A quick comment on taxonomic levelsOrder - Always ends in “ales”; e.g., Agaricales,Boletales, Hymnochaetales

Family - Always ends in “aceae”; e.g.Amanitaceae, Russulaceae, Pluteaceae

Genus - Always capitalized and italicized orunderlined e.g. Russula, Boletus, Agaricus

Species - Always lower case and the endingagrees in gender with genus. e.g., Amanitaphalloides, Tricholomopsis rutilans

Three common reasons for speciesname changes

• Species is moved into a different genus based onnew data (e.g. Stropharia aurantiaca =Naematoloma aurantiacum)

• Species is segregated (split out) from a largergroups and recognized as distinct (Armillarianabsnona formerly placed within A. mellea)

• An older synonym for the species name isdiscovered (Amanita lanei supposedly older namefor A. calyptrata)

Pink-spored Agarics

Pluteaceae

&

Entolomataceae

Pluteaceae:

• Pink-brown ellipsoid spores

• Free lamellae

• Stipe & pileus context not confluent

• Lamella trama convergent / inverse

Pluteaceae:

Pluteus: no veils

Volvariella: with a volva

Both saprotrophs, on wood andterrestrial

PluteusRecognition of species based on:

• Structure of the pileipellis

(cutis, hymeniderm, trichoderm)

• Shape of the cystidia

(thick-walled with horns, ‘normal’)

• Colours of the pileus

Pluteus cervinus-complex Brown radial pileus

Hooked cystidia

Pluteus atromarginatus - photo from mykowebnote gill dark gill edge

Pluteus thomsonii

Hymeniderm pileipellis,with long & short cells

Cystidia on stipe

Pluteus salicinusSmall grayish species with a blue-staining stipe base

http://www.nahuby.sk/images/fotosutaz/2005/milan_novotny2005_9665.jpg

Pluteus flavofuligineus

Volvariella volvacea - the paddy straw mushroom

Vovariella speciosa from Mykoweb

Volvariella bombycina

Entolomataceae:

• Pink-brown SPECIAL spores

• Lamellae adnexed - adnate -decurrent

• Stature variable

• Saprotrophic, some perhapsectomycorrhizal

Entolomataceae:

• Entoloma s.l. with angular spores

• Clitopilus with football spores

• Rhodocybe with pustulate spores

Entoloma

Characters to recognize species:

-Habit & colours

-Pileipellis structure & pigments

-Spores

-Cystidia

Entoloma

Entoloma bloxami photo from mykoweb

Entoloma nidorosum gr. Photo from mykoweb

Entoloma lividoalbum From http://mushroomhobby.com

Nolanea

Nolanea hirtipes from http://mushroomhobby.com

(Nolanea staurospora)

Leptonia

Clitopilus prunulus - photo from mykowebDistinctive “farinaceous odor”

Overview of white-spored familiesRussulaceae Sphaerocysts in trama (not only hyphae as in all other families)

Spores white to cream (or orange), with amyloid warts andridges, sulfovanilla positive cystidia

Russula, Lactarius

--- --- ---Amanitaceae Lamellae free

Universal (and partial) veil presentSpores whiteLamella trama divergent (made up of big inflated cells inAmanita)

Amanita, Limacella

Pluteaceae Lamellae freeUniversal veil present in VolvariellaSpores pink-brown, ellipsoidLamella trama convergent (inverse), made up of big inflatedcells

Pluteus, Volvariella

Entolomataceae Lamellae not freeVeils absentSpores pink-brown, and angular, knobby, or ridgedLamella trama regular (or irregular?)

Entoloma (incl. Leptonia, Nolanea)Clitopilus

Hygrophoraceae Lamellae waxy or thick, often decurrentOften with bright colours, esp. in HygrocybePartial veil present in HygrophorusSpores white, smoothLamella trama divergent in Hygrophorus, made up of narrow cellsBasidia long and slender

HygrophorusHygrocybe, Camarophyllus,

Agaricaceae p.p. Lamellae freeUniversal and partial veil presentLamella trama regular or trabecularSpores white to pale pink

Lepiota, Leucoagaricus,Leucocoprinus, Macrolepiota,Chlorophyllum

--- --- ---Tricholomataceae not with the character combinations of the other families

Overview of white-spored families continued

Tricholomataceae - overview of characterscharacter character states example generahabitsee figure

pleurotoid: stipe is laterally attached to the pileus

mycenoid: with long slender stipe, conical to flat pileus, and adnexedto adnate lamellaeomphalioid: with decurrent lamellae and often slender stipecollybioid: pileus not conical, nor umbilicate; context tough; lamellaefree to adnatetricholomatoid: with broad pileus and relatively short stipe

Pleurotus, Hohenbuehelia, Panus,LentinusMycena

Omphalina group, ClitocybeCollybia (Gymnopus), Marasmius,Laccaria, MelanoleucaTricholoma, Leucopaxillus

pileus shape convexapplanate, umbonateconicalumbilicate

MycenaOmphalina, Clitocybe

lamellae decurrentadnateadnexedemarginate, sinuate (notched)almost free

Omphalina, Clitocybe, XeromphalinamanyMycenaTricholoma, MelanoleucaCystoderma

stipe short and squatlong and slendertough

TricholomaMycena, Marasmius,Marasmius, Collybia (Gymnopus),Melanoleuca

veil in most cases absentuniversal veil presentpartial veil present

Most generaCystodermaArmillaria, Tricholoma

spore print white, cream, pink, brownish - lamellae might be colouredspores in most cases smooth and glabrous, not angular, without germ pore

minutely roughenedspiny

mostMelanoleucaLaccaria

basidia shorter than 5.5 times the spore length all (if longer see Hygrophoraceae)cystidia usually absent or subtitle

usually abundant and prominent

Clitocybe, Tricholoma, Collybia(Gymnopus),Tricholomopsis, Mycena,

lamella trama regular, irregularpileipellis very variable: cutis, hymeniderm, trichodermclamps absent or present

character character states example generahabitsee figure

pleurotoid: stipe is laterally attached to the pileus

mycenoid: with long slender stipe, conical to flat pileus, and adnexedto adnate lamellaeomphalioid: with decurrent lamellae and often slender stipecollybioid: pileus not conical, nor umbilicate; context tough;

tricholomatoid: with broad pileus and relatively short stipe

Pleurotus, Hohenbuehelia, Panus,LentinusMycena

Omphalina group, ClitocybeCollybia (Gymnopus), Marasmius,Laccaria, MelanoleucaTricholoma, Leucopaxillus

pileus shape convexapplanate, umbonateconicalumbilicate

MycenaOmphalina, Clitocybe

lamellae decurrentadnateadnexedemarginate, sinuate (notched)almost free

Omphalina, Clitocybe, XeromphalinamanyMycenaTricholoma, MelanoleucaCystoderma

stipe short and squatlong and slendertough

TricholomaMycena, Marasmius,Marasmius, Collybia (Gymnopus),Melanoleuca

veil in most cases absentuniversal veil presentpartial veil present

Most generaCystodermaArmillaria, Tricholoma

spore print white, cream, pink, brownish - lamellae might be colouredspores in most cases smooth and glabrous, not angular, without germ pore

minutely roughenedspiny

mostMelanoleucaLaccaria

basidia shorter than 5.5 times the spore length all (if longer see Hygrophoraceae)cystidia usually absent or subtitle

usually abundant and prominent

Clitocybe, Tricholoma, Collybia(Gymnopus),Tricholomopsis, Mycena,

Overview of common genera in Tricholomataceae