A PROJECT REPORT ON PRODUCTION OF BIOIHESEL

FROM WASTE VEGETABLE OIL.

BY

; f

r AKPOR FREDRICK EKAKABOR

,.::: .. 2003/14980EH

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY.

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, IN PARTIAL

FuLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING'(B.ENG).

OCTOBER, 2008.

'.

DECLARATION

I AKPOR FREDRICK EKAKABOR declare that this project work presented for the award

of B.Eng. in Chemical Engineering, production of Biodiesel from waste vegetable oil as a

suitable substitute for motor fuel (Diesel) to the best of my knowledge, has not been

presented anywhere either partially or fully anywhere.

u,/I//()D&~ DATE I

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certifY that this project "production of Biodiesel from waste vegetable oil"

is the original work of Akpor F. Ekakabor carried out wholly by him under supervision and

submitted to the department of Chemical Engineering School of Engineering and

Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna.

Prof. K.R. Onifade Date

(supervisor)

Dr. M.O. Edoga Date

(Head of department)

External Examiner Date

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DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to my creator, the Almighty God, for he is my inspiration

and giver of wisdom, knowledge and understanding and for seeing me through my stay in

school.

Also, my mother Madame Fine D. Boyi Tenwaren for her spiritual, moral and.

financial support which has really helped me in the completion of this programme. Finally,

to my uncles, aunties, cousins, brothers and sisters for their support, love and

encouragement.

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IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to appreciate the support and meaningful suggestions from various persons during

this project work. It is quite impossible to mention every person to whom lowe most

sinc~re thanks. It is my utmost pleasure to first give glory to almighty God who has been 1

I,

my strength, coura,ge, wisdom and ability to successfully complete my program for

Bachelors in engine,~ring.

My supervisor is one who cannot be done without, I would like to express my

gratitude to Professor K.R.Onifade whose skillful sup~,rvisory act has lead to the successful

completion of this project. I also give great thanks to my Head of department Dr. f\1"~O. " .' \'

Edoga and also Mr. M.A Olutoye for the ~pproval of the project work., _, t ' 1

Special thanks to my parents late Mr. Gabriel Ekakabor and Madame Fine D.

Tenwaren whom I have so much through whom God has continually blesseo my life, and

my sisters Joy, Chaka Mary, Bridget, Bridgina, Kiemute my niece angel and my brothers

Okagbare and Obukowho, and my uncle, cousin and friends, Mr. Emmanuel D. Tenwaren,

Mr. Frank.O.Oghenekaro, Godwin Onoja, Edirin Abada, Stephen Orkaa, Charles lkutegbe,

Omayeli Jemine, Aminu Ahmed, too numerous to mention and my colleagues in the

department, I love you all.

My sincere thanks also go to the staff and siwes student at the Chemical lab. At

KRPC Kaduna for their support during the time of the analysis, and.to the following;.Mr.

Abraham and Mall~w Diko for their support during my lab work and my lecturers may c,,"

God richly bless you all, in Jesus name (Amen). . '

.{1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT TITLE PAGE .......• ' ......................................................................... i DECLARATION .... :; .......................................................... ,," ............ ii CERTIFICATION.: ................................................. ~ ........... " ........... iii DEDICATION ....... , ........................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................. v ABSTRACT ......... , ............... ' .................................................... ~ ..... vi

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... ' ................ i ............................................... l 1.1 BIODIESEL ............................................................................ 1 1.1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ... , .. ~ .... , .. :' ............... '\ ................................ 2 1.1.2 SCOPE ................................. ~ ........................... ~ ............... , ..... 2

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................. 3 2.1 HISTORY OF BIODIESEL. ........................................................ .3-6 2.2 METHODS OF PRODUCING BIODIESEL ....................................... 6-8 2.3 ATTRIBUTES OF BIODIESEL ..................................................... 9 2.4 LUBRICITy .. ,.~ .......................................................................... 9-10 2.S TOXICITy ... ·., ........................................................................... 10 2.6 BIODEGRADABILITy:.. ...... 1.'; •• : .................................................. 10-11 2.7 ,PERFOMANCE OF BIODIESEL IN ENGINE ................................... .11 2.8 MOTIVATION ......................................................................... 11-12 2.9 OTHER USES OF BIODIESEL. ..................................................... 12 2.10 EMISSION PRODUCTION .......................................................... 12-13 2.11 INFRASTRUc;:;TURE .................................................................. 13 2.12 HEALTH EFFECTS ................................................................... 13-14 2.13 MACROECONOMICS IMPACT OF BIODIESEL ................. .............. 14-1S

, 2.14 ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL ............................................. ! ...... IS-16 2.1S LIMITATIONS OF BIODIESEL ..................................... ; ........ ~ .... .17 2.16 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL .... .17 2.16.1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL ..................................... 17 2.16.2 PHYSICAL P~OPERTIES OF BIODIESEL ..................................... .18 2.16.3 KEY PARAMETERS FOCUSED ON IN THIS PROJECT WORK ........... 18

CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGy ..................................................................... 20 3.1 EQUIPMENT/REAGEENT ........................................................... 20 3.1..1 EQUIPMENT~, .................................................. : ........................ 20 3.1.2 GLASS WARES ......................................................................... 20 3.1.3 REAGENTS ............................ "'," ............................................. 20 3.2 3.3 3.4

EXPERIMENTAL ....................................................................... 21 MATERIALSIINGREDIENT NEEDED FOR TIT.MTION ..................... 21 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ...................• ~ ............................... 21-22

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3.5 TESTING OF SOME PARAMETER OF BIODIESEL PRODUCED ........... 23 3.5.1 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC ORA VITY OF

THE SAMPLES OF BIODIESEL PRODUCED ............................... · .... 23 3.5.2 DETERMINATION OF API ORA VITY ...................................... ·.·····24 3.5.3 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF POUR POINT OF

THE SAMPLES ............................................. ' ................... · .......... 24 3.5.4 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF KINEMATIC VISCOSJ'TY ...... 2~ 3.6 THE BLEND (FOURTH SAMPLE) ........•........................ ················· .25

CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS .................................................................................. 26 4.0

4.1 4.2

RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF THE BIODIESEL OBTAINED .................. 26 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................................... 27-28

CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 RECOMMENI!>ATION .................................................................. 29 5.1 CONCLUSIONS .................... : .................... ·· .. · ............................ 29 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................... ' ....................................... 29

REFERENCE APPENDIX.

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,

ABSTRACT

, This project work deals with the production of biodiesel, using waste vegetable oil

from three different sources. Maxin lotus, sizzlers and Double delight (all fast food

operators) located at Warri Delta state as a case study. Different samples of waste

vegetable oil were brought and a composite was made from these samples.

These biodiesel (samples A,B,C and D) were produced using transesterification

method. This was obtained by esterifying the waste vegetable oil with sodium methoxide.

The results obtained from the three (3) samples, shows that biodiesel produced

from maxin lotus and Double delight show a better service parameters compared to that

from sizzlers which to t fall in the range in terms of kinematic viscosity, but for every

other value, they all fall within the standard range values of conventional petroleum

diesel.

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