1. PROJECT - Construction of superstructureGroup-c

2. Stone masonry is made of stone units bonded together withmortar.Classification of stone masonryStone masonryRubble masonry1. Randam rubble masonry- Coursed - uncoursed2. Square rubble masonry- Coursed - uncoursed3. Polygonal rubble masonry4. Flint rubble masonry5. Dry rubble masonryAshlar masonry1. Ashlar fine masonry2. Ashlar rough tooled3. Rock (or) quarry faced4. Ashlar chamfered5. Ashlar block in course 3. Random rubble masonry Coursed In this type of masonry, the stones used are ofwidely different sizes. This is the roughest andcheapest form of stone masonry. In coursed random rubble masonry, themasonry work is carried out in courses suchthat the stones in a particular course are ofequal height. UncoursedIn this type of masonry, the stones used areof widely different sizes. This is the roughestand cheapest form of stone masonry.In uncoursed random rubble masonry, thecourses are not maintained regularly. Thelarger stones are laid first and the spacesbetween them are then filled up by means ofspalls or sneaks. 4. Square rubble masonry CoursedIn this type of masonry stones havingstraight bed and sides are used. The stonesare usually squared and brought to hammerdressed or straight cut finish.In the coursed square rubble masonry, thework is carried out in courses of varyingdepth. UncoursedIn this type of masonry stones havingstraight bed and sides are used. The stonesare usually squared and brought to hammerdressed or straight cut finish.In the uncoursed square rubble masonry, thedifferent sizes of stones having straightedges and sides are arranged on face inseveral irregular patterns. 5. Polygonal rubble masonryIn this type of rubble masonry, the stonesare hammer dressed. The stones used forface work are dressed in an irregularpolygonal shape. Thus the face joints areseen running in an irregular fashion in alldirections.Flint rubble masonryIn this type of masonry, stone used are flintsor cobbles. These are irregularly shapednodules of silica. The stones are extremelyhard. But they are brittle and therefore theybreak easily.Dry rubble masonryIn this type of masonry, mortar is not usedin the joints. This type of construction is thecheapest and requires more skill inconstruction. This may be used for non-loadbearing walls such as compound walls, etc 6. ASHLAR MASONRY1. ASHLAR FINE MASONRYIn this type ashlar masonry, each stone is cutto uniform size and shape with all sidesrectangular, so that the stone gives perfectlyhorizontal and vertical joints with adjoiningstone. This type of ashlar masonry is verycostly.Ashlar rough tooled masonryIn this type of ashlar masonry, the beds andsides are finely chisel-dressed. But the face ismade rough by means of tools. A strip, about25mm wide and made by means of chisel isprovided around the perimeter of the roughdressed face of each stone.Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonryIn this type of ashlar masonry, a strip about25mm wide and made by means of chisel isprovided around the perimeter of everystone as in case of rough-tooled ashlormasondry. But the remaining portion of theface is left in the same form as received fromquarry. 7. Ashlar chamfered masonryIn this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is provided asbelow. But it is chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45degrees by means of chisel for a depth of about 25mm.Ashlar back in course masonryThis is combination of rubble masonry and ashlarmasonry. In this type of masondry, the face work isprovided with rough tooled or hammer dresses stones andbacking of the wall may be made in rubble masonry. 8. Brick MasonryBrick masonry is the process of constructing a building from individual bricks laid in aspecific pattern and bound together, usually by mortar.Bonds in Brick Masonry 9. Brick LayingStriking And Raking Of Joints 10. Lead And LiftMost joint finishes, that are tooled witha jointer or trowel, are carried out at theend of laying every course or two. Theexception is the raked joint that may beleft for a couple of hours.At the end of each day all work should becleaned down with a stiff brush. A pieceof hessian bag or other material may beused to remove any marks from the wallfirst.Precautions In Brick Masonry 11. Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that thewater penetrates to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours ofwetting is sufficient. A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brickwork.Vertical jointsshouldn't be continuous but staggered. The joint thickness shouldn't exceed 1cm. It should be thoroughlyfilled with the cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 (Cement: Sand by volume) All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs ontop(depression on top of the brick for providing bond with mortar). Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment,verticality and horizontality of construction. Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float,to provide good bond. A maximum of one meter wall height should beconstructed in a day. Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days 12. Tools And Plants Used In Brick MasonryYou've heard it said many times, having the right tools makes anyjob easier. Before you start, there are some basic tools andequipment you'll need. These tools may change depending on thetype of job, but generally, the following tools are required whenbuilding a masonry wall. 13. Comparison Between Brick And Stone Masonry 14. Hollow concrete block MasonryConcrete masonry blocks have been in existence for centuries.Revolutionary changes in manufacturing technology and materialsciences have made multi sized, shaped, colors and textured blocksa reality. They are used as both structural and non-structuralcomponents and have been the preferred building blocks in the weastern world. They are fast replacing traditional bricks and othermasonry products in Indiatoo. 15. CompositeComposite masonry is the one which isconstructed out of building units or ofdifferent types of building materials 16. What is DOOR?Door, which is aframe-work oftimber, glass,steelcombination ofthese material, aconnecting linkbetween variousinternal parts ina building unit. 17. PANELLEDDOORA door constructed with panels, usually shapedtopattern, installed betweenthe stiles and rails that form the outside frame ofthe door. 18. TYPES OF DOORSGLAZED DOOR-Glazed door , which gives verygood elevational effects, uses in posh residentialbuilding.BATTENED DOOR- Battened door, which is asimplest type of door shutter, is economical thanother doors as workmanship involved in it is verysmall. Battens are 100 - 150mm wide & 20 - 30mmthick.COLLAPSIBLE DOOR-Collapsible door, whichmay be fabricated in form single/two shutters,consists of vertical mild steel channels 16 - 20mmwide, a vertical gape 12 20mm.ROLLING STEEL SHUTTER-Rolling steelshutter , which is capable of being rolled up &causes no obstruction when open, is usuallyprovided for garages, shops, godowns etc.P.V.C. DOOR- P.V.C door uses bathroom, shopsetc.REVOLVING DOOR-Revolving door, which isincoming & out going door, is provided in bighostels, banks etc. 19. A louver is a window blind or shutter withhorizontal slats that are angled to admitlight and air, but to keep out rain, directsunshine, and noise. The angle of the slatsmay be adjustable, usually in blinds andwindows, or fixed.[1] Modern louvers areoften made of aluminium, metal, wood, orglass. They may be opened and closed with ametal lever, pulleys, or through motorizedoperators. Glazing can be mounted on the surface ofa window sash or door stile, usually madeof wood, aluminium or PVC. The glass isfixed into a rabbet (rebate) in the frame in anumber of ways including triangular glazingpoints, putty, etc.. Glazing is commonly used in lowtemperature solar thermal collectorsbecause it helps retain the collected heat. 20. Sliding windows are becoming increasinglypopular because they are easy to operate anddo not occupy space either on the interior oron the exterior. There are several seriesranging from two-track to four-track. Theyare capable to being fabricated in heightsranging from a standard 4' to as high as10'.The windows have very sophisticatedfacilities such as interlocking sections,grooves for weather strip, provisions forfixing. The process of removing used air by fresh airfrom buildings and spaces is calledventilation. This is done by Natural orArtificial methods. 21. Vertical communication is also called as two-waycommunication because in this communication, the management cangive directives and send information downward and in addition receiveperiodic information from subordinates about the effectiveness of theirdirectives and the progress of the organization.Stair case Elevator Ramp 22. Requirement Of Good Staircase 23. 1.LOCATION:--It should be so located that sufficient light and ventilation is ensured in thestairway. If possible should be located centrally so as to be easily accessible from the differentcorner of the building. 2. WIDTH OF A STAIR:--Width of the stair varies with the situation and the purpose forwhich it is provided. In public building where there is a regular traffic of people using the stairway ,it's width should be sufficient while in a residential building it may be just theminimum. The usually adopted average value of the stair width for public and residentialbuilding is 1.8m and 80 cm respectively. 3.LENGTH OF FLIGHT:-- For the comfortable ascent of stair way the number of step in theflight should be restricted to a maximum of 12 and minimum of 3. 4.PITCH OF STAIR :--The pitch of long stair should be made flatter by introducing landingsto make the ascent less tiresome and less dangerous. In general, the slope of stair never exceed40degree and should not be flatter than 25degree. 5.HEAD ROOM:--The head room or the clear distance between the tread and the soffit of theflight immediately above it should not be less than 2.14m 6.MATERIAL:--The stair should preferably be constructed of materials which possess fireresisting qualities. 7.BALUSTRADE:--The open well stairs should be provided with balustrade so as to minimizethe danger of accidents. 8.LANDING:--The width of the landing should not be less than the width of stair. 9.WINDERS:--The introduction of winders in stair should be avoided as far as possible. Theyare liable to be dangerous and involve extra expense in the construction. They are difficult tocarpet and are especially unsuitable for public buildings, However where the winders cannotbe dispensed with, they should preferably be provided near the lower end of the flight. 10.STEP PROPORTIONS:-- The rise and tread of every step in a stair should be uniformdimensions throughout. The ratio of the going and the rise ,of the step should be soproportioned as to ensure a comfortable access to the stair way. 24. Types Of Staircase 25. Fabricated Stair 26. SCAFOLTING AND SHOARINGTYPE -A number of patented shoring systems have been developed with adjustable legs whicheliminate cutting, close fitting, and wedging. Figure 3 shows schematic diagram of one suchdevice.Figure 1 - Shoring system with adjustable legsFigure 1 shows a picture where this device is being utilized.Figure 2 - Application of shoring system with adjustable legsScaffold-Type ShoringTubular steel form scaffolding was first designed to support loads imposed by the workersgetting to the work area. Since the system of jacks in the tubular steel scaffolding makes iteasy to adjust and level elevations, it is often used as a support for formwork. Since it is amodular assembly, it makes it an attractive option for rapid utilization for formwork support. 27. Shoring and underpinning1.The stability of a structure is endangered due to removal of a defective portion of the structure.2.The stability of a structure is endangered due to unequal settlement during construction itself or in longrun.3.Certain alterations are to be done in present structure itself. Eg: remodeling of walls, changing position ofwindows,etc. Alterations are carried out in adjacent building for remodeling, strengthening of foundation, etcFrame Shoring Safety Rule POST THESE SHORING SAFETY RULES - in a conspicuous place and be sure that all persons who erect,dismantle or use shoring frame are aware of them.FOLLOW ALL STATE, LOCAL AND FEDERAL CODES, ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS - pertaining to shoringA SHORING LAYOUT - shall be available on the jobsite at all time.INSPECT ERECTED SHORING AND FORMING a) immediately prior to pour, b) During pour, c) After pouruntil concrete is set.CONSULT YOUR SHORING EQUIPMENT SUPPLIER WHEN IN DOUBT - shoring is his business .