 2007.8.
World Ba, 2008.9.
Asia Developmet Ba. Coutry Paper Idoesia: Asia10.
Water Developmet Outloo: Acievig Water Security for
Asia. Maila: Asia Developmet Ba, 2007. Tese cities
iclude: Balipapa, Bajarmasi, Badug, Cirebo, Jaarta,
Meda, Prapat, Suraarta, Tagerag, ad Yogyaarta.
Simajuta, 2008.11.
Rumaa, Dede. Jaartas Vulerability to Global Warmig.12.
The Jakarta Post, 28 Apr. 2007.
Govermet of Idoesia, natioal Developmet Plaig13.
Agecy (BAPPEnAS). Urba Saitatio: Portraits,
Expectatios ad Opportuities Its not a Private Matter
Aymore. Jaarta: Govermet of Idoesia, 2007,(ereiafter Government of Indonesia, BAPPENAS, 2007).
World Ba, 2008.14.
World Ba. Avertig Ifrastructure Crisis: a Framewor for15.
Policy ad Actio. 2005.
WhO/UnICEF, 2008. See also, Govermet of Idoesia,16.
Miistry of Public Wors, 2008.
Uited natios Developmet Programme. Lets Spea out17.
for MDGs: Acievig te Milleium Developmet Goals
i Idoesia. Uited natios Developmet Programme,
2007/2008.
World Ba, 2008.18.
Idoesia Public Expediture Review, 2007. See also, Utomo,19.2009.
Uited States Agecy for Iteratioal Developmet20.
(USAID). Comparative Study: Cetralied Wastewater
Treatmet Plats i Idoesia. Jaarta: Evirometal
Services Program, 2006, (ereiafter USAID, 2006).
A Excerpt of Regioal Symposium-cum-Traiig Worsop21.
o Sustaiable Faecal Sludge Maagemet (FSM) i Asia ad
te Pacific. Asia Istitute of Tecology, 24-26 nov. 2006.
See also, Utomo, 2009.
ISSDP, 2006.22.
Isadar, Sofya. Persoal Commuicatio. Water ad23.
Saitatio Program: 2 Apr. 2009 (ereiafter Iskandar, 2009).
Tis iformatio comes from te followig tree local24.
ordiaces:
Malag Local Ordiace no. 10(2001): IDR 6,000 per cubic
meter;
Surabaya Local Ordiace no. 4(2000): IDR 3,750 per cubic
meter; ad
Jombag Local Ordiace no. 10(1998): IDR 5,000 per ta.
Departmet of Public Wors. Profil kota Surabaya. 2003.25.
.
IPLT Is Overload.26. Surabaya Pagi, 25 July 2007. See also,
Departmet of Public Wors. Profil kota Surabaya.
Ibid.27.
Govermet of Idoesia, Miistry of Public Wors, 2008.28.
ISSDP, 2006.29.
Public Wors Departmet, Idoesia. Stadard Maagemet30.
Iformatio System Civil Egieerig ad Costructio,
Procedure of Septic Ta Desig wit Absorptio. Jaarta:
Public Wors Departmet, 2008.
Govermet of Idoesia, BAPPEnAS, 2007.31.
City Govermet of Malag. Local Ordiace no. 1032.
(2001). Malag: 2001.
Miistry of Public Wors, Idoesia. Family tree Legislatios33.ad Stadards for Domestic Wastewater.
.
USAID, 2006.34.
World Ba. Review of Public Fiacig for Water Supply35.
ad Saitatio i Idoesia. World Ba Water ad
Saitatio Program, 2006 (ereiafter World Bank, 2006).
ENDNOTES
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Isadar, 2009.36.
Uited natios. Saitatio Coutry Profile Idoesia 2004.37.
.
World Ba Water ad Saitatio Program. Review of Public38.
Fiacig for Water Supply ad Saitatio i Idoesia.
Water Supply ad Saitatio Fiace Study Team, 2006.
ISSDP, 2006.39.Ibid.40.
PERPAMSI. Summary Waste Water Semiar by PERPAMSI41.
& Establismet of FORkALIM. 29-30 Sep. 2003.
.
I 2003, te LGU i Yogyaarta icreased te umber of42.
staff for sewer maiteace from 13 to 29 ad measured
a reductio of breadow maiteace by 50 percet as a
direct result.
Te specific roles of Surabayas LGUs are defied by te 200843.
Surabaya Sewerage ad Saitatio Developmet Pla.
Miistry of Public Wors, Idoesia. Family Tree Legislatios44.
ad Stadards for Domestic Wastewater.
City Govermet of Surabaya. Local Ordiace no.45.
4(2000). Surabaya: 2000.
Developmet ad Plaig Agecy of Meda Muicipality.46.
Meda Saitatio Medium-Term Ivestmet Program
Pla. Meda: Developmet ad Plaig Agecy of Meda
Muicipality, 2008.
Idoesia Public Expediture Review, 2007.47.
ISSDP, 2006.48.
World Ba, 2006.49.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Silaba, Togar. Iterview. Director of Surabaya Evirometal
Agecy, Idoesia. 7 Ja. 2009.
54. Ibid.
55. World Ba, 2006.
56. USAID, 2006.
57. herowo, Basa. Saitatio Sector Developmet i
Idoesia. Jaarta: BAPPEnAS. See also, Utomo, 2009.
58. ISSDP, 2006.
59. Isadar, 2009.